351
|
Pourcelot M, Arnoult D. Mitochondrial dynamics and the innate antiviral immune response. FEBS J 2014; 281:3791-802. [PMID: 25051991 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system has a key role in the mammalian immune response. In the cytosol, RNA viruses are sensed by the retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like receptors, which trigger a complex signaling cascade in which mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein plays a central role in mediating the innate host response through the induction of antiviral and inflammatory responses. Hence, the mitochondrion is now emerging as a fundamental hub for innate antiviral immunity beyond its known roles in metabolic processes and the control of programmed cell death. This review summarizes the findings related to mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein, and mitochondria and their dynamics, in the innate immune response to RNA viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Pourcelot
- INSERM UMR_S 1014, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud P11, Orsay, France; Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
352
|
Zeng-Elmore X, Gao XZ, Pellarin R, Schneidman-Duhovny D, Zhang XJ, Kozacka KA, Tang Y, Sali A, Chalkley RJ, Cote RH, Chu F. Molecular architecture of photoreceptor phosphodiesterase elucidated by chemical cross-linking and integrative modeling. J Mol Biol 2014; 426:3713-3728. [PMID: 25149264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2014.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Photoreceptor phosphodiesterase (PDE6) is the central effector enzyme in visual excitation pathway in rod and cone photoreceptors. Its tight regulation is essential for the speed, sensitivity, recovery and adaptation of visual detection. Although major steps in the PDE6 activation/deactivation pathway have been identified, mechanistic understanding of PDE6 regulation is limited by the lack of knowledge about the molecular organization of the PDE6 holoenzyme (αβγγ). Here, we characterize the PDE6 holoenzyme by integrative structural determination of the PDE6 catalytic dimer (αβ), based primarily on chemical cross-linking and mass spectrometric analysis. Our models built from high-density cross-linking data elucidate a parallel organization of the two catalytic subunits, with juxtaposed α-helical segments within the tandem regulatory GAF domains to provide multiple sites for dimerization. The two catalytic domains exist in an open configuration when compared to the structure of PDE2 in the apo state. Detailed structural elements for differential binding of the γ-subunit to the GAFa domains of the α- and β-subunits are revealed, providing insight into the regulation of the PDE6 activation/deactivation cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Zeng-Elmore
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA; Hubbard Center for Genome Studies, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Xiong-Zhuo Gao
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Riccardo Pellarin
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Dina Schneidman-Duhovny
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Xiu-Jun Zhang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Katie A Kozacka
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Yang Tang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA; Hubbard Center for Genome Studies, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Andrej Sali
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Robert J Chalkley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Rick H Cote
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Feixia Chu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA; Hubbard Center for Genome Studies, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
353
|
Kato H, Fujita T. Autoimmunity caused by constitutive activation of cytoplasmic viral RNA sensors. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:739-43. [PMID: 25193292 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) are well-known viral sensors that trigger the antiviral interferon (IFN) response by recognizing the non-self signatures of viral RNAs. The proper induction of the IFN response is known to play a crucial role in protecting against viral infections, whereas aberrant activation can lead to autoimmune disorders. We herein provided an overview of the antiviral IFN response and autoimmunity, with a focus on recent studies describing autoimmunity caused by mutations in the cytoplasmic viral RNA sensor, melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kato
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; PRESTO, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Fujita
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
354
|
Versteeg GA, Benke S, García-Sastre A, Rajsbaum R. InTRIMsic immunity: Positive and negative regulation of immune signaling by tripartite motif proteins. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:563-76. [PMID: 25172371 PMCID: PMC7173094 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
During the immune response, striking the right balance between positive and negative regulation is critical to effectively mount an anti-microbial defense while preventing detrimental effects from exacerbated immune activation. Intra-cellular immune signaling is tightly regulated by various post-translational modifications, which allow for this dynamic response. One of the post-translational modifiers critical for immune control is ubiquitin, which can be covalently conjugated to lysines in target molecules, thereby altering their functional properties. This is achieved in a process involving E3 ligases which determine ubiquitination target specificity. One of the most prominent E3 ligase families is that of the tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins, which counts over 70 members in humans. Over the last years, various studies have contributed to the notion that many members of this protein family are important immune regulators. Recent studies into the mechanisms by which some of the TRIMs regulate the innate immune system have uncovered important immune regulatory roles of both covalently attached, as well as unanchored poly-ubiquitin chains. This review highlights TRIM evolution, recent findings in TRIM-mediated immune regulation, and provides an outlook to current research hurdles and future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gijs A Versteeg
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Stefan Benke
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ricardo Rajsbaum
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 301 University Avenue, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| |
Collapse
|
355
|
Structure of the human Cereblon–DDB1–lenalidomide complex reveals basis for responsiveness to thalidomide analogs. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2014; 21:803-9. [DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
356
|
Schmitz ML, Kracht M, Saul VV. The intricate interplay between RNA viruses and NF-κB. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:2754-2764. [PMID: 25116307 PMCID: PMC7114235 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
RNA viruses have rapidly evolving genomes which often allow cross-species transmission and frequently generate new virus variants with altered pathogenic properties. Therefore infections by RNA viruses are a major threat to human health. The infected host cell detects trace amounts of viral RNA and the last years have revealed common principles in the biochemical mechanisms leading to signal amplification that is required for mounting of a powerful antiviral response. Components of the RNA sensing and signaling machinery such as RIG-I-like proteins, MAVS and the inflammasome inducibly form large oligomers or even fibers that exhibit hallmarks of prions. Following a nucleation event triggered by detection of viral RNA, these energetically favorable and irreversible polymerization events trigger signaling cascades leading to the induction of antiviral and inflammatory responses, mediated by interferon and NF-κB pathways. Viruses have evolved sophisticated strategies to manipulate these host cell signaling pathways in order to ensure their replication. We will discuss at the examples of influenza and HTLV-1 viruses how a fascinating diversity of biochemical mechanisms is employed by viral proteins to control the NF-κB pathway at all levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Lienhard Schmitz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Friedrichstrasse 24, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Michael Kracht
- Rudolf-Buchheim-Institute of Pharmacology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Vera V Saul
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Friedrichstrasse 24, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
357
|
The innate immune sensor LGP2 activates antiviral signaling by regulating MDA5-RNA interaction and filament assembly. Mol Cell 2014; 55:771-81. [PMID: 25127512 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptors detect non-self RNAs during virus infections and initiate antiviral signaling. One receptor, MDA5, possesses essential signaling domains, but weak RNA binding. A second receptor, LGP2, rapidly detects diverse dsRNA species, but lacks signaling domains. Accumulating evidence suggests LGP2 and MDA5 work together to detect viral RNA and generate a complete antiviral response, but the basis for their cooperation has been elusive. Experiments presented here address this gap in antiviral signaling, revealing that LGP2 assists MDA5-RNA interactions leading to enhanced MDA5-mediated antiviral signaling. LGP2 increases the initial rate of MDA5-RNA interaction and regulates MDA5 filament assembly, resulting in the formation of more numerous, shorter MDA5 filaments that are shown to generate equivalent or greater signaling activity in vivo than the longer filaments containing only MDA5. These findings provide a mechanism for LGP2 coactivation of MDA5 and a biological context for MDA5-RNA filaments in antiviral responses.
