351
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Ahlbom BE, Wahlström J, Saalman R, Wadelius C, Annerén G. Severe psychomotor retardation in a boy with a supernumerary derivative chromosome resulting in partial trisomy 21 and partial trisomy 7p. ANNALES DE GENETIQUE 2003; 46:29-35. [PMID: 12818527 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-3995(03)00002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We report on a 12-year-old boy with a supernumerary chromosome der(21)t(7; 21)(p21; q21.3)mat, resulting in a partial trisomy 21 and a partial trisomy 7p. The patient has a severe psychomotor retardation. Although he has most of chromosome 21 in three copies, he does not have a phenotype of Down syndrome (DS). In addition to cytogenetic analysis, molecular analysis confirmed that the "DS critical region" on chromosome 21 (21q22) is not present in three copies, since the breakpoint of the partial trisomy 21 was found to be located distal to the marker locus D21S145 but proximal to D21S226. The patient's severe mental retardation is probably due to the small telomeric 7p trisomy, having the breakpoint between markers D7S507 and D7S488. In comparison with previously published cases of partial trisomy 7p, the phenotype of this patient indicates that there is a region around the distal part of band 7p21 that in three copies might contribute to many of the facial features common to patients with partial trisomy 7p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodil Edman Ahlbom
- Unit of Clinical Genetics, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
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352
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Abstract
Craniosynostosis is a congenital developmental disorder involving premature fusion of cranial sutures, often associated with multiple neurological manifestations. The perspective of this group of disorders has changed dramatically in the new era of molecular genetics. In the last decade a large literature with new concepts in craniosynostosis has appeared. More than 100 syndromes associated with craniosynostosis have been described, and in about a dozen, the molecular defect has been identified. Pediatric neurologists are less aware than geneticists, neurosurgeons, and craniofacial surgeons of these changes. General concepts about craniosynostosis are here presented with updates of clinical and genetic aspects of well-defined syndromes such as Apert, Crouzon, Pfeiffer, Saethre-Chotzen. Evidence of their relationship with fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) 1, 2, and 3, and with causative genes such as TWIST has been documented. New and other less common syndromes also are discussed. The differences between positional and synostotic plagiocephaly are important, as well as the cause of nonsyndromic craniosynostosis. The prognosis and neurological outcome of patients, including "benign" forms of craniosynostosis, are other important aspects. Major advances have occurred in understanding pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of craniosynostosis. The role of local dura mater and apoptosis; modalities of imaging such as prenatal ultrasound and three-dimensional and spiral CT have improved the accuracy in diagnosis, and the new approaches in surgical treatment involving efficient and less invasive methods, are evidence of these advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Flores-Sarnat
- Department of Pediatrics (Neurology), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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353
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Passos-Bueno MR, Armelin LM, Alonso LG, Neustein I, Sertié AL, Abe K, Pavanello RDC, Elkis LC, Koiffmann CP. Craniosynostosis associated with ocular and distal limb defects is very likely caused by mutations in a gene different from FGFR, TWIST, and MSX2. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2002; 113:200-6. [PMID: 12407713 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Craniosynostosis caused by genetic factors includes a heterogeneous group of over 100 syndromes, most with autosomal dominant inheritance. Mutations in five genes (FGFR1-, -2, -3, TWIST, and MSX2) causing craniosynostosis as the main clinical feature were described. In most of these conditions, there are also limb malformations. We report a two-generation kindred segregating microcornea, optic nerve alterations and cataract since childhood, craniosynostosis, and distal limb alterations, with a great clinical intrafamilial variability. The ophthalmological problems here described seem to be unique to this genealogy while similar feet alterations were apparently only described in two other affected siblings with acro-cranial-facial dysostosis syndrome (ADS). However, ADS has an autosomal recessive inheritance instead of the dominant pattern of the present genealogy. The candidate exons of the five genes previously mentioned were tested through sequencing analysis presenting normal results in all cases. Therefore, clinical and laboratory analyses in our patients suggest that their phenotype represents a new syndrome very likely caused by mutation in a gene different from those studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rita Passos-Bueno
- Centro de Estudo do Genoma Humano, Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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354
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Yousfi M, Lasmoles F, Marie PJ. TWIST inactivation reduces CBFA1/RUNX2 expression and DNA binding to the osteocalcin promoter in osteoblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 297:641-4. [PMID: 12270142 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)02260-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The Saethre-Chotzen (SC) syndrome is characterized by increased osteogenesis and premature fusion of cranial sutures, resulting from mutations in TWIST, a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor. The molecular target genes for Twist in osteoblasts are however unknown. We report here that TWIST haploinsufficiency in mutant osteoblasts reduces mRNA and protein levels for CBFA1/RUNX2, a specific osteoblast transcription factor, during both osteoblast cell growth and in vitro osteogenesis. Moreover, this is associated with altered expression of major osteoblast-specific genes. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) showed reduced-binding ability of Cbfa1 to its target OSE2 element in the osteocalcin promoter in mutant osteoblasts. By contrast, TWIST inactivation does not hamper Cbfa1 binding on a similar upstream element present in the alpha1(I) collagen promoter in mutant osteoblasts. This provides the first evidence that TWIST inactivation alters CBFA1/RUNX2 expression and Cbfa1 binding ability to the osteocalcin promoter, indicating that CBFA1/RUNX2 is a target gene for TWIST in human osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malika Yousfi
- INSERM Unit 349 Affiliated CNRS, Lariboisière Hospital, 2 rue Ambroise Paré, 75475 10, Paris Cedex, France
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355
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Carver EA, Oram KF, Gridley T. Craniosynostosis in Twist heterozygous mice: a model for Saethre-Chotzen syndrome. THE ANATOMICAL RECORD 2002; 268:90-2. [PMID: 12221714 DOI: 10.1002/ar.10124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Saethre-Chotzen syndrome is a common autosomal dominant form of craniosynostosis, the premature fusion of the sutures of the calvarial bones of the skull. Most Saethre-Chotzen syndrome cases are caused by haploinsufficiency for the TWIST gene. Mice heterozygous for a null mutation of the Twist gene replicate certain features of Saethre-Chotzen syndrome, but have not been reported to exhibit craniosynostosis. We demonstrate that Twist heterozygous mice exhibit fusions of the coronal suture and other cranial suture abnormalities, indicating that Twist heterozygous mice constitute a better animal model for Saethre-Chotzen syndrome than was previously appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan A Carver
- Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
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356
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Zeiger JS, Beaty TH, Hetmanski JB, Wang H, Scott AF, Kasch L, Raymond G, Jabs EW, VanderKolk C. Genetic and environmental risk factors for sagittal craniosynostosis. J Craniofac Surg 2002; 13:602-6. [PMID: 12218784 DOI: 10.1097/00001665-200209000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The authors investigated whether genetic and environmental factors influence risk for sagittal craniosynostosis. Cases were ascertained from craniofacial clinics in the Baltimore-Washington metropolitan region. Controls were recruited from the Johns Hopkins newborn nursery and a large pediatric practice in Baltimore County. Forty-two probands with isolated, nonsyndromic sagittal craniosynostosis born in the mid-Atlantic region were included in this analysis. Controls are infants born in Maryland without any known birth defects (n = 182). Odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Cases were genotyped at several loci implicated in malformation syndromes including craniosynostosis. There were no elevated risks for craniosynostosis related to maternal or paternal smoking or maternal vitamin usage. Case mothers consumed less alcohol (OR = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.17-0.85) and had less education than control mothers ( < 0.001). All cases that were sequenced were negative for mutations at the following genes: exon IIIa 755C->G, (exons IIIa and IIIc,), exon IIIa, and exon 1. These findings suggest that whereas TWIST and the genes are important for syndromic craniosynostosis, they are unlikely to be involved in isolated sagittal craniosynostosis. Parental education and alcohol consumption were associated with sagittal craniosynostosis in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna S Zeiger
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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357
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Kantaputra PN. Apparently new osteodysplastic and primordial short stature with severe microdontia, opalescent teeth, and rootless molars in two siblings. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2002; 111:420-8. [PMID: 12210304 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A Thai man and his sister affected with a newly recognized syndrome of proportionate primordial short stature are reported. The patients had severe intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation, prominent nose and nasal bridge, small pinnae, large sella turcica, areas of hypo- and hyperpigmentation of skin, dry and thin scalp hair, and long and straight clavicles. Ivory epiphyses and cone-shaped epiphyses of the hands were found when they were young, but most of them disappeared as they grew up. Scaphoid and trapezium had angular appearance. The second toes were unusually long. Distal symphalangism of toes and barchymesophalangy of fingers were noted. The findings that appear to distinguish this syndrome from the previously reported syndromes are long second toes, opalescent and rootless teeth, severe microdontia, severely hypoplastic alveolar process, and unerupted tooth. The mode of inheritance is suspected to be autosomal recessive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piranit N Kantaputra
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Thailand.
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358
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Akai T, Iizuka H, Kishibe M, Kawakami S, Kobayashi A, Ozawa T. A case of Beare-Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome confirmed by mutation analysis of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 gene. Pediatr Neurosurg 2002; 37:97-9. [PMID: 12145519 DOI: 10.1159/000065112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports a case of Beare-Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome confirmed by DNA analysis of the patient's fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) genes. At birth, the patient had ocular proptosis, a red nevus with skin tags on her forehead and an umbilical stump. She developed craniosynostosis, craniofacial dysmorphism and hydrocephalus. Her treatment included forehead and facial advancement and a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Analysis of the FGFR genes revealed that she was heterozygous for a missense mutation in exon 10 for the FGFR2 protein, resulting in an amino acid substitution of cysteine for tyrosine at residue 375 (Tyr375Cys). This is the fourth case of Beare-Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome confirmed by mutation analysis of the FGFR genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Akai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinda, Kahokugun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
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359
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Nott RL, Stelnicki EJ, Mack JA, Ben Y, Mitchell R, Mooney MP. Comparison of hedgehog and patched-1 protein expression in the cranial sutures of craniosynostotic and wild-type rabbits. Plast Reconstr Surg 2002; 110:515-22. [PMID: 12142670 DOI: 10.1097/00006534-200208000-00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Craniosynostosis is characterized by premature fusion of the cranial sutures. At the molecular level, mutations in homeobox genes, transcription factors, and growth factor receptors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of this disorder, but the specific etiologic pathways have not yet been elucidated. To further study the molecular biology behind craniosynostosis, perisutural tissues in a unique rabbit model with congenital delayed-onset coronal craniosynostosis were examined for the presence of the hedgehog family of growth factors and their receptor, patched-1. Expression of desert hedgehog, Indian hedgehog, sonic hedgehog, and patched-1 was evaluated in four areas: suture, endosteum, periosteum, and osteocytes, using immuno-histochemistry (n = 8). Protein levels in affected animals were compared with protein levels in wild-type control rabbits (n = 8). Overall, sonic hedgehog, Indian hedgehog, and patched-1 protein levels were greater in affected animals. Specifically, areas of increased staining were seen along the bony interface of the endosteum and periosteum and in the osteocytes of the synostotic rabbits. Interestingly, in the suture, increased levels of Indian hedgehog and sonic hedgehog, but not patched-1, were seen. There was minimal expression of desert hedgehog in both rabbit types. The increased overall presence of hedgehog and patched-1 proteins in synostotic rabbits may be a reactive change to the disorder or part of the pathogenic process. Although the specific cause cannot be determined from the data, it is clear that the molecular milieu of the cranial sutures in synostotic rabbits is markedly different from that of wild-type rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhoda L Nott
- Joe DiMaggio Children's Hospital, Cranio Facial Center, Hollywood, Fla. 33021, USA
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360
