351
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Elkady AM, Cobzas D, Sun H, Blevins G, Wilman AH. Progressive iron accumulation across multiple sclerosis phenotypes revealed by sparse classification of deep gray matter. J Magn Reson Imaging 2017; 46:1464-1473. [DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. Elkady
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
| | - Dana Cobzas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
| | - Hongfu Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
| | - Gregg Blevins
- Division of Neurology; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
| | - Alan H. Wilman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
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352
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Abstract
Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging can be combined with advanced biophysical models to measure microstructural features of white matter. Non-invasive microstructural imaging has the potential to revolutionize neuroscience, and acquiring these measures in clinically feasible times would greatly improve patient monitoring and clinical studies of drug efficacy. However, a good understanding of microstructural imaging techniques is essential to set realistic expectations and to prevent over-interpretation of results. This review explains the methodology behind microstructural modeling and imaging, and gives an overview of the breakthroughs and challenges associated with it.
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353
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Schmidt FM, Schindler S, Adamidis M, Strauß M, Tränkner A, Trampel R, Walter M, Hegerl U, Turner R, Geyer S, Schönknecht P. Habenula volume increases with disease severity in unmedicated major depressive disorder as revealed by 7T MRI. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2017; 267:107-115. [PMID: 26873703 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-016-0675-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The habenula is a paired epithalamic structure involved in the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder (MDD). Evidence comes from its impact on the regulation of serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons, the role in emotional processing and studies on animal models of depression. The present study investigated habenula volumes in 20 unmedicated and 20 medicated MDD patients and 20 healthy controls for the first time by applying a triplanar segmentation algorithm on 7 Tesla magnetic resonance (MR) whole-brain T1 maps. The hypothesis of a right-side decrease of habenula volumes in the MDD patients was tested, and the relationship between volumetric abnormalities and disease severity was exploratively investigated. Absolute and relative total and hemispheric habenula volumes did not differ significantly between the three groups. In the patients with short duration of disease for which medication effects could be ruled out, significant correlations were found between bilateral habenula volumes and HAMD-17- and BDI-II-related severities. In the medicated patients, this positive relationship disappeared. Our findings suggest an involvement of habenula pathology in the beginning of MDD, while general effects independent of severity or stage of disease did not occur. Our findings warrant future combined tractographic and functional investigation using ultra-high-resolution in vivo MR imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank M Schmidt
- Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Department of Mental Health, University Hospital Leipzig, Semmelweisstr. 10, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Stephanie Schindler
- Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Department of Mental Health, University Hospital Leipzig, Semmelweisstr. 10, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Melanie Adamidis
- Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Department of Mental Health, University Hospital Leipzig, Semmelweisstr. 10, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria Strauß
- Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Department of Mental Health, University Hospital Leipzig, Semmelweisstr. 10, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anja Tränkner
- Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Department of Mental Health, University Hospital Leipzig, Semmelweisstr. 10, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robert Trampel
- Max Planck Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1a, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Walter
- Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Otto-von-Guericke University, ZENIT building 65, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Hegerl
- Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Department of Mental Health, University Hospital Leipzig, Semmelweisstr. 10, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robert Turner
- Max Planck Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1a, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Geyer
- Max Planck Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1a, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Schönknecht
- Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Department of Mental Health, University Hospital Leipzig, Semmelweisstr. 10, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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354
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Viviani R, Stöcker T, Stingl JC. Multimodal FLAIR/MPRAGE segmentation of cerebral cortex and cortical myelin. Neuroimage 2017; 152:130-141. [PMID: 28254513 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The MR signal from gray matter has been long known to present small differences in intensity that have been attributed to variations in cortical myelin content. Previous studies have shown that the T1-, T2-weighted signal and their ratio are sensitive to these variations. Here, we investigated different combinations of signal from MPRAGE and FLAIR images in multimodal segmentation with parametric models of signal intensity to identify a procedure for the identification of contrast in cortical gray matter and the segmentation of different cortical components at 3T. We show that a three-modal combination of these signals delivers a stable segmentation of the cortical mantle in which two distinct components are reliably identified. The resulting intensity maps correspond well to known regional myeloarchitectural differences between cortical regions. These results confirm that widely available MR sequences contain signal that may be used to reliably detect subtle differences in the composition of gray matter with a segmentation approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Viviani
- Institute of Psychology, Innrain 52, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy III, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Tony Stöcker
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases DZNE, Bonn, Germany; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Julia C Stingl
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, Bonn, Germany; Center for Translational Medicine, University of Bonn Medical School, Bonn, Germany
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355
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Okubo G, Okada T, Yamamoto A, Fushimi Y, Okada T, Murata K, Togashi K. Relationship between aging and T
1
relaxation time in deep gray matter: A voxel-based analysis. J Magn Reson Imaging 2017; 46:724-731. [DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gosuke Okubo
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Kyoto Japan
| | - Tomohisa Okada
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Kyoto Japan
| | - Akira Yamamoto
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Kyoto Japan
| | - Yasutaka Fushimi
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Kyoto Japan
| | - Tsutomu Okada
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Kyoto Japan
| | | | - Kaori Togashi
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Kyoto Japan
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356
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Marques JP, Khabipova D, Gruetter R. Studying cyto and myeloarchitecture of the human cortex at ultra-high field with quantitative imaging: R1, R2* and magnetic susceptibility. Neuroimage 2017; 147:152-163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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357
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Rokem A, Takemura H, Bock AS, Scherf KS, Behrmann M, Wandell BA, Fine I, Bridge H, Pestilli F. The visual white matter: The application of diffusion MRI and fiber tractography to vision science. J Vis 2017; 17:4. [PMID: 28196374 PMCID: PMC5317208 DOI: 10.1167/17.2.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual neuroscience has traditionally focused much of its attention on understanding the response properties of single neurons or neuronal ensembles. The visual white matter and the long-range neuronal connections it supports are fundamental in establishing such neuronal response properties and visual function. This review article provides an introduction to measurements and methods to study the human visual white matter using diffusion MRI. These methods allow us to measure the microstructural and macrostructural properties of the white matter in living human individuals; they allow us to trace long-range connections between neurons in different parts of the visual system and to measure the biophysical properties of these connections. We also review a range of findings from recent studies on connections between different visual field maps, the effects of visual impairment on the white matter, and the properties underlying networks that process visual information supporting visual face recognition. Finally, we discuss a few promising directions for future studies. These include new methods for analysis of MRI data, open datasets that are becoming available to study brain connectivity and white matter properties, and open source software for the analysis of these data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Rokem
- The University of Washington eScience Institute, Seattle, WA, ://arokem.org
| | - Hiromasa Takemura
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, and Osaka University, Suita-shi, JapanGraduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita-shi,
| | | | | | | | | | - Ione Fine
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA,
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358
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Huntenburg JM, Bazin PL, Goulas A, Tardif CL, Villringer A, Margulies DS. A Systematic Relationship Between Functional Connectivity and Intracortical Myelin in the Human Cerebral Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:981-997. [PMID: 28184415 PMCID: PMC5390400 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Research in the macaque monkey suggests that cortical areas with similar microstructure are more likely to be connected. Here, we examine this link in the human cerebral cortex using 2 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures: quantitative T1 maps, which are sensitive to intracortical myelin content and provide an in vivo proxy for cortical microstructure, and resting-state functional connectivity. Using ultrahigh-resolution MRI at 7 T and dedicated image processing tools, we demonstrate a systematic relationship between T1-based intracortical myelin content and functional connectivity. This effect is independent of the proximity of areas. We employ nonlinear dimensionality reduction to characterize connectivity components and identify specific aspects of functional connectivity that are linked to myelin content. Our results reveal a consistent spatial pattern throughout different analytic approaches. While functional connectivity and myelin content are closely linked in unimodal areas, the correspondence is lower in transmodal areas, especially in posteromedial cortex and the angular gyrus. Our findings are in agreement with comprehensive reports linking histologically assessed microstructure and connectivity in different mammalian species and extend them to the human cerebral cortex in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M. Huntenburg
- Max Planck Research Group for Neuroanatomy and Connectivity, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Neurocomputation and Neuroimaging Unit, Department of Education and Psychology, Free University of Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pierre-Louis Bazin
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexandros Goulas
- Institute of Computational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christine L. Tardif
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University 6875, Montreal, QC, Canada H4H 1R3
| | - Arno Villringer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel S. Margulies
- Max Planck Research Group for Neuroanatomy and Connectivity, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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359