Collapse
|
358
|
Franklin BS, Bossaller L, De Nardo D, Ratter JM, Stutz A, Engels G, Brenker C, Nordhoff M, Mirandola SR, Al-Amoudi A, Mangan M, Zimmer S, Monks B, Fricke M, Schmidt RE, Espevik T, Jones B, Jarnicki AG, Hansbro PM, Busto P, Marshak-Rothstein A, Hornemann S, Aguzzi A, Kastenmüller W, Latz E. The adaptor ASC has extracellular and 'prionoid' activities that propagate inflammation. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:727-37. [PMID: 24952505 PMCID: PMC4116676 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 562] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Microbes or danger signals trigger inflammasome sensors, which induce polymerization of the adaptor ASC and the assembly of ASC specks. ASC specks recruit and activate caspase-1, which induces maturation of the cytokine interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and pyroptotic cell death. Here we found that after pyroptosis, ASC specks accumulated in the extracellular space, where they promoted further maturation of IL-1β. In addition, phagocytosis of ASC specks by macrophages induced lysosomal damage and nucleation of soluble ASC, as well as activation of IL-1β in recipient cells. ASC specks appeared in bodily fluids from inflamed tissues, and autoantibodies to ASC specks developed in patients and mice with autoimmune pathologies. Together these findings reveal extracellular functions of ASC specks and a previously unknown form of cell-to-cell communication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo S. Franklin
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospitals, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lukas Bossaller
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, 01605, USA
| | - Dominic De Nardo
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospitals, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jacqueline M. Ratter
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospitals, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andrea Stutz
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospitals, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gudrun Engels
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospitals, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Mark Nordhoff
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 53175, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Ashraf Al-Amoudi
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 53175, Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthew Mangan
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospitals, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 53175, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zimmer
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, University of Bonn, 53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Brian Monks
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospitals, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, 01605, USA
| | - Martin Fricke
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhold E. Schmidt
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Terje Espevik
- Center of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, NTNU, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Bernadette Jones
- The University of Newcastle & Vaccines, Infection, Viruses & Asthma (VIVA), Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Andrew G. Jarnicki
- The University of Newcastle & Vaccines, Infection, Viruses & Asthma (VIVA), Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Philip M. Hansbro
- The University of Newcastle & Vaccines, Infection, Viruses & Asthma (VIVA), Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Patricia Busto
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, 01605, USA
| | - Ann Marshak-Rothstein
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, 01605, USA
| | - Simone Hornemann
- University Hospital Zürich, Institute of Neuropathology, CH–8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- University Hospital Zürich, Institute of Neuropathology, CH–8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Kastenmüller
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Eicke Latz
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospitals, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, 01605, USA
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 53175, Bonn, Germany
- Center of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, NTNU, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
359
|
Weber M, Weber F. Monitoring activation of the antiviral pattern recognition receptors RIG-I and PKR by limited protease digestion and native PAGE. J Vis Exp 2014:e51415. [PMID: 25146252 PMCID: PMC4470399 DOI: 10.3791/51415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Host defenses to virus infection are dependent on a rapid detection by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of the innate immune system. In the cytoplasm, the PRRs RIG-I and PKR bind to specific viral RNA ligands. This first mediates conformational switching and oligomerization, and then enables activation of an antiviral interferon response. While methods to measure antiviral host gene expression are well established, methods to directly monitor the activation states of RIG-I and PKR are only partially and less well established. Here, we describe two methods to monitor RIG-I and PKR stimulation upon infection with an established interferon inducer, the Rift Valley fever virus mutant clone 13 (Cl 13). Limited trypsin digestion allows to analyze alterations in protease sensitivity, indicating conformational changes of the PRRs. Trypsin digestion of lysates from mock infected cells results in a rapid degradation of RIG-I and PKR, whereas Cl 13 infection leads to the emergence of a protease-resistant RIG-I fragment. Also PKR shows a virus-induced partial resistance to trypsin digestion, which coincides with its hallmark phosphorylation at Thr 446. The formation of RIG-I and PKR oligomers was validated by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Upon infection, there is a strong accumulation of RIG-I and PKR oligomeric complexes, whereas these proteins remained as monomers in mock infected samples. Limited protease digestion and native PAGE, both coupled to western blot analysis, allow a sensitive and direct measurement of two diverse steps of RIG-I and PKR activation. These techniques are relatively easy and quick to perform and do not require expensive equipment.
Collapse
|
360
|
Reikine S, Nguyen JB, Modis Y. Pattern Recognition and Signaling Mechanisms of RIG-I and MDA5. Front Immunol 2014; 5:342. [PMID: 25101084 PMCID: PMC4107945 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Most organisms rely on innate immune receptors to recognize conserved molecular structures from invading microbes. Two essential innate immune receptors, RIG-I and MDA5, detect viral double-stranded RNA in the cytoplasm. The inflammatory response triggered by these RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) is one of the first and most important lines of defense against infection. RIG-I recognizes short RNA ligands with 5′-triphosphate caps. MDA5 recognizes long kilobase-scale genomic RNA and replication intermediates. Ligand binding induces conformational changes and oligomerization of RLRs that activate the signaling partner MAVS on the mitochondrial and peroxisomal membranes. This signaling process is under tight regulation, dependent on post-translational modifications of RIG-I and MDA5, and on regulatory proteins including unanchored ubiquitin chains and a third RLR, LGP2. Here, we review recent advances that have shifted the paradigm of RLR signaling away from the conventional linear signaling cascade. In the emerging RLR signaling model, large multimeric signaling platforms generate a highly cooperative, self-propagating, and context-dependent signal, which varies with the subcellular localization of the signaling platform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Reikine
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University , New Haven, CT , USA
| | - Jennifer B Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University , New Haven, CT , USA
| | - Yorgo Modis
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University , New Haven, CT , USA
| |
Collapse
|
361
|
Inhibition of antiviral innate immunity by birnavirus VP3 protein via blockage of viral double-stranded RNA binding to the host cytoplasmic RNA detector MDA5. J Virol 2014; 88:11154-65. [PMID: 25031338 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01115-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Chicken MDA5 (chMDA5), the sole known pattern recognition receptor for cytoplasmic viral RNA in chickens, initiates type I interferon (IFN) production. Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) evades host innate immunity, but the mechanism is unclear. We report here that IBDV inhibited antiviral innate immunity via the chMDA5-dependent signaling pathway. IBDV infection did not induce efficient type I interferon (IFN) production but antagonized the antiviral activity of beta interferon (IFN-β) in DF-1 cells pretreated with IFN-α/β. Dual-luciferase assays and inducible expression systems demonstrated that IBDV protein VP3 significantly inhibited IFN-β expression stimulated by naked IBDV genomic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). The VP3 protein competed strongly with chMDA5 to bind IBDV genomic dsRNA in vitro and in vivo, and VP3 from other birnaviruses also bound dsRNA. Site-directed mutagenesis confirmed that deletion of the VP3 dsRNA binding domain restored IFN-β expression. Our data demonstrate that VP3 inhibits antiviral innate immunity by blocking binding of viral genomic dsRNA to MDA5. IMPORTANCE MDA5, a known pattern recognition receptor and cytoplasmic viral RNA sensor, plays a critical role in host antiviral innate immunity. Many pathogens escape or inhibit the host antiviral immune response, but the mechanisms involved are unclear for most pathogens. We report here that birnaviruses inhibit host antiviral innate immunity via the MDA5-dependent signaling pathway. The antiviral innate immune system involving IFN-β did not function effectively during birnavirus infection, and the viral protein VP3 significantly inhibited IFN-β expression stimulated by naked viral genomic dsRNA. We also show that VP3 blocks MDA5 binding to viral genomic dsRNA in vitro and in vivo. Our data reveal that birnavirus-encoded viral protein VP3 is an inhibitor of the antiviral innate immune response and inhibits the antiviral innate immune response via the MDA5-dependent signaling pathway.
