351
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Yang Q, Balint-Kurti P, Xu M. Quantitative Disease Resistance: Dissection and Adoption in Maize. MOLECULAR PLANT 2017; 10:402-413. [PMID: 28254471 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Maize is the world's most produced crop, providing food, feed, and biofuel. Maize production is constantly threatened by the presence of devastating pathogens worldwide. Characterization of the genetic components underlying disease resistance is a major research area in maize which is highly relevant for resistance breeding programs. Quantitative disease resistance (QDR) is the type of resistance most widely used by maize breeders. The past decade has witnessed significant progress in fine-mapping and cloning of genes controlling QDR. The molecular mechanisms underlying QDR remain poorly understood and exploited. In this review we discuss recent advances in maize QDR research and strategy for resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Peter Balint-Kurti
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; USDA-ARS Plant Sciences Research Unit, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Mingliang Xu
- National Maize Improvement Centre of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
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352
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Schwessinger B. Fundamental wheat stripe rust research in the 21 st century. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:1625-1631. [PMID: 27575735 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Contents 1625 I. 1625 II. 1626 III. 1626 IV. 1626 V. 1628 VI. 1629 VII. 1629 1630 References 1630 SUMMARY: In the 21st century, the wheat stripe rust fungus has evolved to be the largest biotic limitation to global wheat production. New pathogen genotypes are more aggressive and able to infect previously resistant wheat varieties, leading to rapid pathogen migration across and between continents. We now know the full life cycle, microevolutionary relationships and past migration routes on a global scale. Current sequencing technologies have provided the first fungal draft genomes and simplified plant resistance gene cloning. Yet, we know nothing about the molecular and microevolutionary mechanisms that facilitate the infection process and cause new devastating pathogen races. These are the questions that need to be addressed by exploiting the synergies between novel 21st century biology tools and decades of dedicated pathology work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Schwessinger
- The Australian National University, Research School Biology, 134 Linnaeus Way, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
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353
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Kassa MT, You FM, Hiebert CW, Pozniak CJ, Fobert PR, Sharpe AG, Menzies JG, Humphreys DG, Rezac Harrison N, Fellers JP, McCallum BD, McCartney CA. Highly predictive SNP markers for efficient selection of the wheat leaf rust resistance gene Lr16. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:45. [PMID: 28202046 PMCID: PMC5311853 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-0993-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lr16 is a widely deployed leaf rust resistance gene in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) that is highly effective against the North American Puccinia triticina population when pyramided with the gene Lr34. Lr16 is a seedling leaf rust resistance gene conditioning an incompatible interaction with a distinct necrotic ring surrounding the uredinium. Lr16 was previously mapped to the telomeric region of the short arm of wheat chromosome 2B. The goals of this study were to develop numerous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers for the Lr16 region and identify diagnostic gene-specific SNP marker assays for marker-assisted selection (MAS). RESULTS Forty-three SNP markers were developed and mapped on chromosome 2BS tightly linked with the resistance gene Lr16 across four mapping populations representing a total of 1528 gametes. Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) assays were designed for all identified SNPs. Resistance gene analogs (RGAs) linked with the Lr16 locus were identified and RGA-based SNP markers were developed. The diagnostic potential of the SNPs co-segregating with Lr16 was evaluated in a diverse set of 133 cultivars and breeding lines. Six SNP markers were consistent with the Lr16 phenotype and are accurately predictive of Lr16 for all wheat lines/cultivars in the panel. CONCLUSIONS Lr16 was mapped relative to SNP markers in four populations. Six SNP markers exhibited high quality clustering in the KASP assay and are suitable for MAS of Lr16 in wheat breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mulualem T. Kassa
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden Research and Development Centre, 101 Route 100, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5 Canada
- National Research Council, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9 Canada