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Metere R, Kober T, Möller HE, Schäfer A. Simultaneous Quantitative MRI Mapping of T1, T2* and Magnetic Susceptibility with Multi-Echo MP2RAGE. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169265. [PMID: 28081157 PMCID: PMC5230783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The knowledge of relaxation times is essential for understanding the biophysical mechanisms underlying contrast in magnetic resonance imaging. Quantitative experiments, while offering major advantages in terms of reproducibility, may benefit from simultaneous acquisitions. In this work, we demonstrate the possibility of simultaneously recording relaxation-time and susceptibility maps with a prototype Multi-Echo (ME) Magnetization-Prepared 2 RApid Gradient Echoes (MP2RAGE) sequence. T1 maps can be obtained using the MP2RAGE sequence, which is relatively insensitive to inhomogeneities of the radio-frequency transmit field, B1+. As an extension, multiple gradient echoes can be acquired in each of the MP2RAGE readout blocks, which permits the calculation of T2* and susceptibility maps. We used computer simulations to explore the effects of the parameters on the precision and accuracy of the mapping. In vivo parameter maps up to 0.6 mm nominal resolution were acquired at 7 T in 19 healthy volunteers. Voxel-by-voxel correlations and the test-retest reproducibility were used to assess the reliability of the results. When using optimized paramenters, T1 maps obtained with ME-MP2RAGE and standard MP2RAGE showed excellent agreement for the whole range of values found in brain tissues. Simultaneously obtained T2* and susceptibility maps were of comparable quality as Fast Low-Angle SHot (FLASH) results. The acquisition times were more favorable for the ME-MP2RAGE (≈ 19 min) sequence as opposed to the sum of MP2RAGE (≈ 12 min) and FLASH (≈ 10 min) acquisitions. Without relevant sacrifice in accuracy, precision or flexibility, the multi-echo version may yield advantages in terms of reduced acquisition time and intrinsic co-registration, provided that an appropriate optimization of the acquisition parameters is performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Metere
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail: (RM); (HEM)
| | - Tobias Kober
- Advanced Clinical Imaging Technology, Siemens Healthcare HC CMEA SUI DI BM PI, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- LTS5, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Harald E. Möller
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail: (RM); (HEM)
| | - Andreas Schäfer
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Diagnostic Imaging—Magnetic Resonance—Research & Development, Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Erlangen, Germany
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360
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Gomez J, Barnett MA, Natu V, Mezer A, Palomero-Gallagher N, Weiner KS, Amunts K, Zilles K, Grill-Spector K. Microstructural proliferation in human cortex is coupled with the development of face processing. Science 2017; 355:68-71. [PMID: 28059764 PMCID: PMC5373008 DOI: 10.1126/science.aag0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
How does cortical tissue change as brain function and behavior improve from childhood to adulthood? By combining quantitative and functional magnetic resonance imaging in children and adults, we find differential development of high-level visual areas that are involved in face and place recognition. Development of face-selective regions, but not place-selective regions, is dominated by microstructural proliferation. This tissue development is correlated with specific increases in functional selectivity to faces, as well as improvements in face recognition, and ultimately leads to differentiated tissue properties between face- and place-selective regions in adulthood, which we validate with postmortem cytoarchitectonic measurements. These data suggest a new model by which emergent brain function and behavior result from cortical tissue proliferation rather than from pruning exclusively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Gomez
- Neurosciences Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Vaidehi Natu
- Psychology Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aviv Mezer
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Kevin S Weiner
- Psychology Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Katrin Amunts
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Cécile and Oskar Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- JARA-BRAIN Research Division, Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA), Jülich, Germany
| | - Karl Zilles
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- JARA-BRAIN Research Division, Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA), Jülich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kalanit Grill-Spector
- Neurosciences Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
- Psychology Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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361
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Hagberg GE, Bause J, Ethofer T, Ehses P, Dresler T, Herbert C, Pohmann R, Shajan G, Fallgatter A, Pavlova MA, Scheffler K. Whole brain MP2RAGE-based mapping of the longitudinal relaxation time at 9.4T. Neuroimage 2017; 144:203-216. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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362
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Turner R, De Haan D. Bridging the gap between system and cell: The role of ultra-high field MRI in human neuroscience. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2017; 233:179-220. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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363
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Abstract
Myelin is critical for healthy brain function. An accurate in vivo measure of myelin content has important implications for understanding brain plasticity and neurodegenerative diseases. Myelin water imaging is a magnetic resonance imaging method which can be used to visualize myelination in the brain and spinal cord in vivo. This review presents an overview of myelin water imaging data acquisition and analysis, post-mortem validation work, findings in both animal and human studies and a brief discussion about other MR techniques purported to provide in vivo myelin content. Multi-echo T2 relaxation approaches continue to undergo development and whole-brain imaging time now takes less than 10 minutes; the standard analysis method for this type of data acquisition is a non-negative least squares approach. Alternate methods including the multi-flip angle gradient echo mcDESPOT are also being used for myelin water imaging. Histological validation studies in animal and human brain and spinal cord tissue demonstrate high specificity of myelin water imaging for myelin. Potential confounding factors for in vivo myelin water fraction measurement include the presence of myelin debris and magnetization exchange processes. Myelin water imaging has successfully been used to study animal models of injury, applied in healthy human controls and can be used to assess damage and injury in conditions such as multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica, schizophrenia, phenylketonuria, neurofibromatosis, niemann pick’s disease, stroke and concussion. Other quantitative magnetic resonance approaches that are sensitive to, but not specific for, myelin exist including magnetization transfer, diffusion tensor imaging and T1 weighted imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex L MacKay
- Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Cornelia Laule
- Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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364
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McNamara RK, Szeszko PR, Smesny S, Ikuta T, DeRosse P, Vaz FM, Milleit B, Hipler UC, Wiegand C, Hesse J, Amminger GP, Malhotra AK, Peters BD. Polyunsaturated fatty acid biostatus, phospholipase A 2 activity and brain white matter microstructure across adolescence. Neuroscience 2016; 343:423-433. [PMID: 27998778 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is a period of major brain white matter (WM) changes, and membrane lipid metabolism likely plays a critical role in brain WM myelination. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) are essential components of cell membranes including oligodendrocytes, and LC-PUFA release and turnover in membranes is regulated by phospholipase A2 enzymes. To investigate the role of membrane lipid metabolism in healthy WM myelination across adolescence, the present study examined the relationship between membrane LC-PUFA biostatus, phospholipase A2 activity, and brain WM microstructure in healthy subjects aged 9-20years (n=30). Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was performed to measure average fractional anisotropy (FA) and diffusivity (indices sensitive to WM myelination) of nine major cerebral WM tracts. Blood samples were collected to measure erythrocyte membrane fatty acid concentrations and plasma intracellular phospholipase A2 activity (inPLA2). Plasma inPLA2 activity showed a significant U-curved association with WM radial diffusivity, and an inverted U-curved association with WM FA, independent of age. A significant positive linear correlation was observed between docosahexaenoic acid concentration and axial diffusivity in the corpus callosum. These findings suggest that there may be optimal physiological inPLA2 activity levels associated with healthy WM myelination in late childhood and adolescence. Myelination may be mediated by cleavage of docosahexaenoic acid from membrane phospholipids by inPLA2. These findings have implications for our understanding of the role of LC-PUFA homeostasis in myelin-related neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K McNamara
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA.
| | - Philip R Szeszko
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY 11004, USA; Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
| | - Stefan Smesny
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Toshikazu Ikuta
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY 11004, USA; Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
| | - Pamela DeRosse
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY 11004, USA; Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
| | - Frédéric M Vaz
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Berko Milleit
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, Erfurter Straße 35, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Uta-Christina Hipler
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, Erfurter Straße 35, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Cornelia Wiegand
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, Erfurter Straße 35, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Jana Hesse
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, Erfurter Straße 35, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - G Paul Amminger
- Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - Anil K Malhotra
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY 11004, USA; Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
| | - Bart D Peters
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY 11004, USA; Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
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365
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366
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Chen L, Cai C, Yang T, Lin J, Cai S, Zhang J, Chen Z. Changes in brain iron concentration after exposure to high-altitude hypoxia measured by quantitative susceptibility mapping. Neuroimage 2016; 147:488-499. [PMID: 27986608 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia can induce physiological changes. This study aims to explore effects of high-altitude (HA) hypoxia on cerebral iron concentration. Twenty-nine healthy sea-level participants were tested shortly before and after approximately 4-week adaptation to the HA environment at fQinghai-Tibet Plateau (4200m), and were re-investigated after re-adaptation to the sea-level environment one year later. Iron concentration was quantified with quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM), and the results were compared with transverse relaxation rate (R*2) measurements. The variations of magnetic susceptibility indicate that the iron concentration in gray matter regions, especially in basal ganglia, including caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus and substantia nigra, increases significantly after HA exposure. This increase appears consistent with the conclusion from R*2 value variations. However, unlike QSM, the R*2 value fails to demonstrate the statistical difference of iron content in red nucleus. The re-investigation results show that most variations are recovered after sea-level re-adaptation for one year. Additionally, hemisphere- and gender-related differences in iron concentration changes were analyzed among cerebral regions. The results show greater possibilities in the right hemisphere and females. Further studies based on diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) suggest that the fractional anisotropy increases and the mean diffusivity decreases after HA exposure in six deep gray matter nuclei, with linear dependence on iron concentration only in putamen. In conclusion, the magnetic susceptibility value can serve as a quantitative marker of brain iron, and variations of regional susceptibility reported herein indicate that HA hypoxia can result in significant iron deposition in most deep gray matter regions. Additionally, the linear dependence of DTI metrics on iron concentration in putamen indicates a potential relationship between ferritin and water diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Congbo Cai
- Department of Communication Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Tianhe Yang
- Magnetic Resonance Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China
| | - Jianzhong Lin