Collapse
|
362
|
Bruns AM, Horvath CM. Antiviral RNA recognition and assembly by RLR family innate immune sensors. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:507-12. [PMID: 25081315 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Virus-encoded molecular signatures, such as cytosolic double-stranded or otherwise biochemically distinct RNA species, trigger cellular antiviral signaling. Cytoplasmic proteins recognize these non-self RNAs and activate signal transduction pathways that drive the expression of virus-induced genes, including the primary antiviral cytokine, IFNβ, and diverse direct and indirect antiviral effectors. One important group of cytosolic RNA sensors known as the RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) is comprised of three proteins that are similar in structure and function. The RLR proteins, RIG-I, MDA5, and LGP2, share the ability to recognize nucleic acid signatures produced by virus infections and activate antiviral signaling. Emerging evidence indicates that RNA detection by RLRs culminates in the assembly of dynamic multimeric ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes. These RNPs can act as signaling platforms that are capable of propagating and amplifying antiviral signaling responses. Despite their common domain structures and similar abilities to induce antiviral responses, the RLRs differ in their enzymatic properties, their intrinsic abilities to recognize RNA, and their ability to assemble into filamentous complexes. This molecular specialization has enabled the RLRs to recognize and respond to diverse virus infections, and to mediate both unique and overlapping functions in immune regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annie M Bruns
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Curt M Horvath
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
363
|
Wu B, Peisley A, Tetrault D, Li Z, Egelman EH, Magor KE, Walz T, Penczek PA, Hur S. Molecular imprinting as a signal-activation mechanism of the viral RNA sensor RIG-I. Mol Cell 2014; 55:511-23. [PMID: 25018021 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
RIG-I activates interferon signaling pathways by promoting filament formation of the adaptor molecule, MAVS. Assembly of the MAVS filament is mediated by its CARD domain (CARD(MAVS)), and requires its interaction with the tandem CARDs of RIG-I (2CARD(RIG-I)). However, the precise nature of the interaction between 2CARD(RIG-I) and CARD(MAVS), and how this interaction leads to CARD(MAVS) filament assembly, has been unclear. Here we report a 3.6 Å electron microscopy structure of the CARD(MAVS) filament and a 3.4 Å crystal structure of the 2CARD(RIG-I):CARD(MAVS) complex, representing 2CARD(RIG-I) "caught in the act" of nucleating the CARD(MAVS) filament. These structures, together with functional analyses, show that 2CARD(RIG-I) acts as a template for the CARD(MAVS) filament assembly, by forming a helical tetrameric structure and recruiting CARD(MAVS) along its helical trajectory. Our work thus reveals that signal activation by RIG-I occurs by imprinting its helical assembly architecture on MAVS, a previously uncharacterized mechanism of signal transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alys Peisley
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David Tetrault
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Zongli Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Edward H Egelman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Katharine E Magor
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Thomas Walz
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Pawel A Penczek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sun Hur
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
364
|
van der Lee R, Buljan M, Lang B, Weatheritt RJ, Daughdrill GW, Dunker AK, Fuxreiter M, Gough J, Gsponer J, Jones D, Kim PM, Kriwacki R, Oldfield CJ, Pappu RV, Tompa P, Uversky VN, Wright P, Babu MM. Classification of intrinsically disordered regions and proteins. Chem Rev 2014; 114:6589-631. [PMID: 24773235 PMCID: PMC4095912 DOI: 10.1021/cr400525m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1415] [Impact Index Per Article: 141.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin van der Lee
- MRC
Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
- Centre
for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The
Netherlands
| | - Marija Buljan
- MRC
Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Lang
- MRC
Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J. Weatheritt
- MRC
Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Gary W. Daughdrill
- Department
of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 321, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - A. Keith Dunker
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana
University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Monika Fuxreiter
- MTA-DE
Momentum Laboratory of Protein Dynamics, Department of Biochemistry
and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt 98, Hungary
| | - Julian Gough
- Department
of Computer Science, University of Bristol, The Merchant Venturers Building, Bristol BS8 1UB, United Kingdom
| | - Joerg Gsponer
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre for High-Throughput
Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - David
T. Jones
- Bioinformatics
Group, Department of Computer Science, University
College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Philip M. Kim
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Department of Molecular
Genetics, and Department of Computer Science, University
of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Richard
W. Kriwacki
- Department
of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children’s
Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Christopher J. Oldfield
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana
University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Rohit V. Pappu
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biological Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Peter Tompa
- VIB Department
of Structural Biology, Vrije Universiteit
Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Institute
of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Department
of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Research
Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation,
Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino,
Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Peter
E. Wright
- Department
of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology and Skaggs Institute
of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research
Institute, 10550 North
Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - M. Madan Babu
- MRC
Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
365
|
Oda H, Nakagawa K, Abe J, Awaya T, Funabiki M, Hijikata A, Nishikomori R, Funatsuka M, Ohshima Y, Sugawara Y, Yasumi T, Kato H, Shirai T, Ohara O, Fujita T, Heike T. Aicardi-Goutières syndrome is caused by IFIH1 mutations. Am J Hum Genet 2014; 95:121-5. [PMID: 24995871 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS) is a rare, genetically determined early-onset progressive encephalopathy. To date, mutations in six genes have been identified as etiologic for AGS. Our Japanese nationwide AGS survey identified six AGS-affected individuals without a molecular diagnosis; we performed whole-exome sequencing on three of these individuals. After removal of the common polymorphisms found in SNP databases, we were able to identify IFIH1 heterozygous missense mutations in all three. In vitro functional analysis revealed that IFIH1 mutations increased type I interferon production, and the transcription of interferon-stimulated genes were elevated. IFIH1 encodes MDA5, and mutant MDA5 lacked ligand-specific responsiveness, similarly to the dominant Ifih1 mutation responsible for the SLE mouse model that results in type I interferon overproduction. This study suggests that the IFIH1 mutations are responsible for the AGS phenotype due to an excessive production of type I interferon.
Collapse
|
366
|
Sensing viral invasion by RIG-I like receptors. Curr Opin Microbiol 2014; 20:131-8. [PMID: 24968321 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cellular responses to pathogen invasion are crucial for maintaining cell homeostasis and survival. The interferon (IFN) system is one of the most effective cellular responses to viral intrusion in mammals. Viral recognition by innate immune sensors activates the antiviral IFN system. Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) like receptors (RLRs) are DExD/H box RNA helicases that sense viral invasion. RLRs recognize cytoplasmic viral RNAs and trigger antiviral responses, resulting in production of type I IFN and inflammatory cytokines. Unique and common sensing mechanisms among RLRs have been reported. In this review, recent progress in the understanding of antiviral responses by RLRs is summarized and discussed.
Collapse
|
367
|
Mayle S, Boyle JP, Sekine E, Zurek B, Kufer TA, Monie TP. Engagement of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1 (NOD1) by receptor-interacting protein 2 (RIP2) is insufficient for signal transduction. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:22900-22914. [PMID: 24958724 PMCID: PMC4132792 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.557900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Following activation, the cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1 (NOD1) interacts with its adaptor protein receptor-interacting protein 2 (RIP2) to propagate immune signaling and initiate a proinflammatory immune response. This interaction is mediated by the caspase recruitment domain (CARD) of both proteins. Polymorphisms in immune proteins can affect receptor function and predispose individuals to specific autoinflammatory disorders. In this report, we show that mutations in helix 2 of the CARD of NOD1 disrupted receptor function but did not interfere with RIP2 interaction. In particular, N43S, a rare polymorphism, resulted in receptor dysfunction despite retaining normal cellular localization, protein folding, and an ability to interact with RIP2. Mutation of Asn-43 resulted in an increased tendency to form dimers, which we propose is the source of this dysfunction. We also demonstrate that mutation of Lys-443 and Tyr-474 in RIP2 disrupted the interaction with NOD1. Mapping the key residues involved in the interaction between NOD1 and RIP2 to the known structures of CARD complexes revealed the likely involvement of both type I and type III interfaces in the NOD1·RIP2 complex. Overall we demonstrate that the NOD1-RIP2 signaling axis is more complex than previously assumed, that simple engagement of RIP2 is insufficient to mediate signaling, and that the interaction between NOD1 and RIP2 constitutes multiple CARD-CARD interfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Mayle
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph P Boyle
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Eiki Sekine
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Birte Zurek
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Goldenfelsstrasse 19-21, 50935 Köln, Germany, and
| | - Thomas A Kufer
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Goldenfelsstrasse 19-21, 50935 Köln, Germany, and
| | - Tom P Monie
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom,; Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
368
|
Gleghorn ML, Maquat LE. 'Black sheep' that don't leave the double-stranded RNA-binding domain fold. Trends Biochem Sci 2014; 39:328-40. [PMID: 24954387 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The canonical double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-binding domain (dsRBD) is composed of an α1-β1-β2-β3-α2 secondary structure that folds in three dimensions to recognize dsRNA. Recently, structural and functional studies of divergent dsRBDs revealed adaptations that include intra- and/or intermolecular protein interactions, sometimes in the absence of detectable dsRNA-binding ability. We describe here how discrete dsRBD components can accommodate pronounced amino-acid sequence changes while maintaining the core fold. We exemplify the growing importance of divergent dsRBDs in mRNA decay by discussing Dicer, Staufen (STAU)1 and 2, trans-activation responsive RNA-binding protein (TARBP)2, protein activator of protein kinase RNA-activated (PKR) (PACT), DiGeorge syndrome critical region (DGCR)8, DEAH box helicase proteins (DHX) 9 and 30, and dsRBD-like fold-containing proteins that have ribosome-related functions. We also elaborate on the computational limitations to discovering yet-to-be-identified divergent dsRBDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Gleghorn
