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Abstract
In human cells, the basal body (BB) core comprises a ninefold microtubule-triplet cylindrical structure. Distal and subdistal appendages are located at the distal end of BB, where they play indispensable roles in cilium formation and function. Most cells that arrest in the G0 stage of the cell cycle initiate BB docking at the plasma membrane followed by BB-mediated growth of a solitary primary cilium, a structure required for sensing the extracellular environment and cell signaling. In addition to the primary cilium, motile cilia are present in specialized cells, such as sperm and airway epithelium. Mutations that affect BB function result in cilia dysfunction. This can generate syndromic disorders, collectively called ciliopathies, for which there are no effective treatments. In this review, we focus on the features and functions of BBs and centrosomes in Homo sapiens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastassiia Vertii
- />Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA USA
| | - Hui-Fang Hung
- />Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA USA
| | - Heidi Hehnly
- />Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY USA
| | - Stephen Doxsey
- />Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA USA
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352
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Windley SP, Wilhelm D. Signaling Pathways Involved in Mammalian Sex Determination and Gonad Development. Sex Dev 2016; 9:297-315. [PMID: 26905731 DOI: 10.1159/000444065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of any organ system requires a complex interplay of cellular signals to initiate the differentiation and development of the heterogeneous cell and tissue types required to carry out the organs' functions. In this way, an extracellular stimulus is transmitted to an intracellular target through an array of interacting protein intermediaries, ultimately enabling the target cell to elicit a response. Surprisingly, only a small number of signaling pathways are implicated throughout embryogenesis and are used over and over again. Gonadogenesis is a unique process in that 2 morphologically distinct organs, the testes and ovaries, arise from a common precursor, the bipotential genital ridge. Accordingly, most of the signaling pathways observed throughout embryogenesis also have been shown to be important for mammalian sex determination and gonad development. Here, we review the mechanisms of signal transduction within these pathways and the importance of these pathways throughout mammalian gonad development, mainly concentrating on data obtained in mouse but including other species where appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P Windley
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
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353
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Bolch SN, Dugger DR, Chong T, McDowell JH, Smith WC. A Splice Variant of Bardet-Biedl Syndrome 5 (BBS5) Protein that Is Selectively Expressed in Retina. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148773. [PMID: 26867008 PMCID: PMC4750968 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Bardet-Biedl syndrome is a complex ciliopathy that usually manifests with some form of retinal degeneration, amongst other ciliary-related deficiencies. One of the genetic causes of this syndrome results from a defect in Bardet-Biedl Syndrome 5 (BBS5) protein. BBS5 is one component of the BBSome, a complex of proteins that regulates the protein composition in cilia. In this study, we identify a smaller molecular mass form of BBS5 as a variant formed by alternative splicing and show that expression of this splice variant is restricted to the retina. METHODS Reverse transcription PCR from RNA was used to isolate and identify potential alternative transcripts of Bbs5. A peptide unique to the C-terminus of the BBS5 splice variant was synthesized and used to prepare antibodies that selectively recognized the BBS5 splice variant. These antibodies were used on immunoblots of tissue extracts to determine the extent of expression of the alternative transcript and on tissue slices to determine the localization of expressed protein. Pull-down of fluorescently labeled arrestin1 by immunoprecipitation of the BBS5 splice variant was performed to assess functional interaction between the two proteins. RESULTS PCR from mouse retinal cDNA using Bbs5-specific primers amplified a unique cDNA that was shown to be a splice variant of BBS5 resulting from the use of cryptic splicing sites in Intron 7. The resulting transcript codes for a truncated form of the BBS5 protein with a unique 24 amino acid C-terminus, and predicted 26.5 kD molecular mass. PCR screening of RNA isolated from various ciliated tissues and immunoblots of protein extracts from these same tissues showed that this splice variant was expressed in retina, but not brain, heart, kidney, or testes. Quantitative PCR showed that the splice variant transcript is 8.9-fold (+/- 1.1-fold) less abundant than the full-length transcript. In the retina, the splice variant of BBS5 appears to be most abundant in the connecting cilium of photoreceptors, where BBS5 is also localized. Like BBS5, the binding of BBS5L to arrestin1 can be modulated by phosphorylation through protein kinase C. CONCLUSIONS In this study we have identified a novel splice variant of BBS5 that appears to be expressed only in the retina. The BBS5 splice variant is expressed at approximately 10% of full-length BBS5 level. No unique functional or localization properties could be identified for the splice variant compared to BBS5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan N. Bolch
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Donald R. Dugger
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Timothy Chong
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - J. Hugh McDowell
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - W. Clay Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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354
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Khan S, Muhammad N, Khan M, Kamal A, Rehman Z, Khan S. Genetics of human Bardet-Biedl syndrome, an updates. Clin Genet 2016; 90:3-15. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.12737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S.A. Khan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering; Kohat University of Science and Technology; Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
| | - N. Muhammad
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering; Kohat University of Science and Technology; Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
| | - M.A. Khan
- Gomal Centre of Biochemistry and Biotechnology; Gomal University; Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
- Genomic Core Facility; Interim Translational Research Institute; Doha Qatar
| | - A. Kamal
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering; Kohat University of Science and Technology; Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
| | - Z.U. Rehman
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering; Kohat University of Science and Technology; Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
| | - S. Khan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering; Kohat University of Science and Technology; Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
- Genomic Core Facility; Interim Translational Research Institute; Doha Qatar
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355
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Khan AO, Decker E, Bachmann N, Bolz HJ, Bergmann C. C8orf37 is mutated in Bardet-Biedl syndrome and constitutes a locus allelic to non-syndromic retinal dystrophies. Ophthalmic Genet 2016; 37:290-3. [DOI: 10.3109/13816810.2015.1066830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arif O. Khan
- Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eva Decker
- Center for Human Genetics, Bioscientia, Ingelheim, Germany
| | | | - Hanno J. Bolz
- Center for Human Genetics, Bioscientia, Ingelheim, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Carsten Bergmann
- Center for Human Genetics, Bioscientia, Ingelheim, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
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356
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Khan MA, Mohan S, Zubair M, Windpassinger C. Homozygosity mapping identified a novel protein truncating mutation (p.Ser100Leufs*24) of the BBS9 gene in a consanguineous Pakistani family with Bardet Biedl syndrome. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2016; 17:10. [PMID: 26846096 PMCID: PMC4743198 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-016-0271-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bardet Biedl Syndrome (BBS) is a rare condition of multi-organ dysfunction with characteristic clinical features of retinal degeneration, truncal obesity, postaxial polydactyly, genital anomaly, intellectual disability and renal dysfunction. It is a hetero-genetic disorder and nineteen BBS genes have been discovered so far. METHODS Whole genome SNP genotyping was performed by using CytoScan® 750 K array (Affymetrix). Subsequently, the segregation of the disease locus in the whole family was carried out by genotyping STS markers within the homozygous interval. Finally, the mutation analysis was performed by Sanger DNA sequencing. RESULTS In the present molecular study a consanguineous Pakistani family, with autosomal recessive BBS, was analyzed. The clinical analysis of affected individuals presented with synpolydactyly, obesity, intellectual disability, renal abnormality and retinitis pigmentosa. The presented phenotype was consistent with the major features of BBS syndrome. Homozygosity mapping identified a common homozygous interval within the known BBS9 locus. Sequence analysis of BBS9/PTHB1 gene revealed a single base deletion of c.299delC (p.Ser100Leufs*24) in exon 4. This frame-shift mutation presumably leads to a 122 amino acid truncated protein with complete loss of its C-terminal PTHB1 domain in combination with a partial loss of the N-terminal PTHB1 domain as well. BBS9/PTHB1 gene mutations have been shown to be associated with BBS syndrome and to the best of our knowledge this study reports the first Pakistani family linked to the BBS9 gene. CONCLUSION Our molecular findings expand the mutational spectrum of BBS9 gene and also explain the genetic heterogeneity of Pakistan families with BBS syndrome. The growing number of mutations in BBS genes in combination with a detailed phenotypical description of patients will be helpful for genotype-phenotype correlation, targeted genetic diagnosis, prenatal screening and carrier testing of familial and non-familial BBS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzammil Ahmad Khan
- Gomal Centre of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber-Pakhtoonkhwa, Khyber-Pakhtoonkhwa, 29050, Pakistan.
- Interim Translational Research Institute, Genomic Core Facility, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar.
| | - Sumitra Mohan
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, 8010, Austria.