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Chun K, Teebi AS, Jung JH, Kennedy S, Laframboise R, Meschino WS, Nakabayashi K, Scherer SW, Ray PN, Teshima I. Genetic analysis of patients with the Saethre-Chotzen phenotype. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2002; 110:136-43. [PMID: 12116251 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Saethre-Chotzen syndrome is a common craniosynostosis syndrome characterized by craniofacial and limb anomalies. Intragenic mutations of the TWIST gene within 7p21 have been identified as a cause of this disorder. There is phenotypic overlap with other craniosynostosis syndromes, and intragenic mutations in FGFR2 (fibroblast growth factor receptor 2) and FGFR3 (fibroblast growth factor receptor 3) have been demonstrated in the other conditions. Furthermore, complete gene deletions of TWIST have also been found in a significant proportion of patients with Saethre-Chotzen syndrome. We investigated 11 patients clinically identified as having the Saethre-Chotzen phenotype and 4 patients with craniosynostosis but without a clear diagnosis. Of the patients with the Saethre-Chotzen phenotype, four were found to carry the FGFR3 P250R mutation, three were found to be heterozygous for three different novel mutations in the coding region of TWIST, and two were found to have a deletion of one copy of the entire TWIST gene. Developmental delay was a distinguishing feature of the patients with deletions, compared to patients with intragenic mutations of TWIST, in agreement with the results of Johnson et al. [1998: Am J Hum Genet 63:1282-1293]. No mutations were found for the four patients with craniosynostosis without a clear diagnosis. Therefore, 9 of our 11 patients (82%) with the Saethre-Chotzen phenotype had detectable genetic changes in FGFR3 or TWIST. We propose that initial screening for the FGFR3 P250R mutation, followed by sequencing of TWIST and then fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for deletion detection of TWIST, is sufficient to detect mutations in > 80% of patients with the Saethre-Chotzen phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Chun
- Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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361
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Ornitz DM, Marie PJ. FGF signaling pathways in endochondral and intramembranous bone development and human genetic disease. Genes Dev 2002; 16:1446-65. [PMID: 12080084 DOI: 10.1101/gad.990702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 617] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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362
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Zuniga A, Quillet R, Perrin-Schmitt F, Zeller R. Mouse Twist is required for fibroblast growth factor-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal signalling and cell survival during limb morphogenesis. Mech Dev 2002; 114:51-9. [PMID: 12175489 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4773(02)00048-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mouse Twist is essential for cranial neural tube, limb and somite development. [Genes Dev. 9 (1995) 686]. To identify the molecular defects disrupting limb morphogenesis, we have analysed expression of mesenchymal transcription factors involved in patterning and the cell-cell signalling cascades controlling limb bud development. These studies establish that Twist is essential for maintenance and progression of limb bud morphogenesis. In particular, the SHH/FGF signalling feedback loop operating between the polarizing region and the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) is disrupted. These defects in epithelial-mesenchymal signalling are most likely a direct consequence of disrupted fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling in Twist-deficient limb buds. In early limb buds, down-regulation of Fgf receptor 1 and Fgf10 expression in the mesenchyme occurs concurrent with loss of Fgf4 and Fgf8 expression in the AER. Finally, Twist function, most likely by regulating FGF signalling, is required for cell survival as apoptotic cells are detected in posterior and distal limb bud mesenchyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimée Zuniga
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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363
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Petiot A, Ferretti P, Copp AJ, Chan CTJ. Induction of chondrogenesis in neural crest cells by mutant fibroblast growth factor receptors. Dev Dyn 2002; 224:210-21. [PMID: 12112473 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.10102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Activating mutations in human fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR) result in a range of skeletal disorders, including craniosynostosis. Because the cranial bones are largely neural crest derived, the possibility arises that increased FGF signalling may predispose to premature/excessive skeletogenic differentiation in neural crest cells. To test this hypothesis, we expressed wild-type and mutant FGFRs in quail embryonic neural crest cells. Chondrogenesis was consistently induced when mutant FGFR1-K656E or FGFR2-C278F were electroporated in ovo into stage 8 quail premigratory neural crest, followed by in vitro culture without FGF2. Neural crest cells electroporated with wild-type FGFR1 or FGFR2 cDNAs exhibited no chondrogenic differentiation in culture. Cartilage differentiation was accompanied by expression of Sox9, Col2a1, and osteopontin. This closely resembled the response of nonelectroporated neural crest cells to FGF2 in vitro: 10 ng/ml induces chondrogenesis, Sox9, Col2a1, and osteopontin expression, whereas 1 ng/ml FGF2 enhances cell survival and Sox9 and Col2a1 expression, but never induces chondrogenesis or osteopontin expression. Transfection of neural crest cells with mutant FGFRs in vitro, after their emergence from the neural tube, in contrast, produced chondrogenesis at a very low frequency. Hence, mutant FGFRs can induce cartilage differentiation when electroporated into premigratory neural crest cells but this effect is drastically reduced if transfection is carried out after the onset of neural crest migration.
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MESH Headings
- Alkaline Phosphatase/metabolism
- Animals
- Cell Movement
- Chondrocytes/metabolism
- Coturnix
- Craniosynostoses
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Electroporation
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Immunohistochemistry
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Mutation
- Neural Crest/embryology
- Osteopontin
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/biosynthesis
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sialoglycoproteins/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Time Factors
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Petiot
- Developmental Biology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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364
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Corsi AK, Brodigan TM, Jorgensen EM, Krause M. Characterization of a dominant negativeC. elegansTwist mutant protein with implications for human Saethre-Chotzen syndrome. Development 2002; 129:2761-72. [PMID: 12015302 DOI: 10.1242/dev.129.11.2761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Twist is a transcription factor that is required for mesodermal cell fates in all animals studied to date. Mutations of this locus in humans have been identified as the cause of the craniofacial disorder Saethre-Chotzen syndrome. The Caenorhabditis elegans Twist homolog is required for the development of a subset of the mesoderm. A semidominant allele of the gene that codes for CeTwist, hlh-8, has defects that occur earlier in the mesodermal lineage than a previously studied null allele of the gene. The semidominant allele has a charge change (E29K) in the basic DNA-binding domain of CeTwist. Surprisingly, the mutant protein retains DNA-binding activity as both a homodimer and a heterodimer with its partner E/Daughterless (CeE/DA). However, the mutant protein blocks the activation of the promoter of a target gene. Therefore, the mutant CeTwist may cause cellular defects as a dominant negative protein by binding to target promoters as a homo- or heterodimer and then blocking transcription. Similar phenotypes as those caused by the E29K mutation were observed when amino acid substitutions in the DNA-binding domain that are associated with the human Saethre-Chotzen syndrome were engineered into the C. elegans protein. These data suggest that Saethre-Chotzen syndrome may be caused, in some cases, by dominant negative proteins, rather than by haploinsufficiency of the locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann K Corsi
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA.