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Center for RNA Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Lynne E Maquat
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Center for RNA Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
369
|
Zhu J, Zhang Y, Ghosh A, Cuevas RA, Forero A, Dhar J, Ibsen MS, Schmid-Burgk JL, Schmidt T, Ganapathiraju MK, Fujita T, Hartmann R, Barik S, Hornung V, Coyne CB, Sarkar SN. Antiviral activity of human OASL protein is mediated by enhancing signaling of the RIG-I RNA sensor. Immunity 2014; 40:936-48. [PMID: 24931123 PMCID: PMC4101812 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Virus infection is sensed in the cytoplasm by retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I, also known as DDX58), which requires RNA and polyubiquitin binding to induce type I interferon (IFN) and activate cellular innate immunity. We show that the human IFN-inducible oligoadenylate synthetases-like (OASL) protein has antiviral activity and mediates RIG-I activation by mimicking polyubiquitin. Loss of OASL expression reduced RIG-I signaling and enhanced virus replication in human cells. Conversely, OASL expression suppressed replication of a number of viruses in a RIG-I-dependent manner and enhanced RIG-I-mediated IFN induction. OASL interacted and colocalized with RIG-I, and through its C-terminal ubiquitin-like domain specifically enhanced RIG-I signaling. Bone-marrow-derived macrophages from mice deficient for Oasl2 showed that among the two mouse orthologs of human OASL, Oasl2 is functionally similar to human OASL. Our findings show a mechanism by which human OASL contributes to host antiviral responses by enhancing RIG-I activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Zhu
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yugen Zhang
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Arundhati Ghosh
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Rolando A Cuevas
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Adriana Forero
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jayeeta Dhar
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, and Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | - Mikkel Søes Ibsen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | | | - Tobias Schmidt
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Madhavi K Ganapathiraju
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Takashi Fujita
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Rune Hartmann
- Department of Molecular Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Sailen Barik
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, and Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | - Veit Hornung
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Carolyn B Coyne
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Saumendra N Sarkar
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
370
|
Fitzgerald ME, Rawling DC, Vela A, Pyle AM. An evolving arsenal: viral RNA detection by RIG-I-like receptors. Curr Opin Microbiol 2014; 20:76-81. [PMID: 24912143 PMCID: PMC7108371 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) utilize a specialized, multi-domain architecture to detect and respond to invasion by a diverse set of viruses. Structural similarities among these receptors provide a general mechanism for double strand RNA recognition and signal transduction. However, each RLR has developed unique strategies for sensing the specific molecular determinants on subgroups of viral RNAs. As a means to circumvent the antiviral response, viruses escape RLR detection by degrading, or sequestering or modifying their RNA. Patterns of variation in RLR sequence reveal a continuous evolution of the protein domains that contribute to RNA recognition and signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Fitzgerald
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, United States
| | - David C Rawling
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Adriana Vela
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Anna Marie Pyle
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
371
|
Sugimoto N, Mitoma H, Kim T, Hanabuchi S, Liu YJ. Helicase proteins DHX29 and RIG-I cosense cytosolic nucleic acids in the human airway system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:7747-52. [PMID: 24821782 PMCID: PMC4040624 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1400139111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The recognition of cytoplasmic nucleic acid is critical for innate immune responses against microbial infection and is responsible for autoimmunity induced by dead cells. Here, we report the identification of a unique cytosolic nucleic acid cosensor in human airway epithelial cells and fibroblasts: DEAH (Asp-Glu-Ala-His) box polypeptide 29 (DHX29), a member of the DExD/H (Asp-Glu-x-Asp/His)-box helicase family. Knocking down DHX29 by siRNA attenuated the ability of cells to mount type I IFN and IL-6 in response to cytosolic nucleic acids and various viruses by blocking the activation of interferon regulatory factor 3 and NF-κB-p65. The cytosolic nucleic acid sensing by DHX29 in human epithelial cells and fibroblasts is independent of stimulator of interferon genes but is dependent on retinoic acid-inducible gene 1 (RIG-I) and mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS). DHX29 binds directly to nucleic acids and interacts with RIG-I and MAVS through its helicase 1 domain, activating the RIG-I-MAVS-dependent cytosolic nucleic acid response. These results suggest that DHX29 is a cytosolic nucleic acid cosensor that triggers RIG-I/MAVS-dependent signaling pathways. This study will have important implications in drug and vaccine design for control of viral infections and viral-induced pathology in the airway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoshi Sugimoto
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX 75204
| | - Hiroki Mitoma
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX 75204;Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology/Infectious Disease, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; and
| | - Taeil Kim
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX 75204
| | - Shino Hanabuchi
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX 75204
| | - Yong-Jun Liu
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX 75204;MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878
| |
Collapse
|
372
|
MDA5 and LGP2: accomplices and antagonists of antiviral signal transduction. J Virol 2014; 88:8194-200. [PMID: 24850739 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00640-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cells have the ability to recognize virus infection and mount a powerful antiviral transcriptional response that provides an initial barrier to replication and impacts both innate and adaptive immune responses. Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptor (RLR) proteins mediate intracellular virus recognition and are activated by viral RNA ligands to induce antiviral signal transduction. While the mechanisms of RIG-I regulation are already well understood, less is known about the more enigmatic melanoma differentiation-associated 5 (MDA5) and laboratory of genetics and physiology 2 (LGP2). Emerging evidence suggests that these two RLRs are intimately associated as both accomplices and antagonists of antiviral signal transduction.
Collapse
|
373
|
Peisley A, Wu B, Xu H, Chen ZJ, Hur S. Structural basis for ubiquitin-mediated antiviral signal activation by RIG-I. Nature 2014; 509:110-4. [PMID: 24590070 PMCID: PMC6136653 DOI: 10.1038/nature13140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitin (Ub) has important roles in a wide range of intracellular signalling pathways. In the conventional view, ubiquitin alters the signalling activity of the target protein through covalent modification, but accumulating evidence points to the emerging role of non-covalent interaction between ubiquitin and the target. In the innate immune signalling pathway of a viral RNA sensor, RIG-I, both covalent and non-covalent interactions with K63-linked ubiquitin chains (K63-Ubn) were shown to occur in its signalling domain, a tandem caspase activation and recruitment domain (hereafter referred to as 2CARD). Non-covalent binding of K63-Ubn to 2CARD induces its tetramer formation, a requirement for downstream signal activation. Here we report the crystal structure of the tetramer of human RIG-I 2CARD bound by three chains of K63-Ub2. 2CARD assembles into a helical tetramer resembling a 'lock-washer', in which the tetrameric surface serves as a signalling platform for recruitment and activation of the downstream signalling molecule, MAVS. Ubiquitin chains are bound along the outer rim of the helical trajectory, bridging adjacent subunits of 2CARD and stabilizing the 2CARD tetramer. The combination of structural and functional analyses reveals that binding avidity dictates the K63-linkage and chain-length specificity of 2CARD, and that covalent ubiquitin conjugation of 2CARD further stabilizes the Ub-2CARD interaction and thus the 2CARD tetramer. Our work provides unique insights into the novel types of ubiquitin-mediated signal-activation mechanism, and previously unexpected synergism between the covalent and non-covalent ubiquitin interaction modes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alys Peisley
- 1] Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 USA [2] Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Bin Wu
- 1] Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 USA [2] Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Zhijian J Chen
- 1] Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815, USA
| | - Sun Hur
- 1] Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 USA [2] Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
374
|
Rice GI, Del Toro Duany Y, Jenkinson EM, Forte GM, Anderson BH, Ariaudo G, Bader-Meunier B, Baildam EM, Battini R, Beresford MW, Casarano M, Chouchane M, Cimaz R, Collins AE, Cordeiro NJ, Dale RC, Davidson JE, De Waele L, Desguerre I, Faivre L, Fazzi E, Isidor B, Lagae L, Latchman AR, Lebon P, Li C, Livingston JH, Lourenço CM, Mancardi MM, Masurel-Paulet A, McInnes IB, Menezes MP, Mignot C, O'Sullivan J, Orcesi S, Picco PP, Riva E, Robinson RA, Rodriguez D, Salvatici E, Scott C, Szybowska M, Tolmie JL, Vanderver A, Vanhulle C, Vieira JP, Webb K, Whitney RN, Williams SG, Wolfe LA, Zuberi SM, Hur S, Crow YJ. Gain-of-function mutations in IFIH1 cause a spectrum of human disease phenotypes associated with upregulated type I interferon signaling. Nat Genet 2014; 46:503-509. [PMID: 24686847 PMCID: PMC4004585 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The type I interferon system is integral to human antiviral immunity. However, inappropriate stimulation or defective negative regulation of this system can lead to inflammatory disease. We sought to determine the molecular basis of genetically uncharacterized cases of the type I interferonopathy Aicardi-Goutières syndrome, and of other patients with undefined neurological and immunological phenotypes also demonstrating an upregulated type I interferon response. We found that heterozygous mutations in the cytosolic double-stranded RNA receptor gene IFIH1 (MDA5) cause a spectrum of neuro-immunological features consistently associated with an enhanced interferon state. Cellular and biochemical assays indicate that these mutations confer a gain-of-function - so that mutant IFIH1 binds RNA more avidly, leading to increased baseline and ligand-induced interferon signaling. Our results demonstrate that aberrant sensing of nucleic acids can cause immune upregulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gillian I Rice
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Genetic Medicine, Manchester, UK
| | - Yoandris Del Toro Duany