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- Gomal Centre of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber-Pakhtoonkhwa, Khyber-Pakhtoonkhwa, 29050, Pakistan.
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357
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Sugiyama Y, Shelley EJ, Yoder BK, Kozmik Z, May-Simera HL, Beales PL, Lovicu FJ, McAvoy JW. Non-essential role for cilia in coordinating precise alignment of lens fibres. Mech Dev 2016; 139:10-7. [PMID: 26825015 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The primary cilium, a microtubule-based organelle found in most cells, is a centre for mechano-sensing fluid movement and cellular signalling, notably through the Hedgehog pathway. We recently found that each lens fibre cell has an apically situated primary cilium that is polarised to the side of the cell facing the anterior pole of the lens. The direction of polarity is similar in neighbouring cells so that in the global view, lens fibres exhibit planar cell polarity (PCP) along the equatorial-anterior polar axis. Ciliogenesis has been associated with the establishment of PCP, although the exact relationship between PCP and the role of cilia is still controversial. To test the hypothesis that the primary cilia have a role in coordinating the precise alignment/orientation of the fibre cells, IFT88, a key component of the intraflagellar transport (IFT) complex, was removed specifically from the lens at different developmental stages using several lens-specific Cre-expressing mouse lines (MLR10- and LR-Cre). Irrespective of which Cre-line was adopted, both demonstrated that in IFT88-depleted cells, the ciliary axoneme was absent or substantially shortened, confirming the disruption of primary cilia formation. However no obvious histological defects were detected even when IFT88 was removed from the lens placode as early as E9.5. Specifically, the lens fibres aligned/oriented towards the poles to form the characteristic Y-shaped sutures as normal. Consistent with this, in primary lens epithelial explants prepared from these conditional knockout mouse lenses, the basal bodies still showed polarised localisation at the apical surface of elongating cells upon FGF-induced fibre differentiation. We further investigated the lens phenotype in knockouts of Bardet-Biedl Syndrome (BBS) proteins 4 and 8, the components of the BBSome complex which modulate ciliary function. In these BBS4 and 8 knockout lenses, again we found the pattern of the anterior sutures formed by the apical tips of elongating/migrating fibres were comparable to the control lenses. Taken together, these results indicate that primary cilia do not play an essential role in the precise cellular alignment/orientation of fibre cells. Thus, it appears that in the lens cilia are not required to establish PCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Sugiyama
- Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia.
| | | | - Bradley K Yoder
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Zbynek Kozmik
- Department of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Prague CZ-14220, Czech Republic
| | - Helen L May-Simera
- Institute of Zoology, Johannes-Gutenberg University, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Philip L Beales
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University College London Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Frank J Lovicu
- Anatomy and Histology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - John W McAvoy
- Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
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358
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Hulleman JD, Nguyen A, Ramprasad V, Murugan S, Gupta R, Mahindrakar A, Angara R, Sankurathri C, Mootha VV. A novel H395R mutation in MKKS/BBS6 causes retinitis pigmentosa and polydactyly without other findings of Bardet-Biedl or McKusick-Kaufman syndrome. Mol Vis 2016; 22:73-81. [PMID: 26900326 PMCID: PMC4734152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify the causative mutation in two siblings from a consanguineous family in India with retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and polydactyly without other findings of Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS). We also performed functional characterization of the mutant protein to explore its role in this limited form of BBS. METHODS The siblings underwent a thorough ophthalmological examination, including retinal optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging, and an extensive physical examination with abdominal ultrasonography to characterize the disease phenotype. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) using a panel targeting retinal degeneration genes was performed on genomic DNA samples from the siblings and parents. Upon identification of the causative mutation, functional characterization was accomplished by performing protein-protein interaction studies in human embryonic kidney (HEK-293T) and human adult retinal pigmented epithelium (ARPE-19) cells. RESULTS The two siblings showed signs of RP and polydactyly. The patients did not have truncal obesity, renal anomalies, hydrometrocolpos, congenital heart disease, or overt cognitive defects. NGS identified a homozygous c.1184A>G mutation in the MKKS/BBS6 gene in both patients resulting in a p.H395R substitution in the MKKS/BBS6 protein. This mutant protein decreased the interaction of MKKS/BBS6 with BBS12 but did so to a different extent in the HEK-293T versus ARPE-19 cells. Nonetheless, the effect of the H395R variant on disrupting interactions with BBS12 was not as profound as other reported MKKS/BBS6 mutations associated with syndromic RP. CONCLUSIONS We identified a novel H395R substitution in MKKS/BBS6 that results in a unique phenotype of only RP and polydactyly. Our observations reaffirm the notion that mutations in MKKS/BBS6 cause phenotypic heterogeneity and do not always result in classic MKKS or BBS findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D. Hulleman
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Annie Nguyen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | | | | | | | | | - Ravi Angara
- Sai Sudha Hospital, Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - V. Vinod Mootha
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX,Srikiran Institute of Ophthalmology, Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, India,McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development/Center for Human Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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359
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Okoronkwo NC. A Rare Classical Presentation of Bardet-Biedl Syndrome in a Three-Year-Old Male from South East Nigeria: A Case Report. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/crcm.2016.58044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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360
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Ohtaka-Maruyama C, Okado H. Molecular Pathways Underlying Projection Neuron Production and Migration during Cerebral Cortical Development. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:447. [PMID: 26733777 PMCID: PMC4682034 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamatergic neurons of the mammalian cerebral cortex originate from radial glia (RG) progenitors in the ventricular zone (VZ). During corticogenesis, neuroblasts migrate toward the pial surface using two different migration modes. One is multipolar (MP) migration with random directional movement, and the other is locomotion, which is a unidirectional movement guided by the RG fiber. After reaching their final destination, the neurons finalize their migration by terminal translocation, which is followed by maturation via dendrite extension to initiate synaptogenesis and thereby complete neural circuit formation. This switching of migration modes during cortical development is unique in mammals, which suggests that the RG-guided locomotion mode may contribute to the evolution of the mammalian neocortical 6-layer structure. Many factors have been reported to be involved in the regulation of this radial neuronal migration process. In general, the radial migration can be largely divided into four steps; (1) maintenance and departure from the VZ of neural progenitor cells, (2) MP migration and transition to bipolar cells, (3) RG-guided locomotion, and (4) terminal translocation and dendrite maturation. Among these, many different gene mutations or knockdown effects have resulted in failure of the MP to bipolar transition (step 2), suggesting that it is a critical step, particularly in radial migration. Moreover, this transition occurs at the subplate layer. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying each of these steps. Finally, we discuss the evolutionary aspects of neuronal migration in corticogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Ohtaka-Maruyama
- Neural Network Project, Department of Brain Development and Neural Regeneration, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruo Okado
- Neural Development Project, Department of Brain Development and Neural Regeneration, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science Tokyo, Japan
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361
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Chesi A, Grant SFA. The Genetics of Pediatric Obesity. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2015; 26:711-721. [PMID: 26439977 PMCID: PMC4673034 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Obesity among children and adults has notably escalated over recent decades and represents a global major health problem. We now know that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to its complex etiology. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revealed compelling genetic signals influencing obesity risk in adults. Recent reports for childhood obesity revealed that many adult loci also play a role in the pediatric setting. Childhood GWAS have uncovered novel loci below the detection range in adult studies, suggesting that obesity genes may be more easily uncovered in the pediatric setting. Shedding light on the genetic architecture of childhood obesity will facilitate the prevention and treatment of pediatric cases, and will have fundamental implications for diseases that present later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Chesi
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Struan F A Grant
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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362
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Copenhaver E, Hanna S, Mulhearn N, Kureshi S, Chiang M, Maupin K. Bifid epiglottis as a cause of recurrent pneumonia in a patient with Bardet-Biedl syndrome, a ciliopathy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pedex.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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363
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Ece Solmaz A, Onay H, Atik T, Aykut A, Cerrah Gunes M, Ozalp Yuregir O, Bas VN, Hazan F, Kirbiyik O, Ozkinay F. Targeted multi-gene panel testing for the diagnosis of Bardet Biedl syndrome: Identification of nine novel mutations across BBS1, BBS2, BBS4, BBS7, BBS9, BBS10 genes. Eur J Med Genet 2015; 58:689-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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364
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Bales KL, Gross AK. Aberrant protein trafficking in retinal degenerations: The initial phase of retinal remodeling. Exp Eye Res 2015; 150:71-80. [PMID: 26632497 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Retinal trafficking proteins are involved in molecular assemblies that govern protein transport, orchestrate cellular events involved in cilia formation, regulate signal transduction, autophagy and endocytic trafficking, all of which if not properly controlled initiate retinal degeneration. Improper function and or trafficking of these proteins and molecular networks they are involved in cause a detrimental cascade of neural retinal remodeling due to cell death, resulting as devastating blinding diseases. A universal finding in retinal degenerative diseases is the profound detection of retinal remodeling, occurring as a phased modification of neural retinal function and structure, which begins at the molecular level. Retinal remodeling instigated by aberrant trafficking of proteins encompasses many forms of retinal degenerations, such as the diverse forms of retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and disorders that resemble RP through mutations in the rhodopsin gene, retinal ciliopathies, and some forms of glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). As a large majority of genes associated with these different retinopathies are overlapping, it is imperative to understand their underlying molecular mechanisms. This review will discuss some of the most recent discoveries in vertebrate retinal remodeling and retinal degenerations caused by protein mistrafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Bales
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Alecia K Gross
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.