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365
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Dollfus H, Biswas P, Kumaramanickavel G, Stoetzel C, Quillet R, Biswas J, Lajeunie E, Renier D, Perrin-Schmitt F. Saethre-Chotzen syndrome: notable intrafamilial phenotypic variability in a large family with Q28X TWIST mutation. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2002; 109:218-25. [PMID: 11977182 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Saethre-Chotzen syndrome is an autosomal dominant disease characterized by craniosynostosis, ptosis, and limb and external ear abnormalities. Variable expressivity is a well-known phenomenon in this disorder. A large Indian family has been recently identified as carrying a nonsense TWIST mutation (Q28 X) in 17 members, of whom 16 were examined in detail. Only 4 (25%) of the patients showed patent craniostenosis, namely, oxycephaly. The penetrance of craniosynostosis in this family is lower than previously reported in the literature. Fifteen patients (93%) had moderate to severe ptosis. Minor limb and external ear abnormalities were present in most patients. Eyelid features were the hallmark of the disease for 12 members of the family, suggesting that mutations in TWIST may lead to a phenotype with mainly palpebral features and no craniostenosis. The clinical analysis of this large family clearly illustrates the significant variable expressivity, probably related to haploinsufficiency because of the TWIST mutation. This phenotypic variability remains unclear but could be the result of modifier genes and/or genetic background effect, as noticed previously in the transgenic twist-null heterozygous mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Dollfus
- LGME du CNRS, U-184 INSERM, Faculté de Médecine, Strasbourg, France
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366
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Abstract
The general requirement to induce mesoderm and allocate cells into different mesodermal tissues such as body muscle or heart is common in many animal embryos. Since the discovery of the twist gene, there has been great progress toward unraveling the molecular mechanisms that control mesoderm specification and differentiation. Twist was first identified in Drosophila as a gene crucial for proper gastrulation and mesoderm formation. In the fly embryo, Twist continues to play additional roles, allocating mesodermal cells into the body wall muscle fate and patterning a subset of these muscles. Twist is also required for proper differentiation of the adult musculature. Twist homologues have been identified in a great variety of organisms, which span the phylogenetic tree. These organisms include other invertebrates such as jellyfish, nematode, leech and lancelet as well as vertebrates such as frog, chick, fish, mouse and human. The Twist family shares both homology in structure across the basic helix-loop-helix domain and in expression during mesoderm and muscle development in most species. Here we review the current state of knowledge of the Twist family and consider how Twist functions during development. Moreover, we highlight experimental evidence that shows common themes that Twist employs during specification and patterning of the mesoderm among evolutionarily distant organisms. Conserved principles and the molecular mechanisms underlying them are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irinka Castanon
- Program in Molecular Biology, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
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367
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Villavicencio EH, Yoon JW, Frank DJ, Füchtbauer EM, Walterhouse DO, Iannaccone PM. Cooperative E-box regulation of human GLI1 by TWIST and USF. Genesis 2002; 32:247-58. [PMID: 11948912 DOI: 10.1002/gene.10078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog signaling plays a critical role in vertebrate patterning, and signaling defects are associated with severe birth defects and cancer in man. GLI1 encodes a critical transcription activator in this pathway. GLI1 is expressed in human basal cell carcinomas and sarcomas. Despite the significance of the GLI1 gene in human disease, few immediate upstream regulators of GLI1 expression are known. We previously demonstrated that a 5' region, including 5' flanking sequence, an untranslated exon, and 425 bp of the first intron, regulates the human GLI1 gene. Here we show that inactivating mutations in E-box, GC box, AP-2, GATA, GSG, PuF, and Zeste sites identified three critical regulatory elements, including a GC box that binds Sp1 and two intronic E-boxes that bind USF proteins or Twist. Expression of Twist but not a frame shift mutation of Twist activates the wild-type human GLI1 regulatory sequences but not with inactivating mutations of the E-boxes. Twist activates GLI1 reporter expression through E-box +482 but requires binding of USF proteins to E-box +157. Twist mutations cause human birth defects and Twist is overexpressed in many rhabdomyosarcomas, suggesting that one of Twist's primary roles is the regulation of GLI1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth H Villavicencio
- Children's Memorial Institute for Education and Research, Northwestern University Medical School, 2300 Children's Plaza, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
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368
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Opperman LA, Galanis V, Williams AR, Adab K. Transforming growth factor-beta3 (Tgf-beta3) down-regulates Tgf-beta3 receptor type I (Tbetar-I) during rescue of cranial sutures from osseous obliteration. Orthod Craniofac Res 2002; 5:5-16. [PMID: 12071374 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0544.2002.01179.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Appropriate biochemical regulation of intramembranous bone growth from sutures is necessary to achieve correct craniofacial morphology. Failure to form sutures (agenesis) or to maintain sutures in their unossified state (craniosynostosis) can result in severe facial dysmorphology. Several factors such as Twist, Msx2, fibroblast growth factors (Fgfs), bone morphogenetic proteins (Bmps) and transforming growth factors-beta (Tgf-betas) regulate suture patency, likely by interacting with one another. Tgf-beta2 and Tgf-beta3 use the same cell surface receptors, yet have opposite effects on suture patency, cellular proliferation and apoptosis within the suture. One possible mechanism by which Tgf-beta3 rescues sutures from obliteration is by regulating the ability of suture cells to respond to Tgf-beta2. As Tgf-beta3 does not regulate protein levels of Tgf-beta2 in sutures, Tgf-beta3 could regulate tissue responsiveness to Tgf-beta2 by regulating Tgf-beta2 access to receptors. Tgf-beta3 is a more potent competitor than Tgf-beta2 for cell surface receptors, so it is proposed that Tgf-beta3 binds to and down-regulates Tgf-beta receptor type I (Tbetar-I) expression by suture cells. This down-regulation would limit the ability of cells to respond to all Tgf-betas, including Tgf-beta2. To test this hypothesis, an in vitro culture model was used in which fetal rat sutures either remain patent or are induced to fuse when cultured in the presence or absence of dura mater, respectively. Tgf-beta3 was added to cultured calvaria and changes in the number of receptor positive cells within the suture were established. Data were compared with that seen in control sutures and in normal sutures in vivo. It was found that the numbers of cells expressing Tbetar-I within the suture matrix increased over time in sutures remaining patent. Osteoblastic cells lining the bone fronts on either side of sutures were Tbetar-I positive during early morphogenesis, but these numbers declined as sutures fused, both in vivo and in vitro. Addition of Tgf-beta3 to calvaria in culture decreased the number of Tbetar-I expressing cells in both fusing and non-fusing sutures, with dramatic decreases in the numbers of osteoblasts expressing Tbetar-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Opperman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Craniofacial Research and Diagnosis, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A & M University System Health Science Center, Dallas 75266-0677, USA.
