351
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Song Y, Liu X, Ren D, Liang H, Wang L, Hu Q, Cui H, Xu H, Wang J, Zhao C, Zuo X, Xu GL, Amine K, He X. Simultaneously Blocking Chemical Crosstalk and Internal Short Circuit via Gel-Stretching Derived Nanoporous Non-Shrinkage Separator for Safe Lithium-Ion Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2106335. [PMID: 34617339 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202106335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The separator, an ionic permeable and electronic insulating membrane between cathode and anode, plays a crucial role in the electrochemical and safety performance of batteries. However, commercial polyolefin separators not only suffer from inevitable thermal shrinkage at elevated temperature, but also fail to inhibit the hidden chemical crosstalk of reactive gases such as O2 , leading to often reported thermal runaway (TR) and hence preventing large-scale implementation of high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries. Herein, a nanoporous non-shrinkage separator (GS-PI) is fabricated via a novel gel-stretching orientation approach to eliminate TR. In situ synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering during heating clearly shows that the as-prepared thin GS-PI separator exhibits superior mechanical tolerance at high temperature, thus effectively preventing internal short circuit. Meanwhile, the unique nanoporous structure design further blocks chemical crosstalk and the associated exothermic reactions. Accelerating rate calorimetry tests reveal that the practical 1 Ah LiNi0.6 Co0.2 Mn0.2 O2 (NCM622)/graphite pouch cell using GS-PI nanoporous separator show a maximum temperature rise (dT/dtmax ) of only 3.7 °C s-1 compared to 131.6 °C s-1 in the case of Al2 O3 @PE macroporous separator. Moreover, despite the reduced pore size, the GS-PI separator demonstrates better cycling stability than conventional Al2 O3 @PE separator at high temperature without sacrificing specific capacity and rate capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youzhi Song
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Dongsheng Ren
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hongmei Liang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qiao Hu
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hao Cui
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jianlong Wang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Xiaobing Zuo
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Gui-Liang Xu
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Khalil Amine
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiangming He
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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352
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Martynková GS, Kratošová G, Brožová S, Sathish SK. Recyclability, circular economy, and environmental aspects of lithium–sulfur batteries. LITHIUM-SULFUR BATTERIES 2022:653-672. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-91934-0.00006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
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353
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The Influence of Temperature on the Capacity of Lithium Ion Batteries with Different Anodes. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en15010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Temperature is considered to be an important indicator that affects the capacity of a lithium ion batteries. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the relationship between the capacity and temperature of lithium ion batteries with different anodes. In this study, the single battery is used as the research object to simulate the temperature environment during the actual use of the power battery, and conduct a charge and discharge comparison test for lithium iron phosphate battery, lithium manganate battery and lithium cobalt oxide battery. In the test of capacity characteristics of lithium ion batteries of three different cathode materials at different temperatures, the optimal operating temperature range of the lithium ion battery is extracted from the discharge efficiencies obtained. According to the research results, the discharge capacity of a lithium ion battery can be approximated by a cubic polynomial of temperature. The optimal operating temperature of lithium ion battery is 20–50 °C within 1 s, as time increases, the direct current (DC) internal resistance of the battery increases and the slope becomes smaller. Between 1 s and 10 s, the DC internal resistance of the battery basically shows a linear relationship with time. In the charge and discharge process, when state of charge (SOC) 0% and SOC 100%, the internal resistance of the battery is the largest. The SOC has the greatest impact on the polarization internal resistance, and the smallest impact on the ohmic internal resistance.
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354
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Nirschl H, Winkler M, Sinn T, Menesklou P. Autonomous Processes in Particle Technology. CHEM-ING-TECH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202100059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Nirschl
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Institut für Mechanische Verfahrenstechnik und Mechanik Strasse am Forum 8 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Marvin Winkler
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Institut für Mechanische Verfahrenstechnik und Mechanik Strasse am Forum 8 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Tabea Sinn
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Institut für Mechanische Verfahrenstechnik und Mechanik Strasse am Forum 8 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Philipp Menesklou
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Institut für Mechanische Verfahrenstechnik und Mechanik Strasse am Forum 8 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
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355
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Abstract
The increasing demand for Li-ion batteries for electric vehicles sheds light upon the Co supply chain. The metal is crucial to the cathode of these batteries, and the leading global producer is the D.R. Congo (70%). For this reason, it is considered critical/strategic due to the risk of interruption of supply in the short and medium term. Due to the increasing consumption for the transportation market, the batteries might be considered a secondary source of Co. The outstanding amount of spent batteries makes them to a core of urban mining warranting special attention. Greener technologies for Co recovery are necessary to achieve sustainable development. As a result of these sourcing challenges, this study is devoted to reviewing the techniques for Co recovery, such as acid leaching (inorganic and organic), separation (solvent extraction, ion exchange resins, and precipitation), and emerging technologies—ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvent, supercritical fluids, nanotechnology, and biohydrometallurgy. A dearth of research in emerging technologies for Co recovery from Li-ion batteries is discussed throughout the manuscript within a broader overview. The study is strictly connected to the Sustainability Development Goals (SDG) number 7, 8, 9, and 12.