- Magnetic Resonance Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China
| | - Shuhui Cai
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Jiaxing Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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367
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Callaghan MF, Mohammadi S, Weiskopf N. Synthetic quantitative MRI through relaxometry modelling. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2016; 29:1729-1738. [PMID: 27753154 PMCID: PMC5132086 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative MRI (qMRI) provides standardized measures of specific physical parameters that are sensitive to the underlying tissue microstructure and are a first step towards achieving maps of biologically relevant metrics through in vivo histology using MRI. Recently proposed models have described the interdependence of qMRI parameters. Combining such models with the concept of image synthesis points towards a novel approach to synthetic qMRI, in which maps of fundamentally different physical properties are constructed through the use of biophysical models. In this study, the utility of synthetic qMRI is investigated within the context of a recently proposed linear relaxometry model. Two neuroimaging applications are considered. In the first, artefact-free quantitative maps are synthesized from motion-corrupted data by exploiting the over-determined nature of the relaxometry model and the fact that the artefact is inconsistent across the data. In the second application, a map of magnetization transfer (MT) saturation is synthesized without the need to acquire an MT-weighted volume, which directly leads to a reduction in the specific absorption rate of the acquisition. This feature would be particularly important for ultra-high field applications. The synthetic MT map is shown to provide improved segmentation of deep grey matter structures, relative to segmentation using T1 -weighted images or R1 maps. The proposed approach of synthetic qMRI shows promise for maximizing the extraction of high quality information related to tissue microstructure from qMRI protocols and furthering our understanding of the interrelation of these qMRI parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina F. Callaghan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for NeuroimagingUCL Institute of Neurology, University College LondonLondonUK
| | - Siawoosh Mohammadi
- Wellcome Trust Centre for NeuroimagingUCL Institute of Neurology, University College LondonLondonUK
- Department of Systems NeuroscienceUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Nikolaus Weiskopf
- Wellcome Trust Centre for NeuroimagingUCL Institute of Neurology, University College LondonLondonUK
- Department of NeurophysicsMax Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzigGermany
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368
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Groeschel S, Hagberg GE, Schultz T, Balla DZ, Klose U, Hauser TK, Nägele T, Bieri O, Prasloski T, MacKay AL, Krägeloh-Mann I, Scheffler K. Assessing White Matter Microstructure in Brain Regions with Different Myelin Architecture Using MRI. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167274. [PMID: 27898701 PMCID: PMC5127571 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigate how known differences in myelin architecture between regions along the cortico-spinal tract and frontal white matter (WM) in 19 healthy adolescents are reflected in several quantitative MRI parameters that have been proposed to non-invasively probe WM microstructure. In a clinically feasible scan time, both conventional imaging sequences as well as microstructural MRI parameters were assessed in order to quantitatively characterise WM regions that are known to differ in the thickness of their myelin sheaths, and in the presence of crossing or parallel fibre organisation. RESULTS We found that diffusion imaging, MR spectroscopy (MRS), myelin water fraction (MWF), Magnetization Transfer Imaging, and Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping were myelin-sensitive in different ways, giving complementary information for characterising WM microstructure with different underlying fibre architecture. From the diffusion parameters, neurite density (NODDI) was found to be more sensitive than fractional anisotropy (FA), underlining the limitation of FA in WM crossing fibre regions. In terms of sensitivity to different myelin content, we found that MWF, the mean diffusivity and chemical-shift imaging based MRS yielded the best discrimination between areas. CONCLUSION Multimodal assessment of WM microstructure was possible within clinically feasible scan times using a broad combination of quantitative microstructural MRI sequences. By assessing new microstructural WM parameters we were able to provide normative data and discuss their interpretation in regions with different myelin architecture, as well as their possible application as biomarker for WM disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gisela E. Hagberg
- High Field Magnetic Resonance, Max-Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
- Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, University Hospital Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schultz
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Dávid Z. Balla
- Department Physiology of Cognitive Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Uwe Klose
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Till-Karsten Hauser
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Nägele
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Bieri
- Radiological Physics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Klaus Scheffler
- High Field Magnetic Resonance, Max-Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
- Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, University Hospital Tübingen, Germany
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369
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Haast RAM, Ivanov D, Formisano E, Uludaǧ K. Reproducibility and Reliability of Quantitative and Weighted T 1 and T 2∗ Mapping for Myelin-Based Cortical Parcellation at 7 Tesla. Front Neuroanat 2016; 10:112. [PMID: 27917112 PMCID: PMC5114304 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2016.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Different magnetic resonance (MR) parameters, such as R1 (=1/T1) or T2∗, have been used to visualize non-invasively the myelin distribution across the cortical sheet. Myelin contrast is consistently enhanced in the primary sensory and some higher order cortical areas (such as MT or the cingulate cortex), which renders it suitable for subject-specific anatomical cortical parcellation. However, no systematic comparison has been performed between the previously proposed MR parameters, i.e., the longitudinal and transversal relaxation values (or their ratios), for myelin mapping at 7 Tesla. In addition, usually these MR parameters are acquired in a non-quantitative manner (“weighted” parameters). Here, we evaluated the differences in ‘parcellability,’ contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and inter- and intra-subject variability and reproducibility, respectively, between high-resolution cortical surface maps based on these weighted MR parameters and their quantitative counterparts in ten healthy subjects. All parameters were obtained in a similar acquisition time and possible transmit- or receive-biases were removed during post-processing. It was found that CNR per unit time and parcellability were lower for the transversal compared to the longitudinal relaxation parameters. Further, quantitative R1 was characterized by the lowest inter- and intra-subject coefficient of variation (5.53 and 1.63%, respectively), making R1 a better parameter to map the myelin distribution compared to the other parameters. Moreover, quantitative MRI approaches offer the advantage of absolute rather than relative characterization of the underlying biochemical composition of the tissue, allowing more reliable comparison within subjects and between healthy subjects and patients. Finally, we explored two parcellation methods (thresholding the MR parameter values vs. surface gradients of these values) to determine areal borders based on the cortical surface pattern. It is shown that both methods are partially observer-dependent, needing manual interaction (i.e., choice of threshold or connecting high gradient values) to provide unambiguous borders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy A M Haast
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Dimo Ivanov
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Elia Formisano
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Kâmil Uludaǧ
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Maastricht, Netherlands
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370
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Acosta-Cabronero J, Cardenas-Blanco A, Betts MJ, Butryn M, Valdes-Herrera JP, Galazky I, Nestor PJ. The whole-brain pattern of magnetic susceptibility perturbations in Parkinson's disease. Brain 2016; 140:118-131. [PMID: 27836833 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although iron-mediated oxidative stress has been proposed as a potential pathomechanism in Parkinson's disease, the global distribution of iron accumulation in Parkinson's disease has not yet been elucidated. This study used a new magnetic resonance imaging contrast, quantitative susceptibility mapping, and state-of-the-art methods to map for the first time the whole-brain landscape of magnetostatic alterations as a surrogate for iron level changes in n = 25 patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease versus n = 50 matched controls. In addition to whole-brain analysis, a regional study including sub-segmentation of the substantia nigra into dorsal and ventral regions and qualitative assessment of susceptibility maps in single subjects were also performed. The most remarkable basal ganglia effect was an apparent magnetic susceptibility increase-consistent with iron deposition-in the dorsal substantia nigra, though an effect was also observed in ventral regions. Increased bulk susceptibility, additionally, was detected in rostral pontine areas and in a cortical pattern tightly concordant with known Parkinson's disease distributions of α-synuclein pathology. In contrast, the normally iron-rich cerebellar dentate nucleus returned a susceptibility reduction suggesting decreased iron content. These results are in agreement with previous post-mortem studies in which iron content was evaluated in specific regions of interest; however, extensive neocortical and cerebellar changes constitute a far more complex pattern of iron dysregulation than was anticipated. Such findings also stand in stark contrast to the lack of statistically significant group change using conventional magnetic resonance imaging methods namely voxel-based morphometry, cortical thickness analysis, subcortical volumetry and tract-based diffusion tensor analysis; confirming the potential of whole-brain quantitative susceptibility mapping as an in vivo biomarker in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Acosta-Cabronero
- 1 German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Arturo Cardenas-Blanco
- 1 German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Matthew J Betts
- 1 German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michaela Butryn
- 2 Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jose P Valdes-Herrera
- 1 German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Imke Galazky
- 2 Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Peter J Nestor
- 1 German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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371
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Wood TC, Simmons C, Hurley SA, Vernon AC, Torres J, Dell’Acqua F, Williams SC, Cash D. Whole-brain ex-vivo quantitative MRI of the cuprizone mouse model. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2632. [PMID: 27833805 PMCID: PMC5101606 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin is a critical component of the nervous system and a major contributor to contrast in Magnetic Resonance (MR) images. However, the precise contribution of myelination to multiple MR modalities is still under debate. The cuprizone mouse is a well-established model of demyelination that has been used in several MR studies, but these have often imaged only a single slice and analysed a small region of interest in the corpus callosum. We imaged and analyzed the whole brain of the cuprizone mouse ex-vivo using high-resolution quantitative MR methods (multi-component relaxometry, Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) and morphometry) and found changes in multiple regions, including the corpus callosum, cerebellum, thalamus and hippocampus. The presence of inflammation, confirmed with histology, presents difficulties in isolating the sensitivity and specificity of these MR methods to demyelination using this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias C. Wood
- Department of Neuroimaging, IOPPN, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Camilla Simmons
- Department of Neuroimaging, IOPPN, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel A. Hurley
- FMRIB Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
- Synaptive Medical, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anthony C. Vernon
- Cells and Behaviour Unit, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, IOPPN, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joel Torres