| | - Frank M. You
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden Research and Development Centre, 101 Route 100, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5 Canada
| | - Colin W. Hiebert
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden Research and Development Centre, 101 Route 100, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5 Canada
| | - Curtis J. Pozniak
- University of Saskatchewan, Crop Development Centre, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8 Canada
| | - Pierre R. Fobert
- National Research Council, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9 Canada
| | - Andrew G. Sharpe
- National Research Council, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9 Canada
- University of Saskatchewan, Global Institute for Food Security, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 4J8 Canada
| | - James G. Menzies
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden Research and Development Centre, 101 Route 100, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5 Canada
| | - D. Gavin Humphreys
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and Development Centre, 1341 Baseline Road, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C5 Canada
| | | | - John P. Fellers
- USDA–ARS, Hard Winter Wheat Genetics Research Unit, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Brent D. McCallum
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden Research and Development Centre, 101 Route 100, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5 Canada
| | - Curt A. McCartney
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden Research and Development Centre, 101 Route 100, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5 Canada
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354
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Riaz A, Athiyannan N, Periyannan S, Afanasenko O, Mitrofanova O, Aitken EAB, Lagudah E, Hickey LT. Mining Vavilov's Treasure Chest of Wheat Diversity for Adult Plant Resistance to Puccinia triticina. PLANT DISEASE 2017; 101:317-323. [PMID: 30681925 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-16-0614-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Leaf rust (LR) caused by Puccinia triticina, is among the most important diseases of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crops globally. Deployment of cultivars incorporating genetic resistance, such as adult plant resistance (APR) or all-stage resistance, is considered the most sustainable control method. APR is preferred for durability because it places lower selection pressure on the pathogen and is often polygenic. In the search for new sources of APR, here we explored a diversity panel sourced from the N. I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Genetic Resources. Based on DNA marker screening, 83 of the 300 lines were deemed to carry known APR genes; namely, Lr34, Lr46, and Lr67. Interestingly, lines carrying Lr67 were mostly landraces from India and Pakistan, reconfirming the likely origin of the gene. Rapid phenotypic screening using a method that integrates assessment at both seedling and adult growth stages under accelerated growth conditions (i.e., constant light and controlled temperature) identified 50 lines carrying APR. Levels of APR corresponded well with phenotypes obtained in a field nursery inoculated using the same pathotype (R2 = 0.82). The second year of field testing, using a mixture of pathotypes with additional virulence for race-specific APR genes (Lr13 and Lr37), identified a subset of 13 lines that consistently displayed high levels of APR across years and pathotypes. These lines provide useful sources of resistance for future research. A strategy combining rapid generation advance coupled with phenotyping under controlled conditions could accelerate introgression of these potentially novel alleles into adapted genetic backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Riaz
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Naveenkumar Athiyannan
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland; and Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Agriculture, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Sambasivam Periyannan
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland; and Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Agriculture, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Olga Afanasenko
- Department of Plant Resistance to Diseases of All Russian Research Institute for Plant Protection, Pushkin, 196608, Russia
| | - Olga Mitrofanova
- N. I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, St. Petersburg, 190000, Russia
| | | | | | - Lee T Hickey
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland
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355