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365
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Shylo NA, Christopher KJ, Iglesias A, Daluiski A, Weatherbee SD. TMEM107 Is a Critical Regulator of Ciliary Protein Composition and Is Mutated in Orofaciodigital Syndrome. Hum Mutat 2015; 37:155-9. [PMID: 26518474 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The proximate causes of multiple human genetic syndromes (ciliopathies) are disruptions in the formation or function of the cilium, an organelle required for a multitude of developmental processes. We previously identified Tmem107 as a critical regulator of cilia formation and embryonic organ development in the mouse. Here, we describe a patient with a mutation in TMEM107 that developed atypical Orofaciodigital syndrome (OFD), and show that the OFD patient shares several morphological features with the Tmem107 mutant mouse including polydactyly and reduced numbers of ciliated cells. We show that TMEM107 appears to function within cilia to regulate protein content, as key ciliary proteins do not localize normally in cilia derived from the Tmem107 mouse mutant and the human patient. These data indicate that TMEM107 plays a key, conserved role in regulating ciliary protein composition, and is a novel candidate for ciliopathies of unknown etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Shylo
- Department of Genetics, Yale University, School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208005, SHM I-142D, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520
| | - Kasey J Christopher
- Department of Genetics, Yale University, School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208005, SHM I-142D, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520
| | - Alejandro Iglesias
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Aaron Daluiski
- Department of Hand and Upper Extremity Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Scott D Weatherbee
- Department of Genetics, Yale University, School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208005, SHM I-142D, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520
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366
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Abstract
BACKGROUND To examine the contribution of generational epigenetic dysregulation to the inception of obesity and its adiposopathic consequences. METHODS Sources for this review included searches of PubMed, Google Scholar, and international government/major association websites using terms including adiposity, adiposopathy, epigenetics, genetics, and obesity. RESULTS Excessive energy storage in adipose tissue often results in fat cell and fat organ dysfunction, which may cause metabolic and fat mass disorders. The adverse clinical manifestations of obesity are not solely due to the amount of body fat (adiposity), but are also dependent on anatomical and functional perturbations (adiposopathy or 'sick fat'). This review describes extragenetic factors and genetic conditions that promote obesity. It also serves as an introduction to epigenetic dysregulation (i.e., abnormalities in gene expression that occur without alteration in the genetic code itself), which may contribute to obesity and adiposopathic metabolic health outcomes in offspring. Within the epigenetic paradigm, obesity is a transgenerational disease, with weight lost or gained by either parent potentially impacting generational risk for obesity and its complications. CONCLUSIONS Epigenetics may be an important contributor to the emergence of obesity and its complications as global epidemics. Although transgenerational epigenetic influences present challenges, they may also present interventional opportunities, via justifying weight management for individuals before, during, and after pregnancy and for future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold Bays
- a a Louisville Metabolic and Atherosclerosis Research Center (L-MARC) , Louisville , KY , USA
| | - Wendy Scinta
- b b Medical Weight Loss of NY , Fayetteville , NY , USA
- c c State University of New York , Upstate Department of Family Medicine , Syracuse , NY , USA
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367
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Lodh S, Hostelley TL, Leitch CC, O'Hare EA, Zaghloul NA. Differential effects on β-cell mass by disruption of Bardet-Biedl syndrome or Alstrom syndrome genes. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 25:57-68. [PMID: 26494903 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rare genetic syndromes characterized by early-onset type 2 diabetes have revealed the importance of pancreatic β-cells in genetic susceptibility to diabetes. However, the role of genetic regulation of β-cells in disorders that are also characterized by highly penetrant obesity, a major additional risk factor, is unclear. In this study, we investigated the contribution of genes associated with two obesity ciliopathies, Bardet-Biedl Syndrome and Alstrom Syndrome, to the production and maintenance of pancreatic β-cells. Using zebrafish models of these syndromes, we identified opposing effects on production of β-cells. Loss of the Alstrom gene, alms1, resulted in a significant decrease in β-cell production whereas loss of BBS genes, bbs1 or bbs4, resulted in a significant increase. Examination of the regulatory program underlying β-cell production suggested that these effects were specific to β-cells. In addition to the initial production of β-cells, we observed significant differences in their continued maintenance. Under prolonged exposure to high glucose conditions, alms1-deficient β-cells were unable to continually expand as a result of decreased proliferation and increased cell death. Although bbs1-deficient β-cells were similarly susceptible to apoptosis, the overall maintenance of β-cell number in those animals was sustained likely due to increased proliferation. Taken together, these findings implicate discrepant production and maintenance of β-cells in the differential susceptibility to diabetes found between these two genetic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Lodh
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Timothy L Hostelley
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Carmen C Leitch
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Elizabeth A O'Hare
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Norann A Zaghloul
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
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368
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Hamlington B, Ivey LE, Brenna E, Biesecker LG, Biesecker BB, Sapp JC. Characterization of Courtesy Stigma Perceived by Parents of Overweight Children with Bardet-Biedl Syndrome. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140705. [PMID: 26473736 PMCID: PMC4608820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A child’s obesity is generally perceived by the public to be under the control of the child’s parents. While the health consequences of childhood obesity are well understood, less is known about psychological and social effects of having an obese child on parents. We set out to characterize stigma and courtesy stigma experiences surrounding obesity among children with Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS), a multisystem genetic disorder, and their parents. Methods Twenty-eight parents of children with BBS participated in semi-structured interviews informed by social stigmatization theory, which describes courtesy stigma as parental perception of stigmatization by association with a stigmatized child. Parents were asked to describe such experiences. Results Parents of children with BBS reported the child’s obesity as the most frequent target of stigmatization. They perceived health care providers as the predominant source of courtesy stigma, describing interactions that resulted in feeling devalued and judged as incompetent parents. Conclusions Parents of children with BBS feel blamed by others for their child’s obesity and described experiences that suggest health care providers may contribute to courtesy stigma and thus impede effective communication about managing obesity. Health care providers may reinforce parental feelings of guilt and responsibility by repeating information parents may have previously heard and ignoring extremely challenging barriers to weight management, such as a genetic predisposition to obesity. Strategies to understand and incorporate parents’ perceptions and causal attributions of their children’s weight may improve communication about weight control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Hamlington
- Rocky Mountain Cancer Centers, US Oncology, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lauren E. Ivey
- Metabolic Genetics and Molecular Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ethan Brenna
- Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Leslie G. Biesecker
- Metabolic Genetics and Molecular Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Barbara B. Biesecker
- Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Julie C. Sapp
- Metabolic Genetics and Molecular Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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369
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Abstract
The compact nervous system of Caenorhabditis elegans and its genetic tractability are features that make this organism highly suitable for investigating energy balance in an animal system. Here, we focus on molecular components and organizational principles emerging from the investigation of pathways that largely originate in the nervous system and regulate feeding behavior but also peripheral fat regulation through neuroendocrine signaling. We provide an overview of studies aimed at understanding how C. elegans integrate internal and external cues in feeding behavior. We highlight some of the similarities and differences in energy balance between C. elegans and mammals. We also provide our perspective on unresolved issues, both conceptual and technical, that we believe have hampered critical evaluation of findings relevant to fat regulation in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Lemieux
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158;
| | - Kaveh Ashrafi
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158;
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370
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to present a clinical report of a patient with Bardet-Biedl syndrome, aiming to help the dentist to identify the general aspects, systemic changes, alterations. CLINICAL REPORT Bardet-Biedl syndrome is defined as a genetic disorder of autosomal recessive condition; this case is a male patient, 20 years old. The general features presented by the patient were strabismus, polydactyly, hypogonadism, obesity, cognitive impairment, and autistic behavior. Dentally, this patient presents with hypotonic face, high-arched palate, dental crowding, unilateral crossbite, and difficulty in cleaning but with good-quality oral health. CONCLUSIONS Many patients with this syndrome have compromised oral hygiene, difficulty in addressing dental cases, developmental delay, and autistic behavior. Thus, it is important to pay attention to these early children from an early age and encourage preventive approach.