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369
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Abstract
Genetic screens in Drosophila melanogaster have helped elucidate the process of axis formation during early embryogenesis. Axis formation in the D. melanogaster embryo involves the use of two fundamentally different mechanisms for generating morphogenetic activity: patterning the anteroposterior axis by diffusion of a transcription factor within the syncytial embryo and specification of the dorsoventral axis through a signal transduction cascade. Identification of Drosophila genes involved in axis formation provides a launch-pad for comparative studies that examine the evolution of axis specification in different insects. Additionally, there is similarity between axial patterning mechanisms elucidated genetically in Drosophila and those demonstrated for chordates such as Xenopus. In this review we examine the postfertilization mechanisms underlying axis specification in Drosophila. Comparative data are then used to ask whether aspects of axis formation might be derived or ancestral.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lall
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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370
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Hermanns P, Lee B. Transcriptional dysregulation in skeletal malformation syndromes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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371
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Abstract
Craniofacial surgeons, by nature and training, focus on how to correct anomalies rather than on why they occur. Surgeons often leave diagnosis and etiopathogenic speculation to geneticists. Craniofacial surgeons should cross over the specialty line and learn to think like geneticists. This article reviews definitions of basic words in the genetic language and emphasizes the three diagnostic levels, phenotypic, pathogenic, and genetic, for the principal categories of craniofacial anomalies. Whenever possible, examples are given to illustrate how genetic knowledge can influence surgical strategy. As a member of the perinatal team, the craniofacial surgeon must be "cyber-savvy" to counsel parents and communicate with geneticists.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Mulliken
- Craniofacial Center and Division of Plastic Surgery, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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372
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Jiang X, Iseki S, Maxson RE, Sucov HM, Morriss-Kay GM. Tissue origins and interactions in the mammalian skull vault. Dev Biol 2002; 241:106-16. [PMID: 11784098 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.2001.0487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 547] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
During mammalian evolution, expansion of the cerebral hemispheres was accompanied by expansion of the frontal and parietal bones of the skull vault and deployment of the coronal (fronto-parietal) and sagittal (parietal-parietal) sutures as major growth centres. Using a transgenic mouse with a permanent neural crest cell lineage marker, Wnt1-Cre/R26R, we show that both sutures are formed at a neural crest-mesoderm interface: the frontal bones are neural crest-derived and the parietal bones mesodermal, with a tongue of neural crest between the two parietal bones. By detailed analysis of neural crest migration pathways using X-gal staining, and mesodermal tracing by DiI labelling, we show that the neural crest-mesodermal tissue juxtaposition that later forms the coronal suture is established at E9.5 as the caudal boundary of the frontonasal mesenchyme. As the cerebral hemispheres expand, they extend caudally, passing beneath the neural crest-mesodermal interface within the dermis, carrying with them a layer of neural crest cells that forms their meningeal covering. Exposure of embryos to retinoic acid at E10.0 reduces this meningeal neural crest and inhibits parietal ossification, suggesting that intramembranous ossification of this mesodermal bone requires interaction with neural crest-derived meninges, whereas ossification of the neural crest-derived frontal bone is autonomous. These observations provide new perspectives on skull evolution and on human genetic abnormalities of skull growth and ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Jiang
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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373
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Lee S, Seto M, Sie K, Cunningham M. A child with Saethre-Chotzen syndrome, sensorineural hearing loss, and a TWIST mutation. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2002; 39:110-4. [PMID: 11772178 DOI: 10.1597/1545-1569_2002_039_0110_acwscs_2.0.co_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with syndromic craniosynostosis may have associated hearing deficits. A review of hearing loss associated with syndromic craniosynostosis as well as implications of cochlear implantation in the craniosynostosis patients is presented. In the literature, patients with Saethre-Chotzen syndrome have been shown to have conductive or mixed hearing losses. This case report describes a patient with Saethre-Chotzen syndrome caused by a mutation in the TWIST gene who exhibits a severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology at the University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98159, USA
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374
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Quercia NL, Teebi AS. Craniosynostosis, ectopia lentis, and congenital heart defects: further delineation of an autosomal dominant syndrome with incomplete penetrance. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2002; 107:38-42. [PMID: 11807865 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The association of craniosynostosis with ectopia lentis is extremely rare. This was recently reported in monozygotic twin sisters, supporting a genetic etiology for this syndromic association. We report on female first cousins once removed who were born with unilateral coronal synostosis. One cousin also had peripheral pulmonic branch stenosis at birth and was later found to have ectopia lentis and severe myopia. The other cousin had an atrial septal defect, mitral valve prolapse, and only mild myopia. Their intelligence is normal. The inheritance is likely autosomal dominant with variable expression and incomplete penetrance and further defines this syndrome to include congenital heart defects. These findings will have important implications for genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada L Quercia
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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375
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Lee S, Seto M, Sie K, Cunningham M. A Child With Saethre-Chotzen Syndrome, Sensorineural Hearing Loss, and a TWIST Mutation. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2002. [DOI: 10.1597/1545-1569(2002)039<0110:acwscs>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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376
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El Ghouzzi V, Bonaventure J, Munnich A. TWIST: un nouvel acteur de l’ossification des os plats. Med Sci (Paris) 2001. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/200117121281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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377
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378
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Elanko N, Sibbring JS, Metcalfe KA, Clayton-Smith J, Donnai D, Temple IK, Wall SA, Wilkie AO. A survey of TWIST for mutations in craniosynostosis reveals a variable length polyglycine tract in asymptomatic individuals. Hum Mutat 2001; 18:535-41. [PMID: 11748846 DOI: 10.1002/humu.1230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The human TWIST gene encodes a 202 amino acid transcription factor characterized by a highly conserved basic-helix-loop-helix motif in the C-terminal half, and a less conserved N-terminal half that has binding activity toward the histone acetyltransferase p300. Between these domains is a repeat region of unknown function that encodes the glycine-rich sequence (Gly)5Ala(Gly)5. Heterozygous mutations of TWIST were previously described in Saethre-Chotzen craniosynostosis syndrome [El Ghouzzi et al., 1997; Howard et al., 1997]. During a search for TWIST mutations in patients with craniosynostosis, we identified, in addition to 11 novel and one previously described bona fide mutations, several individuals with rearrangements of the glycine-rich region, involving either deletion of 18 nucleotides or insertion of three, 15, or 21 nucleotides. None of these rearrangements was consistently associated with clinical disease and we conclude that they are at most weakly pathogenic. The glycine stretch may serve as a flexible linker between the functional domains of the TWIST protein, and as such may be subject to reduced evolutionary constraint.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Elanko
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe, Oxford, UK
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379
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Boeck A, Kosan C, Ciznar P, Kunz J. Saethre-Chotzen syndrome and hyper IgE syndrome in a patient with a novel 11 bp deletion of the TWIST gene. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2001; 104:53-6. [PMID: 11746028 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Molecular genetic studies in a seven-year-old boy and his mother demonstrated a novel 11 bp deletion in the TWIST gene (127del11), causing Saethre-Chotzen syndrome. The mother had rather mild signs of the Saethre-Chotzen syndrome; however, her son presented with marked acrocephalosyndactyly type 3, leading to craniotomy at three years. He also had recurrent infections and laboratory findings comparable with the hyper IgE syndrome, a rare primary immunodeficiency disorder. It is likely that the 11bp deletion caused the Saethre-Chotzen syndrome in the patient and his mother, and another, not yet identified genetic defect, seen in the patient but not in the mother, is responsible for the hyper IgE phenotype. A combination of these two congenital conditions has not been described to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Boeck
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Vienna, Waeringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna,
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380
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Funato N, Ohtani K, Ohyama K, Kuroda T, Nakamura M. Common regulation of growth arrest and differentiation of osteoblasts by helix-loop-helix factors. Mol Cell Biol 2001; 21:7416-28. [PMID: 11585922 PMCID: PMC99914 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.21.21.7416-7428.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular differentiation entails the coordination of cell cycle arrest and tissue-specific gene expression. We investigated the involvement of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) factors in differentiation of osteoblasts using the human osteoblastic cell line MG63. Serum starvation induced growth arrest at G1 phase, accompanied by expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(WAF1/Cip1). Reporter assays with the p21 gene promoter demonstrated that the combination of E2A (E12 or E47) and coactivator CBP was responsible for p21 induction independent of p53. Twist inhibited E2A-CBP-dependent activation of the exogenous and endogenous p21 promoters. Ids similarly inhibited the exogenously transfected p21 promoter; however less antagonistic effect on the endogenous p21 promoter was observed. Twist was predominantly present in nuclei in MG63 cells growing in complete medium, while it localized mainly in the cytoplasm after serum starvation. The fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 gene (FGFR3), which generates signals leading to differentiation of osteoblasts, was found to be controlled by the same transcriptional regulation as the p21 gene. E2A and Twist influenced alkaline phosphatase expression, a consensus marker of osteoblast differentiation. Expression of E2A and FGFR3 was seen at the location of osteoblast differentiation in the calvaria of mouse embryos, implicating bHLH molecules in physiological osteoblast differentiation. These results demonstrate that a common regulatory system is involved in at least two distinct steps in osteoblastic differentiation. Our results also provide the molecular basis of Saethre-Chotzen syndrome, caused by mutations of the TWIST and FGFR3 genes.