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356
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Zheng Y, Zhang R, Vanaphuti P, Liu Y, Yang Z, Wang Y. Positive Role of Fluorine Impurity in Recovered LiNi 0.6Co 0.2Mn 0.2O 2 Cathode Materials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:57171-57181. [PMID: 34798774 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c17341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-ion battery (LIB) recycling is considered as an important component to enable industry sustainability. A massive number of LIBs in portable electronics, electric vehicles, and grid storage will eventually end up as wastes, leading to serious economic and environmental problems. Hence, tremendous efforts have been made to improve the hydrometallurgical recycling process because it is the most promising option for handling end-of-life LIBs owing to its wide applicability, low cost, and high productivity. Despite these advantages, some extra elements (Al, Fe, C, F, and so forth) remain as impurities in the removal process and are retained in the solution, which is a great challenge to obtain high-quality cathode materials. In this work, the impacts caused by fluorine impurity on the LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 (NCM622) cathode are intensively investigated via hydrometallurgical coprecipitation for the first time. Our results show that up to 1 at. % fluorine impurity brings a positive influence on the recovered material due to a higher Ni2+ ratio on the surface of cathode particles. In addition, the presence of fluoride ions during coprecipitation could lead to the formation of holes in cathode particles, which improves the rate capability and cyclability dramatically. Compared to the virgin material, the capacity of the NCM622 material with 0.2 at. % fluorine impurity is boosted by ∼8% (167.7 mA h/g) with a remarkable capacity retention of 98.0% after 100 cycles at 0.33 C. Besides, the cathode with 0.2 at. % fluorine impurity shows a far better rate performance, especially at high rates (∼7% increased at 5 C) than that of virgin. These results convince that a low concentration of fluorine impurity is desirable in the hydrometallurgical recycling process. More importantly, this study offers implications in the design of high-performance NCM622 cathode materials via coprecipitation production with ion doping in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, United States
| | - Ruihan Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, United States
| | - Panawan Vanaphuti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, United States
| | - Yangtao Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, United States
| | - Zhenzhen Yang
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, United States
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357
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Miatto A, Wolfram P, Reck BK, Graedel TE. Uncertain Future of American Lithium: A Perspective until 2050. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:16184-16194. [PMID: 34807590 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
During the 20th century, the United States went from being the largest producer and user of lithium to being heavily reliant on imports from Asia, particularly lithium-ion batteries. To explore different futures for U.S. lithium, we here generate four scenarios─including COVID-19 implications─that model lithium use for its main applications: electric and hybrid vehicles, stationary energy storage systems, and small electronics. We find that the "Sustainable Future" scenario requires the highest amount of lithium (cumulatively 1281 Gg in the period 2020-2050, peak inflow in 2040 at 53 Gg); in contrast, "Fossil Fuel Everything" requires only 500 Gg and peaks in 2050 at 26 Gg. COVID-19 implications appear to be negligible in the long run. The future electrification of the U.S. vehicle fleet and energy storage systems will depend upon a reliable and resilient international supply chain of lithium chemicals and/or batteries as well as vigorous recycling efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Miatto
- School of the Environment, Yale University, 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Paul Wolfram
- School of the Environment, Yale University, 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Barbara K Reck
- School of the Environment, Yale University, 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Thomas E Graedel
- School of the Environment, Yale University, 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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358
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Hetero-Element-Doped Molybdenum Oxide Materials for Energy Storage Systems. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11123302. [PMID: 34947651 PMCID: PMC8703976 DOI: 10.3390/nano11123302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In order to meet the growing demand for the electronics market, many new materials have been studied to replace traditional electrode materials for energy storage systems. Molybdenum oxide materials are electrode materials with higher theoretical capacity than graphene, which was originally used as anode electrodes for lithium-ion batteries. In subsequent studies, they have a wider application in the field of energy storage, such as being used as cathodes or anodes for other ion batteries (sodium-ion batteries, potassium-ion batteries, etc.), and electrode materials for supercapacitors. However, molybdenum oxide materials have serious volume expansion concerns and irreversible capacity dropping during the cycles. To solve these problems, doping with different elements has become a suitable option, being an effective method that can change the crystal structure of the materials and improve the performances. Therefore, there are many research studies on metal element doping or non-metal doping molybdenum oxides. This paper summarizes the recent research on the application of hetero-element-doped molybdenum oxides in the field of energy storage, and it also provides some brief analysis and insights.
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359
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Ren J, Wang Z, Xu P, Wang C, Gao F, Zhao D, Liu S, Yang H, Wang D, Niu C, Zhu Y, Wu Y, Liu X, Wang Z, Zhang Y. Porous Co 2VO 4 Nanodisk as a High-Energy and Fast-Charging Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2021; 14:5. [PMID: 34859315 PMCID: PMC8639887 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-021-00758-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The Li+ diffusion coefficient of Co2VO4 is evaluated by theoretical calculation to be as high as 3.15 × 10–10 cm2 s−1, theoretically proving Co2VO4 a promising anode in fast-charging lithium-ion batteries. A hexagonal porous Co2VO4 nanodisk (PCVO ND) structure is designed, featuring a high specific surface area of 74.57 m2 g−1 and numerous pores with a pore size of 14 nm. The PCVO ND shows excellent fast-charging performance (a high average capacity of 344.3 mAh g−1 at 10 C for 1000 cycles with only 0.024% capacity loss per cycle for 1000 cycles).
High-energy–density lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) that can be safely fast-charged are desirable for electric vehicles. However, sub-optimal lithiation potential and low capacity of commonly used LIBs anode cause safety issues and low energy density. Here we hypothesize that a cobalt vanadate oxide, Co2VO4, can be attractive anode material for fast-charging LIBs due to its high capacity (~ 1000 mAh g−1) and safe lithiation potential (~ 0.65 V vs. Li+/Li). The Li+ diffusion coefficient of Co2VO4 is evaluated by theoretical calculation to be as high as 3.15 × 10–10 cm2 s−1, proving Co2VO4 a promising anode in fast-charging LIBs. A hexagonal porous Co2VO4 nanodisk (PCVO ND) structure is designed accordingly, featuring a high specific surface area of 74.57 m2 g−1 and numerous pores with a pore size of 14 nm. This unique structure succeeds in enhancing Li+ and electron transfer, leading to superior fast-charging performance than current commercial anodes. As a result, the PCVO ND shows a high initial reversible capacity of 911.0 mAh g−1 at 0.4 C, excellent fast-charging capacity (344.3 mAh g−1 at 10 C for 1000 cycles), outstanding long-term cycling stability (only 0.024% capacity loss per cycle at 10 C for 1000 cycles), confirming the commercial feasibility of PCVO ND in fast-charging LIBs.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Ren
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Center of Nanomaterials for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, School of Electrical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710054 People’s Republic of China
- Department of Computational Materials Design, Max-Planck-Insitut Für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peng Xu
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
| | - Cong Wang
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Gao
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
| | - Decheng Zhao
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shupei Liu
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
| | - Han Yang
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
| | - Di Wang
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunming Niu
- Center of Nanomaterials for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, School of Electrical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710054 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yusong Zhu
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yutong Wu
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiang Liu
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhoulu Wang
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
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360
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Abstract
The article provides an overview and comparative analysis of various types of batteries, including the most modern type—lithium-ion batteries. Currently, lithium-ion batteries (LIB) are widely used in electrical complexes and systems, including as a traction battery for electric vehicles. Increasing the service life of the storage devices used today is an important scientific and technical problem due to their rapid wear and tear and high cost. This article discusses the main approaches and methods for researching the LIB resource. First of all, a detailed analysis of the causes of degradation was carried out and the processes occurring in lithium-ion batteries during charging, discharging, resting and difficult operating conditions were established. Then, the main factors influencing the service life are determined: charging and discharging currents, self-discharge current, temperature, number of cycles, discharge depth, operating range of charge level, etc. when simulating a real motion process. The work considers the battery management systems (BMS) that take into account and compensate for the influence of the factors considered. In the conclusion, the positive and negative characteristics of the presented methods of scientific research of the residual life of LIB are given and recommendations are given for the choice of practical solutions to engineers and designers of batteries. The work also analyzed various operating cycles of electric transport, including heavy forced modes, extreme operating modes (when the amount of discharge and discharge of batteries is greater than the nominal value) and their effect on the degradation of lithium-ion batteries.