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371
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Kim MK, Kwak SH, Kang S, Jung HS, Cho YM, Kim SY, Park KS. Identification of Two Cases of Ciliopathy-Associated Diabetes and Their Mutation Analysis Using Whole Exome Sequencing. Diabetes Metab J 2015; 39:439-43. [PMID: 26566502 PMCID: PMC4641974 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2015.39.5.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alström syndrome and Bardet-Biedl syndrome are autosomal recessively inherited ciliopathies with common characteristics of obesity, diabetes, and blindness. Alström syndrome is caused by a mutation in the ALMS1 gene, and Bardet-Biedl syndrome is caused by mutations in BBS1-16 genes. Herein we report genetically confirmed cases of Alström syndrome and Bardet-Biedl syndrome in Korea using whole exome sequencing. METHODS Exome capture was done using SureSelect Human All Exon Kit V4+UTRs (Agilent Technologies). HiSeq2000 system (Illumina) was used for massive parallel sequencing. Sanger sequencing was used for genotype confirmation and familial cosegregation analysis. RESULTS A 21-year old Korean woman was clinically diagnosed with Alström syndrome. She had diabetes, blindness, obesity, severe insulin resistance, and hearing loss. Whole exome sequencing revealed a nonsense mutation in exon 10 of ALMS1 (c.8776C>T, p.R2926X) and a seven base-pair deletion resulting in frameshift mutation in exon 8 (c.6410_6416del, p.2137_2139del). A 24-year-old Korean man had Bardet-Biedl syndrome with diabetes, blindness, obesity, and a history of polydactyly. Whole exome sequencing revealed a nonsynonymous mutation in exon 11 of the BBS1 gene (c.1061A>G, p.E354G) and mutation at the normal splicing recognition site of exon 7 of the BBS1 gene (c.519-1G>T). CONCLUSION We found novel compound heterozygous mutations of Alström syndrome and Bardet-Biedl syndrome using whole exome sequencing. The whole exome sequencing successfully identified novel genetic variants of ciliopathy-associated diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyeong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Heon Kwak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shinae Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Severance Institute for Vascular and Metabolic Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Seung Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Min Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Yeon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyong Soo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Knopp C, Rudnik-Schöneborn S, Eggermann T, Bergmann C, Begemann M, Schoner K, Zerres K, Ortiz Brüchle N. Syndromic ciliopathies: From single gene to multi gene analysis by SNP arrays and next generation sequencing. Mol Cell Probes 2015; 29:299-307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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373
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[Algorithm for the molecular analysis of Bardet-Biedl syndrome in Spain]. Med Clin (Barc) 2015; 145:147-52. [PMID: 25087209 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2014.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a multisystemic genetic disorder, which is not widespread among the Caucasian population, characterized by a highly variable phenotype and great genetic heterogeneity. BBS belongs to a group of diseases called ciliopathies, caused by defects in the structure and/or function of cilia. Due to the diagnostic complexity of the syndrome, the objective of this study was to analyse our whole group of patients in order to create an algorithm to facilitate the routine molecular diagnosis of BBS. We also calculated several epidemiological parameters in our cohort. PATIENTS AND METHOD We analysed 116 BBS patients belonging to 89 families from the whole Spanish geography. All probands fulfilled diagnosis criteria established for BBS. For this, we used: genotyping microarray, direct sequencing and homozygosis mapping (in consanguineous families). RESULTS By means of the different approaches, it was possible to diagnose 47% of families (21% by genotyping microarray, 18% by direct sequencing of predominant BBS genes, and 8% by homozygosis mapping). With regard to epidemiological data, a prevalence value of 1:407,000 was obtained for BBS in Spain, and a sex ratio of 1.4:1 (men:women). CONCLUSIONS The proposed algorithm, based on the analysis of predominant BBS genes combined with homozygosis mapping, allowed us to confirm the molecular diagnosis in a significant percentage of families with clinically suspected BBS. This diagnostic algorithm will be useful for the improvement of the efficiency of molecular analysis in BBS.
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374
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Cognard N, Scerbo MJ, Obringer C, Yu X, Costa F, Haser E, Le D, Stoetzel C, Roux MJ, Moulin B, Dollfus H, Marion V. Comparing the Bbs10 complete knockout phenotype with a specific renal epithelial knockout one highlights the link between renal defects and systemic inactivation in mice. Cilia 2015; 4:10. [PMID: 26273430 PMCID: PMC4535764 DOI: 10.1186/s13630-015-0019-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bardet-Biedl Syndrome (BBS) is a genetically heterogeneous ciliopathy with clinical cardinal features including retinal degeneration, obesity and renal dysfunction. To date, 20 BBS genes have been identified with BBS10 being a major BBS gene found to be mutated in almost 20 percent of all BBS patients worldwide. It codes for the BBS10 protein which forms part of a chaperone complex localized at the basal body of the primary cilium. Renal dysfunction in BBS patients is one of the major causes of morbidity in human patients and is associated initially with urinary concentration defects related to water reabsorption impairment in renal epithelial cells. The aim of this study was to study and compare the impact of a total Bbs10 inactivation (Bbs10 (-/-)) with that of a specific renal epithelial cells inactivation (Bbs10 (fl/fl) ; Cdh16-Cre (+/-)). RESULTS We generated the Bbs10 (-/-) and Bbs10 (fl/fl) ; Cadh16-Cre (+/-) mouse model and characterized them. Bbs10 (-/-) mice developed obesity, retinal degeneration, structural defects in the glomeruli, polyuria associated with high circulating arginine vasopressin (AVP) concentrations, and vacuolated, yet ciliated, renal epithelial cells. On the other hand, the Bbs10 (fl/fl) ; Cadh16-Cre (+/-)mice displayed no detectable impairment. CONCLUSIONS These data highlight the importance of a systemic Bbs10 inactivation to trigger averted renal dysfunction whereas a targeted absence of BBS10 in the renal epithelium is seemingly non-deleterious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noëlle Cognard
- Ciliopathies Modeling and Associated Therapies Team, Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), U1112, Université of Strasbourg, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg, France.,Service de Néphrologie-Transplantation, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, 1 place de l'Hôpital, 67091 Strasbourg, France
| | - Maria J Scerbo
- Ciliopathies Modeling and Associated Therapies Team, Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), U1112, Université of Strasbourg, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg, France
| | - Cathy Obringer
- Ciliopathies Modeling and Associated Therapies Team, Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), U1112, Université of Strasbourg, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg, France
| | - Xiangxiang Yu
- Ciliopathies Modeling and Associated Therapies Team, Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), U1112, Université of Strasbourg, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg, France
| | - Fanny Costa
- Ciliopathies Modeling and Associated Therapies Team, Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), U1112, Université of Strasbourg, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg, France
| | - Elodie Haser
- Ciliopathies Modeling and Associated Therapies Team, Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), U1112, Université of Strasbourg, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg, France
| | - Dane Le
- Ciliopathies Modeling and Associated Therapies Team, Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), U1112, Université of Strasbourg, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg, France
| | - Corinne Stoetzel
- Ciliopathies Modeling and Associated Therapies Team, Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), U1112, Université of Strasbourg, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg, France
| | - Michel J Roux
- Institut Clinique de la Souris, Illkirch, 67400 Strasbourg, France
| | - Bruno Moulin
- Service de Néphrologie-Transplantation, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, 1 place de l'Hôpital, 67091 Strasbourg, France
| | - Hélène Dollfus
- Ciliopathies Modeling and Associated Therapies Team, Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), U1112, Université of Strasbourg, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg, France.,Service de Génétique Médicale, Institut Génétique Médicale d'Alsace, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Vincent Marion
- Ciliopathies Modeling and Associated Therapies Team, Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), U1112, Université of Strasbourg, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg, France
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376
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Novas R, Cardenas-Rodriguez M, Irigoín F, Badano JL. Bardet-Biedl syndrome: Is it only cilia dysfunction? FEBS Lett 2015; 589:3479-91. [PMID: 26231314 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a genetically heterogeneous, pleiotropic disorder, characterized by both congenital and late onset defects. From the analysis of the mutational burden in patients to the functional characterization of the BBS proteins, this syndrome has become a model for both understanding oligogenic patterns of inheritance and the biology of a particular cellular organelle: the primary cilium. Here we briefly review the genetics of BBS to then focus on the function of the BBS proteins, not only in the context of the cilium but also highlighting potential extra-ciliary roles that could be relevant to the etiology of the disorder. Finally, we provide an overview of how the study of this rare syndrome has contributed to the understanding of cilia biology and how this knowledge has informed on the cellular basis of different clinical manifestations that characterize BBS and the ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossina Novas
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo CP11400, Uruguay
| | | | - Florencia Irigoín
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo CP11400, Uruguay; Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo CP11800, Uruguay
| | - Jose L Badano
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo CP11400, Uruguay.