- Department of Neuroimaging, IOPPN, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Flavio Dell’Acqua
- Department of Neuroimaging, IOPPN, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- NatBrainLab, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, IOPPN, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steve C.R. Williams
- Department of Neuroimaging, IOPPN, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Cash
- Department of Neuroimaging, IOPPN, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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372
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Turner R. Uses, misuses, new uses and fundamental limitations of magnetic resonance imaging in cognitive science. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150349. [PMID: 27574303 PMCID: PMC5003851 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
When blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) contrast functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was discovered in the early 1990s, it provoked an explosion of interest in exploring human cognition, using brain mapping techniques based on MRI. Standards for data acquisition and analysis were rapidly put in place, in order to assist comparison of results across laboratories. Recently, MRI data acquisition capabilities have improved dramatically, inviting a rethink of strategies for relating functional brain activity at the systems level with its neuronal substrates and functional connections. This paper reviews the established capabilities of BOLD contrast fMRI, the perceived weaknesses of major methods of analysis, and current results that may provide insights into improved brain modelling. These results have inspired the use of in vivo myeloarchitecture for localizing brain activity, individual subject analysis without spatial smoothing and mapping of changes in cerebral blood volume instead of BOLD activation changes. The apparent fundamental limitations of all methods based on nuclear magnetic resonance are also discussed.This article is part of the themed issue 'Interpreting BOLD: a dialogue between cognitive and cellular neuroscience'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Turner
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1A, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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373
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van der Zwaag W, Schäfer A, Marques JP, Turner R, Trampel R. Recent applications of UHF-MRI in the study of human brain function and structure: a review. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2016; 29:1274-1288. [PMID: 25762497 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The increased availability of ultra-high-field (UHF) MRI has led to its application in a wide range of neuroimaging studies, which are showing promise in transforming fundamental approaches to human neuroscience. This review presents recent work on structural and functional brain imaging, at 7 T and higher field strengths. After a short outline of the effects of high field strength on MR images, the rapidly expanding literature on UHF applications of blood-oxygenation-level-dependent-based functional MRI is reviewed. Structural imaging is then discussed, divided into sections on imaging weighted by relaxation time, including quantitative relaxation time mapping, phase imaging and quantitative susceptibility mapping, angiography, diffusion-weighted imaging, and finally magnetization-transfer imaging. The final section discusses studies using the high spatial resolution available at UHF to identify explicit links between structure and function. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wietske van der Zwaag
- Centre d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Schäfer
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - José P Marques
- Centre d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Turner
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Spinoza Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- SPMMRC, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Robert Trampel
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
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374
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Rizzo G, Li X, Galantucci S, Filippi M, Cho YW. Brain imaging and networks in restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 2016; 31:39-48. [PMID: 27838239 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Several studies provide information useful to our understanding of restless legs syndrome (RLS), using various imaging techniques to investigate different aspects putatively involved in the pathophysiology of RLS, although there are discrepancies between these findings. The majority of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies using iron-sensitive sequences supports the presence of a diffuse, but regionally variable low brain-iron content, mainly at the level of the substantia nigra, but there is increasing evidence of reduced iron levels in the thalamus. Positron emission tomography (PET) and single positron emission computed tomography (SPECT) findings mainly support dysfunction of dopaminergic pathways involving not only the nigrostriatal but also mesolimbic pathways. None or variable brain structural or microstructural abnormalities have been reported in RLS patients; reports are slightly more consistent concerning levels of white matter. Most of the reported changes were in regions belonging to sensorimotor and limbic/nociceptive networks. Functional MRI studies have demonstrated activation or connectivity changes in the same networks. The thalamus, which includes different sensorimotor and limbic/nociceptive networks, appears to have lower iron content, metabolic abnormalities, dopaminergic dysfunction, and changes in activation and functional connectivity. Summarizing these findings, the primary change could be the reduction of brain iron content, which leads to dysfunction of mesolimbic and nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathways, and in turn to a dysregulation of limbic and sensorimotor networks. Future studies in RLS should evaluate the actual causal relationship among these findings, better investigate the role of neurotransmitters other than dopamine, focus on brain networks by connectivity analysis, and test the reversibility of the different imaging findings following therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Rizzo
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Unit of Neurology, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Xu Li
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sebastiano Galantucci
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Yong Won Cho
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Dongsan Medical Center, Keimyung University, Daegu, South Korea.
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375
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Bakker G, Caan MWA, Schluter RS, Bloemen OJN, da Silva-Alves F, de Koning MB, Boot E, Vingerhoets WAM, Nieman DH, de Haan L, Booij J, van Amelsvoort TAMJ. Distinct white-matter aberrations in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and patients at ultra-high risk for psychosis. Psychol Med 2016; 46:2299-2311. [PMID: 27193339 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291716000970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with a deletion at chromosome 22q11.2 (22q11DS) have 30% lifetime risk of developing a psychosis. People fulfilling clinical criteria for ultra-high risk (UHR) for psychosis have 30% risk of developing a psychosis within 2 years. Both high-risk groups show white-matter (WM) abnormalities in microstructure and volume compared to healthy controls (HC), which have been related to psychotic symptoms. Comparisons of WM pathology between these two groups may specify WM markers related to genetic and clinical risk factors. METHOD Fractional anisotropy (FA), axial diffusivity (AD), radial diffusivity (RD) and mean diffusivity (MD) were assessed using diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and WM volume with structural MRI, in 23 UHR patients, 21 22q11DS patients, and 33 HC. RESULTS Compared to UHR patients 22q11DS patients had (1) lower AD and RD in corpus callosum (CC), cortical fasciculi, and anterior thalamic radiation (ATR), (2) higher FA in CC and ATR, and (3) lower occipital and superior temporal gyrus WM volume. Compared to HC, 22q11DS patients had (1) lower AD and RD throughout cortical fasciculi and (2) higher FA in ATR, CC and inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus. Compared to HC, UHR patients had (1) higher mean MD, RD, and AD in CC, ATR and cortical fasciculi, (2) no differences in FA. CONCLUSIONS UHR and 22q11DS patients share a susceptibility for developing psychosis yet were characterized by distinct patterns of WM alterations relative to HC. While UHR patients were typified by signs suggestive of aberrant myelination, 22q11DS subjects showed signs suggestive of lower axonal integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bakker
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychology,University of Maastricht,The Netherlands
| | - M W A Caan
- Department of Radiology,Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam,Amsterdam,The Netherlands
| | - R S Schluter
- Department of Radiology,Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam,Amsterdam,The Netherlands
| | - O J N Bloemen
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychology,University of Maastricht,The Netherlands
| | - F da Silva-Alves
- Department of Psychiatry,Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam,Amsterdam,The Netherlands
| | - M B de Koning
- Department of Psychiatry,Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam,Amsterdam,The Netherlands
| | - E Boot
- Department of Nuclear Medicine,Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam,Amsterdam,The Netherlands
| | - W A M Vingerhoets
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychology,University of Maastricht,The Netherlands
| | - D H Nieman
- Department of Psychiatry,Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam,Amsterdam,The Netherlands
| | - L de Haan
- Department of Psychiatry,Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam,Amsterdam,The Netherlands
| | - J Booij
- Department of Nuclear Medicine,Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam,Amsterdam,The Netherlands
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376
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De Santis S, Assaf Y, Jeurissen B, Jones DK, Roebroeck A. T1 relaxometry of crossing fibres in the human brain. Neuroimage 2016; 141:133-142. [PMID: 27444568 PMCID: PMC5035137 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive tract-based characterisation of white matter should include the ability to quantify myelin and axonal attributes irrespective of the complexity of fibre organisation within the voxel. Recently, a new experimental framework that combines inversion recovery and diffusion MRI, called inversion recovery diffusion tensor imaging (IR-DTI), was introduced and applied in an animal study. IR-DTI provides the ability to assign to each unique fibre population within a voxel a specific value of the longitudinal relaxation time, T1, which is a proxy for myelin content. Here, we apply the IR-DTI approach to the human brain in vivo on 7 healthy subjects for the first time. We demonstrate that the approach is able to measure differential tract properties in crossing fibre areas, reflecting the different myelination of tracts. We also show that tract-specific T1 has less inter-subject variability compared to conventional T1 in areas of crossing fibres, suggesting increased specificity to distinct fibre populations. Finally we show in simulations that changes in myelination selectively affecting one fibre bundle in crossing fibre areas can potentially be detected earlier using IR-DTI. We apply the inversion recovery DTI approach to the human brain in vivo for the first time. We demonstrate that IR-DTI can measure tract-specific T1 in crossing fibres. IR-DTI T1 has less inter-subject variability compared to conventional T1 in crossing fibres. Changes in myelination affecting one fibre in crossing fibres can be detected earlier using IR-DTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia De Santis
- CUBRIC, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ,UK; Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Yaniv Assaf
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ben Jeurissen
- iMinds-Vision Lab, Dept. of Physics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Derek K Jones
- CUBRIC, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ,UK; Neuroscience & Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, CF10 3AT,UK
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377