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361
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Development of heterogeneous equilibrium model for lithium solvent extraction using organophosphinic acid. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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362
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Li X, Cheng H, Hu H, Pan K, Yuan T, Xia W. Recent advances of vanadium-based cathode materials for zinc-ion batteries. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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363
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Liu R, Yuan B, Zhong S, Liu J, Dong L, Ji Y, Dong Y, Yang C, He W. Poly(vinylidene fluoride) separators for next‐generation lithium based batteries. NANO SELECT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202100118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Liu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin China
| | - Botao Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments and Center for Composite Materials and Structures Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin China
| | - Shijie Zhong
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments and Center for Composite Materials and Structures Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin China
| | - Jipeng Liu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin China
| | - Liwei Dong
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin China
| | - Yuanpeng Ji
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin China
| | - Yunfa Dong
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments and Center for Composite Materials and Structures Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin China
| | - Chunhui Yang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin China
| | - Weidong He
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments and Center for Composite Materials and Structures Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin China
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364
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Recycling the cathode materials of spent Li-ion batteries in a H-Shaped neutral water electrolysis cell. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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365
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Qiu X, Tian Y, Deng W, Li F, Hu J, Deng W, Chen J, Zou G, Hou H, Yang Y, Sun W, Hu Y, Ji X. Coupling regeneration strategy of lithium-ion electrode materials turned with naphthalenedisulfonic acid. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 136:1-10. [PMID: 34627101 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The resource exhaustion and environmental assessment driven by sustainable development make recycle of spent LIBs urgent to be achieved. However, the conventional recycling processes are quite complicated in terms of the tedious steps and secondary contamination. In this paper, hydrosoluble naphthalenedisulfonic acid is firstly proposed to selectively extract valuable metals (Co and Li) for the regeneration of battery materials. Lithium is selectively recovered as lithium enriched solution with a high yield of 99%, while 96.6% cobalt remains in a complex-precipitate benefited from the high acidity and coordination role of naphthalenedisulfonic acid. The leaching of Li fits well with the logarithmic rate law model with an activation energy of 32.42 kJ/mol. Additionally, the regenerated lithium-ion battery active materials (Co3O4 anode and LiCoO2 cathode) prepared from the cobalt complex-precipitate and lithium-enriched solution exhibit excellent discharged-charged performances and rate capability. This feasible strategy assisted by multifunctional naphthalenedisulfonic acid may offer an alternative option for the simultaneous recovery of Li and Co and the rational resource utilization of spent lithium-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejing Qiu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Ye Tian
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Wentao Deng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Fengrong Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China
| | - Jiugang Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Weina Deng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Applied Environmental Photocatalysis, Changsha 410022, China
| | - Jun Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Guoqiang Zou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Hongshuai Hou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yue Yang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Wei Sun
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yuehua Hu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Xiaobo Ji
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
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366
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Bolan N, Hoang SA, Tanveer M, Wang L, Bolan S, Sooriyakumar P, Robinson B, Wijesekara H, Wijesooriya M, Keerthanan S, Vithanage M, Markert B, Fränzle S, Wünschmann S, Sarkar B, Vinu A, Kirkham MB, Siddique KHM, Rinklebe J. From mine to mind and mobiles - Lithium contamination and its risk management. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:118067. [PMID: 34488156 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
With the ever-increasing demand for lithium (Li) for portable energy storage devices, there is a global concern associated with environmental contamination of Li, via the production, use, and disposal of Li-containing products, including mobile phones and mood-stabilizing drugs. While geogenic Li is sparingly soluble, Li added to soil is one of the most mobile cations in soil, which can leach to groundwater and reach surface water through runoff. Lithium is readily taken up by plants and has relatively high plant accumulation coefficient, albeit the underlying mechanisms have not been well described. Therefore, soil contamination with Li could reach the food chain due to its mobility in surface- and ground-waters and uptake into plants. High environmental Li levels adversely affect the health of humans, animals, and plants. Lithium toxicity can be considerably managed through various remediation approaches such as immobilization using clay-like amendments and/or chelate-enhanced phytoremediation. This review integrates fundamental aspects of Li distribution and behaviour in terrestrial and aquatic environments in an effort to efficiently remediate Li-contaminated ecosystems. As research to date has not provided a clear picture of how the increased production and disposal of Li-based products adversely impact human and ecosystem health, there is an urgent need for further studies on this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanthi Bolan
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6001, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6001, Australia; The Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Son A Hoang
- The Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Division of Urban Infrastructural Engineering, Mien Trung University of Civil Engineering, Phu Yen, 56000, Viet Nam
| | - Mohsin Tanveer
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7005, Australia; State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiv Bolan
- The Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Prasanthi Sooriyakumar
- The Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Brett Robinson
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Hasintha Wijesekara
- Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, P.O. Box 02, Belihuloya, 70140, Sri Lanka
| | - Madhuni Wijesooriya
- Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, P.O. Box 02, Belihuloya, 70140, Sri Lanka
| | - S Keerthanan
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Meththika Vithanage
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Bernd Markert
- Environmental Institute of Scientific Networks (EISN-Institute), Fliederweg 17, D-49733, Haren, Germany
| | - Stefan Fränzle
- IHI Zittau, TU Dresden, Department of Bio- and Environmental Sciences, Zittau, Germany
| | - Simone Wünschmann
- Environmental Institute of Scientific Networks (EISN-Institute), Fliederweg 17, D-49733, Haren, Germany
| | - Binoy Sarkar
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Ajayan Vinu
- The Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - M B Kirkham
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Kadambot H M Siddique
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6001, Australia
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, Institute of Soil Engineering, Waste- and Water Science, Faculty of Architecture und Civil Engineering, Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Germany; Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinformatics, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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367
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Enabling Intelligent Recovery of Critical Materials from Li-Ion Battery through Direct Recycling Process with Internet-of-Things. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14237153. [PMID: 34885314 PMCID: PMC8658619 DOI: 10.3390/ma14237153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The rapid market expansion of Li-ion batteries (LIBs) leads to concerns over the appropriate disposal of hazardous battery waste and the sustainability in the supply of critical materials for LIB production. Technologies and strategies to extend the life of LIBs and reuse the materials have long been sought. Direct recycling is a more effective recycling approach than existing ones with respect to cost, energy consumption, and emissions. This approach has become increasingly more feasible due to digitalization and the adoption of the Internet-of-Things (IoT). To address the question of how IoT could enhance direct recycling of LIBs, we first highlight the importance of direct recycling in tackling the challenges in the supply chain of LIB and discuss the characteristics and application of IoT technologies, which could enhance direct recycling. Finally, we share our perspective on a paradigm where IoT could be integrated into the direct recycling process of LIBs to enhance the efficiency, intelligence, and effectiveness of the recycling process.