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Emma M Jenkinson
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Genetic Medicine, Manchester, UK
| | - Gabriella Ma Forte
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Genetic Medicine, Manchester, UK
| | - Beverley H Anderson
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Genetic Medicine, Manchester, UK
| | - Giada Ariaudo
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Brigitte Bader-Meunier
- Department of pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, INSERM U 768, Imagine Foundation, APHP, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France
| | - Eileen M Baildam
- Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Roberta Battini
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
| | - Michael W Beresford
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool; Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Manuela Casarano
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Abigail E Collins
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Colorado, Denver, School of Medicine, USA
| | - Nuno Jv Cordeiro
- Department of Paediatrics, Rainbow House NHS Ayrshire & Arran, Scotland, UK
| | - Russell C Dale
- Neuroimmunology group, the Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Joyce E Davidson
- Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow, UK
| | - Liesbeth De Waele
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Paediatric Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Desguerre
- Department of pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, INSERM U 768, Imagine Foundation, APHP, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Faivre
- Centre de Génétique, Hôpital d'Enfants, CHU de Dijon et Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Elisa Fazzi
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit. Civil Hospital. Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Bertrand Isidor
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Inserm, CHU Nantes, UMR-S 957, Nantes, France
| | - Lieven Lagae
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Paediatric Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andrew R Latchman
- Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster Children's Hospital, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Pierre Lebon
- Université et Faculté de Medecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Chumei Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Genetics Program, McMaster Children's Hospital, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - John H Livingston
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | | | | | - Alice Masurel-Paulet
- Centre de Génétique, Hôpital d'Enfants, CHU de Dijon et Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Iain B McInnes
- Institute of Infection Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Manoj P Menezes
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, the Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Cyril Mignot
- AP-HP, Department of Genetics, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - James O'Sullivan
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Genetic Medicine, Manchester, UK
| | - Simona Orcesi
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paolo P Picco
- Paediatric Rheumatology, Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - Enrica Riva
- Clinical Department of Pediatrics, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Robert A Robinson
- Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Diana Rodriguez
- AP-HP, Service de Neuropédiatrie & Centre de Référence de Neurogénétique, Hôpital A. Trousseau, HUEP, F-75012 Paris, France.,UPMC Univ Paris 06, F-75012 Paris; Inserm U676, F-75019 Paris, France
| | - Elisabetta Salvatici
- Clinical Department of Pediatrics, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Christiaan Scott
- University of Cape Town, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Republic of South Africa
| | - Marta Szybowska
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Genetics Program, McMaster Children's Hospital, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - John L Tolmie
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Adeline Vanderver
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington DC, USA
| | - Catherine Vanhulle
- Service de Néonatalogie et Réanimation, Hôpital Charles Nicolle, CHU Rouen, F-76031 Rouen, France
| | - Jose Pedro Vieira
- Neurology Department. Hospital Dona Estefânia, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Portugal
| | - Kate Webb
- University of Cape Town, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Republic of South Africa
| | - Robyn N Whitney
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster Children's Hospital, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Simon G Williams
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Genetic Medicine, Manchester, UK
| | - Lynne A Wolfe
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sameer M Zuberi
- Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group, Fraser of Allander Neurosciences Unit, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow, UK.,School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Sun Hur
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yanick J Crow
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Genetic Medicine, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
375
|
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology and
| | - Zhijian J. Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology and
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9148; ,
| |
Collapse
|
376
|
RIG-I-Like Receptors Evolved Adaptively in Mammals, with Parallel Evolution at LGP2 and RIG-I. J Mol Biol 2014; 426:1351-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
377
|
Singh M, Brahma B, Maharana J, Patra MC, Kumar S, Mishra P, Saini M, De BC, Mahanty S, Datta TK, De S. Insight into buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) RIG1 and MDA5 receptors: a comparative study on dsRNA recognition and in-vitro antiviral response. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89788. [PMID: 24587036 PMCID: PMC3935933 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
RIG1 and MDA5 have emerged as important intracellular innate pattern recognition receptors that recognize viral RNA and mediate cellular signals controlling Type I interferon (IFN-I) response. Buffalo RIG1 and MDA5 genes were investigated to understand the mechanism of receptor induced antiviral response. Sequence analysis revealed that RIG1 and MDA5 maintain a domain arrangement that is common in mammals. Critical binding site residues of the receptors are evolutionary conserved among mammals. Molecular dynamics simulations suggested that RIG1 and MDA5 follow a similar, if not identical, dsRNA binding pattern that has been previously reported in human. Moreover, binding free energy calculation revealed that MDA5 had a greater affinity towards dsRNA compared to RIG1. Constitutive expressions of RLR genes were ubiquitous in different tissues without being specific to immune organs. Poly I:C stimulation induced elevated expressions of IFN-β and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) through interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) mediated pathway in buffalo foetal fibroblast cells. The present study provides crucial insights into the structure and function of RIG1 and MDA5 receptors in buffalo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manvender Singh
- Animal Genomics Lab, Animal Biotechnology Center, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Biswajit Brahma
- Animal Genomics Lab, Animal Biotechnology Center, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Jitendra Maharana
- Animal Genomics Lab, Animal Biotechnology Center, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Mahesh Chandra Patra
- Animal Genomics Lab, Animal Biotechnology Center, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Animal Genomics Lab, Animal Biotechnology Center, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Purusottam Mishra
- Animal Genomics Lab, Animal Biotechnology Center, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Megha Saini
- Animal Genomics Lab, Animal Biotechnology Center, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Bidhan Chandra De
- Animal Genomics Lab, Animal Biotechnology Center, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Sourav Mahanty
- Animal Genomics Lab, Animal Biotechnology Center, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Tirtha Kumar Datta
- Animal Genomics Lab, Animal Biotechnology Center, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Sachinandan De
- Animal Genomics Lab, Animal Biotechnology Center, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
378
|
Deddouche S, Goubau D, Rehwinkel J, Chakravarty P, Begum S, Maillard PV, Borg A, Matthews N, Feng Q, van Kuppeveld FJM, Reis e Sousa C. Identification of an LGP2-associated MDA5 agonist in picornavirus-infected cells. eLife 2014; 3:e01535. [PMID: 24550253 PMCID: PMC3967861 DOI: 10.7554/elife.01535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The RIG-I-like receptors RIG-I, LGP2, and MDA5 initiate an antiviral response that includes production of type I interferons (IFNs). The nature of the RNAs that trigger MDA5 activation in infected cells remains unclear. Here, we purify and characterise LGP2/RNA complexes from cells infected with encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), a picornavirus detected by MDA5 and LGP2 but not RIG-I. We show that those complexes contain RNA that is highly enriched for MDA5-stimulatory activity and for a specific sequence corresponding to the L region of the EMCV antisense RNA. Synthesis of this sequence by in vitro transcription is sufficient to generate an MDA5 stimulatory RNA. Conversely, genomic deletion of the L region in EMCV generates viruses that are less potent at stimulating MDA5-dependent IFN production. Thus, the L region antisense RNA of EMCV is a key determinant of innate immunity to the virus and represents an RNA that activates MDA5 in virally-infected cells. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01535.001.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- DEAD-box RNA Helicases/genetics
- DEAD-box RNA Helicases/metabolism
- Encephalomyocarditis virus/drug effects
- Encephalomyocarditis virus/genetics
- Encephalomyocarditis virus/immunology
- Encephalomyocarditis virus/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- HEK293 Cells
- HeLa Cells
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Influenza A virus/genetics
- Influenza A virus/metabolism
- Interferon-Induced Helicase, IFIH1
- Interferons/genetics
- Interferons/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mutation
- RNA Helicases/genetics
- RNA Helicases/metabolism
- RNA, Antisense/genetics
- RNA, Antisense/metabolism
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/deficiency
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/genetics
- Signal Transduction
- Transfection
- Vero Cells
- Virus Replication
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Safia Deddouche
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Delphine Goubau
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Rehwinkel
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Probir Chakravarty
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sharmin Begum
- Clonal Sequencing Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre V Maillard
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Annabel Borg
- Protein Purification Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nik Matthews
- Clonal Sequencing Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Qian Feng
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Frank J M van Kuppeveld
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Caetano Reis e Sousa
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
379
|