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Riaz A, T Hickey L. Rapid Phenotyping Adult Plant Resistance to Stem Rust in Wheat Grown under Controlled Conditions. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1659:183-196. [PMID: 28856651 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7249-4_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Stem rust (SR) or black rust caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici is one of the most common diseases of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crops globally. Among the various control measures, the most efficient and sustainable approach is the deployment of genetically resistant cultivars. Traditionally, wheat breeding programs deployed genetic resistance in cultivars, but unknowingly this is often underpinned by a single seedling resistance gene, which is readily overcome by the pathogen. Nowadays, adult plant resistance (APR) is a widely adopted form of rust resistance because more durable mechanisms often underpin it. However, only a handful of SR APR genes are available, so breeders currently strive to combine seedling and APR genes. Phenotyping adult wheat plants for resistance to SR typically involves evaluation in the field. But establishing a rust nursery can be challenging, and screening is limited to once a year. This slows down research efforts to isolate new APR genes and breeding of genetically resistant cultivars.In this study, we report a protocol for rapid evaluation of adult wheat plants for resistance to stem rust. We demonstrate the technique by evaluating a panel of 16 wheat genotypes consisting of near isogenic lines (NILs) for known Sr genes (i.e., Sr2, Sr33, Sr45, Sr50, Sr55, Sr57, and Sr58) and three landraces carrying uncharacterized APR from the N. I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR). The method can be completed in just 10 weeks and involves two inoculations: first conducted at seedling stage and a second at the adult stage (using the same plants). The technique can detect APR, such as that conferred by APR gene Sr2, along with pseudo-black chaff (the morphological marker). Phenotyping can be conducted throughout the year, and is fast and resource efficient. Further, the phenotyping method can be applied to screen breeding populations or germplasm accessions using local or exotic races of SR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Riaz
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Lee T Hickey
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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356
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Singla J, Lüthi L, Wicker T, Bansal U, Krattinger SG, Keller B. Characterization of Lr75: a partial, broad-spectrum leaf rust resistance gene in wheat. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2017; 130:1-12. [PMID: 27659842 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-016-2784-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Here, we describe a strategy to improve broad-spectrum leaf rust resistance by marker-assisted combination of two partial resistance genes. One of them represents a novel partial adult plant resistance gene, named Lr75. Leaf rust caused by the fungal pathogen Puccinia triticina is a damaging disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The combination of several, additively-acting partial disease resistance genes has been proposed as a suitable strategy to breed wheat cultivars with high levels of durable field resistance. The Swiss winter wheat cultivar 'Forno' continues to show near-immunity to leaf rust since its release in the 1980s. This resistance is conferred by the presence of at least six quantitative trait loci (QTL), one of which is associated with the morphological trait leaf tip necrosis. Here, we used a marker-informed strategy to introgress two 'Forno' QTLs into the leaf rust-susceptible Swiss winter wheat cultivar 'Arina'. The resulting backcross line 'ArinaLrFor' showed markedly increased leaf rust resistance in multiple locations over several years. One of the introgressed QTLs, QLr.sfr-1BS, is located on chromosome 1BS. We developed chromosome 1B-specific microsatellite markers by exploiting the Illumina survey sequences of wheat cv. 'Chinese Spring' and mapped QLr.sfr-1BS to a 4.3 cM interval flanked by the SSR markers gwm604 and swm271. QLr.sfr-1BS does not share a genetic location with any of the described leaf rust resistance genes present on chromosome 1B. Therefore, QLr.sfr-1BS is novel and was designated as Lr75. We conclude that marker-assisted combination of partial resistance genes is a feasible strategy to increase broad-spectrum leaf rust resistance. The identification of Lr75 adds a novel and highly useful gene to the small set of known partial, adult plant leaf rust resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Singla
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Linda Lüthi
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Wicker
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urmil Bansal
- Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, The University of Sydney PBI-Cobbitty, Private Bag 4011, Narellan, NSW, 2567, Australia
| | - Simon G Krattinger
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Keller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland.