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368
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Bao Y, Mehmood K, Yaseen M, Dahlawi S, Abrar MM, Khan MA, Saud S, Dawar K, Fahad S, Faraj TK. Global research on the air quality status in response to the electrification of vehicles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 795:148861. [PMID: 34247076 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Electric vehicles (EVs) can substantially decrease atmospheric pollutant emissions, thereby improving air quality, decreasing global warming, and improving human health. In this study, we performed a comprehensive bibliometric analysis using Web of Science to understand the research developments and future perspectives in EVs between 1974 and 2021. The analysis of indicators such as research trends, publication growth, and keywords revealed that most research in the selected timeframe was focused on applying and optimizing the existing technologies of different types of EVs to decrease air pollution and mortality. The changes in air quality owing to such electrification received special attention, with approximately 441 publications preferably in the English language. Among all the retrieved documents, research articles were most common (n = 295; 66.89% of the global output), dominated by the research domains of environmental sciences, followed by energy fuels and transportation science technology. Journal analysis revealed that Sustainability (n = 19, 4.30%) was the leading journal, followed by Journal of Cleaner Production and Science of the Total Environment. The most frequently used keywords were "electric vehicles," "air quality," and "air pollution." The most highly impactful article was published by Jacobson et al. (2005) in Science, with 620 total citations and 38.82 average annual citations. Furthermore, the United States (n = 118; 26.75% of the global output) had the highest publication rate, followed by China and the United Kingdom. The leading institutions were Tsinghua University (n = 16; 3.62% of the global research output) in China, followed by the University of Michigan and Cornell University in the United States. The current analysis warrants more focus on comprehensive analysis employing transport and chemistry modeling and using the latest technology for long life and sustainable batteries. This study provides a basis for future studies on improving air quality through innovative work in the electrification of vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yansong Bao
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME), Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), CMA Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Khalid Mehmood
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME), Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), CMA Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Muhammad Yaseen
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Saad Dahlawi
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Mohsin Abrar
- College of Resources and Environment, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, China; Engineering and Technology Research Center for Agricultural Land Pollution and Integrated Prevention and Control of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Improving Quality of Arable Land, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Muhammad Ajmal Khan
- Deanship of Library Affairs Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shah Saud
- Department of Horticulture, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin, China
| | - Khadim Dawar
- Department of Soil and Environmental Science, the University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Shah Fahad
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China; Department of Agronomy, University of Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
| | - Turki Kh Faraj
- Prince Sultan Institute for Environmental, Water and Desert Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Soil Science, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
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369
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Aschner M. Neurotoxicology: It cast a big shadow over the last 30 years and there is no sign that the sun is about to set. Neurotoxicology 2021; 88:102-105. [PMID: 34793779 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Forchheimer 209, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, United States.
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370
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Hu Z, Zhu N, Wei X, Zhang S, Li F, Wu P, Chen Y. Efficient separation of aluminum foil from mixed-type spent lithium-ion power batteries. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 298:113500. [PMID: 34388548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The disposal of spent lithium-ion power batteries (LIBs) has become an important research topic owing to the booming market for electric vehicles. However, the recovery efficiency of the alkaline solution and organic solvent methods currently used to separate Al foil from cathode materials still has room for improvement. The insufficient separation of Al foil and complexity of the battery types present obstacles to the extraction of valuable metals using simple processes. In this study, an efficient approach is developed to separate the Al foil in mixed-type spent LIBs (M-LIBs), namely, LiNixCoyMnzO2 (NCM), LiFePO4 (LFP), and LiMn2O4 (LMO) LIBs, by controlled pyrolysis. Hundred percent of the Al foil was recovered at the temperature of 450 °C, holding time of 60 min, and heating rate of 10 °C/min. The purity of Al in the recovered foil was 99.41 %, 99.83 % and 99.92 %, and the recovery efficiency of the active cathode materials was 96.01 %, 99.80 % and 99.15 % for NCM, LFP and LMO, respectively, without the loss of active cathode materials. The obtained active cathode materials exhibited a favorable crystalline structure, and the average particle diameter was reduced from 300.497 to 24.316 μm with a smaller and looser morphology. The process could be well fitted with the Friedman differential equation, and the correlation coefficients were higher than 0.99. The efficient separation could be attributed to the complete rupture of long chain -(CH2CF2)-n bonds in the poly (vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF) binder, which resulted in the formation of HF, trifluorobenzene, alkanes, and gaseous single molecule CH2CF2. Therefore, this work potentially provides an alternative approach for the efficient separation of Al foil in M-LIBs, thereby simplifying the process and achieving lower cost, reduced loss of valuable metals, and higher recovery efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilin Hu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Nengwu Zhu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangdong Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Xiaorong Wei
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Sihai Zhang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Fei Li
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Pingxiao Wu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yijun Chen
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
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371
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Kim K, Raymond D, Candeago R, Su X. Selective cobalt and nickel electrodeposition for lithium-ion battery recycling through integrated electrolyte and interface control. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6554. [PMID: 34772937 PMCID: PMC8590046 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26814-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecularly-selective metal separations are key to sustainable recycling of Li-ion battery electrodes. However, metals with close reduction potentials present a fundamental challenge for selective electrodeposition, especially for critical elements such as cobalt and nickel. Here, we demonstrate the synergistic combination of electrolyte control and interfacial design to achieve molecular selectivity for cobalt and nickel during potential-dependent electrodeposition. Concentrated chloride allows for the speciation control via distinct formation of anionic cobalt chloride complex (CoCl42-), while maintaining nickel in the cationic form ([Ni(H2O)5Cl]+). Furthermore, functionalizing electrodes with a positively charged polyelectrolyte (i.e., poly(diallyldimethylammonium) chloride) changes the mobility of CoCl42- by electrostatic stabilization, which tunes cobalt selectivity depending on the polyelectrolyte loading. This strategy is applied for the multicomponent metal recovery from commercially-sourced lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide electrodes. We report a final purity of 96.4 ± 3.1% and 94.1 ± 2.3% for cobalt and nickel, respectively. Based on a technoeconomic analysis, we identify the limiting costs arising from the background electrolyte, and provide a promising outlook of selective electrodeposition as an efficient separation approach for battery recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwiyong Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Darien Raymond
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Riccardo Candeago
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Xiao Su
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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372
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The Effect of Excessive Sulfate in the Li-Ion Battery Leachate on the Properties of Resynthesized Li[Ni 1/3Co 1/3Mn 1/3]O 2. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14216672. [PMID: 34772198 PMCID: PMC8587202 DOI: 10.3390/ma14216672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In order to examine the effect of excessive sulfate in the leachate of spent Li-ion batteries (LIBs), LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (pristine NCM) and sulfate-containing LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (NCMS) are prepared by a co-precipitation method. The crystal structures, morphology, surface species, and electrochemical performances of both cathode active materials are studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and charge-discharge tests. The XRD patterns and XPS results identify the presence of sulfate groups on the surface of NCMS. While pristine NCM exhibits a very dense surface in SEM images, NCMS has a relatively porous surface, which could be attributed to the sulfate impurities that hinder the growth of primary particles. The charge-discharge tests show that discharge capacities of NCMS at C-rates, which range from 0.1 to 5 C, are slightly decreased compared to pristine NCM. In dQ/dV plots, pristine NCM and NCMS have the same redox overvoltage regardless of discharge C-rates. The omnipresent sulfate due to the sulfuric acid leaching of spent LIBs has a minimal effect on resynthesized NCM cathode active materials as long as their precursors are adequately washed.
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373
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Tao Y, Rahn CD, Archer LA, You F. Second life and recycling: Energy and environmental sustainability perspectives for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabi7633. [PMID: 34739316 PMCID: PMC8570603 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abi7633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Second life and recycling of retired automotive lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have drawn growing attention, as large volumes of LIBs will retire in the coming decade. Here, we illustrate how battery chemistry, use, and recycling can influence the energy and environmental sustainability of LIBs. We find that LIBs with higher specific energy show better life cycle environmental performances, but their environmental benefits from second life application are less pronounced. Direct cathode recycling is found to be the most effective in reducing life cycle environmental impacts, while hydrometallurgical recycling provides limited sustainability benefits for high-performance LIBs. Battery design with less aluminum and alternative anode materials, such as silicon-based anode, could enable more sustainable LIB recycling. Compared to directly recycling LIBs after their electric vehicle use, carbon footprint and energy use of LIBs recycled after their second life can be reduced by 8 to 17% and 2 to 6%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiu Tao
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Christopher D. Rahn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Lynden A. Archer
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Fengqi You
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Corresponding author.