Kwok J, Hui KPY, Lescar J, Kotaka M. Expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of full-length human RIG-I. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2014; 70:248-51. [PMID: 24637767 PMCID: PMC3936451 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x14000430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The human innate immune system can detect invasion by microbial pathogens through pattern-recognition receptors that recognize structurally conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like helicases (RLHs) are one of the two major families of pattern-recognition receptors that can detect viral RNA. RIG-I, belonging to the RLH family, is capable of recognizing intracellular viral RNA from RNA viruses, including influenza virus and Ebola virus. Here, full-length human RIG-I (hRIG-I) was cloned in Escherichia coli and expressed in a recombinant form with a His-SUMO tag. The protein was purified and crystallized at 291 K using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method. X-ray diffraction data were collected to 2.85 Å resolution; the crystal belonged to space group F23, with unit-cell parameters a = b = c = 216.43 Å, α = β = γ = 90°.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane Kwok
- Department of Physiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kenrie P. Y. Hui
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Julien Lescar
- Division of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Masayo Kotaka
- Department of Physiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
380
|
Funabiki M, Kato H, Miyachi Y, Toki H, Motegi H, Inoue M, Minowa O, Yoshida A, Deguchi K, Sato H, Ito S, Shiroishi T, Takeyasu K, Noda T, Fujita T. Autoimmune Disorders Associated with Gain of Function of the Intracellular Sensor MDA5. Immunity 2014; 40:199-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
381
|
Veinalde R, Petrovska R, Brūvere R, Feldmane G, Pjanova D. Ex vivo cytokine production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells after their stimulation with dsRNA of natural origin. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2014; 61:65-73. [PMID: 23941496 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is a pathogen-associated molecular pattern, known for its ability to induce antiviral response and enhance communication between cells mediating innate and adaptive immune responses. The aim of this study was to characterize the effect of the dsRNA-containing product Larifan on the production of a wide spectrum of cytokines and chemokines in ex vivo cultivated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Concentrations of 29 different cytokines were detected by a Luminex® 200™ System using three Milliplex MAP Multiplex Assay Kits. Larifan caused strong induction of chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein 1β, I-309, and TARC, proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, tumor necrosis factor -α, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, anti-inflammatory IL-10, and cellular immunity mediating factors IL-23 and interferon-γ. Considerable suppression of IL-16 and chemokine stromal cell-derived factor 1 a+b and interferon gamma-induced protein 10 was also observed. The network of molecules responding to the presence of Larifan revealed the pleiotropic effect this product exerts on immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rūta Veinalde
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
382
|
Large-scale nucleotide optimization of simian immunodeficiency virus reduces its capacity to stimulate type I interferon in vitro. J Virol 2014; 88:4161-72. [PMID: 24478441 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03223-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Lentiviral RNA genomes present a strong bias in their nucleotide composition with extremely high frequencies of A nucleotide in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Based on the observation that human optimization of RNA virus gene fragments may abolish their ability to stimulate the type I interferon (IFN-I) response, we identified the most biased sequences along the SIV genome and showed that they are the most potent IFN-I stimulators. With the aim of designing an attenuated SIV genome based on a reduced capacity to activate the IFN-I response, we synthesized artificial SIV genomes whose biased sequences were optimized toward macaque average nucleotide composition without altering their regulatory elements or amino acid sequences. A synthetic SIV optimized with 169 synonymous mutations in gag and pol genes showed a 100-fold decrease in replicative capacity. Interestingly, a synthetic SIV optimized with 70 synonymous mutations in pol had a normal replicative capacity. Its ability to stimulate IFN-I was reduced when infected cells were cocultured with reporter cells. IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) transcription factor was required for IFN-I stimulation, implicating cytosolic sensors in the detection of SIV-biased RNA in infected cells. No reversion of introduced mutations was observed for either of the optimized viruses after 10 serial passages. In conclusion, we have designed large-scale nucleotide-modified SIVs that may display attenuated pathogenic potential. IMPORTANCE In this study, we synthesized artificial SIV genomes in which the most hyperbiased sequences were optimized to bring them closer to the nucleotide composition of the macaque SIV host. Interestingly, we generated a stable synthetic SIV optimized with 70 synonymous mutations in pol gene, which had a normal replicative capacity but a reduced ability to stimulate type I IFN. This demonstrates the possibility to rationally change viral nucleotide composition to design replicative and genetically stable lentiviruses with attenuated pathogenic potentials.
Collapse
|
383
|
Jackson RN, Lavin M, Carter J, Wiedenheft B. Fitting CRISPR-associated Cas3 into the helicase family tree. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2014; 24:106-14. [PMID: 24480304 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Helicases utilize NTPs to modulate their binding to nucleic acids and many of these enzymes also unwind DNA or RNA duplexes in an NTP-dependent fashion. These proteins are phylogenetically related but functionally diverse, with essential roles in virtually all aspects of nucleic acid metabolism. A new class of helicases associated with RNA-guided adaptive immune systems in bacteria and archaea has recently been identified. Prokaryotes acquire resistance to invading genetic parasites by integrating short fragments of foreign nucleic acids into repetitive loci in the host chromosome known as CRISPRs (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats). CRISPR-associated gene 3 (cas3) encodes a conserved helicase protein that is essential for phage defense. Here we review recent advances in Cas3 biology, and provide a new phylogenetic framework that positions Cas3 in the helicase family tree. We anticipate that this Cas3 phylogeny will guide future biochemical and structural studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan N Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718, United States
| | - Matthew Lavin
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718, United States
| | - Joshua Carter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718, United States
| | - Blake Wiedenheft
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
384
|
Luo D. Toward a crystal-clear view of the viral RNA sensing and response by RIG-I-like receptors. RNA Biol 2014; 11:25-32. [PMID: 24457940 DOI: 10.4161/rna.27717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs)--RIG-I, MDA5, and LGP2--detect intracellular pathogenic RNA and elicit an antiviral immune response during viral infection. The protein architecture of the RLR family consists of multiple functional domains, including N-terminal Caspase Activation and Recruitment Domains (CARDs) for signaling initiation, a central RNA helicase core, and a C-terminal domain for RNA sensing. With these specialized sensing-and-responding modules, RLRs are able to selectively bind non-self RNA species and trigger downstream signaling events leading to interferon production. This article summarizes the recent progress toward defining the precise mechanisms of RNA recognition and subsequent signal induction by RLRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dahai Luo
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
385
|
Fitzgerald ME, Vela A, Pyle AM. Dicer-related helicase 3 forms an obligate dimer for recognizing 22G-RNA. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:3919-30. [PMID: 24435798 PMCID: PMC3973318 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt1383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dicer is a specialized nuclease that produces RNA molecules of specific lengths for use in gene silencing pathways. Dicer relies on the correct measurement of RNA target duplexes to generate products of specific lengths. It is thought that Dicer uses its multidomain architecture to calibrate RNA product length. However, this measurement model is derived from structural information from a protozoan Dicer, and does not account for the helicase domain present in higher organisms. The Caenorhabditis elegans Dicer-related helicase 3 (DRH-3) is an ortholog of the Dicer and RIG-I family of double-strand RNA activated ATPases essential for secondary siRNA production. We find that DRH-3 specifies 22 bp RNAs by dimerization of the helicase domain, a process mediated by ATPase activity and the N-terminal domain. This mechanism for RNA length discrimination by a Dicer family protein suggests an alternative model for RNA length measurement by Dicer, with implications for recognition of siRNA and miRNA targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Fitzgerald
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA and Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
386
|
Xu H, He X, Zheng H, Huang LJ, Hou F, Yu Z, de la Cruz MJ, Borkowski B, Zhang X, Chen ZJ, Jiang QX. Structural basis for the prion-like MAVS filaments in antiviral innate immunity. eLife 2014; 3:e01489. [PMID: 24569476 PMCID: PMC3932521 DOI: 10.7554/elife.01489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) protein is required for innate immune responses against RNA viruses. In virus-infected cells MAVS forms prion-like aggregates to activate antiviral signaling cascades, but the underlying structural mechanism is unknown. Here we report cryo-electron microscopic structures of the helical filaments formed by both the N-terminal caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD) of MAVS and a truncated MAVS lacking part of the proline-rich region and the C-terminal transmembrane domain. Both structures are left-handed three-stranded helical filaments, revealing specific interfaces between individual CARD subunits that are dictated by electrostatic interactions between neighboring strands and hydrophobic interactions within each strand. Point mutations at multiple locations of these two interfaces impaired filament formation and antiviral signaling. Super-resolution imaging of virus-infected cells revealed rod-shaped MAVS clusters on mitochondria. These results elucidate the structural mechanism of MAVS polymerization, and explain how an α-helical domain uses distinct chemical interactions to form self-perpetuating filaments. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01489.001 When infected by a virus, the body will generally launch an immune response to eliminate the infectious agent. Activation of the innate immune system–the first line of defense against infection—requires the host cells to recognize the presence of a pathogen and to sound the alarm once the invader is detected. Viruses can contain DNA or RNA, and when a virus containing double stranded RNA enters a cell, or starts replicating within the cytoplasm, proteins called RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) will detect these RNA molecules. This will trigger a signaling cascade that results in the production of type I interferons, the proteins that activate cells of the innate immune system. Members of the RLR family of receptors, including RIG-I and MDA5, initiate the signaling cascade by interacting with the mitochondrial antiviral-signaling (MAVS) protein. Recent work revealed that upon activation by RIG-I or MDA5, MAVS proteins aggregate on the surface of mitochondria and form protein filaments. These filaments then activate inactive MAVS proteins, leading to the formation of more filaments. While a region of the MAVS protein called caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD) is known to be involved in the formation of the filaments, the chemical interactions that govern the formation process have yet to be described. Now, using cryo-electron microscopy, Xu et al. have shown that these filaments are comprised of three-stranded helixes. This came as something of a surprise because other similar filaments known as prions are made of tightly packed beta sheets. Xu et al. went on to visualize full-length MAVS filaments in virus-infected cells, and to verify that mutations that impair the assembly of MAVS filaments also prevent RNA viruses from triggering the production of interferon. These results have the potential to inform future studies of the innate immune response, as well as investigations into the assembly of proteins to form prion-like filaments. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01489.002