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Jørgensen KN, Nerland S, Norbom LB, Doan NT, Nesvåg R, Mørch-Johnsen L, Haukvik UK, Melle I, Andreassen OA, Westlye LT, Agartz I. Increased MRI-based cortical grey/white-matter contrast in sensory and motor regions in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Psychol Med 2016; 46:1971-1985. [PMID: 27049014 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291716000593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder share genetic risk factors and one possible illness mechanism is abnormal myelination. T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tissue intensities are sensitive to myelin content. Therefore, the contrast between grey- and white-matter intensities may reflect myelination along the cortical surface. METHOD MRI images were obtained from patients with schizophrenia (n = 214), bipolar disorder (n = 185), and healthy controls (n = 278) and processed in FreeSurfer. The grey/white-matter contrast was computed at each vertex as the difference between average grey-matter intensity (sampled 0-60% into the cortical ribbon) and average white-matter intensity (sampled 0-1.5 mm into subcortical white matter), normalized by their average. Group differences were tested using linear models covarying for age and sex. RESULTS Patients with schizophrenia had increased contrast compared to controls bilaterally in the post- and precentral gyri, the transverse temporal gyri and posterior insulae, and in parieto-occipital regions. In bipolar disorder, increased contrast was primarily localized in the left precentral gyrus. There were no significant differences between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Findings of increased contrast remained after adjusting for cortical area, thickness, and gyrification. We found no association with antipsychotic medication dose. CONCLUSIONS Increased contrast was found in highly myelinated low-level sensory and motor regions in schizophrenia, and to a lesser extent in bipolar disorder. We propose that these findings indicate reduced intracortical myelin. In accordance with the corollary discharge hypothesis, this could cause disinhibition of sensory input, resulting in distorted perceptual processing leading to the characteristic positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Jørgensen
- Department of Psychiatric Research,Diakonhjemmet Hospital,Oslo,Norway
| | - S Nerland
- Department of Psychiatric Research,Diakonhjemmet Hospital,Oslo,Norway
| | - L B Norbom
- Department of Psychiatric Research,Diakonhjemmet Hospital,Oslo,Norway
| | - N T Doan
- NORMENT and K. G. Jebsen Center for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo,Norway
| | - R Nesvåg
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health,Oslo,Norway
| | - L Mørch-Johnsen
- Department of Psychiatric Research,Diakonhjemmet Hospital,Oslo,Norway
| | - U K Haukvik
- Department of Psychiatric Research,Diakonhjemmet Hospital,Oslo,Norway
| | - I Melle
- NORMENT and K. G. Jebsen Center for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo,Norway
| | - O A Andreassen
- NORMENT and K. G. Jebsen Center for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo,Norway
| | - L T Westlye
- NORMENT and K. G. Jebsen Center for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo,Norway
| | - I Agartz
- Department of Psychiatric Research,Diakonhjemmet Hospital,Oslo,Norway
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378
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Desmond KL, Al-Ebraheem A, Janik R, Oakden W, Kwiecien JM, Dabrowski W, Rola R, Geraki K, Farquharson MJ, Stanisz GJ, Bock NA. Differences in iron and manganese concentration may confound the measurement of myelin from R1 and R2 relaxation rates in studies of dysmyelination. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2016; 29:985-998. [PMID: 27226282 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A model of dysmyelination, the Long Evans Shaker (les) rat, was used to study the contribution of myelin to MR tissue properties in white matter. A large region of white matter was identified in the deep cerebellum and was used for measurements of the MR relaxation rate constants, R1 = 1/T1 and R2 = 1/T2 , at 7 T. In this study, R1 of the les deep cerebellar white matter was found to be 0.55 ± 0.08 s (-1) and R2 was found to be 15 ± 1 s(-1) , revealing significantly lower R1 and R2 in les white matter relative to wild-type (wt: R1 = 0.69 ± 0.05 s(-1) and R2 = 18 ± 1 s(-1) ). These deviated from the expected ΔR1 and ΔR2 values, given a complete lack of myelin in the les white matter, derived from the literature using values of myelin relaxivity, and we suspect that metals could play a significant role. The absolute concentrations of the paramagnetic transition metals iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) were measured by a micro-synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence (μSRXRF) technique, with significantly greater Fe and Mn in les white matter than in wt (in units of μg [metal]/g [wet weight tissue]: les: Fe concentration,19 ± 1; Mn concentration, 0.71 ± 0.04; wt: Fe concentration,10 ± 1; Mn concentration, 0.47 ± 0.04). These changes in Fe and Mn could explain the deviations in R1 and R2 from the expected values in white matter. Although it was found that the influence of myelin still dominates R1 and R2 in wt rats, there were non-negligible changes in the contribution of the metals to relaxation. Although there are already problems with the estimation of myelin from R1 and R2 changes in disease models with pathology that also affects the relaxation rate constants, this study points to a specific pitfall in the estimation of changes in myelin in diseases or models with disrupted concentrations of paramagnetic transition metals. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly L Desmond
- Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Imaging Research, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alia Al-Ebraheem
- School of Interdisciplinary Science, Medical Radiation Sciences program, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Rafal Janik
- Imaging Research, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Wendy Oakden
- Imaging Research, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jacek M Kwiecien
- Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Lublin Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Wojciech Dabrowski
- Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Lublin Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Radoslaw Rola
- Neurosurgery & Pediatric Neurosurgery, Lublin Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Kalotina Geraki
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Michael J Farquharson
- School of Interdisciplinary Science, Medical Radiation Sciences program, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Greg J Stanisz
- Imaging Research, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
- Neurosurgery & Pediatric Neurosurgery, Lublin Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Nicholas A Bock
- Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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379
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Mezer A, Rokem A, Berman S, Hastie T, Wandell BA. Evaluating quantitative proton-density-mapping methods. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 37:3623-35. [PMID: 27273015 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI) aims to quantify tissue parameters by eliminating instrumental bias. We describe qMRI theory, simulations, and software designed to estimate proton density (PD), the apparent local concentration of water protons in the living human brain. First, we show that, in the absence of noise, multichannel coil data contain enough information to separate PD and coil sensitivity, a limiting instrumental bias. Second, we show that, in the presence of noise, regularization by a constraint on the relationship between T1 and PD produces accurate coil sensitivity and PD maps. The ability to measure PD quantitatively has applications in the analysis of in-vivo human brain tissue and enables multisite comparisons between individuals and across instruments. Hum Brain Mapp 37:3623-3635, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviv Mezer
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ariel Rokem
- The University of Washington, eScience Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shai Berman
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Trevor Hastie
- Stanford University, Department of Psychology, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Brian A Wandell
- Stanford University, Department of Psychology, Stanford, CA, USA.,Stanford University, Center for Cognitive and Neurobiological Imaging, Stanford, CA, USA
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380
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Zhao Y, Wen J, Cross AH, Yablonskiy DA. On the relationship between cellular and hemodynamic properties of the human brain cortex throughout adult lifespan. Neuroimage 2016; 133:417-429. [PMID: 26997360 PMCID: PMC4889562 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishing baseline MRI biomarkers for normal brain aging is significant and valuable for separating normal changes in the brain structure and function from different neurological diseases. In this paper for the first time we have simultaneously measured a variety of tissue specific contributions defining R2* relaxation of the gradient recalled echo (GRE) MRI signal in human brains of healthy adults (ages 22 to 74years) and related these measurements to tissue structural and functional properties. This was accomplished by separating tissue (R2t(⁎)) and extravascular BOLD contributions to the total tissue specific GRE MRI signal decay (R2(⁎)) using an advanced version of previously developed Gradient Echo Plural Contrast Imaging (GEPCI) approach and the acquisition and post-processing methods that allowed the minimization of artifacts related to macroscopic magnetic field inhomogeneities, and physiological fluctuations. Our data (20 healthy subjects) show that in most cortical regions R2t(⁎) increases with age while tissue hemodynamic parameters, i.e. relative oxygen extraction fraction (OEFrel), deoxygenated cerebral blood volume (dCBV) and tissue concentration of deoxyhemoglobin (Cdeoxy) remain practically constant. We also found the important correlations characterizing the relationships between brain structural and hemodynamic properties in different brain regions. Specifically, thicker cortical regions have lower R2t(⁎) and these regions have lower OEF. The comparison between GEPCI-derived tissue specific structural and functional metrics and literature information suggests that (a) regions in a brain characterized by higher R2t(⁎) contain higher concentration of neurons with less developed cellular processes (dendrites, spines, etc.), (b) regions in a brain characterized by lower R2t(⁎) represent regions with lower concentration of neurons but more developed cellular processes, and (c) the age-related increases in the cortical R2t(⁎) mostly reflect the age-related increases in the cellular packing density. The baseline GEPCI-based biomarkers obtain herein could serve to help distinguish age-related changes in brain cellular and hemodynamic properties from changes which occur due to the neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Jie Wen
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Anne H Cross
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Dmitriy A Yablonskiy
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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381
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Hare DJ, Raven EP, Roberts BR, Bogeski M, Portbury SD, McLean CA, Masters CL, Connor JR, Bush AI, Crouch PJ, Doble PA. Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry imaging of white and gray matter iron distribution in Alzheimer's disease frontal cortex. Neuroimage 2016; 137:124-131. [PMID: 27233149 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron deposition in the brain is a feature of normal aging, though in several neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, the rate of iron accumulation is more advanced than in age-matched controls. Using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry imaging we present here a pilot study that quantitatively assessed the iron content of white and gray matter in paraffin-embedded sections from the frontal cortex of Alzheimer's and control subjects. Using the phosphorus image as a confirmed proxy for the white/gray matter boundary, we found that increased intrusion of iron into gray matter occurs in the Alzheimer's brain compared to controls, which may be indicative of either a loss of iron homeostasis in this vulnerable brain region, or provide evidence of increased inflammatory processes as a response to chronic neurodegeneration. We also observed a trend of increasing iron within the white matter of the frontal cortex, potentially indicative of disrupted iron metabolism preceding loss of myelin integrity. Considering the known potential toxicity of excessive iron in the brain, our results provide supporting evidence for the continuous development of novel magnetic resonance imaging approaches for assessing white and gray matter iron accumulation in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic J Hare
- Elemental Bio-imaging Facility, University of Technology Sydney, Australia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Erika P Raven
- Center for Functional and Molecular Imaging, Georgetown University Medical Center, United States; Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Section, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, United States
| | - Blaine R Roberts
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mirjana Bogeski
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stuart D Portbury
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Catriona A McLean
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Alfred Hospital, Australia; Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia
| | - Colin L Masters
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - James R Connor
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, United States
| | - Ashley I Bush
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter J Crouch
- Department of Pathology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Philip A Doble
- Elemental Bio-imaging Facility, University of Technology Sydney, Australia.