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377
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Cramer MT, Guay-Woodford LM. Cystic kidney disease: a primer. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2015; 22:297-305. [PMID: 26088074 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Renal cystic diseases encompass a broad group of disorders with variable phenotypic expression. Cystic disorders can present during infancy, childhood, or adulthood. Often, but not always, they can be distinguished by the clinical features including age at presentation, renal imaging characteristics, including cyst distribution, and the presence/distribution of extrarenal manifestations. It is important to take the clinical context into consideration when assessing renal cystic disease in children and adults. For example, solitary kidney cysts may be completely benign when they develop during adulthood but may represent early polycystic kidney disease when observed during childhood. In this review, we have categorized renal cystic disease according to inherited single-gene disorders, for example, autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease; syndromic disorders associated with kidney cysts, for example, tuberous sclerosis complex; and nongenetic forms of renal cystic disease, for example, simple kidney cysts. We present an overview of the clinical characteristics, genetics (when appropriate), and molecular pathogenesis and the diagnostic evaluation and management of each renal cystic disease. We also provide an algorithm that distinguishes kidney cysts based on their clinical features and may serve as a helpful diagnostic tool for practitioners. A review of Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Disease was excluded as this disorder was reviewed in this journal in March 2010, volume 17, issue 2.
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378
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Stafford-Smith M, Li YJ, Mathew JP, Li YW, Ji Y, Phillips-Bute BG, Milano CA, Newman MF, Kraus WE, Kertai MD, Shah SH, Podgoreanu MV. Genome-wide association study of acute kidney injury after coronary bypass graft surgery identifies susceptibility loci. Kidney Int 2015; 88:823-32. [PMID: 26083657 PMCID: PMC4589439 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2015.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common, serious complication of cardiac surgery. Since prior studies have supported a genetic basis for postoperative AKI, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for AKI following coronary bypass graft (CABG) surgery. The discovery dataset consisted of 873 non-emergent CABG surgery patients with cardiopulmonary bypass (PEGASUS), while a replication dataset had 380 cardiac surgical patients (CATHGEN). Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data were based on Illumina Human610-Quad (PEGASUS) and OMNI1-Quad (CATHGEN) BeadChips. We used linear regression with adjustment for a clinical AKI risk score to test SNP associations with the postoperative peak rise relative to preoperative serum creatinine concentration as a quantitative AKI trait. Nine SNPs meeting significance in the discovery set were detected. The rs13317787 in GRM7|LMCD1-AS1 intergenic region (3p21.6) and rs10262995 in BBS9 (7p14.3) were replicated with significance in the CATHGEN data set and exhibited significantly strong overall association following meta-analysis. Additional fine-mapping using imputed SNPs across these two regions and meta-analysis found genome wide significance at the GRM7|LMCD1-AS1 locus and a significantly strong association at BBS9. Thus, through an unbiased GWAS approach, we found two new loci associated with post-CABG AKI providing new insights into the pathogenesis of perioperative AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Stafford-Smith
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yi-Ju Li
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joseph P Mathew
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yen-Wei Li
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yunqi Ji
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Carmelo A Milano
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mark F Newman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - William E Kraus
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Miklos D Kertai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Svati H Shah
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mihai V Podgoreanu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Castro-Sánchez S, Álvarez-Satta M, Cortón M, Guillén E, Ayuso C, Valverde D. Exploring genotype-phenotype relationships in Bardet-Biedl syndrome families. J Med Genet 2015; 52:503-13. [PMID: 26082521 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2015-103099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a pleiotropic autosomal recessive ciliopathy that displays retinal dystrophy, obesity, polydactyly, cognitive impairment, urogenital anomalies and renal abnormalities as primary clinical features. To date, 19 causative genes (BBS1-19) have been involved, whose mutations would explain over 80% of patients. The overlapping phenotypes among ciliopathies, in addition to the high intrafamilial and interfamilial variability in clinical presentation, further complicate the diagnosis of this syndrome. Thus, the main purpose of this study was to elucidate some genotype-phenotype trends that could be helpful to focus the molecular diagnosis of patients with BBS. METHODS Thirty-seven families (52 cases) with mutations in BBS1 or chaperonin-like BBS genes (BBS6, BBS10, BBS12) from our Spanish cohort were enrolled. Systemic and ocular features were documented as comprehensively as possible. RESULTS Comparing BBS1 versus chaperonin-like genes phenotypes we found more severe clinical features in the second group, since they displayed higher prevalence of all primary features, remarkable being the frequency of cognitive impairment (75%) in BBS12 and urogenital anomalies (83%) in patients with BBS10. With regards to p.(Met390Arg) cases, homozygotes showed a relatively more severe ocular phenotype than compound heterozygotes, since more severe fundus alterations and higher frequency of cataracts and dyschromatopsia (not previously described) were documented in the first group. The phenotypes observed frequently overlapped with Alström syndrome and, in the case of chaperonin-like genes, McKusick-Kauffman syndrome overlapping was detected. CONCLUSIONS We provide the first evidence of BBS12 mutations related to severe phenotypes as previously described for patients with BBS10, while BBS1 ocular phenotype should not be considered as mild as generally reported when compared with other BBS phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Castro-Sánchez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Genética e Inmunología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, Spain Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Ourense-Pontevedra-Vigo (IBI), Vigo, Spain
| | - María Álvarez-Satta
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Genética e Inmunología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, Spain Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Ourense-Pontevedra-Vigo (IBI), Vigo, Spain
| | - Marta Cortón
- Department of Genetics, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, CIBERER, Madrid, Spain
| | - Encarna Guillén
- Medical Genetics Unit, Pediatrics Service, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, Murcia, Spain
| | - Carmen Ayuso
- Department of Genetics, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, CIBERER, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Valverde
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Genética e Inmunología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, Spain Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Ourense-Pontevedra-Vigo (IBI), Vigo, Spain
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380
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Two brothers with bardet-biedl syndrome presenting with chronic renal failure. Case Rep Nephrol 2015; 2015:764973. [PMID: 25960897 PMCID: PMC4413955 DOI: 10.1155/2015/764973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bardet-Biedl Syndrome (BBS) is a rarely seen autosomal recessive transfer disease characterised by retinal dystrophy, obesity, extremity deformities, mental retardation, and renal and genital system anomalies. BBS shows heterogenic transfer. To date, 18 genes (BBS1–18) and 7 BBS proteins have been defined as related to BBS. All of the defined BBS genes have been shown to be related to the biogenesis or function of cilia. Renal failure accompanying the syndrome, especially in the advanced stages, is the most common cause of mortality. Therefore, as one of the major diagnostic criteria, renal damage is of great importance in early diagnosis. This paper presents the cases of two brothers with BBS who presented with chronic renal failure.