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374
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Liang F, Wu D, Jiang L, Zhang Z, Zhang W, Rui Y, Tang B, Liu F. Layered Niobium Oxide Hydrate Anode with Excellent Performance for Lithium-Ion Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:51057-51065. [PMID: 34672534 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Benefiting from the advantages of cost-effectiveness and sustainability, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are recognized as a next-generation energy technology with great development potential. Herein, niobium oxide hydrate (H3ONb3O8) synthesized by a facile and inexpensive solvothermal method is proposed as the anode of LIBs. It is a layered two-dimensional material composed of negatively charged two-dimensional lamellae and positively charged interlayer hydronium ions. The former consist of NbO6 octahedral units connected by bridging oxygen. Because of the mutual effect of hydronium ions and niobium oxide quantum dots, niobium oxide hydrate exhibits excellent electrochemical activity when used as an anode material. This compound is first applied to lithium-ion batteries, obtaining a high specific capacity (1232 mAh g-1) at 100 mA g-1 and maintaining an outstanding performance after 200 cycles. Therefore, this work not only proposes a simple preparation method of niobium oxide hydrate but also expands the variety of high-performance anode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghao Liang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Daoning Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Lei Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Yichuan Rui
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Bohejin Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Fengjiao Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
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375
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Glöser‐Chahoud S, Huster S, Rosenberg S, Schultmann F. Rücklaufmengen und Verwertungswege von Altbatterien aus Elektromobilen in Deutschland. CHEM-ING-TECH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202100112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Glöser‐Chahoud
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Institut für Industriebetriebslehre und Industrielle Produktion (IIP) Hertzstraße 16 76187 Karlsruhe Deutschland
| | - Sandra Huster
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Institut für Industriebetriebslehre und Industrielle Produktion (IIP) Hertzstraße 16 76187 Karlsruhe Deutschland
| | - Sonja Rosenberg
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Institut für Industriebetriebslehre und Industrielle Produktion (IIP) Hertzstraße 16 76187 Karlsruhe Deutschland
| | - Frank Schultmann
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Institut für Industriebetriebslehre und Industrielle Produktion (IIP) Hertzstraße 16 76187 Karlsruhe Deutschland
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376
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Zhao H, Li M, Fang Z, Su Q. A novel type of alkaline water-based derivative rechargeable bromine-based battery with the two-dimensional material MoS2 nano-flowers. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2021.108873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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377
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Computational comparison of oxidation stability: Sulfones vs. fluorinated sulfones. Chem Phys 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2021.111328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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378
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Yi C, Zhou L, Wu X, Sun W, Yi L, Yang Y. Technology for recycling and regenerating graphite from spent lithium-ion batteries. Chin J Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2021.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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379
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380
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Shen L, Li Y, Roy S, Yin X, Liu W, Shi S, Wang X, Yin X, Zhang J, Zhao Y. A robust carbon coating of Na3V2(PO4)3 cathode material for high performance sodium-ion batteries. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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381
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Zhu X, Yue H, Sun W, Zhang L, Cui Q, Wang H. Study on adsorption extraction process of lithium ion from West Taijinar brine by shaped titanium-based lithium ion sieves. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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382
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Jiang S, Zhang L, Hua H, Liu X, Wu H, Yuan Z. Assessment of end-of-life electric vehicle batteries in China: Future scenarios and economic benefits. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 135:70-78. [PMID: 34478950 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A better understanding of the waste of end-of-life batteries from electric vehicles (EVs) is a basis for their sustainable management. This study aims to estimate the waste of end-of-life EV batteries during 2006-2040 in China and to analyze the opportunities and challenges of subsequent utilization, based on a developed numerical model, real market data, and elaborately developed scenarios. The result shows that end-of-life batteries would increase from 0.1 to 7.8 thousand tons during 2012-2018, and then to 1500-3300 thousand tons in 2040. Of the waste streams, around 50% are estimated to be metal materials, representing great opportunities for battery recycling for material recovery. Economically, battery recycling for energy storage is estimated to create more economic benefits compared with that for material recovery solely (147.8 versus 76.9 billion US dollars). However, the supply of end-of-life batteries can hardly meet the demand for renewable energy storage in the near future, and a spatial mismatch of the supply and demand of energy storage capacity exists between the eastern and western regions in China. Accordingly, this study highlights national coordination for the rational layout of the collection, disassembly, and remanufacture facilities for the second use of end-of-life EV batteries in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songyan Jiang
- School of Management Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, PR China
| | - Ling Zhang
- College of Economics and Management, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Hui Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Xuewei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Huijun Wu
- School of Earth and Environment, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, PR China
| | - Zengwei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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383
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Qiu C, Li M, Qiu D, Yue C, Xian L, Liu S, Wang F, Yang R. Ultra-High Sulfur-Doped Hierarchical Porous Hollow Carbon Sphere Anodes Enabling Unprecedented Durable Potassium-Ion Hybrid Capacitors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:49942-49951. [PMID: 34643371 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c14314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur doping is a promising path to ameliorate the kinetics of carbon-based anodes. However, the similar electronegativity of sulfur and carbon and the poor thermal stability of sulfur severely restrict the development of high-sulfur-content carbon-based anodes. In this work, ultra-high sulfur-doped hierarchical porous hollow carbon spheres (SHCS) with a sulfur content of 6.8 at % are synthesized via a direct high-temperature sulfur-doping strategy. An SHCS has sulfur bonded to the carbon framework including C-S-C and C-SOx-C, which enlarges its interlayer distance (0.411 nm). In the K half-cell, benefiting from the considerable content and the reasonable architecture of sulfur, the SHCS exhibits significantly improved reversible specific capacity, initial Coulombic efficiency, and cyclability than hierarchical porous hollow carbon spheres without sulfur. Remarkably, the potassium ion hybrid capacitor device fabricated with the SHCS anode achieves excellent energy/power density (135.6 W h kg-1/17.7 kW kg-1) and unprecedented durability over 26,000 cycles at 2 A g-1. This research provides a superior strategy to design high-sulfur-content carbon-based anodes with excellent potassium storage performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Daping Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Cheng Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Liying Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shiqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ru Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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384
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Li J, Fleetwood J, Hawley WB, Kays W. From Materials to Cell: State-of-the-Art and Prospective Technologies for Lithium-Ion Battery Electrode Processing. Chem Rev 2021; 122:903-956. [PMID: 34705441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Electrode processing plays an important role in advancing lithium-ion battery technologies and has a significant impact on cell energy density, manufacturing cost, and throughput. Compared to the extensive research on materials development, however, there has been much less effort in this area. In this Review, we outline each step in the electrode processing of lithium-ion batteries from materials to cell assembly, summarize the recent progress in individual steps, deconvolute the interplays between those steps, discuss the underlying constraints, and share some prospective technologies. This Review aims to provide an overview of the whole process in lithium-ion battery fabrication from powder to cell formation and bridge the gap between academic development and industrial manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Li
- Electrification and Energy Infrastructures Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - James Fleetwood
- Battery Innovation Center, 7970 S. Energy Drive, Newberry, Indiana 47449, United States
| | - W Blake Hawley
- Electrification and Energy Infrastructures Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States.,Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - William Kays
- RW Baron Process Equipment, Inc., 381B Allen Street, Amherst, Wisconsin 54406, United States
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385
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A Flexible, Fireproof, Composite Polymer Electrolyte Reinforced by Electrospun Polyimide for Room-Temperature Solid-State Batteries. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13213622. [PMID: 34771178 PMCID: PMC8588480 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid-state batteries (SSBs) have attracted considerable attention for high-energy-density and high-safety energy storage devices. Many efforts have focused on the thin solid-state-electrolyte (SSE) films with high room-temperature ionic conductivity, flexibility, and mechanical strength. Here, we report a composite polymer electrolyte (CPE) reinforced by electrospun PI nanofiber film, combining with succinonitrile-based solid composite electrolyte. In situ photo-polymerization method is used for the preparation of the CPE. This CPE, with a thickness around 32.5 μm, shows a high ionic conductivity of 2.64 × 10−4 S cm−1 at room temperature. It is also fireproof and mechanically strong, showing great promise for an SSB device with high energy density and high safety.