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382
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Disruption of iron homeostasis as a consequence of aging is thought to cause iron levels to increase, potentially promoting oxidative cellular damage. Therefore, understanding how this process evolves through the lifespan could offer insights into both the aging process and the development of aging-related neurodegenerative brain diseases. This work aimed to map, in vivo for the first time with an unbiased whole-brain approach, age-related iron changes using quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM)--a new postprocessed MRI contrast mechanism. To this end, a full QSM standardization routine was devised and a cohort of N = 116 healthy adults (20-79 years of age) was studied. The whole-brain and ROI analyses confirmed that the propensity of brain cells to accumulate excessive iron as a function of aging largely depends on their exact anatomical location. Whereas only patchy signs of iron scavenging were observed in white matter, strong, bilateral, and confluent QSM-age associations were identified in several deep-brain nuclei--chiefly the striatum and midbrain-and across motor, premotor, posterior insular, superior prefrontal, and cerebellar cortices. The validity of QSM as a suitable in vivo imaging technique with which to monitor iron dysregulation in the human brain was demonstrated by confirming age-related increases in several subcortical nuclei that are known to accumulate iron with age. The study indicated that, in addition to these structures, there is a predilection for iron accumulation in the frontal lobes, which when combined with the subcortical findings, suggests that iron accumulation with age predominantly affects brain regions concerned with motor/output functions. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This study used a whole--brain imaging approach known as quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) to provide a novel insight into iron accumulation in the brain across the adult lifespan. Validity of the method was demonstrated by showing concordance with ROI analysis and prior knowledge of iron accumulation in subcortical nuclei. We discovered that, beyond these regions, there is extensive involvement of the frontal lobes that has been missed by past ROI analyses. Broadly speaking, therefore, the motor system selectively accumulates iron with age. The results offer insights into the aging process, but also offer a new approach to studying the role of iron dysregulation in the evolution of age-related neurodegenerative diseases.
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383
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Betts MJ, Acosta-Cabronero J, Cardenas-Blanco A, Nestor PJ, Düzel E. High-resolution characterisation of the aging brain using simultaneous quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) and R2* measurements at 7T. Neuroimage 2016; 138:43-63. [PMID: 27181761 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) has recently emerged as a novel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method to detect non-haem iron deposition, calcifications, demyelination and vascular lesions in the brain. It has been suggested that QSM is more sensitive than the more conventional quantifiable MRI measure, namely the transverse relaxation rate, R2*. Here, we conducted the first high-resolution, whole-brain, simultaneously acquired, comparative study of the two techniques using 7Tesla MRI. We asked which of the two techniques would be more sensitive to explore global differences in tissue composition in elderly adults relative to young subjects. Both QSM and R2* revealed strong age-related differences in subcortical regions, hippocampus and cortical grey matter, particularly in superior frontal regions, motor/premotor cortices, insula and cerebellar regions. Within the basal ganglia system-but also hippocampus and cerebellar dentate nucleus-, QSM was largely in agreement with R2* with the exception of the globus pallidus. QSM, however, provided superior anatomical contrast and revealed age-related differences in the thalamus and in white matter, which were otherwise largely undetected by R2* measurements. In contrast, in occipital cortex, age-related differences were much greater with R2* compared to QSM. The present study, therefore, demonstrated that in vivo QSM using ultra-high field MRI provides a novel means to characterise age-related differences in the human brain, but also combining QSM and R2* using multi-gradient recalled echo imaging can potentially provide a more complete picture of mineralisation, demyelination and/or vascular alterations in aging and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Betts
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany.
| | | | - Arturo Cardenas-Blanco
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Peter J Nestor
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Emrah Düzel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AR, UK
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384
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Tardif CL, Gauthier CJ, Steele CJ, Bazin PL, Schäfer A, Schaefer A, Turner R, Villringer A. Advanced MRI techniques to improve our understanding of experience-induced neuroplasticity. Neuroimage 2016; 131:55-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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385
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Thomas AG, Dennis A, Rawlings NB, Stagg CJ, Matthews L, Morris M, Kolind SH, Foxley S, Jenkinson M, Nichols TE, Dawes H, Bandettini PA, Johansen-Berg H. Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise. Neuroimage 2016; 131:162-70. [PMID: 26654786 PMCID: PMC4848119 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.10.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus has been shown to demonstrate a remarkable degree of plasticity in response to a variety of tasks and experiences. For example, the size of the human hippocampus has been shown to increase in response to aerobic exercise. However, it is currently unknown what underlies these changes. Here we scanned sedentary, young to middle-aged human adults before and after a six-week exercise intervention using nine different neuroimaging measures of brain structure, vasculature, and diffusion. We then tested two different hypotheses regarding the nature of the underlying changes in the tissue. Surprisingly, we found no evidence of a vascular change as has been previously reported. Rather, the pattern of changes is better explained by an increase in myelination. Finally, we show that hippocampal volume increase is temporary, returning to baseline after an additional six weeks without aerobic exercise. This is the first demonstration of a change in hippocampal volume in early to middle adulthood suggesting that hippocampal volume is modulated by aerobic exercise throughout the lifespan rather than only in the presence of age related atrophy. It is also the first demonstration of hippocampal volume change over a period of only six weeks, suggesting that gross morphometric hippocampal plasticity occurs faster than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam G Thomas
- Section on Functional Imaging Methods, NIMH, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA; FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Andrea Dennis
- FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nancy B Rawlings
- FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte J Stagg
- FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Matthews
- FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Martyn Morris
- Movement Sciences Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Shannon H Kolind
- Center for Neuroimaging Sciences, King's College London, London, ON, Canada
| | - Sean Foxley
- FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Jenkinson
- FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas E Nichols
- Department of Statistics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Dawes
- Department of Statistics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Peter A Bandettini
- Section on Functional Imaging Methods, NIMH, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Heidi Johansen-Berg
- FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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386
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Current computational neuroanatomy based on MRI focuses on morphological measures of the brain. We present recent methodological developments in quantitative MRI (qMRI) that provide standardized measures of the brain, which go beyond morphology. We show how biophysical modelling of qMRI data can provide quantitative histological measures of brain tissue, leading to the emerging field of in-vivo histology using MRI (hMRI). RECENT FINDINGS qMRI has greatly improved the sensitivity and specificity of computational neuroanatomy studies. qMRI metrics can also be used as direct indicators of the mechanisms driving observed morphological findings. For hMRI, biophysical models of the MRI signal are being developed to directly access histological information such as cortical myelination, axonal diameters or axonal g-ratio in white matter. Emerging results indicate promising prospects for the combined study of brain microstructure and function. SUMMARY Non-invasive brain tissue characterization using qMRI or hMRI has significant implications for both research and clinics. Both approaches improve comparability across sites and time points, facilitating multicentre/longitudinal studies and standardized diagnostics. hMRI is expected to shed new light on the relationship between brain microstructure, function and behaviour, both in health and disease, and become an indispensable addition to computational neuroanatomy.