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381
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Shoemark A, Dixon M, Beales PL, Hogg CL. Bardet Biedl syndrome: motile ciliary phenotype. Chest 2015; 147:764-770. [PMID: 25317630 DOI: 10.1378/chest.13-2913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cilia line the surface of the respiratory tract and beat in a coordinated wave to protect the lungs against infection. Bardet Biedl Syndrome (BBS) is a rare condition attributed to cilia dysfunction. Murine models of BBS suggest a respiratory phenotype; however, no reports have studied the translation of these findings in patients. METHODS We assessed the clinical symptoms of motile cilia dysfunction and the histology of ciliated respiratory epithelium in patients with BBS. RESULTS We report an increased prevalence of neonatal respiratory distress at birth (12%), general practitioner-diagnosed asthma (21%), otitis media (33%), and rhinitis (36%) in patients with BBS. These symptoms, however, occurred at a significantly reduced prevalence compared with patients with known motile cilia dysfunction (primary ciliary dyskinesia). Respiratory epithelial assessment revealed cellular damage, significant ciliary depletion (on 60% of ciliated cells), and goblet cell hyperplasia in patients with BBS (50% goblet cells). These findings were quantifiably similar to those of patients with asthma (P > .05). Surprisingly, motile cilia function and ultrastructure were grossly normal with the exception of occasional unique inclusions within the ciliary membrane. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, motile ciliary structure and function are essentially normal in patients with BBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Shoemark
- PCD Diagnostic Team, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College.
| | - Mellisa Dixon
- PCD Diagnostic Team, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust
| | - Philip L Beales
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, England
| | - Claire L Hogg
- PCD Diagnostic Team, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust
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382
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Buchner DA, Nadeau JH. Contrasting genetic architectures in different mouse reference populations used for studying complex traits. Genome Res 2015; 25:775-91. [PMID: 25953951 PMCID: PMC4448675 DOI: 10.1101/gr.187450.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) are being used to study genetic networks, protein functions, and systems properties that underlie phenotypic variation and disease risk in humans, model organisms, agricultural species, and natural populations. The challenges are many, beginning with the seemingly simple tasks of mapping QTLs and identifying their underlying genetic determinants. Various specialized resources have been developed to study complex traits in many model organisms. In the mouse, remarkably different pictures of genetic architectures are emerging. Chromosome Substitution Strains (CSSs) reveal many QTLs, large phenotypic effects, pervasive epistasis, and readily identified genetic variants. In contrast, other resources as well as genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in humans and other species reveal genetic architectures dominated with a relatively modest number of QTLs that have small individual and combined phenotypic effects. These contrasting architectures are the result of intrinsic differences in the study designs underlying different resources. The CSSs examine context-dependent phenotypic effects independently among individual genotypes, whereas with GWAS and other mouse resources, the average effect of each QTL is assessed among many individuals with heterogeneous genetic backgrounds. We argue that variation of genetic architectures among individuals is as important as population averages. Each of these important resources has particular merits and specific applications for these individual and population perspectives. Collectively, these resources together with high-throughput genotyping, sequencing and genetic engineering technologies, and information repositories highlight the power of the mouse for genetic, functional, and systems studies of complex traits and disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Buchner
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Joseph H Nadeau
- Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98122, USA
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383
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Primary (immotile) cilia are specialized organelles present on most cell types. Almost all of proteins associated with a broad spectrum of human cystic kidney diseases have been localized to the region in or around the cilia. Abnormal cilia structure and function have both been reported in animal models and human cystic kidneys. The goal of this review is to discuss current understanding of the mechanisms by which abnormal genes/proteins and cilia interact to potentially influence renal cystogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS Novel direct recording of cilia calcium levels/channel activity suggests that cilia form a calcium-mediated signaling microenvironment separate from the cytoplasm, which could provide a mechanism for cilia-specific downstream signaling. Genetic-based studies confirm that cilia are not required for cystogenesis, but modulate cystic kidney disease severity through a novel, undefined mechanism. Mechanisms by which both cilia-associated and noncilia-associated proteins can alter cilia structure/function have also been identified. SUMMARY Considerable progress has been made in defining the mechanisms by which abnormal genes and proteins affect cilia structure and function. However, the exact mechanisms by which these interactions cause renal cyst formation and progression of cystic kidney disease are still unknown.
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384
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May-Simera HL, Petralia RS, Montcouquiol M, Wang YX, Szarama KB, Liu Y, Lin W, Deans MR, Pazour GJ, Kelley MW. Ciliary proteins Bbs8 and Ift20 promote planar cell polarity in the cochlea. Development 2015; 142:555-66. [PMID: 25605782 DOI: 10.1242/dev.113696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia have been implicated in the generation of planar cell polarity (PCP). However, variations in the severity of polarity defects in different cilia mutants, coupled with recent demonstrations of non-cilia-related actions of some cilia genes, make it difficult to determine the basis of these polarity defects. To address this issue, we evaluated PCP defects in cochlea from a selection of mice with mutations in cilia-related genes. Results indicated notable PCP defects, including mis-oriented hair cell stereociliary bundles, in Bbs8 and Ift20 single mutants that are more severe than in other cilia gene knockouts. In addition, deletion of either Bbs8 or Ift20 results in disruptions in asymmetric accumulation of the core PCP molecule Vangl2 in cochlear cells, suggesting a role for Bbs8 and/or Ift20, possibly upstream of core PCP asymmetry. Consistent with this, co-immunoprecipitation experiments indicate direct interactions of Bbs8 and Ift20 with Vangl2. We observed localization of Bbs and Ift proteins to filamentous actin as well as microtubules. This could implicate these molecules in selective trafficking of membrane proteins upstream of cytoskeletal reorganization, and identifies new roles for cilia-related proteins in cochlear PCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen L May-Simera
- Section on Developmental Neuroscience, Laboratory of Cochlear Development, National Institute on Deafness and other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ronald S Petralia
- Advanced Imaging Core, National Institute on Deafness and other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mireille Montcouquiol
- Planar Polarity and Plasticity Group, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U862, Neurocenter Magendie, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Ya-Xian Wang
- Advanced Imaging Core, National Institute on Deafness and other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Katherine B Szarama
- Section on Developmental Neuroscience, Laboratory of Cochlear Development, National Institute on Deafness and other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Weichun Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Michael R Deans
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Gregory J Pazour
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Matthew W Kelley
- Section on Developmental Neuroscience, Laboratory of Cochlear Development, National Institute on Deafness and other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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385
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Christou-Savina S, Beales PL, Osborn DPS. Evaluation of zebrafish kidney function using a fluorescent clearance assay. J Vis Exp 2015:e52540. [PMID: 25742415 DOI: 10.3791/52540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish embryo offers a tractable model to study organogenesis and model human genetic disease. Despite its relative simplicity, the zebrafish kidney develops and functions in almost the same way as humans. A major difference in the construction of the human kidney is the presence of millions of nephrons compared to the zebrafish that has only two. However, simplifying such a complex system into basic functional units has aided our understanding of how the kidney develops and operates. In zebrafish, the midline located glomerulus is responsible for the initial blood filtration into two pronephric tubules that diverge to run bilaterally down the embryonic axis before fusing to each other at the cloaca. The pronephric tubules are heavily populated by motile cilia that facilitate the movement of filtrate along the segmented tubule, allowing the exchange of various solutes before finally exiting via the cloaca. Many genes responsible for CKD, including those related to ciliogenesis, have been studied in zebrafish. However, a major draw back has been the difficulty in evaluating zebrafish kidney function after genetic manipulation. Traditional assays to measure kidney dysfunction in humans have proved non translational to zebrafish, mainly due to their aquatic environment and small size. For example, it is not physically possible to extract blood from embryonic staged fish for analysis of urea and creatinine content, as they are too small. In addition, zebrafish do not produce enough urine for testing on a simple proteinuria 'dipstick', which is often performed during initial patient examinations. We describe a fluorescent assay that utilizes the optical transparency of the zebrafish to quantitatively monitor the clearance of a fluorescent dye, over time, from the vasculature and out through the kidney, to give a read out of renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philip L Beales
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Institute of Child Health, University College London
| | - Daniel P S Osborn
- Molecular Cell Science Research Centre, St. George's University of London;
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386