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357
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Milne RJ, Dibley KE, Lagudah ES. Yeast as a Heterologous System to Functionally Characterize a Multiple Rust Resistance Gene that Encodes a Hexose Transporter. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1659:265-274. [PMID: 28856658 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7249-4_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the Lr67 resistance gene was identified as a hexose transporter variant which confers adult plant rust and mildew resistance in wheat. Methodologies used to characterize the protein encoded by Lr67 may be of use to non-transporter experts conducting similar experiments with other hexose transporters. Hence, in this chapter, we detail a protocol for the functional characterization of hexose transporter proteins in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae expression system. We also provide guidance on the use of metabolic inhibitors and competing sugars to probe transporter structural features, energization, and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricky J Milne
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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358
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Yamada K, Saijo Y, Nakagami H, Takano Y. Regulation of sugar transporter activity for antibacterial defense in
Arabidopsis. Science 2016; 354:1427-1430. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aah5692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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359
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Li H, Singh S, Bhavani S, Singh RP, Sehgal D, Basnet BR, Vikram P, Burgueno-Ferreira J, Huerta-Espino J. Identification of Genomic Associations for Adult Plant Resistance in the Background of Popular South Asian Wheat Cultivar, PBW343. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1674. [PMID: 27877188 PMCID: PMC5099247 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Rusts, a fungal disease as old as its host plant wheat, has caused havoc for over 8000 years. As the rust pathogens can evolve into new virulent races which quickly defeat the resistance that primarily rely on race specificity, adult plant resistance (APR) has often been found to be race non-specific and hence is considered to be a more reliable and durable strategy to combat this malady. Over decades sets of donor lines have been identified at International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) representing a wide range of APR sources in wheat. In this study, using nine donors and a common parent "PBW343," a popular Green Revolution variety at CIMMYT, the nested association mapping (NAM) population of 1122 lines was constructed to understand the APR genetics underlying these founder lines. Thirty-four QTL were associated with APR to rusts, and 20 of 34 QTL had pleiotropic effects on SR, YR and LR resistance. Three chromosomal regions, associated with known APR genes (Sr58/Yr29/Lr46, Sr2/Yr30/Lr27, and Sr57/Yr18/Lr34), were also identified, and 13 previously reported QTL regions were validated. Of the 18 QTL first detected in this study, 7 were pleiotropic QTL, distributing on chromosomes 3A, 3B, 6B, 3D, and 6D. The present investigation revealed the genetic relationship of historical APR donor lines, the novel knowledge on APR, as well as the new analytical methodologies to facilitate the applications of NAM design in crop genetics. Results shown in this study will aid the parental selection for hybridization in wheat breeding, and envision the future rust management breeding for addressing potential threat to wheat production and food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Li
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)Texcoco, Mexico
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Sukhwinder Singh
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)Texcoco, Mexico
| | - Sridhar Bhavani
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)Texcoco, Mexico
| | - Ravi P. Singh
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)Texcoco, Mexico
| | - Deepmala Sehgal
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)Texcoco, Mexico
| | - Bhoja R. Basnet
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)Texcoco, Mexico
| | - Prashant Vikram
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)Texcoco, Mexico
| | | | - Julio Huerta-Espino
- Campo Experimental Valle de México, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Universidad Autónoma ChapingoTexcoco, Mexico
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360
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Sánchez-Martín J, Steuernagel B, Ghosh S, Herren G, Hurni S, Adamski N, Vrána J, Kubaláková M, Krattinger SG, Wicker T, Doležel J, Keller B, Wulff BBH. Rapid gene isolation in barley and wheat by mutant chromosome sequencing. Genome Biol 2016; 17:221. [PMID: 27795210 PMCID: PMC5087116 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-016-1082-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of causal mutations in barley and wheat is hampered by their large genomes and suppressed recombination. To overcome these obstacles, we have developed MutChromSeq, a complexity reduction approach based on flow sorting and sequencing of mutant chromosomes, to identify induced mutations by comparison to parental chromosomes. We apply MutChromSeq to six mutants each of the barley Eceriferum-q gene and the wheat Pm2 genes. This approach unambiguously identified single candidate genes that were verified by Sanger sequencing of additional mutants. MutChromSeq enables reference-free forward genetics in barley and wheat, thus opening up their pan-genomes to functional genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Sánchez-Martín