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387
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Abstract
Progress in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) now makes it possible to identify the major white matter tracts in the living human brain. These tracts are important because they carry many of the signals communicated between different brain regions. MRI methods coupled with biophysical modeling can measure the tissue properties and structural features of the tracts that impact our ability to think, feel, and perceive. This review describes the fundamental ideas of the MRI methods used to identify the major white matter tracts in the living human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Wandell
- Department of Psychology and Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305;
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388
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Chawla S, Kister I, Wuerfel J, Brisset JC, Liu S, Sinnecker T, Dusek P, Haacke EM, Paul F, Ge Y. Iron and Non-Iron-Related Characteristics of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Lesions at 7T MRI. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2016; 37:1223-30. [PMID: 27012298 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a4729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Characterization of iron deposition associated with demyelinating lesions of multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica has not been well studied. Our aim was to investigate the potential of ultra-high-field MR imaging to distinguish MS from neuromyelitis optica and to characterize tissue injury associated with iron pathology within lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-one patients with MS and 21 patients with neuromyelitis optica underwent 7T high-resolution 2D-gradient-echo-T2* and 3D-susceptibility-weighted imaging. An in-house-developed algorithm was used to reconstruct quantitative susceptibility mapping from SWI. Lesions were classified as "iron-laden" if they demonstrated hypointensity on gradient-echo-T2*-weighted images and/or SWI and hyperintensity on quantitative susceptibility mapping. Lesions were considered "non-iron-laden" if they were hyperintense on gradient-echo-T2* and isointense or hyperintense on quantitative susceptibility mapping. RESULTS Of 21 patients with MS, 19 (90.5%) demonstrated at least 1 quantitative susceptibility mapping-hyperintense lesion, and 11/21 (52.4%) had iron-laden lesions. No quantitative susceptibility mapping-hyperintense or iron-laden lesions were observed in any patients with neuromyelitis optica. Iron-laden and non-iron-laden lesions could each be further characterized into 2 distinct patterns based on lesion signal and morphology on gradient-echo-T2*/SWI and quantitative susceptibility mapping. In MS, most lesions (n = 262, 75.9% of all lesions) were hyperintense on gradient-echo T2* and isointense on quantitative susceptibility mapping (pattern A), while a small minority (n = 26, 7.5% of all lesions) were hyperintense on both gradient-echo-T2* and quantitative susceptibility mapping (pattern B). Iron-laden lesions (n = 57, 16.5% of all lesions) were further classified as nodular (n = 22, 6.4%, pattern C) or ringlike (n = 35, 10.1%, pattern D). CONCLUSIONS Ultra-high-field MR imaging may be useful in distinguishing MS from neuromyelitis optica. Different patterns related to iron and noniron pathology may provide in vivo insight into the pathophysiology of lesions in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chawla
- From the Department of Radiology (S.C., J.-C.B., Y.G.), Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research and Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging Department of Radiology (S.C.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - I Kister
- Department of Neurology (I.K.), New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - J Wuerfel
- NeuroCure (J.W., T.S., F.P.), Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany Institute of Neuroradiology (J.W., P.D.), Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany Medical Image Analysis Center (J.W.), Basel, Switzerland
| | - J-C Brisset
- From the Department of Radiology (S.C., J.-C.B., Y.G.), Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research and Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging
| | - S Liu
- Department of Radiology (S.L., E.M.H.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - T Sinnecker
- NeuroCure (J.W., T.S., F.P.), Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - P Dusek
- Institute of Neuroradiology (J.W., P.D.), Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (P.D.), Charles University in Prague, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - E M Haacke
- Department of Radiology (S.L., E.M.H.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - F Paul
- NeuroCure (J.W., T.S., F.P.), Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Y Ge
- From the Department of Radiology (S.C., J.-C.B., Y.G.), Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research and Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging
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389
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Fracasso A, van Veluw SJ, Visser F, Luijten PR, Spliet W, Zwanenburg JJM, Dumoulin SO, Petridou N. Lines of Baillarger in vivo and ex vivo: Myelin contrast across lamina at 7T MRI and histology. Neuroimage 2016; 133:163-175. [PMID: 26947519 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.02.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The human cerebral cortex is characterized by a number of features that are not uniformly distributed, such as the presence of multiple cytoarchitectonic elements and of myelinated layers running tangentially to the cortex surface. The presence and absence of these features are the basis of the parcellation of the cerebral cortex in several areas. A number of areas show myelin increases localized within the cortex, e.g., the stria of Gennari located in layer IV of the primary visual cortex. Sub-millimeter MRI can resolve myelin variations across the human cortex and may allow in vivo parcellation of these brain areas. Here, we image within-area myelination. We modified a T1-weighted (T1-w) MPRAGE sequence to enhance myelin visualization within the cortex. First, we acquired images from an ex vivo sample, and compared MRI laminar profiles from calcarine (corresponding to primary visual cortex) and extra-calcarine areas with histology sections from the same locations. Laminar profiles between myelin stained sections and the T1-w images were similar both in calcarine as well as extra-calcarine cortex. In calcarine cortex, the profile reveals the stria of Gennari. In extra-calcarine cortex, a similar profile exists which we suggest corresponds to the lines of Baillarger. Next, we adapted the same sequence to image within-area myelination in vivo. Also in in vivo data, we discriminated similar laminar profiles in calcarine and extra-calcarine cortex, extending into parietal and frontal lobes. We argue that this myelin pattern outside the calcarine cortex represents the lines of Baillarger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Fracasso
- Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Radiology, Imaging Division, University Medical Center, Utrecht, Netherlands; Spinoza Centre for Neuroimaging, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Susanne J van Veluw
- Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Fredy Visser
- Radiology, Imaging Division, University Medical Center, Utrecht, Netherlands; Philips Medical Systems, Best, Netherlands
| | - Peter R Luijten
- Radiology, Imaging Division, University Medical Center, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Wim Spliet
- Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jaco J M Zwanenburg
- Radiology, Imaging Division, University Medical Center, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Serge O Dumoulin
- Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Spinoza Centre for Neuroimaging, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Natalia Petridou
- Radiology, Imaging Division, University Medical Center, Utrecht, Netherlands
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390
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Harrison DM, Li X, Liu H, Jones CK, Caffo B, Calabresi PA, van Zijl P. Lesion Heterogeneity on High-Field Susceptibility MRI Is Associated with Multiple Sclerosis Severity. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2016; 37:1447-53. [PMID: 26939635 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a4726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Susceptibility MR imaging contrast variations reflect alterations in brain iron and myelin content, making this imaging tool relevant to studies of multiple sclerosis lesion heterogeneity. In this study, we aimed to characterize the relationship of high-field, susceptibility contrasts in multiple sclerosis lesions to clinical outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-four subjects with multiple sclerosis underwent 7T MR imaging of the brain, disability examinations, and a fatigue inventory. The inverse of T2* relaxation time (R2*), frequency, and relative susceptibility (from quantitative susceptibility mapping) were analyzed in 306 white matter lesions. RESULTS Most lesions were hypointense on R2* (88% without a rim, 5% with). Lesions that were hyperintense on quantitative susceptibility mapping were more frequent in relapsing-remitting than in progressive multiple sclerosis (54% versus 35%, P = .018). Hyperintense lesion rims on quantitative susceptibility maps were more common in progressive multiple sclerosis and patients with higher levels of disability and fatigue. Mean lesion R2* was inversely related to disability and fatigue and significantly reduced in progressive multiple sclerosis. Relative susceptibility was lower in lesions in progressive multiple sclerosis (median, -0.018 ppm; range, -0.070 to 0.022) than in relapsing-remitting MS (median, -0.010 ppm; range, -0.062 to 0.052; P = .003). CONCLUSIONS A progressive clinical phenotype and greater disability and fatigue were associated with lower R2* and relative susceptibility values (suggestive of low iron due to oligodendrocyte loss) and rimmed lesions (suggestive of chronic inflammation) in this multiple sclerosis cohort. Lesion heterogeneity on susceptibility MR imaging may help explain disability in multiple sclerosis and provide a window into the processes of demyelination, oligodendrocyte loss, and chronic lesion inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Harrison
- From the Department of Neurology (D.M.H.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland Departments of Neurology (D.M.H., P.A.C.)
| | - X Li
- Radiology and Radiological Science (X.L., C.K.J., P.v.Z.) F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging (X.L., H.L., C.K.J., P.v.Z.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - H Liu
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging (X.L., H.L., C.K.J., P.v.Z.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland Department of Radiology (H.L.), Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - C K Jones
- Radiology and Radiological Science (X.L., C.K.J., P.v.Z.) F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging (X.L., H.L., C.K.J., P.v.Z.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - B Caffo
- Biostatistics (B.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - P van Zijl
- Radiology and Radiological Science (X.L., C.K.J., P.v.Z.) F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging (X.L., H.L., C.K.J., P.v.Z.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
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391
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Lorio S, Kherif F, Ruef A, Melie-Garcia L, Frackowiak R, Ashburner J, Helms G, Lutti A, Draganski B. Neurobiological origin of spurious brain morphological changes: A quantitative MRI study. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 37:1801-15. [PMID: 26876452 PMCID: PMC4855623 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The high gray‐white matter contrast and spatial resolution provided by T1‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has made it a widely used imaging protocol for computational anatomy studies of the brain. While the image intensity in T1‐weighted images is predominantly driven by T1, other MRI parameters affect the image contrast, and hence brain morphological measures derived from the data. Because MRI parameters are correlates of different histological properties of brain tissue, this mixed contribution hampers the neurobiological interpretation of morphometry findings, an issue which remains largely ignored in the community. We acquired quantitative maps of the MRI parameters that determine signal intensities in T1‐weighted images (R1 (=1/T1), R2*, and PD) in a large cohort of healthy subjects (n = 120, aged 18–87 years). Synthetic T1‐weighted images were calculated from these quantitative maps and used to extract morphometry features—gray matter volume and cortical thickness. We observed significant variations in morphometry measures obtained from synthetic images derived from different subsets of MRI parameters. We also detected a modulation of these variations by age. Our findings highlight the impact of microstructural properties of brain tissue—myelination, iron, and water content—on automated measures of brain morphology and show that microstructural tissue changes might lead to the detection of spurious morphological changes in computational anatomy studies. They motivate a review of previous morphological results obtained from standard anatomical MRI images and highlight the value of quantitative MRI data for the inference of microscopic tissue changes in the healthy and diseased brain. Hum Brain Mapp 37:1801–1815, 2016. © 2016 The Authors. Human Brain Mapping Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lorio
- LREN - Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CHUV, University of Lausanne, Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Ferath Kherif
- LREN - Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CHUV, University of Lausanne, Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Anne Ruef
- LREN - Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CHUV, University of Lausanne, Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Lester Melie-Garcia
- LREN - Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CHUV, University of Lausanne, Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Richard Frackowiak
- LREN - Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CHUV, University of Lausanne, Lausanne Switzerland
| | - John Ashburner
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, UCL Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gunther Helms
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Medical Radiation Physics, Lund, Sweden
| | - Antoine Lutti
- LREN - Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CHUV, University of Lausanne, Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Bodgan Draganski
- LREN - Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CHUV, University of Lausanne, Lausanne Switzerland.,Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
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392
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Dhital B, Labadie C, Stallmach F, Möller HE, Turner R. Temperature dependence of water diffusion pools in brain white matter. Neuroimage 2016; 127:135-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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393
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Human habenula segmentation using myelin content. Neuroimage 2016; 130:145-156. [PMID: 26826517 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The habenula consists of a pair of small epithalamic nuclei located adjacent to the dorsomedial thalamus. Despite increasing interest in imaging the habenula due to its critical role in mediating subcortical reward circuitry, in vivo neuroimaging research targeting the human habenula has been limited by its small size and low anatomical contrast. In this work, we have developed an objective semi-automated habenula segmentation scheme consisting of histogram-based thresholding, region growing, geometric constraints, and partial volume estimation steps. This segmentation scheme was designed around in vivo 3 T myelin-sensitive images, generated by taking the ratio of high-resolution T1w over T2w images. Due to the high myelin content of the habenula, the contrast-to-noise ratio with the thalamus in the in vivo 3T myelin-sensitive images was significantly higher than the T1w or T2w images alone. In addition, in vivo 7 T myelin-sensitive images (T1w over T2*w ratio images) and ex vivo proton density-weighted images, along with histological evidence from the literature, strongly corroborated the in vivo 3 T habenula myelin contrast used in the proposed segmentation scheme. The proposed segmentation scheme represents a step toward a scalable approach for objective segmentation of the habenula suitable for both morphological evaluation and habenula seed region selection in functional and diffusion MRI applications.