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386
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Kim J, Park S, Hwang S, Yoon WS. Principles and Applications of Galvanostatic Intermittent Titration Technique for Lithium-ion Batteries. J ELECTROCHEM SCI TE 2021. [DOI: 10.33961/jecst.2021.00836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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387
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Ahn EG, Yang JH, Lee JH. Mg 3Si 3(MoO 6) 2 as a High-Performance Cathode Active Material for Magnesium-Ion Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:47749-47755. [PMID: 34582182 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c16896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The natural abundance of magnesium together with its high volumetric energy capacity and less-dendritic anodes makes Mg-ion batteries an appealing alternative to the widely used Li-ion batteries. However, Mg cathode materials under current investigation suffer from various shortcomings such as low operation voltage and high energy barrier for ion migration, resulting in poor battery performance. Here, we propose a garnet-type intercalation cathode active material, Mg3Si3(MoO6)2, for high-performance Mg-ion batteries. Through first-principles density functional theory calculations, it is demonstrated that Mg3Si3(MoO6)2 possesses a high average discharge voltage (2.35 V vs Mg/Mg2+), a low ion migration barrier (∼0.2 eV), and a minimal volume change (∼4%) concurrently, which comprises excellent intercalation cathode chemistry. The small energy barrier for ion migration is shown to arise from the favorable change in the Mg coordination along the migration route within the garnet host. These findings present an additional direction to develop competent Mg-ion batteries for future energy storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Gong Ahn
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hoon Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Hyoung Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
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388
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Martins LS, Guimarães LF, Botelho Junior AB, Tenório JAS, Espinosa DCR. Electric car battery: An overview on global demand, recycling and future approaches towards sustainability. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 295:113091. [PMID: 34171777 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Li-ion batteries are daily present in our electronic devices. These batteries are used in electric and hybrid vehicles supporting the current agreements to decrease greenhouse gas emissions. As a result, the electric vehicle demand has increased in the world. As Li-ion batteries are composed of critical metals in which there is a risk of interruption of supply in the medium term, recycling is the key to a sustainable future without internal combustion vehicles. Understanding the current scenario and future perspectives is important for strategies of new battery design, recycling routes and reverse logistics, as well as policies for sustainable development. This paper presents an overview of current and future vehicles used worldwide. An increase from 1.3 to 2 billion vehicles is expected worldwide until 2030; an outstanding demand will occur mainly in BRICS countries. The data demonstrated a correlation between the number of vehicles in use and GDP. Patents and processes designed for recycling Li-ion batteries and the new developments on pyro-, hydro-, and bio-metallurgical routes have been revised. The manuscript describes the importance and benefits of recycling as regards the supply of critical metals and future trends towards a circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia Salles Martins
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnic School of the University of Sao Paulo. Rua do Lago, 250 - 2° andar, CEP, 05508-080, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas Fonseca Guimarães
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnic School of the University of Sao Paulo. Rua do Lago, 250 - 2° andar, CEP, 05508-080, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Amilton Barbosa Botelho Junior
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnic School of the University of Sao Paulo. Rua do Lago, 250 - 2° andar, CEP, 05508-080, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Jorge Alberto Soares Tenório
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnic School of the University of Sao Paulo. Rua do Lago, 250 - 2° andar, CEP, 05508-080, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Denise Crocce Romano Espinosa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnic School of the University of Sao Paulo. Rua do Lago, 250 - 2° andar, CEP, 05508-080, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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389
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Fan E, Lin J, Zhang X, Chen R, Wu F, Li L. Resolving the Structural Defects of Spent Li 1- x CoO 2 Particles to Directly Reconstruct High Voltage Performance Cathode for Lithium-Ion Batteries. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2100672. [PMID: 34927937 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Effective and scalable recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries is an urgent need to address the environmental pollution and resource consumption caused by improper disposal. Herein, a practical solution is presented to recover and increase the stability of the layered structure from scrap Li1- x CoO2 via high-temperature supplementation of Li and Mg doping, without an extra synthesis step or cost. All the regenerated products exhibit better electrochemical performance compared with the commercial cathode material. Within the voltage window of 3.0-4.6 V, 5% Mg-recovery LiCoO2 (LMCO) exhibits a high discharge capacity of 202.9 mA h g-1 at 0.2 C, and 3% Mg-recovery LiCoO2 shows enhanced capacity retention of 99.5% at 0.2 C after 50 cycles and maintains 96.8% at 1 C after 100 cycles. This is because high-temperature supplementing metal ions is beneficial for eliminating the cracks and nano-impurity particles on the surface of spent materials, thereby restoring the layered structure and electrochemical performance. The excellent electrochemical performances of Mg-recovery LiCoO2 are attributed to Mg ions doping, which can inhibit the release of lattice oxygen and stabilize the surface structure. This process maximizes the utilization of the spent materials and provides a novel perspective for the non-constructive recovery of spent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ersha Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
- Advanced Technology Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology, Jinan, 250300, China
| | - Jiao Lin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Renjie Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
- Advanced Technology Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology, Jinan, 250300, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
- Advanced Technology Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology, Jinan, 250300, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing, 100081, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Battery Safety, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Testing, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511447, China
| | - Li Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
- Advanced Technology Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology, Jinan, 250300, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing, 100081, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Battery Safety, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Testing, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511447, China
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390
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Zhou Y, Zhuo C, Huang J, Liu H, Xu J. A microextraction approach for rapid extraction and separation of Mn(II) and Co(II) using saponified D2EHPA system. Front Chem Sci Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-021-2081-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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391
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Lucio AJ, Efimov I, Efimov ON, Zaleski CJ, Viles S, Ignatiuk BB, Abbott AP, Hillman AR, Ryder KS. Amidine-based ionic liquid analogues with AlCl 3: a credible new electrolyte for rechargeable Al batteries. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:9834-9837. [PMID: 34581320 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02680a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here we demonstrate the generation of novel ionic liquid analogue (ILA) electrolytes for aluminium (Al) electrodeposition that are based on salts of amidine Lewis bases. The electrolytes exhibit reversible voltammetric plating/stripping of Al, good ionic conductivities (10-14 mS cm-1), and relatively low viscosities (50-80 cP). The rheological properties are an improvement on analogous amide-based ILAs and make these liquids credible alternatives to ILAs based on urea or acetamide, or conventional chloroaluminate ionic liquids (IL) for Al battery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Lucio
- Materials Centre, School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
| | - Igor Efimov
- Materials Centre, School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
| | - Oleg N Efimov
- Russian Acad. Sci., Inst. Prob. Chem. Phys., 1 Acad. Semenov Ave, Chernogolovka 142432, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Christopher J Zaleski
- Wolfson School of Mechanical Electrical & Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Stephen Viles
- Materials Centre, School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
| | - Beata B Ignatiuk