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
387
|
Abstract
Animals deploy various molecular sensors to detect pathogen infections. RIG-like receptor (RLR) proteins identify viral RNAs and initiate innate immune responses. The three human RLRs recognize different types of RNA molecules and protect against different viral pathogens. The RLR protein family is widely thought to have originated shortly before the emergence of vertebrates and rapidly diversified through a complex process of domain grafting. Contrary to these findings, here we show that full-length RLRs and their downstream signaling molecules were present in the earliest animals, suggesting that the RLR-based immune system arose with the emergence of multicellularity. Functional differentiation of RLRs occurred early in animal evolution via simple gene duplication followed by modifications of the RNA-binding pocket, many of which may have been adaptively driven. Functional analysis of human and ancestral RLRs revealed that the ancestral RLR displayed RIG-1-like RNA-binding. MDA5-like binding arose through changes in the RNA-binding pocket following the duplication of the ancestral RLR, which may have occurred either early in Bilateria or later, after deuterostomes split from protostomes. The sensitivity and specificity with which RLRs bind different RNA structures has repeatedly adapted throughout mammalian evolution, suggesting a long-term evolutionary arms race with viral RNA or other molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bryan Korithoski
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida
| | | |
Collapse
|
388
|
Abstract
The innate immune system faces the difficult task of keeping a fine balance between sensitive detection of microbial presence and avoidance of autoimmunity. To this aim, key mechanisms of innate responses rely on isolation of pathogens in specialized subcellular compartments, or sensing of specific microbial patterns absent from the host. Efficient detection of foreign RNA in the cytosol requires an additional layer of complexity from the immune system. In this particular case, innate sensors should be able to distinguish self and non-self molecules that share several similar properties. In this review, we discuss this interplay between cytosolic pattern recognition receptors and the microbial RNA they detect. We describe how microbial RNAs gain access to the cytosol, which receptors they activate and counter-strategies developed by microorganisms to avoid this response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Vabret
- Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY , USA
| | - J Magarian Blander
- Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY , USA ; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY , USA
| |
Collapse
|
389
|
Cooperative assembly of IFI16 filaments on dsDNA provides insights into host defense strategy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 111:E62-71. [PMID: 24367117 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1313577111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether host DNA receptors have any capacity to distinguish self from nonself at the molecular level is an outstanding question in the innate immunity of mammals. Here, by using quantitative assays and electron microscopy, we show that cooperatively assembling into filaments on dsDNA may serve as an integral mechanism by which human IFN-inducible protein-16 (IFI16) engages foreign DNA. IFI16 is essential for defense against a number of different pathogens, and its aberrant activity is also implicated in several autoimmune disorders, such as Sjögren syndrome. IFI16 cooperatively binds dsDNA in a length-dependent manner and clusters into distinct protein filaments even in the presence of excess dsDNA. Consequently, the assembled IFI16⋅dsDNA oligomers are clearly different from the conventional noninteracting entities resembling beads on a string. The isolated DNA-binding domains of IFI16 engage dsDNA without forming filaments and with weak affinity, and it is the non-DNA-binding pyrin domain of IFI16 that drives the cooperative filament assembly. The surface residues on the pyrin domain that mediate the cooperative DNA binding are conserved, suggesting that related receptors use a common mechanism. These results suggest that IFI16 clusters into signaling foci in a switch-like manner and that it is capable of using the size of naked dsDNA as a molecular ruler to distinguish self from nonself.
Collapse
|
390
|
Parts, assembly and operation of the RIG-I family of motors. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2013; 25:25-33. [PMID: 24878341 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Host cell invasion is monitored by a series of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that activate the innate immune machinery upon detection of a cognate pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP). The RIG-I like receptor (RLR) family of PRRs includes three proteins--RIG-I, MDA5, and LGP2--responsible for the detection of intracellular pathogenic RNA. All RLR proteins are built around an ATPase core homologous to those found in canonical Superfamily 2 (SF2) RNA helicases, which has been modified through the addition of novel accessory domains to recognize duplex RNA. This review focuses on the structural bases for pathogen-specific dsRNA binding and ATPase activation in RLRs, differential RNA recognition by RLR family members, and implications for other duplex RNA activated ATPases, such as Dicer.
Collapse
|
391
|
de Faria IJDS, Olmo RP, Silva EG, Marques JT. dsRNA sensing during viral infection: lessons from plants, worms, insects, and mammals. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013; 33:239-53. [PMID: 23656598 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2013.0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Host defense systems often rely on direct and indirect pattern recognition to sense the presence of invading pathogens. Patterns can be molecules directly produced by the pathogen or indirectly generated by changes in host parameters as a consequence of infection. Viruses are intracellular pathogens that hijack the cellular machinery to synthesize their own molecules making direct recognition of viral molecules a great challenge. Antiviral systems in prokaryotes and eukaryotes commonly exploit aberrant nucleic acid sensing to recognize virus infection as host and viral nucleic acid metabolism can greatly differ. Indeed, the generation of dsRNA is often associated with viral infection. In this review, we discuss current knowledge on the mechanisms of viral dsRNA sensing utilized by 2 important antiviral defense systems, RNA interference (RNAi) and the vertebrate immune system. The major viral sensors of the vertebrate immune systems are RIG-like receptors, while RNAi pathways depend on Dicer proteins. These 2 families of sensors share a similar helicase domain with high specificity for dsRNA, which is necessary, but not sufficient for efficient recognition by these receptors. Additional intrinsic features to the dsRNA molecule are also necessary for activation of antiviral systems. Studies utilizing synthetic ligands, in vitro biochemistry and reporter systems have greatly helped increase our knowledge on intrinsic features of dsRNA recognition. However, characteristics such as subcellular localization are extrinsic to the dsRNA itself, but certainly influence the recognition in vivo. Thus, mechanisms of viral dsRNA recognition must address how cellular sensors are recruited to nucleic acids or vice versa. Accessory proteins are likely important for in vivo recognition of extrinsic features of viral RNA, but have mostly remained undiscovered due to the limitations of previous strategies. Hence, the identification of novel components of antiviral systems must take into account the complexities involved in viral recognition in vivo.
Collapse
|
392
|
Chuenchor W, Jin T, Ravilious G, Xiao TS. Structures of pattern recognition receptors reveal molecular mechanisms of autoinhibition, ligand recognition and oligomerization. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 26:14-20. [PMID: 24419035 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are essential sentinels for pathogens or tissue damage and integral components of the innate immune system. Recent structural studies have provided unprecedented insights into the molecular mechanisms of ligand recognition and signal transduction by several PRR families at distinct subcellular compartments. Here we highlight some of the recent discoveries and summarize the common themes that are emerging from these exciting studies. Better mechanistic understanding of the structure and function of the PRRs will improve future prospects of therapeutic targeting of these important innate immune receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Watchalee Chuenchor
- Structural Immunobiology Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA 20892-0430
| | - Tengchuan Jin
- Structural Immunobiology Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA 20892-0430
| | - Geoffrey Ravilious
- Structural Immunobiology Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA 20892-0430
| | - T Sam Xiao
- Structural Immunobiology Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA 20892-0430
| |
Collapse
|
393
|
Schlee M. Master sensors of pathogenic RNA - RIG-I like receptors. Immunobiology 2013; 218:1322-35. [PMID: 23896194 PMCID: PMC7114584 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Initiating the immune response to invading pathogens, the innate immune system is constituted of immune receptors (pattern recognition receptors, PRR) that sense microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). Detection of pathogens triggers intracellular defense mechanisms, such as the secretion of cytokines or chemokines to alarm neighboring cells and attract or activate immune cells. The innate immune response to viruses is mostly based on PRRs that detect the unusual structure, modification or location of viral nucleic acids. Most of the highly pathogenic and emerging viruses are RNA genome-based viruses, which can give rise to zoonotic and epidemic diseases or cause viral hemorrhagic fever. As viral RNA is located in the same compartment as host RNA, PRRs in the cytosol have to discriminate between viral and endogenous RNA by virtue of their structure or modification. This challenging task is taken on by the homologous cytosolic DExD/H-box family helicases RIG-I and MDA5, which control the innate immune response to most RNA viruses. This review focuses on the molecular basis for RIG-I like receptor (RLR) activation by synthetic and natural ligands and will discuss controversial ligand definitions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schlee
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
394
|
Zinzula L, Tramontano E. Strategies of highly pathogenic RNA viruses to block dsRNA detection by RIG-I-like receptors: hide, mask, hit. Antiviral Res 2013; 100:615-35. [PMID: 24129118 PMCID: PMC7113674 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
dsRNA species are byproducts of RNA virus replication and/or transcription. Prompt detection of dsRNA by RIG-I like receptors (RLRs) is a hallmark of the innate immune response. RLRs activation triggers production of the type I interferon (IFN)-based antiviral response. Highly pathogenic RNA viruses encode proteins that block the RLRs pathway. Hide, mask and hit are 3 strategies of RNA viruses to avoid immune system activation.
Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is synthesized during the course of infection by RNA viruses as a byproduct of replication and transcription and acts as a potent trigger of the host innate antiviral response. In the cytoplasm of the infected cell, recognition of the presence of viral dsRNA as a signature of “non-self” nucleic acid is carried out by RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), a set of dedicated helicases whose activation leads to the production of type I interferon α/β (IFN-α/β). To overcome the innate antiviral response, RNA viruses encode suppressors of IFN-α/β induction, which block RLRs recognition of dsRNA by means of different mechanisms that can be categorized into: (i) dsRNA binding and/or shielding (“hide”), (ii) dsRNA termini processing (“mask”) and (iii) direct interaction with components of the RLRs pathway (“hit”). In light of recent functional, biochemical and structural findings, we review the inhibition mechanisms of RLRs recognition of dsRNA displayed by a number of highly pathogenic RNA viruses with different disease phenotypes such as haemorrhagic fever (Ebola, Marburg, Lassa fever, Lujo, Machupo, Junin, Guanarito, Crimean-Congo, Rift Valley fever, dengue), severe respiratory disease (influenza, SARS, Hendra, Hantaan, Sin Nombre, Andes) and encephalitis (Nipah, West Nile).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Zinzula
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella di Monserrato, SS554, 09042 Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
395
|
Homologous RIG-I-like helicase proteins direct RNAi-mediated antiviral immunity in C. elegans by distinct mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:16085-90. [PMID: 24043766 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1307453110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
RNAi-mediated antiviral immunity in Caenorhabditis elegans requires Dicer-related helicase 1 (DRH-1), which encodes the helicase and C-terminal domains homologous to the mammalian retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like helicase (RLH) family of cytosolic immune receptors. Here we show that the antiviral function of DRH-1 requires the RIG-I homologous domains as well as its worm-specific N-terminal domain. We also demonstrate that the helicase and C-terminal domains encoded by either worm DRH-2 or human RIG-I can functionally replace the corresponding domains of DRH-1 to mediate antiviral RNAi in C. elegans. Notably, substitutions in a three-residue motif of the C-terminal regulatory domain of RIG-I that physically interacts with viral double-stranded RNA abolish the antiviral activity of C-terminal regulatory domains of both RIG-I and DRH-1 in C. elegans. Genetic analysis revealed an essential role for both DRH-1 and DRH-3 in C. elegans antiviral RNAi targeting a natural viral pathogen. However, Northern blot and small RNA deep sequencing analyses indicate that DRH-1 acts to enhance production of viral primary siRNAs, whereas DRH-3 regulates antiviral RNAi by participating in the biogenesis of secondary siRNAs after Dicer-dependent production of primary siRNAs. We propose that DRH-1 facilitates the acquisition of viral double-stranded RNA by the worm dicing complex for the subsequent processing into primary siRNAs. The strong parallel for the antiviral function of RLHs in worms and mammals suggests that detection of viral double-stranded RNA may activate completely unrelated effector mechanisms or, alternatively, that the mammalian RLHs have a conserved activity to stimulate production of viral siRNAs for antiviral immunity by an RNAi effector mechanism.
Collapse
|
396
|
Peisley A, Wu B, Yao H, Walz T, Hur S. RIG-I forms signaling-competent filaments in an ATP-dependent, ubiquitin-independent manner. Mol Cell 2013; 51:573-83. [PMID: 23993742 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2013.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid-inducible gene 1 (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) are paralogous receptors for viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) with divergent specificity. We have previously shown that MDA5 forms filaments upon viral dsRNA recognition and that this filament formation is essential for interferon signal activation. Here, we show that while RIG-I binds to a dsRNA end as a monomer in the absence of ATP, it assembles in the presence of ATP into a filament that propagates from the dsRNA end to the interior. Furthermore, RIG-I filaments directly stimulate mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) filament formation without any cofactor, such as polyubiquitin chains, and forced juxtaposition of the isolated signaling domain of RIG-I, as it would be in the filament, is sufficient to activate interferon signaling. Our findings thus define filamentous architecture as a common yet versatile molecular platform for divergent viral RNA detection and proximity-induced signal activation by RIG-I and MDA5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alys Peisley
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
397
|
Mahla RS, Reddy MC, Prasad DVR, Kumar H. Sweeten PAMPs: Role of Sugar Complexed PAMPs in Innate Immunity and Vaccine Biology. Front Immunol 2013; 4:248. [PMID: 24032031 PMCID: PMC3759294 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate sensors play a critical role in the early innate immune responses to invading pathogens through sensing of diverse biochemical signatures also known as pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). These biochemical signatures primarily consist of a major family of biomolecules such as proteins, lipids, nitrogen bases, and sugar and its complexes, which are distinct from host molecules and exclusively expressed in pathogens and essential to their survival. The family of sensors known as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are germ-line encoded, evolutionarily conserved molecules, and consist of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), C-type lectin-like receptors (CLRs), and DNA sensors. Sensing of PAMP by PRR initiates the cascade of signaling leading to the activation of transcription factors, such as NF-κB and interferon regulatory factors (IRFs), resulting in a variety of cellular responses, including the production of interferons (IFNs) and pro-inflammatory cytokines. In this review, we discuss sensing of different types of glycosylated PAMPs such as β-glucan (a polymeric sugar) or lipopolysaccharides, nucleic acid, and so on (sugar complex PAMPs) by different families of sensors, its role in pathogenesis, and its application in development of potential vaccine and vaccine adjuvants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ranjeet Singh Mahla
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) , Bhopal , India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
398
|
Pattern recognition receptor MDA5 modulates CD8+ T cell-dependent clearance of West Nile virus from the central nervous system. J Virol 2013; 87:11401-15. [PMID: 23966390 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01403-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Many viruses induce type I interferon responses by activating cytoplasmic RNA sensors, including the RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs). Although two members of the RLR family, RIG-I and MDA5, have been implicated in host control of virus infection, the relative role of each RLR in restricting pathogenesis in vivo remains unclear. Recent studies have demonstrated that MAVS, the adaptor central to RLR signaling, is required to trigger innate immune defenses and program adaptive immune responses, which together restrict West Nile virus (WNV) infection in vivo. In this study, we examined the specific contribution of MDA5 in controlling WNV in animals. MDA5(-/-) mice exhibited enhanced susceptibility, as characterized by reduced survival and elevated viral burden in the central nervous system (CNS) at late times after infection, even though small effects on systemic type I interferon response or viral replication were observed in peripheral tissues. Intracranial inoculation studies and infection experiments with primary neurons ex vivo revealed that an absence of MDA5 did not impact viral infection in neurons directly. Rather, subtle defects were observed in CNS-specific CD8(+) T cells in MDA5(-/-) mice. Adoptive transfer into recipient MDA5(+/+) mice established that a non-cell-autonomous deficiency of MDA5 was associated with functional defects in CD8(+) T cells, which resulted in a failure to clear WNV efficiently from CNS tissues. Our studies suggest that MDA5 in the immune priming environment shapes optimal CD8(+) T cell activation and subsequent clearance of WNV from the CNS.
Collapse
|
399
|
Rehwinkel J, Reis e Sousa C. Targeting the viral Achilles' heel: recognition of 5'-triphosphate RNA in innate anti-viral defence. Curr Opin Microbiol 2013; 16:485-92. [PMID: 23707340 PMCID: PMC7185528 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Some RNA virus genomes bear 5'-triphosphates, which can be recognized in the cytoplasm of infected cells by host proteins that mediate anti-viral immunity. Both the innate sensor RIG-I and the interferon-induced IFIT proteins bind to 5'-triphosphate viral RNAs. RIG-I signals for induction of interferons during RNA virus infection while IFITs sequester viral RNAs to exert an anti-viral effect. Notably, the structures of these proteins reveal both similarities and differences, which are suggestive of independent evolution towards ligand binding. 5'-triphosphates, which are absent from most RNAs in the cytosol of uninfected cells, are thus a marker of virus infection that is targeted by the innate immune system for both induction and execution of the anti-viral response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Rehwinkel
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Caetano Reis e Sousa
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| |
Collapse
|
400
|
Abstract
Although it has been appreciated for some years that cytosolic DNA is immune stimulatory, it is only in the past five years that the molecular basis of DNA sensing by the innate immune system has begun to be revealed. In particular it has been described how DNA induces type I interferon, central in antiviral responses and a mediator of autoimmunity. To date more than ten cytosolic receptors of DNA have been proposed, but STING is a key adaptor protein for most DNA-sensing pathways, and we are now beginning to understand the signaling mechanisms for STING. In this review we describe the recent progress in understanding signaling mechanisms activated by DNA and the relevance of DNA sensing to pathogen responses and autoimmunity. We highlight new insights gained into how and why the immune system responds to both pathogen and self DNA and define important questions that now need to be addressed in the field of innate immune activation by DNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Søren R Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus 8000, Denmark.
| | | |
Collapse
|