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Harrington FR, Wolfenden H, Makaya T. Type 2 diabetes presenting with hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state in an adolescent renal transplant patient. BMJ Case Rep 2015; 2015:bcr-2014-207124. [PMID: 25701831 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2014-207124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state (HHS) is a life-threatening condition rarely seen in paediatrics. It is becoming increasingly recognised with the growing incidence of childhood type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We present a 16-year-old boy with Bardet-Biedl syndrome, with comorbidities including chronic renal impairment requiring renal transplant, isolated growth hormone (GH) deficiency and obesity, who presented on routine follow-up with new onset T2DM and in HHS. Investigations revealed hyperglycaemia (45.7 mmol/L), ketones of 0.1 mmol/L, pH 7.38 and osmolarity 311 mOsmol/kg. After acute management with fluid resuscitation and intravenous insulin, he is now stable on metformin. He has lost weight, renal function is stable and he has stopped GH therapy. We discuss the dilemmas encountered in his long-term management due to his renal transplant and comorbidities, and whether or not, given his significant T2DM risk, this case was preventable or predictable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helen Wolfenden
- Department of Paediatrics, Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading, UK
| | - Tafadzwa Makaya
- Department of Diabetes & Endocrinology, Oxford Children's Hospital, Oxford, UK
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387
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Suspitsin EN, Sokolenko AP, Lyazina LV, Preobrazhenskaya EV, Lepenchuk AY, Imyanitov EN. Exome Sequencing of a Family with Bardet-Biedl Syndrome Identifies the Common Russian Mutation c.1967_1968delTAinsC in BBS7. Mol Syndromol 2015; 6:96-8. [PMID: 26557828 DOI: 10.1159/000371408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a rare autosomal recessive ciliopathy characterized by obesity, postaxial polydactyly, retinitis pigmentosa, mental retardation, and kidney abnormalities. At least 19 genes have been shown to be associated with BBS, and therefore, genetic testing is highly complicated. We used an Illumina MiSeq platform for whole exome sequencing analysis of a family with strong clinical features of BBS. A homozygous c.1967_1968delTAinsC (p.Leu656fsX673; RefSeq NM_176824.2) mutation in BBS7 was identified in both affected children, while their healthy sibling and the non-consanguineous parents were heterozygous for this allele. Genotyping of 2,832 DNA samples obtained from Russian blood donors revealed 2 additional heterozygous subjects (0.07%) with the c.1967_1968delTAinsC mutation. These findings may facilitate the genetic diagnosis for Slavic BBS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny N Suspitsin
- N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St. Petersburg, Russia ; St. Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna P Sokolenko
- N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St. Petersburg, Russia ; St. Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Lydia V Lyazina
- St. Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia ; City Medical Genetic Center, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Alla Y Lepenchuk
- St. Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Evgeny N Imyanitov
- N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St. Petersburg, Russia ; St. Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia ; I.I. Mechnikov North-Western Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
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388
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Sharma D, Murki S, Pratap OT, Irfan G, Kolar G. A case of hydrometrocolpos and polydactyly. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-PEDIATRICS 2015; 9:7-11. [PMID: 25635170 PMCID: PMC4295912 DOI: 10.4137/cmped.s20787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal hydrometrocolpos (HMC) is a rare Mullerian duct anomaly with an incidence of 0.006%. It occurs due to blockage of the vagina with accumulation of mucus secretions proximal to the obstacle. These secretions are secondary to intrauterine and postnatal stimulation of uterine and cervical glands by maternal estrogens. A triad of congenital HMC, polydactyly, and cardiac anomalies are the cardinal features of McKusick–Kaufman syndrome, which is also known as hydrometrocolpos-polydactyly syndrome. Bardet–Biedl syndrome is a well-known combination of hypogonadism, obesity, postaxial polydactyly, renal dysplasia, retinal degeneration, and mental impairment. In this case report, we describe a neonate with HMC, polydactyly, and hydronephrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Sharma
- Department of Neonatology, Fernandez Hospital, Hyderabad, India
| | - Srinivas Murki
- Department of Neonatology, Fernandez Hospital, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Gm Irfan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Niloufer Hospital, Hyderabad, India
| | - Geeta Kolar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Fernandez Hospital, Hyderabad, India
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389
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Abstract
Primary cilia are essential cellular organelles projecting from the cell surface to sense and transduce developmental signaling. They are tiny but have complicated structures containing microtubule (MT)-based internal structures (the axoneme) and mother centriole formed basal body. Intraflagellar transport (Ift) operated by Ift proteins and motors are indispensable for cilia formation and function. Mutations in Ift proteins or Ift motors cause various human diseases, some of which have severe bone defects. Over the last few decades, major advances have occurred in understanding the roles of these proteins and cilia in bone development and remodeling by examining cilia/Ift protein-related human diseases and establishing mouse transgenic models. In this review, we describe current advances in the understanding of the cilia/Ift structure and function. We further summarize cilia/Ift-related human diseases and current mouse models with an emphasis on bone-related phenotypes, cilia morphology, and signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yuan
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Shuying Yang
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
- Developmental Genomics Group, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 701 Ellicott St, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
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390
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Yuan X, Serra RA, Yang S. Function and regulation of primary cilia and intraflagellar transport proteins in the skeleton. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1335:78-99. [PMID: 24961486 PMCID: PMC4334369 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia are microtubule-based organelles that project from the cell surface to enable transduction of various developmental signaling pathways. The process of intraflagellar transport (IFT) is crucial for the building and maintenance of primary cilia. Ciliary dysfunction has been found in a range of disorders called ciliopathies, some of which display severe skeletal dysplasias. In recent years, interest has grown in uncovering the function of primary cilia/IFT proteins in bone development, mechanotransduction, and cellular regulation. We summarize recent advances in understanding the function of cilia and IFT proteins in the regulation of cell differentiation in osteoblasts, osteocytes, chondrocytes, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). We also discuss the mechanosensory function of cilia and IFT proteins in bone cells, cilia orientation, and other functions of cilia in chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yuan
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
| | - Rosa A. Serra
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Shuying Yang
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
- Developmental Genomics Group, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
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391
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Karkos PD, Stavrakas M, Triaridis S, Markou K, Tsalighopoulos M. Bardet-Biedl syndrome and a large concha bullosa pyocele. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 78:2316-8. [PMID: 25458167 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Bardet-Biedl syndrome is a rare disease involving rode cone dystrophy, polydactyly, obesity, learning disabilities, hypogonadism and renal anomalies, symptoms caused by immotile cilia dysfunction. We report the first case of this syndrome in a teenager with an endonasal mass secondary to pyocele of a concha bullosa. The patient was treated successfully with endoscopic sinus surgery. Nasal obstruction secondary to a middle turbinate pyocele in Bardet-Biedl syndrome has not been described before. The pediatrician and the rhinologist should take this entity into consideration when investigating patients with Bardet-Biedl syndrome and sinonasal symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros D Karkos
- Department of Otolaryngology, Ahepa University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Marios Stavrakas
- Department of Otolaryngology, Ahepa University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stefanos Triaridis
- Department of Otolaryngology, Ahepa University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Markou
- Department of Otolaryngology, Ahepa University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
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392
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Abstract
In recent decades, cilia have moved from relative obscurity to a position of importance for understanding multiple complex human diseases. Now termed the ciliopathies, these diseases inflict devastating effects on millions of people worldwide. In this review, written primarily for teachers and students who may not yet be aware of the recent exciting developments in this field, we provide a general overview of our current understanding of cilia and human disease. We start with an introduction to cilia structure and assembly and indicate where they are found in the human body. We then discuss the clinical features of selected ciliopathies, with an emphasis on primary ciliary dyskinesia, polycystic kidney disease, and retinal degeneration. The history of ciliopathy research involves a fascinating interplay between basic and clinical sciences, highlighted in a timeline. Finally, we summarize the relative strengths of individual model organisms for ciliopathy research; many of these are suitable for classroom use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Brown
- George B. Witman ( ) is a professor of cell and developmental biology and the George F. Booth Chair in Basic Sciences at the University of Massachusetts Medical School. Jason M. Brown trained as a postdoctoral fellow with GBW and is an assistant professor of biology at Salem State University, in Salem, Massachusetts
| | - George B Witman
- George B. Witman ( ) is a professor of cell and developmental biology and the George F. Booth Chair in Basic Sciences at the University of Massachusetts Medical School. Jason M. Brown trained as a postdoctoral fellow with GBW and is an assistant professor of biology at Salem State University, in Salem, Massachusetts
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393
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Gombash Lampe SE, Kaspar BK, Foust KD. Intravenous injections in neonatal mice. J Vis Exp 2014:e52037. [PMID: 25407048 DOI: 10.3791/52037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravenous injection is a clinically applicable manner to deliver therapeutics. For adult rodents and larger animals, intravenous injections are technically feasible and routine. However, some mouse models can have early onset of disease with a rapid progression that makes administration of potential therapies difficult. The temporal (or facial) vein is just anterior to the ear bud in mice and is clearly visible for the first two days after birth on either side of the head using a dissecting microscope. During this window, the temporal vein can be injected with volumes up to 50 μl. The injection is safe and well tolerated by both the pups and the dams. A typical injection procedure is completed within 1-2 min, after which the pup is returned to the home cage. By the third postnatal day the vein is difficult to visualize and the injection procedure becomes technically unreliable. This technique has been used for delivery of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors, which in turn can provide almost body-wide, stable transgene expression for the life of the animal depending on the viral serotype chosen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian K Kaspar