- Materials Centre, School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
| | - Andrew P Abbott
- Materials Centre, School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
| | - A Robert Hillman
- Materials Centre, School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
| | - Karl S Ryder
- Materials Centre, School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
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392
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Sun X, Liu Z, Zhao F, Hao H. Global Competition in the Lithium-Ion Battery Supply Chain: A Novel Perspective for Criticality Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:12180-12190. [PMID: 34499490 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
With the accelerated pace of energy transition, competition in the lithium-ion battery (LIB) supply chain is intensifying across a wide scope of countries. In order to understand the potential risk derived from the competitors, this study quantifies the global competition intensities of 15 categories of LIB-related commodities, which has not been well characterized by previous criticality analysis studies. On the basis of the collected data and designed treatment techniques, the "competition index" is developed for this purpose. Here, we show that lithium hydroxides, LIBs, and lithium carbonates were the focal points of global competition in the LIB supply chain in 2019, and there will be more competition for lithium hydroxide in the future. The competition for commodities related to LIBs among Korea, Japan, and the USA are the most notable. Such insights into the global conflict potential of LIB-related commodities provide a reference for underlying competitors and corresponding transition strategies of regional industrial structures. The index developed by us complements the criticality analysis framework, which could be expanded to assess the criticality of materials relevant with other industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Rio Tinto Joint Research Center for Resources Energy and Sustainable Development, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zongwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua Automotive Strategy Research Institute, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fuquan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua Automotive Strategy Research Institute, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Han Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Rio Tinto Joint Research Center for Resources Energy and Sustainable Development, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua Automotive Strategy Research Institute, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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393
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Ma Y, Zhou X, Tang J, Liu X, Gan H, Yang J. Reaction mechanism of antibiotic bacteria residues as a green reductant for highly efficient recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 417:126032. [PMID: 33992020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, antibiotic bacteria residues (ABRs) is proposed as a novel green reducing agent and it is found that the reducing agent can realize the efficient recovery of the valuable metals in spent cathode powder (SCP), reduce the environmental pollution and realize the high-value utilization of the biomass waste. The leaching efficiency of Ni, Co, Mn and Li can reach 99.57%, 98.50%, 98.99% and 99.90% respectively under the optimal conditions of 3 mol L-1 H2SO4, mass ratio of ABRs to SCP of 0.8:1, liquid/solid ratio of 30:1 mL g-1, the temperature of 363 K and time of 2.5 h. Leaching kinetics results shows that the reaction process is controlled by the chemical reaction with apparent activation energy exceeding than 40 kJ/mol. More importantly, the detailed ABRs leaching mechanism is proposed that the metabolite of CaC2O4 and reducing sugar in ABRs provide a synergistic reduction effect on the recovery of valuable metals. Furthermore, acid leaching residue can be regenerated to obtain lithium-ion anode materials with excellent electrochemical properties. The entire process is a sustainable green recycling strategy by using waste ABRs waste to treat spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), recovering valuable metals efficiently and minimizing environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayun Ma
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Xiangyang Zhou
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Jingjing Tang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Xiaojian Liu
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Hongxiang Gan
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Changsha Engineering and Research Institute Ltd. of Nonferrous Metallurgy, Changsha 410019, China
| | - Juan Yang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
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394
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Qiu H, Wan J, Zhang J, Wang X, Zhang N, Chen R, Xia Y, Huang L, Wang H. Probing Mechanistic Insights into Highly Efficient Lithium Storage of C 60 Fullerene Enabled via Three-Electron-Redox Chemistry. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2101759. [PMID: 34250756 PMCID: PMC8425916 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202101759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Renewable organic cathodes with abundant elements show promise for sustainable rechargeable batteries. Herein, for the first time, utilizing C60 fullerene as organic cathode for room-temperature lithium-ion battery is reported. The C60 cathode shows robust electrochemical performance preferably in ether-based electrolyte. It delivers discharge capacity up to 120 mAh g-1 and specific energy exceeding 200 Wh kg-1 with high initial Coulombic efficiency of 91%. The as-fabricated battery holds a capacity of 90 mAh g-1 after 50 cycles and showcases remarkable rate performance with 77 mAh g-1 retained at 500 mA g-1 . Noteworthily, three couples of unusual flat voltage plateaus recur at ≈2.4, 1.7, and 1.5 V, respectively. Diffusion-dominated three-electron-redox reactions are revealed by cyclic voltammogram and plateau capacities. Intriguingly, it is for the first time unveiled by in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) that the C60 cathode underwent three reversible phase transitions during lithiation/delithiation process, except for the initial discharge when irreversible polymerization in between C60 nanoclusters existed as suggested by the characteristic irreversible peak shifts in both in situ XRD pattern and in situ Raman spectra. Cs-corrected transmission electron microscope corroborated these phase evolutions. Importantly, delithiation potentials derived from density-functional-theory simulation based on proposed phase structures qualitatively consists with experimental ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifa Qiu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Solid State BatteriesSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518055China
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518055China
| | - Jing Wan
- Department of PhysicsSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518055China
| | - Junxian Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518055China
| | - Xin Wang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518055China
| | - Nianji Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518055China
| | - Rouxi Chen
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518055China
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518055China
| | - Li Huang
- Department of PhysicsSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518055China
| | - Hsing‐Lin Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Solid State BatteriesSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518055China
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518055China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Electric PowerSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518055China
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395
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Recovery of cobalt from lithium-ion batteries using fluidised cathode molten salt electrolysis. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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396
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Cai X, Yan H, Yang Z, Li W, Yu H, Yan L, Zhang L, Shui M, Cui Y, Shu J. Copper niobate nanowires boosted by a N, S co-doped carbon coating for superior lithium storage. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:11030-11038. [PMID: 34324616 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01834e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
With the development of electric vehicles, more and more attention has been paid to the kinetic performance of batteries, which is related to rapid charge/discharge and safety issues. To improve this aspect, Cu2Nb34O87 nanowires covered by nitrogen and sulfur co-doped carbon (Cu2Nb34O87/NSC nanowires) are prepared by electrospinning combined with surface coating. As-prepared Cu2Nb34O87/NSC nanowires present a high ion diffusion coefficient and electronic conductivity, showing good a kinetic performance. Specifically, they deliver a splendid capacity of 311.2 mA h g-1 at 1 C and a superior cycling stability with a capacity fading of 0.031% per cycle upon 1000 cycles. At the same time, the electrochemical and structural reversibility is fully discussed and demonstrated by ex situ XRD, ex situ SEM and ex situ XPS based on the redox couples of Cu2+/Cu+, Nb5+/Nb4+, and Nb4+/Nb3+. Contributing to peculiar physico-chemical properties, Cu2Nb34O87/NSC nanowires are expected to be a candidate material for the anode in lithium-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhao Cai
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China.