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zürich, CH-8008 Switzerland
| | | | - Sreya Ghosh
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH UK
| | - Gerhard Herren
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zürich, CH-8008 Switzerland
| | - Severine Hurni
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zürich, CH-8008 Switzerland
| | - Nikolai Adamski
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH UK
| | - Jan Vrána
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Šlechtitelů 31, Olomouc, CZ-78371 Czech Republic
| | - Marie Kubaláková
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Šlechtitelů 31, Olomouc, CZ-78371 Czech Republic
| | - Simon G. Krattinger
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zürich, CH-8008 Switzerland
| | - Thomas Wicker
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zürich, CH-8008 Switzerland
| | - Jaroslav Doležel
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Šlechtitelů 31, Olomouc, CZ-78371 Czech Republic
| | - Beat Keller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zürich, CH-8008 Switzerland
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361
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Rajagopalan N, Halasz A, Lu Y, Liu E, Monteil-Rivera F, Loewen MC. Probing allocrite preferences of 2 naturally occurring variants of the wheat LR34 ABC transporter. Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 94:459-470. [DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2016-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
For almost a century, the wheat Lr34 gene has conferred durable resistance against fungal rust diseases. While sequence homology predicts a putative ATP binding cassette transporter, the molecules that are transported (allocrites) by the encoded LR34 variants, and any associated mechanism of resistance, remain enigmatic. Here, the in vitro transport characteristics of 2 naturally occurring Lr34 variants (that differ in their ability to mediate disease resistance; Lr34sus and Lr34res) are investigated. Initially, a method to express and purify recombinant LR34Sus and LR34Res pseudo half-molecules from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is described. Subsequently, a semi-targeted chlorophyll catabolite (CC) extraction from Lr34res-expressing wheat plants was performed based on previous reports highlighting increased accumulation of CCs in Lr34res-expressing flag leaves. Following partial biochemical characterization, this extract was applied to an LR34 in vitro proteoliposome transport assay. Mass spectroscopic analyses of transported metabolites revealed that LR34Sus imported a wheat metabolite of 618 Da and that the LR34Res transporter did not. While the identity of the LR34Sus transported metabolite remains to be confirmed and any allocrites of LR34Res remain to be detected, this work demonstrates that these variants have different allocrite preferences, a finding that may be relevant to the mechanism of disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annamaria Halasz
- National Research Council of Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Yuping Lu
- National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Enwu Liu
- National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Fanny Monteil-Rivera
- National Research Council of Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Michele C. Loewen
- National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
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362
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Krattinger SG, Keller B. Molecular genetics and evolution of disease resistance in cereals. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 212:320-32. [PMID: 27427289 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Contents 320 I. 320 II. 321 III. 321 IV. 322 V. 324 VI. 328 VII. 329 330 References 330 SUMMARY: Cereal crops produce a large part of the globally consumed food and feed. Because of the constant presence of devastating pathogens, the molecular characterization of disease resistance is a major research area and highly relevant for breeding. There has been recent and accelerating progress in the understanding of three distinct resistance mechanisms in cereals: resistance conferred by plasma membrane-localized receptor proteins; race-specific resistance conferred by intracellular immune receptors; and quantitative disease resistance. Intracellular immune receptors provide a particularly rich source for evolutionary studies, and have, for example, resulted in the recent discovery of a novel detection mechanism based on integrated decoy domains. Evolutionary studies have also revealed the origins of active resistance genes in both wild progenitors of today's cereals as well as in cultivated forms. In addition, independent evolution of orthologous genes in related cereals has resulted in resistance to different pathogen species. Quantitative resistance genes have been best characterized in wheat. The quantitative resistance genes identified so far in wheat encode transporter proteins or unusual kinase proteins. The recent discoveries in these three different resistance mechanisms have contributed to the basic molecular understanding of cereal immunity against pathogens and have suggested novel applications for resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon G Krattinger
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Keller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland.