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394
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Stüber C, Pitt D, Wang Y. Iron in Multiple Sclerosis and Its Noninvasive Imaging with Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17010100. [PMID: 26784172 PMCID: PMC4730342 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is considered to play a key role in the development and progression of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). In particular, iron that accumulates in myeloid cells after the blood-brain barrier (BBB) seals may contribute to chronic inflammation, oxidative stress and eventually neurodegeneration. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a well-established tool for the non-invasive study of MS. In recent years, an advanced MRI method, quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM), has made it possible to study brain iron through in vivo imaging. Moreover, immunohistochemical investigations have helped defining the lesional and cellular distribution of iron in MS brain tissue. Imaging studies in MS patients and of brain tissue combined with histological studies have provided important insights into the role of iron in inflammation and neurodegeneration in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Stüber
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10044, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - David Pitt
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10044, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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395
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Stüber C, Pitt D, Wang Y. Iron in Multiple Sclerosis and Its Noninvasive Imaging with Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping. Int J Mol Sci 2016. [PMID: 26784172 DOI: 10.3390/ijmsl17010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is considered to play a key role in the development and progression of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). In particular, iron that accumulates in myeloid cells after the blood-brain barrier (BBB) seals may contribute to chronic inflammation, oxidative stress and eventually neurodegeneration. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a well-established tool for the non-invasive study of MS. In recent years, an advanced MRI method, quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM), has made it possible to study brain iron through in vivo imaging. Moreover, immunohistochemical investigations have helped defining the lesional and cellular distribution of iron in MS brain tissue. Imaging studies in MS patients and of brain tissue combined with histological studies have provided important insights into the role of iron in inflammation and neurodegeneration in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Stüber
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10044, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - David Pitt
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10044, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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396
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Kuhle J, Barro C, Disanto G, Mathias A, Soneson C, Bonnier G, Yaldizli Ö, Regeniter A, Derfuss T, Canales M, Schluep M, Du Pasquier R, Krueger G, Granziera C. Serum neurofilament light chain in early relapsing remitting MS is increased and correlates with CSF levels and with MRI measures of disease severity. Mult Scler 2016; 22:1550-1559. [PMID: 26754800 DOI: 10.1177/1352458515623365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Neurofilament light chain (NfL) levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients correlate with the degree of neuronal injury. To date, little is known about NfL concentrations in the serum of relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients and their relationship with CSF levels and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures of disease severity. We aimed to validate the quantification of NfL in serum samples of RRMS, as a biofluid source easily accessible for longitudinal studies. METHODS A total of 31 RRMS patients underwent CSF and serum sampling. After a median time of 3.6 years, 19 of these RRMS patients, 10 newly recruited RRMS patients and 18 healthy controls had a 3T MRI and serum sampling. NfL concentrations were determined by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. RESULTS NfL levels in serum were highly correlated to levels in CSF (r = 0.62, p = 0.0002). Concentrations in serum were higher in patients than in controls at baseline (p = 0.004) and follow-up (p = 0.0009) and did not change over time (p = 0.56). Serum NfL levels correlated with white matter (WM) lesion volume (r = 0.68, p < 0.0001), mean T1 (r = 0.40, p = 0.034) and T2* relaxation time (r = 0.49, p = 0.007) and with magnetization transfer ratio in normal appearing WM (r = -0.41, p = 0.029). CONCLUSION CSF and serum NfL levels were highly correlated, and serum concentrations were increased in RRMS. Serum NfL levels correlated with MRI markers of WM disease severity. Our findings further support longitudinal studies of serum NfL as a potential biomarker of on-going disease progression and as a potential surrogate to quantify effects of neuroprotective drugs in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Kuhle
- Neurology, Departments of Medicine, Clinical Research and Biomedicine, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Barro
- Neurology, Departments of Medicine, Clinical Research and Biomedicine, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giulio Disanto
- Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Ospedale Civico, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Amandine Mathias
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Center of Research in Neurosciences, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Charlotte Soneson
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland/University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Bonnier
- Advanced Clinical Imaging Technology Group, Siemens Healthcare IM BM PI, Lausanne, Switzerland/Neuro-Immunology, Neurology Division, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland/LTS5, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Özguer Yaldizli
- Neurology, Departments of Medicine, Clinical Research and Biomedicine, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Axel Regeniter
- Clinical Neurochemistry, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Derfuss
- Neurology, Departments of Medicine, Clinical Research and Biomedicine, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Canales
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Center of Research in Neurosciences, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Myriam Schluep
- Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Renaud Du Pasquier
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Center of Research in Neurosciences, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland/Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gunnar Krueger
- Advanced Clinical Imaging Technology Group, Siemens Healthcare IM BM PI, Lausanne, Switzerland/Healthcare Sector IM&WS S, Siemens Schweiz AG, Renens, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Granziera
- Advanced Clinical Imaging Technology Group, Siemens Healthcare IM BM PI, Lausanne, Switzerland/Neuro-Immunology, Neurology Division, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland/LTS5, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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397
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Open Science CBS Neuroimaging Repository: Sharing ultra-high-field MR images of the brain. Neuroimage 2016; 124:1143-1148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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398
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Augustinack JC, van der Kouwe AJW. Postmortem imaging and neuropathologic correlations. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2016; 136:1321-39. [PMID: 27430472 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53486-6.00069-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Postmortem imaging refers to scanning autopsy specimens using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or optical imaging. This chapter summarizes postmortem imaging and its usefulness in brain mapping. Standard in vivo MRI has limited resolution due to time constraints and does not deliver cortical boundaries (e.g., Brodmann areas). Postmortem imaging offers a means to obtain ultra-high-resolution images with appropriate contrast for delineating cortical regions. Postmortem imaging provides the ability to validate MRI properties against histologic stained sections. This approach has enabled probabilistic mapping that is based on ex vivo MRI contrast, validated to histology, and subsequently mapped on to an in vivo model. This chapter emphasizes structural imaging, which can be validated with histologic assessment. Postmortem imaging has been applied to neuropathologic studies as well. This chapter includes many ex vivo studies, but focuses on studies of the medial temporal lobe, often involved in neurologic disease. New research using optical imaging is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean C Augustinack
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA.
| | - André J W van der Kouwe
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
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399
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Waehnert MD, Dinse J, Schäfer A, Geyer S, Bazin PL, Turner R, Tardif CL. A subject-specific framework for in vivo myeloarchitectonic analysis using high resolution quantitative MRI. Neuroimage 2016; 125:94-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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400
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van Gelderen P, Jiang X, Duyn JH. Effects of magnetization transfer on T1 contrast in human brain white matter. Neuroimage 2015; 128:85-95. [PMID: 26724780 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MRI based on T1 relaxation contrast is increasingly being used to study brain morphology and myelination. Although it provides for excellent distinction between the major tissue types of gray matter, white matter, and CSF, reproducible quantification of T1 relaxation rates is difficult due to the complexity of the contrast mechanism and dependence on experimental details. In this work, we perform simulations and inversion-recovery MRI measurements at 3T and 7T to show that substantial measurement variability results from unintended and uncontrolled perturbation of the magnetization of MRI-invisible (1)H protons of lipids and macromolecules. This results in bi-exponential relaxation, with a fast component whose relative contribution under practical conditions can reach 20%. This phenomenon can strongly affect apparent relaxation rates, affect contrast between tissue types, and result in contrast variations over the brain. Based on this novel understanding, ways are proposed to minimize this experimental variability and its effect on T1 contrast, quantification accuracy and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter van Gelderen
- Advanced MRI Section, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xu Jiang
- Advanced MRI Section, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jeff H Duyn
- Advanced MRI Section, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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