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397
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Qiu X, Hu J, Tian Y, Deng W, Yang Y, Silvester DS, Zou G, Hou H, Sun W, Hu Y, Ji X. Highly efficient re-cycle/generation of LiCoO 2 cathode assisted by 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:126114. [PMID: 34492910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The explosively growing demand for electrical energy is generating a great deal of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Therefore, a simple and effective strategy for the sustainable recycling of used batteries is urgently needed to minimize chemical consumption and to reduce the associated environmental pollution. In this work, 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid is innovatively proposed for the highly-selective recovery of valuable metals. Impressively, lithium and cobalt are simultaneously separated through a single-step process, in which 99.3% of lithium is leached out as Li+ enriched solutions while 99% of cobalt is precipitated as cobalt-naphthalenesulfonate. The obtained lithium enriched solutions are recovered as Li2CO3. The cobalt-naphthalenesulfonate with high purity (99%) is ready to be transformed into Co3O4, and then generated into LiCoO2 by reacting with the above-obtained Li2CO3. The cathode material LiCoO2 with micro/nanostructures exhibits excellent electrochemical properties. Characterization results confirm the coordination structure of the extracted cobalt complex (Co(NS)2•6H2O). Finally, compared to other selective metal extraction techniques, this strategy avoids additional separation and purification processes, thus improving the recycling efficiency. Overall, this route can be extended to selectively extract valuable metals from other types of cathode materials in spent LIBs as a sustainable approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejing Qiu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Jiugang Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Ye Tian
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Wentao Deng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yue Yang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Debbie S Silvester
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Guoqiang Zou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Hongshuai Hou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Wei Sun
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yuehua Hu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Xiaobo Ji
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
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398
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Tang X, Liu K, Li K, Widanage WD, Kendrick E, Gao F. Recovering large-scale battery aging dataset with machine learning. PATTERNS 2021; 2:100302. [PMID: 34430924 PMCID: PMC8369168 DOI: 10.1016/j.patter.2021.100302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Batteries are crucial for building a clean and sustainable society, and their performance is highly affected by aging status. Reliable battery health assessment, however, is currently restrained by limited access to sufficient aging data, resulting from not only complicated battery operations but also long aging experimental time (several months or even years). Refining industrial datasets (e.g., the field data from electric vehicle batteries) unlocks opportunities to acquire large-volume aging data with low experimental efforts. We introduce the potential of combining industrial data with accelerated aging tests to recover high-quality battery aging datasets, through a migration-based machine learning. A comprehensive dataset containing 8,947 aging cycles with 15 operational modes is collected for evaluation. While saving up to 90% experimental time, aging data can be recovered with ultra-low error within 1%. It provides an alternative solution to significantly improve data shortage issues for assessment of battery and energy storage aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Kailong Liu
- WMG, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Kang Li
- School of Electronic and Electric Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Widanalage Dhammika Widanage
- WMG, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.,The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, UK
| | - Emma Kendrick
- School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.,The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, UK
| | - Furong Gao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China.,Guangzhou HKUST Fok Ying Tung Research Insititue, Guangdong 511458, China
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399
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Buken O, Mancini K, Sarkar A. A sustainable approach to cathode delamination using a green solvent. RSC Adv 2021; 11:27356-27368. [PMID: 35480693 PMCID: PMC9037836 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04922d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Designing an environment-friendly delamination process for an end-of-life (EoL) composite cathode is a crucial step in direct cathode recycling. In this study, the green solvent dimethyl isosorbide (DMI) is explored to extract cathode active materials (AMs) from the Al current collector via dissolving the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder. Mechanistic insight suggests that binder removal from the Al substrate proceeds via reducing polymer interchain interaction through DMI penetrating into the PVDF crystalline region. Polymer–solvent interaction may increase via establishing hydrogen bond between PVDF and DMI, which facilitates binder removal. Analytical characterizations including 1H NMR, FTIR, XRD and SEM-EDS reveal that the molecular, micro, and crystal structures of the recovered cathode AMs, PVDF and Al foil are preserved. This finding is expected to provide a replacement for the toxic organic solvent N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) and offers an effective, ecofriendly, and sustainable direct cathode recycling approach for spent Li-ion batteries. A green solvent-based methodology was developed for delaminating cathode active materials from aluminium current collectors in end-of-life Li-ion batteries.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Onurcan Buken
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montclair State University NJ 07043 USA
| | - Kayla Mancini
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montclair State University NJ 07043 USA
| | - Amrita Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montclair State University NJ 07043 USA
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400
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Xu C, Yang Z, Zhang X, Xia M, Yan H, Li J, Yu H, Zhang L, Shu J. Prussian Blue Analogues in Aqueous Batteries and Desalination Batteries. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2021; 13:166. [PMID: 34351516 PMCID: PMC8342658 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-021-00700-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In the applications of large-scale energy storage, aqueous batteries are considered as rivals for organic batteries due to their environmentally friendly and low-cost nature. However, carrier ions always exhibit huge hydrated radius in aqueous electrolyte, which brings difficulty to find suitable host materials that can achieve highly reversible insertion and extraction of cations. Owing to open three-dimensional rigid framework and facile synthesis, Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) receive the most extensive attention among various host candidates in aqueous system. Herein, a comprehensive review on recent progresses of PBAs in aqueous batteries is presented. Based on the application in different aqueous systems, the relationship between electrochemical behaviors (redox potential, capacity, cycling stability and rate performance) and structural characteristics (preparation method, structure type, particle size, morphology, crystallinity, defect, metal atom in high-spin state and chemical composition) is analyzed and summarized thoroughly. It can be concluded that the required type of PBAs is different for various carrier ions. In particular, the desalination batteries worked with the same mechanism as aqueous batteries are also discussed in detail to introduce the application of PBAs in aqueous systems comprehensively. This report can help the readers to understand the relationship between physical/chemical characteristics and electrochemical properties for PBAs and find a way to fabricate high-performance PBAs in aqueous batteries and desalination batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiwei Xu
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengwei Yang
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xikun Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Maoting Xia
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Huihui Yan
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoxiang Yu
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Liyuan Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Shu
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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