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MESH Headings
- Alkaline Phosphatase/metabolism
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors
- Blotting, Western
- Bromodeoxyuridine/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Division
- Cell Line
- Culture Media, Serum-Free/pharmacology
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21
- Cyclins/genetics
- Cyclins/metabolism
- Cytoplasm/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- G1 Phase
- Genes, Reporter
- Helix-Loop-Helix Motifs
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Models, Biological
- Models, Genetic
- Mutation
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Osteoblasts/cytology
- Osteoblasts/metabolism
- Plasmids/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Binding
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Skull/embryology
- Skull/pathology
- Transcription Factors/chemistry
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transfection
- Twist-Related Protein 1
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Affiliation(s)
- N Funato
- Human Gene Sciences Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
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381
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Abstract
During the past year, the Drosophila genome has been sequenced. More than 60% of genes implicated in human disease have Drosophila orthologues. Developments in RNA-mediated interference and homologous recombination have made 'reverse genetics' feasible in Drosophila. Conventional Drosophila genetics is being used increasingly to place human disease genes of unknown function in the context of functional pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bernards
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
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382
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Wong GB, Mulliken JB, Benacerraf BR. Prenatal sonographic diagnosis of major craniofacial anomalies. Plast Reconstr Surg 2001; 108:1316-33. [PMID: 11604640 DOI: 10.1097/00006534-200110000-00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G B Wong
- Craniofacial Centre and the Division of Plastic Surgery at Children's Hospital, Department of Radiology at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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383
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Stankiewicz P, Thiele H, Baldermann C, Krüger A, Giannakudis I, Dörr S, Werner N, Kunz J, Rappold GA, Hansmann I. Phenotypic findings due to trisomy 7p15.3-pter including the TWIST locus. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2001; 103:56-62. [PMID: 11562935 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We report on a three-month-old boy with a 46,XY,der(Y)t(Y;7)(p11.32;p15.3) karyotype and growth deficiency, postnatal microcephaly with large fontanels, wide sagittal and metopic sutures, hypertelorism, choanal stenosis, micrognathia, bilateral cryptorchidism, hypospadias, abnormal fingers and toes, and severe developmental delay. FISH studies showed partial trisomy 7p resulting from a de novo unbalanced translocation. The application of molecular probes from the TWIST gene region (7p15.3-p21.1) and probes from the pseudoautosomal region (PAR) demonstrated that the 7p15.3-pter fragment was translocated onto Yp with the breakpoint within approximately 20 kb from the Yp telomere. We discuss the possible role of the TWIST gene in abnormal skull development and suggest that trisomy 7p cases with delayed closure of fontanels can be a result of TWIST gene dosage effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Stankiewicz
- Institute of Human Genetics and Medical Biology, University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/S, Germany.
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384
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Browning VL, Chaudhry SS, Planchart A, Dixon MJ, Schimenti JC. Mutations of the mouse Twist and sy (fibrillin 2) genes induced by chemical mutagenesis of ES cells. Genomics 2001; 73:291-8. [PMID: 11350121 DOI: 10.1006/geno.2001.6523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A prior phenotype-based screen of mice derived from ethylmethanesulfonate-mutagenized embryonic stem cells yielded two mouse limb defect mutants. Animals heterozygous for the polydactyly ems (Pde) mutation display preaxial polydactyly of the hindlimbs, and homozygous syndactyly ems (sne) animals are characterized by a fusion of the middle digits of their hindlimbs and sometimes forelimbs. We now report that Pde is a new allele of the basic helix-loop-helix protein gene Twist. Sequencing the full-length cDNA and several hundred basepairs of genomic DNA upstream of the coding region failed to reveal a mutation, suggesting that the lesion may be in a regulatory element of the gene. sne is a new fused phalanges (fp) allele of the shaker-with-syndactylism deletion complex (sy), and we show that the genomic lesion is a small deletion removing an entire exon, coincident with the insertion of the 3' end of a LINE element belonging to the TF subfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Browning
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA
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385
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Baylies MK, Michelson AM. Invertebrate myogenesis: looking back to the future of muscle development. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2001; 11:431-9. [PMID: 11448630 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-437x(00)00214-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies in invertebrates have provided important mechanistic insights into several general aspects of muscle development. Two new genes have been identified that are involved in muscle fusion in Drosophila and a novel maternal component was shown to be responsible for myogenic determination in an ascidian. In addition, genetic analyses of nematode and Drosophila homologues of factors known to be myogenic regulators in other species yielded surprising findings about both the evolutionary conservation and divergence of these functions. Drosophila myogenesis has become a highly informative model for understanding the interplay between the signaling and transcriptional networks that underlie cell-fate specification during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Baylies
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, 10021, New York, NY, USA.