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363
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Singh RP, Singh PK, Rutkoski J, Hodson DP, He X, Jørgensen LN, Hovmøller MS, Huerta-Espino J. Disease Impact on Wheat Yield Potential and Prospects of Genetic Control. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 54:303-22. [PMID: 27296137 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080615-095835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Wheat is grown worldwide in diverse geographical regions, environments, and production systems. Although many diseases and pests are known to reduce grain yield potential and quality, the three rusts and powdery mildew fungi have historically caused major crop losses and continue to remain economically important despite the widespread use of host resistance and fungicides. The evolution and fast spread of virulent and more aggressive race lineages of rust fungi have only worsened the situation. Fusarium head blight, leaf spotting diseases, and, more recently, wheat blast (in South America and Bangladesh) have become diseases of major importance in recent years largely because of intensive production systems, the expansion of conservation agriculture, undesirable crop rotations, or increased dependency on fungicides. High genetic diversity for race-specific and quantitative resistance is known for most diseases; their selection through phenotyping reinforced with molecular strategies offers great promise in achieving more durable resistance and enhancing global wheat productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi P Singh
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), 06600, Mexico, DF, Mexico;
| | - Pawan K Singh
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), 06600, Mexico, DF, Mexico;
| | - Jessica Rutkoski
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), 06600, Mexico, DF, Mexico;
- Department of Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | | | - Xinyao He
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), 06600, Mexico, DF, Mexico;
| | - Lise N Jørgensen
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, DK-4200, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Mogens S Hovmøller
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, DK-4200, Slagelse, Denmark
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Abstract
Many plants, both in nature and in agriculture, are resistant to multiple diseases. Although much of the plant innate immunity system provides highly specific resistance, there is emerging evidence to support the hypothesis that some components of plant defense are relatively nonspecific, providing multiple disease resistance (MDR). Understanding MDR is of fundamental and practical interest to plant biologists, pathologists, and breeders. This review takes stock of the available evidence related to the MDR hypothesis. Questions about MDR are considered primarily through the lens of forward genetics, starting at the organismal level and proceeding to the locus level and, finally, to the gene level. At the organismal level, MDR may be controlled by clusters of R genes that evolve under diversifying selection, by dispersed, pathogen-specific genes, and/or by individual genes providing MDR. Based on the few MDR loci that are well-understood, MDR is conditioned by diverse mechanisms at the locus and gene levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyr Wiesner-Hanks
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853; ,
| | - Rebecca Nelson
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853; ,
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365
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Hulsmans S, Rodriguez M, De Coninck B, Rolland F. The SnRK1 Energy Sensor in Plant Biotic Interactions. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 21:648-661. [PMID: 27156455 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of plant biotic interactions has grown significantly in recent years with the identification of the mechanisms involved in innate immunity, hormone signaling, and secondary metabolism. The impact of such interactions on primary metabolism and the role of metabolic signals in the response of the plants, however, remain far less explored. The SnRK1 (SNF1-related kinase 1) kinases act as metabolic sensors, integrating very diverse stress conditions, and are key in maintaining energy homeostasis for growth and survival. Consistently, an important role is emerging for these kinases as regulators of biotic stress responses triggered by viral, bacterial, fungal, and oomycete infections as well as by herbivory. While this identifies SnRK1 as a promising target for directed modification or selection for more quantitative and sustainable resistance, its central function also increases the chances of unwanted side effects on growth and fitness, stressing the need for identification and in-depth characterization of the mechanisms and target processes involved. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Hulsmans
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, Biology Department, University of Leuven-KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee-Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marianela Rodriguez
- Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales (IFRGV), Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (CIAP), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Camino 60 cuadras km 5.5 X5020ICA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Barbara De Coninck
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Microbial and Molecular Systems Department, University of Leuven-KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Heverlee-Leuven, Belgium; Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Department of Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Filip Rolland
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, Biology Department, University of Leuven-KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee-Leuven, Belgium.
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Courty PE, Wipf D. Editorial: Transport in Plant Microbe Interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:809. [PMID: 27375662 PMCID: PMC4896956 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Wipf
- UMR 1347 Agroécologie, BP 86510, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, University of Bourgogne Franche-ComtéDijon, France
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367
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Postulation of rust resistance genes in Nordic spring wheat genotypes and identification of widely effective sources of resistance against the Australian rust flora. J Appl Genet 2016; 57:453-465. [PMID: 27091460 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-016-0345-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Wild relatives, landraces and cultivars from different geographical regions have been demonstrated as the sources of genetic variation for resistance to rust diseases. This study involved assessment of diversity for resistance to three rust diseases among a set of Nordic spring wheat cultivars. These cultivars were tested at the seedling stage against several pathotypes of three rust pathogens in the greenhouse. All stage stem rust resistance genes Sr7b, Sr8a, Sr12, Sr15, Sr17, Sr23 and Sr30, and leaf rust resistance genes Lr1, Lr3a, Lr13, Lr14a, Lr16 and Lr20 were postulated either singly or in different combinations among these cultivars. A high proportion of cultivars were identified to carry linked rust resistance genes Sr15 and Lr20. Although 51 cultivars showed variation against Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) pathotypes used in this study, results were not clearly contrasting to enable postulation of stripe rust resistance genes in these genotypes. Stripe rust resistance gene Yr27 was postulated in four cultivars and Yr1 was present in cultivar Zebra. Cultivar Tjalve produced low stripe rust response against all Pst pathotypes indicating the presence either of a widely effective resistance gene or combination of genes with compensating pathogenic specificities. Several cultivars carried moderate to high level of APR to leaf rust and stripe rust. Seedling stem rust susceptible cultivar Aston exhibited moderately resistant to moderately susceptible response, whereas other cultivars belonging to this class were rated moderately susceptible or higher. Molecular markers linked with APR genes Yr48, Lr34/Yr18/Sr57, Lr68 and Sr2 detected the presence of these genes in some genotypes.