- Center for Gene Therapy, Nationwide Children's Hospital Research Institute, Ohio State University
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394
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Lim E, Liu Y, Chan Y, Tiinamaija T, Käräjämäki A, Madsen E, Altshuler D, Raychaudhuri S, Groop L, Flannick J, Hirschhorn J, Katsanis N, Daly M, Daly MJ. A novel test for recessive contributions to complex diseases implicates Bardet-Biedl syndrome gene BBS10 in idiopathic type 2 diabetes and obesity. Am J Hum Genet 2014; 95:509-20. [PMID: 25439097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rare-variant association studies in common, complex diseases are customarily conducted under an additive risk model in both single-variant and burden testing. Here, we describe a method to improve detection of rare recessive variants in complex diseases termed RAFT (recessive-allele-frequency-based test). We found that RAFT outperforms existing approaches when the variant influences disease risk in a recessive manner on simulated data. We then applied our method to 1,791 Finnish individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and 2,657 matched control subjects. In BBS10, we discovered a rare variant (c.1189A>G [p.Ile397Val]; rs202042386) that confers risk of T2D in a recessive state (p = 1.38 × 10(-6)) and would be missed by conventional methods. Testing of this variant in an established in vivo zebrafish model confirmed the variant to be pathogenic. Taken together, these data suggest that RAFT can effectively reveal rare recessive contributions to complex diseases overlooked by conventional association tests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mark J Daly
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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395
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Sahel JA, Marazova K, Audo I. Clinical characteristics and current therapies for inherited retinal degenerations. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 5:a017111. [PMID: 25324231 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a017111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Inherited retinal degenerations (IRDs) encompass a large group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous diseases that affect approximately 1 in 3000 people (>2 million people worldwide) (Bessant DA, Ali RR, Bhattacharya SS. 2001. Molecular genetics and prospects for therapy of the inherited retinal dystrophies. Curr Opin Genet Dev 11: 307-316.). IRDs may be inherited as Mendelian traits or through mitochondrial DNA, and may affect the entire retina (e.g., rod-cone dystrophy, also known as retinitis pigmentosa, cone dystrophy, cone-rod dystrophy, choroideremia, Usher syndrome, and Bardet-Bidel syndrome) or be restricted to the macula (e.g., Stargardt disease, Best disease, and Sorsby fundus dystrophy), ultimately leading to blindness. IRDs are a major cause of severe vision loss, with profound impact on patients and society. Although IRDs remain untreatable today, significant progress toward therapeutic strategies for IRDs has marked the past two decades. This progress has been based on better understanding of the pathophysiological pathways of these diseases and on technological advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- José-Alain Sahel
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Paris, F-75012, France INSERM, U968, Paris, F-75012, France CNRS, UMR 7210, Paris, F-75012, France Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, DHU ViewMaintain, INSERM-DHOS CIC 1423, Paris, F-75012, France Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, F-75019, France Académie des Sciences-Institut de France, Paris, F-75006, France Institute of Ophthalmology-University College London, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom
| | - Katia Marazova
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Paris, F-75012, France INSERM, U968, Paris, F-75012, France CNRS, UMR 7210, Paris, F-75012, France
| | - Isabelle Audo
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Paris, F-75012, France INSERM, U968, Paris, F-75012, France CNRS, UMR 7210, Paris, F-75012, France Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, DHU ViewMaintain, INSERM-DHOS CIC 1423, Paris, F-75012, France Institute of Ophthalmology-University College London, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom
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396
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Abstract
The heritability of obesity has long been appreciated and the genetics of obesity has been the focus of intensive study for decades. Early studies elucidating genetic factors involved in rare monogenic and syndromic forms of extreme obesity focused attention on dysfunction of hypothalamic leptin-related pathways in the control of food intake as a major contributor. Subsequent genome-wide association studies of common genetic variants identified novel loci that are involved in more common forms of obesity across populations of diverse ethnicities and ages. The subsequent search for factors contributing to the heritability of obesity not explained by these 2 approaches ("missing heritability") has revealed additional rare variants, copy number variants, and epigenetic changes that contribute. Although clinical applications of these findings have been limited to date, the increasing understanding of the interplay of these genetic factors with environmental conditions, such as the increased availability of high calorie foods and decreased energy expenditure of sedentary lifestyles, promises to accelerate the translation of genetic findings into more successful preventive and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Waalen
- The Scripps Research Institute and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, California.
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397
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Chavali PL, Pütz M, Gergely F. Small organelle, big responsibility: the role of centrosomes in development and disease. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2014; 369:20130468. [PMID: 25047622 PMCID: PMC4113112 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The centrosome, a key microtubule organizing centre, is composed of centrioles, embedded in a protein-rich matrix. Centrosomes control the internal spatial organization of somatic cells, and as such contribute to cell division, cell polarity and migration. Upon exiting the cell cycle, most cell types in the human body convert their centrioles into basal bodies, which drive the assembly of primary cilia, involved in sensing and signal transduction at the cell surface. Centrosomal genes are targeted by mutations in numerous human developmental disorders, ranging from diseases exclusively affecting brain development, through global growth failure syndromes to diverse pathologies associated with ciliary malfunction. Despite our much-improved understanding of centrosome function in cellular processes, we know remarkably little of its role in the organismal context, especially in mammals. In this review, we examine how centrosome dysfunction impacts on complex physiological processes and speculate on the challenges we face when applying knowledge generated from in vitro and in vivo model systems to human development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavithra L Chavali
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Monika Pütz
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Fanni Gergely
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
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398
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Bardet-Biedl syndrome with urogenital sinus presenting with acute renal failure in a neonate. Indian J Pediatr 2014; 81:719-21. [PMID: 23918321 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-013-1147-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This is a case report of Bardet-Biedl syndrome with a urogenital sinus and an ectopic right ureter presenting with acute renal failure in the neonatal period in a female baby. Acute renal failure in these patients is commonly known to occur around 5-7 y of age and neonatal presentation is extremely rare.
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399
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Primary cilia enhance kisspeptin receptor signaling on gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:10335-40. [PMID: 24982149 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1403286111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Most central neurons in the mammalian brain possess an appendage called a primary cilium that projects from the soma into the extracellular space. The importance of these organelles is highlighted by the fact that primary cilia dysfunction is associated with numerous neuropathologies, including hyperphagia-induced obesity, hypogonadism, and learning and memory deficits. Neuronal cilia are enriched for signaling molecules, including certain G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), suggesting that neuronal cilia sense and respond to neuromodulators in the extracellular space. However, the impact of cilia on signaling to central neurons has never been demonstrated. Here, we show that the kisspeptin receptor (Kiss1r), a GPCR that is activated by kisspeptin to regulate the onset of puberty and adult reproductive function, is enriched in cilia projecting from mouse gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons. Interestingly, GnRH neurons in adult animals are multiciliated and the percentage of GnRH neurons possessing multiple Kiss1r-positive cilia increases during postnatal development in a progression that correlates with sexual maturation. Remarkably, disruption of cilia selectively on GnRH neurons leads to a significant reduction in kisspeptin-mediated GnRH neuronal activity. To our knowledge, this result is the first demonstration of cilia disruption affecting central neuronal activity and highlights the importance of cilia for proper GPCR signaling.
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400
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Yoon SC, Lee HJ, Ko JM, Kang HG, Cheong HI, Yu HG, Kim JH. Two siblings with Bardet-Biedl syndrome caused by mutations in BBS10 : the first case identified in Korea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.5734/jgm.2014.11.1.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Chul Yoon
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Jin Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Min Ko
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Research Coordination Center for Rare Diseases, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Gyung Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Research Coordination Center for Rare Diseases, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hae Il Cheong
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Research Coordination Center for Rare Diseases, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeong Gon Yu
- Department of Opthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hyung Kim
- Department of Opthalmology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
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