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386
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Saadi I, Semina EV, Amendt BA, Harris DJ, Murphy KP, Murray JC, Russo AF. Identification of a dominant negative homeodomain mutation in Rieger syndrome. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:23034-41. [PMID: 11301317 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m008592200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the PITX2 bicoid-like homeobox gene cause Rieger syndrome. Rieger syndrome is an autosomal-dominant human disorder characterized by glaucoma as well as dental hypoplasia, mild craniofacial dysmorphism, and umbilical stump abnormalities. PITX2 has also been implicated in the development of multiple organs and left-right asymmetry in the body plan. The PITX2 homeodomain has a lysine at position 50, which has been shown to impart the bicoid-type (TAATCC) DNA binding specificity to other homeodomain proteins. A mutation (K88E), found in a Rieger syndrome patient, changes this lysine to glutamic acid. We were intrigued by the relatively pronounced phenotypic consequences of this K88E mutation. In the initial analyses, the mutant protein appeared to simply be inactive, with essentially no DNA binding and transactivation activities and, unlike the wild type protein, with an inability to synergize with another transcription factor, Pit-1. However, when the K88E DNA was cotransfected with wild type PITX2, analogous to the patient genotype, the K88E mutant suppressed the synergism of wild type PITX2 with Pit-1. In contrast, a different PITX2 homeodomain mutant, T68P, which is also defective in DNA binding, transactivation, and Pit-1 synergism activities, did not suppress the wild type synergism with Pit-1. These results describe the first dominant negative missense mutation in a homeodomain and support a model that may partially explain the phenotypic variation within Rieger syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Saadi
- Genetics Program, Departments of Pediatrics, Biochemistry, Biological Sciences, and Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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387
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Reiter LT, Potocki L, Chien S, Gribskov M, Bier E. A systematic analysis of human disease-associated gene sequences in Drosophila melanogaster. Genome Res 2001; 11:1114-25. [PMID: 11381037 PMCID: PMC311089 DOI: 10.1101/gr.169101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 602] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2000] [Accepted: 04/11/2001] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We performed a systematic analysis of 929 human disease gene entries associated with at least one mutant allele in the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database against the recently completed genome sequence of Drosophila melanogaster. The results of this search have been formatted as an updateable and searchable on-line database called Homophila. Our analysis identified 714 distinct human disease genes (77% of disease genes searched) matching 548 unique Drosophila sequences, which we have summarized by disease category. This breakdown into disease classes creates a picture of disease genes that are amenable to study using Drosophila as the model organism. Of the 548 Drosophila genes related to human disease genes, 153 are associated with known mutant alleles and 56 more are tagged by P-element insertions in or near the gene. Examples of how to use the database to identify Drosophila genes related to human disease genes are presented. We anticipate that cross-genomic analysis of human disease genes using the power of Drosophila second-site modifier screens will promote interaction between human and Drosophila research groups, accelerating the understanding of the pathogenesis of human genetic disease. The Homophila database is available at http://homophila.sdsc.edu.
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Affiliation(s)
- L T Reiter
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0349, USA
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388
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Abstract
The head is anatomically the most sophisticated part of the body and its evolution was fundamental to the origin of vertebrates; understanding its development is a formidable problem in biology. A synthesis of embryology, evolution and mouse genetics is shaping our understanding of head development and in this review we discuss its application to studies of human craniofacial malformations. Many of these disorders have their origins in specific embryological processes, including abnormalities of brain patterning, of the migration and fusion of tissues in the face, and of bone differentiation in the skull vault.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Wilkie
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
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389
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Jabs EW. A TWIST in the fate of human osteoblasts identifies signaling molecules involved in skull development. J Clin Invest 2001; 107:1075-7. [PMID: 11342569 PMCID: PMC209287 DOI: 10.1172/jci12853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E W Jabs
- Center for Craniofacial Development and Disorders, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21287-3914, USA.
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390
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Yousfi M, Lasmoles F, Lomri A, Delannoy P, Marie PJ. Increased bone formation and decreased osteocalcin expression induced by reduced Twist dosage in Saethre-Chotzen syndrome. J Clin Invest 2001; 107:1153-61. [PMID: 11342579 PMCID: PMC209280 DOI: 10.1172/jci11846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Saethre-Chotzen syndrome is characterized by premature fusion of cranial sutures resulting from mutations in Twist, a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor. We have identified Twist target genes using human mutant calvaria osteoblastic cells from a child with Saethre-Chotzen syndrome with a Twist mutation that introduces a stop codon upstream of the bHLH domain. We observed that Twist mRNA and protein levels were reduced in mutant cells and that the Twist mutation increased cell growth in mutant osteoblasts compared with control cells. The mutation also caused increased alkaline phosphatase and type I collagen expression independently of cell growth. During in vitro osteogenesis, Twist mutant cells showed increased ability to form alkaline phosphatase-positive bone-like nodular structures associated with increased type I collagen expression. Mutant cells also showed increased collagen synthesis and matrix production when cultured in aggregates, as well as an increased capacity to form a collagenous matrix in vivo when transplanted into nude mice. In contrast, Twist mutant osteoblasts displayed a cell-autonomous reduction of osteocalcin mRNA expression in basal conditions and during osteogenesis. The data show that genetic deletion of Twist causing reduced Twist dosage increases cell growth, collagen expression, and osteogenic capability, but inhibits osteocalcin gene expression. This provides one mechanism that may contribute to the premature cranial ossification induced by deletion of the bHLH Twist domain in Saethre-Chotzen syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yousfi
- Laboratory on Osteoblast Biology and Pathology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 349, Affiliated Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France
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391
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Delhase M, Karin M. The I kappa B kinase: a master regulator of NF-kappa B, innate immunity, and epidermal differentiation. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2001; 64:491-503. [PMID: 11232326 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.1999.64.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Delhase
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0636, USA
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392
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Abstract
Early development of the vertebrate skeleton depends on genes that pattern the distribution and proliferation of cells from cranial neural crest, sclerotomes, and lateral plate mesoderm into mesenchymal condensations at sites of future skeletal elements. Within these condensations, cells differentiate to chondrocytes or osteoblasts and form cartilages and bones under the control of various transcription factors. In most of the skeleton, organogenesis results in cartilage models of future bones; in these models cartilage is replaced by bone by the process of endochondral ossification. Lastly, through a controlled process of bone growth and remodeling the final skeleton is shaped and molded. Significant and exciting insights into all aspects of vertebrate skeletal development have been obtained through molecular and genetic studies of animal models and humans with inherited disorders of skeletal morphogenesis, organogenesis, and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Olsen
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Cell Biology, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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393