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Figueroa M, Upadhyaya NM, Sperschneider J, Park RF, Szabo LJ, Steffenson B, Ellis JG, Dodds PN. Changing the Game: Using Integrative Genomics to Probe Virulence Mechanisms of the Stem Rust Pathogen Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:205. [PMID: 26941766 PMCID: PMC4764693 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The recent resurgence of wheat stem rust caused by new virulent races of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt) poses a threat to food security. These concerns have catalyzed an extensive global effort toward controlling this disease. Substantial research and breeding programs target the identification and introduction of new stem rust resistance (Sr) genes in cultivars for genetic protection against the disease. Such resistance genes typically encode immune receptor proteins that recognize specific components of the pathogen, known as avirulence (Avr) proteins. A significant drawback to deploying cultivars with single Sr genes is that they are often overcome by evolution of the pathogen to escape recognition through alterations in Avr genes. Thus, a key element in achieving durable rust control is the deployment of multiple effective Sr genes in combination, either through conventional breeding or transgenic approaches, to minimize the risk of resistance breakdown. In this situation, evolution of pathogen virulence would require changes in multiple Avr genes in order to bypass recognition. However, choosing the optimal Sr gene combinations to deploy is a challenge that requires detailed knowledge of the pathogen Avr genes with which they interact and the virulence phenotypes of Pgt existing in nature. Identifying specific Avr genes from Pgt will provide screening tools to enhance pathogen virulence monitoring, assess heterozygosity and propensity for mutation in pathogen populations, and confirm individual Sr gene functions in crop varieties carrying multiple effective resistance genes. Toward this goal, much progress has been made in assembling a high quality reference genome sequence for Pgt, as well as a Pan-genome encompassing variation between multiple field isolates with diverse virulence spectra. In turn this has allowed prediction of Pgt effector gene candidates based on known features of Avr genes in other plant pathogens, including the related flax rust fungus. Upregulation of gene expression in haustoria and evidence for diversifying selection are two useful parameters to identify candidate Avr genes. Recently, we have also applied machine learning approaches to agnostically predict candidate effectors. Here, we review progress in stem rust pathogenomics and approaches currently underway to identify Avr genes recognized by wheat Sr genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Figueroa
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Stakman-Borlaug Center for Sustainable Plant Health, University of MinnesotaSt. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Narayana M. Upadhyaya
- Agriculture, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationCanberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jana Sperschneider
- Agriculture, Centre for Environment and Life Sciences, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationPerth, WA, Australia
| | - Robert F. Park
- Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Plant Breeding Institute, The University of SydneyNarellan, NSW, Australia
| | - Les J. Szabo
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Stakman-Borlaug Center for Sustainable Plant Health, University of MinnesotaSt. Paul, MN, USA
- Cereal Disease Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research ServiceSt. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Brian Steffenson
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Stakman-Borlaug Center for Sustainable Plant Health, University of MinnesotaSt. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Jeff G. Ellis
- Agriculture, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationCanberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Peter N. Dodds
- Agriculture, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationCanberra, ACT, Australia
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