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El Ghouzzi V, Legeai-Mallet L, Benoist-Lasselin C, Lajeunie E, Renier D, Munnich A, Bonaventure J. Mutations in the basic domain and the loop-helix II junction of TWIST abolish DNA binding in Saethre-Chotzen syndrome. FEBS Lett 2001; 492:112-8. [PMID: 11248247 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(01)02238-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Saethre-Chotzen syndrome is an autosomal dominant skull disorder resulting from premature fusion of coronal sutures (craniosynostosis). It is caused by mutations in the TWIST gene encoding a basic Helix-Loop-Helix transcription factor. Here we report on the identification of a novel mutation affecting a highly conserved residue of the basic domain. Unlike nonsense and missense mutations lying within helices, this mutation does not affect protein stability or heterodimerisation of TWIST with its partner E12. However, it does abolish TWIST binding capacity to a target E-box as efficiently as two missense mutations in the loop-helix II junction. By contrast, elongation of the loop through a 7 amino acid insertion appears not to hamper binding to the DNA target. We conclude that loss of TWIST protein function in Saethre-Chotzen patients can occur at three different levels, namely protein stability, dimerisation, and DNA binding and that the loop-helix II junction is essential for effective protein-DNA interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- V El Ghouzzi
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l'Enfant, INSERM U-393, Institut Necker, 149 rue de Sèvres, Paris, France
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394
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McCarthy TL, Ji C, Centrella M. Links among growth factors, hormones, and nuclear factors with essential roles in bone formation. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ORAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORAL BIOLOGISTS 2001; 11:409-22. [PMID: 11132763 DOI: 10.1177/10454411000110040201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Research performed during the last several years implicates important roles for a variety of growth factors that affect osteoblasts or their precursors during bone development, remodeling, or repair. Of these, three families of growth factors in particular-the transforming growth factor betas (TGF-betas), insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)-are considered to be principal local regulators of osteogenesis, although none is specific for cells of the osteoblast lineage. Therefore, mechanisms to induce skeletal tissue specificity might occur through interactions among these growth factors, with circulating hormones, or through specific intracellular mediators. In the latter case, even more recent studies point to two nuclear transcription factors, termed Core Binding Factor a1 (CBFa1) and CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Protein delta (C/EBPdelta), as significant regulators of the expression or activity of specific bone growth factors or their receptors. Perhaps more importantly, events that link these growth factors to nuclear proteins occur in response to glucocorticoids, sex steroids, parathyroid hormone (PTH), or prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which themselves have well-known effects on bone biology. In this review, we discuss the situations and processes that initially suggested growth-factor- and hormone-specific interactions on cells within the osteoblast lineage, and present evidence for roles that CBFa1 and C/EBPdelta have on osteoblast function. Finally, we offer examples for how these factors integrate events that are associated with various aspects of bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L McCarthy
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8041, USA
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395
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Gripp KW, Kasparcova V, McDonald-McGinn DM, Bhatt S, Bartlett SP, Storm AL, Drumheller TC, Emanuel BS, Zackai EH, Stolle CA. A diagnostic approach to identifying submicroscopic 7p21 deletions in Saethre-Chotzen syndrome: fluorescence in situ hybridization and dosage-sensitive Southern blot analysis. Genet Med 2001; 3:102-8. [PMID: 11280946 DOI: 10.1097/00125817-200103000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To report on the use of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and dosage-sensitive Southern blot analysis in the molecular diagnosis of patients with Saethre-Chotzen syndrome. METHODS FISH and dosage-sensitive Southern blot analysis utilizing TWIST gene probes were performed on patients with Saethre-Chotzen syndrome but without an identifiable TWIST sequence variation. RESULTS Four unrelated patients with a deletion of the TWIST gene were identified by Southern blot; one of them had a complex chromosomal rearrangement involving 7p21 and no apparent deletion by FISH, suggesting a smaller deletion in the region including the TWIST gene. A fifth patient had an abnormal TWIST gene fragment on Southern blot analysis that segregated with the disease in the family; FISH was normal in this patient, suggesting a partial deletion or rearrangement in or near the gene. CONCLUSION FISH and dosage-sensitive Southern blot analysis are useful diagnostic tools in Saethre-Chotzen syndrome without TWIST sequence variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Gripp
- Division of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Abramson BLDG 1002, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 34th & Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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396
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Warren SM, Greenwald JA, Spector JA, Bouletreau P, Mehrara BJ, Longaker MT. New developments in cranial suture research. Plast Reconstr Surg 2001; 107:523-40. [PMID: 11214072 DOI: 10.1097/00006534-200102000-00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S M Warren
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Calif 94305-5148, USA
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397
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Abstract
The human SNAIL is an important developmental protein involved in the formation of mesoderm and neural crest. The protein contains three classic and one atypical zinc-finger motif. The SNAI1 gene is composed of three exons. We have identified three SNPs in non-coding regions, two in the 5'UTR and one in intron 1, which can be detected by PCR followed by restriction enzyme digestion. We also identified a GGG/GGGG polymorphism in intron 1. We screened CEPH DNAs for these polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Okajima
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Craniofacial Development and Disorders, and McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287-3914, USA
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398
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Orestes-Cardoso SM, Nefussi JR, Hotton D, Mesbah M, Orestes-Cardoso MD, Robert B, Berdal A. Postnatal Msx1 expression pattern in craniofacial, axial, and appendicular skeleton of transgenic mice from the first week until the second year. Dev Dyn 2001; 221:1-13. [PMID: 11357189 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.1120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypes associated with Msx1 mutations have established the prominent role of this divergent homeogene in skeletal patterning. Previous studies have been achieved during antenatal development in relation with the early death of null mutant mice. Therefore, the present study is devoted to Msx1 homeogene in the postnatal craniofacial, axial, and appendicular skeleton. A knock-in transgenic mouse line was studied from the first postnatal week until 15 months. Whole-mount beta-galactosidase enzymology identified Msx1 protein expression pattern. Maintained expression of Msx1 was observed in growing and adult mice, specifically in the sites where Msx1 plays an early morphogenetic role during initial skeletal patterning. These included the craniofacial sutures, autopodium, mandible, and alveolar bone. Furthermore, active membranous and endochondral bone formation involved Msx1 in the entire skeleton. Histologic sections showed that progenitor as well as differentiating and differentiated cells of all the bone cell lineages could express the Msx1 protein (chondrocytes, osteoblasts, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase positive osteoclasts and chondroclasts). Recent developments in the genetic and developmental biology of skeletal morphogenesis demonstrate that genes critical for development are jointly expressed in discrete embryonic signalling and growth centers, the enamel knot in teeth, the cranial suture in skull morphogenesis, and the progress zone in the limb buds. The present study suggests that these signalling pathways are jointly important throughout the entire lifetime with an exquisite site-specificity spatially related to early patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Orestes-Cardoso
- Laboratoire de Biologie Odontologie, EA 2380, Université Paris 7, IFR 58, Institut Biomédical des Cordeliers, Esc. E-2è ét., Paris, France.
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399
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Abstract
This review describes the evolutionary history of the mammalian skull vault as a basis for understanding its complex structure. Current information on the developmental tissue origins of the skull vault bones (mesoderm and neural crest) is assessed for mammals and other tetrapods. This information is discussed in the context of evolutionary changes in the proportions of the skull vault bones at the sarcopterygian-tetrapod transition. The dual tissue origin of the skull vault is considered in relation to the molecular mechanisms underlying osteogenic cell proliferation and differentiation in the sutural growth centres and in the proportionate contributions of different sutures to skull growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Morriss-Kay
- Department of Human Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, UK.
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400
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Priolo M, De Toni T, Baffico M, Cama A, Seri M, Cusano R, Costabello L, Fondelli P, Capra V, Silengo M, Ravazzolo R, Lerone M. Fontaine-farriaux craniosynostosis: Second report in the literature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1096-8628(20010501)100:3<214::aid-ajmg1246>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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