351
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Cantillo D. Synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients using electrochemical methods: keys to improve sustainability. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:619-628. [PMID: 34951414 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06296d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemistry is receiving renewed attention as a green and cost-efficient synthetic technology. Electrochemical methods promote redox transformations by electron exchange between electrodes and species in solution, thus avoiding the use of stoichiometric amounts of oxidizing or reducing agents. The rapid development of electroorganic synthesis over the past decades has enabled the preparation of molecules of increasing complexity. Redox steps that involve hazardous or waste-generating reagents during the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients or their intermediates can be substituted by electrochemical procedures. In addition to enhance sustainability, increased selectivity toward the target compound has been achieved in some cases. Electroorganic synthesis can be safely and readily scaled up to production quantities. For this pupose, utilization of flow electrolysis cells is fundamental. Despite these advantages, the application of electrochemical methods does not guarantee superior sustainability when compared with conventional protocols. The utilization of large amounts of supporting electrolytes, enviromentally unfriendly solvents or sacrificial electrodes may turn electrochemistry unfavorable in some cases. It is therefore crucial to carefully select and optimize the electrolysis conditions and carry out green metrics analysis of the process to ensure that turning a process electrochemical is advantageous.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Cantillo
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria.
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
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352
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Hartwig D, Soares LK, Dapper LH, Nascimento JER, Lenardão EJ. Dicarbonyl compounds in the synthesis of heterocycles under green conditions. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2021-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Carbon–carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond forming reactions are strategically employed for the generation of a variety of heterocyclic systems. This class of compounds represents the most general structural unit, present in many natural compounds. They are recognized for their valuable biologically properties and wide range of applications in medicinal, pharmaceutical, and other related fields of chemistry. This is an updated review on the use of dicarbonyl compounds under environmentally friendly conditions to access a series of heterocyclic structures, e.g., quinoxaline, quinazolinones, benzochalcogenazoles, indoles, among others. Synthetic protocols involving copper-catalyzed, multicomponent and cascade reactions, decarboxylative cyclization, recycling of CO2, and electrochemical approaches are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Hartwig
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa – LASOL, CCQFA, Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel , P.O. Box 354, 96010-900 Pelotas , RS , Brazil
| | - Liane K. Soares
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa – LASOL, CCQFA, Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel , P.O. Box 354, 96010-900 Pelotas , RS , Brazil
| | - Luiz H. Dapper
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa – LASOL, CCQFA, Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel , P.O. Box 354, 96010-900 Pelotas , RS , Brazil
| | - José E. R. Nascimento
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa – LASOL, CCQFA, Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel , P.O. Box 354, 96010-900 Pelotas , RS , Brazil
| | - Eder João Lenardão
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa – LASOL, CCQFA, Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel , P.O. Box 354, 96010-900 Pelotas , RS , Brazil
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353
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Kuciński K, Simon H, Ackermann L. Rhoda-Electrocatalyzed C-H Methylation and Paired Electrocatalyzed C-H Ethylation and Propylation. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202103837. [PMID: 34714563 PMCID: PMC9299020 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of electricity over traditional stoichiometric oxidants is a promising strategy for sustainable molecular assembly. Herein, we describe the rhoda-electrocatalyzed C-H activation/alkylation of several N-heteroarenes. This catalytic approach has been successfully applied to several arenes, including biologically relevant purines, diazepam, and amino acids. The versatile C-H alkylation featured water as a co-solvent and user-friendly trifluoroborates as alkylating agents. Finally, the rhoda-electrocatalysis with unsaturated organotrifluoroborates proceeded by paired electrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Kuciński
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Hendrik Simon
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
- Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable ChemistryGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
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354
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Li M, Liu S, Bao H, Li Q, Deng YH, Sun TY, Wang L. Photoinduced Metal-Free Borylation of Aryl Halides Catalysed by in situ Formed Donor-Acceptor Complex. Chem Sci 2022; 13:4909-4914. [PMID: 35655877 PMCID: PMC9067585 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00552b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Organoboron compounds are very important building blocks which can be applied in medicinal, biological and industrial fields. However, direct borylation in a metal free manner has been very rarely reported. Herein, we described the successful direct borylation of haloarenes under mild, operationally simple, catalyst-free conditions, promoted by irradiation with visible light. Mechanistic experiments and computational investigations indicate the formation of an excited donor–acceptor complex with a −3.12 V reduction potential, which is a highly active reductant and can facilitate single-electron-transfer (SET) with aryl halides to produce aryl radical intermediates. A two-step one-pot method was developed for site selective aromatic C–H bond borylation. The protocol's good functional group tolerance enables the functionalization of a variety of biologically relevant compounds, representing a new application of aryl radicals merged with photochemistry. We reported a facile metal-free conversion of aryl halides to the corresponding boronic esters catalysed by an in situ formed donor–acceptor complex. A two-step one-pot method was also developed for site selective aromatic C–H bond borylation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Manhong Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University No. 66, Gongchang Road Shenzhen 518107 P. R. China
| | - Siqi Liu
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory Shenzhen 518132 P. R. China
| | - Haoshi Bao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University No. 66, Gongchang Road Shenzhen 518107 P. R. China
| | - Qini Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University No. 66, Gongchang Road Shenzhen 518107 P. R. China
| | - Yi-Hui Deng
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory Shenzhen 518132 P. R. China
- Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Tian-Yu Sun
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory Shenzhen 518132 P. R. China
| | - Leifeng Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University No. 66, Gongchang Road Shenzhen 518107 P. R. China
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355
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Liu D, Zhang Z, Yu J, Chen H, Lin X, Li M, Wen LR, Guo WS. Site-selective electrochemical thiocyanation of benzylic C–H bonds. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00201a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Direct benzylic C(sp3)−H thiocyanation is explored as a straightforward strategy toward the synthesis of thiocyanate derivatives. We report herein an electrochemical protocol for site-selective benzylic C(sp3)−H thiocyanation under mild reaction...
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356
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Zeng T, Yang J, Yan K, Wang S, Zhu S, Zhao XE, Li D, Wen J. Electrooxidation-induced selective cleavage of C–N bonds of tertiary amines to access thioureas, selenoureas, and 2-aminated benzoselenazoles. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo01394k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A metal-free, operationally simple, and scalable electrooxidation-induced selective cleavage of C–N bonds of tertiary amines to access thiourea, selenourea, and 2-aminated benzoselenazole derivatives has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Green Natural Products and Pharmaceutical Intermediates in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, P. R. China
| | - Jianjing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Natural Products and Pharmaceutical Intermediates in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, P. R. China
| | - Kelu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Green Natural Products and Pharmaceutical Intermediates in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, P. R. China
| | - Shibo Wang
- Institute of Smart Biomaterial Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang SciTech University, P. R. China
| | - Shuyun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Green Natural Products and Pharmaceutical Intermediates in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, P. R. China
| | - Xian-En Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Green Natural Products and Pharmaceutical Intermediates in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Li
- Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion of Henan Province, Institute of Surface Micro and Nano Materials, College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Xuchang University, P. R. China
| | - Jiangwei Wen
- Key Laboratory of Green Natural Products and Pharmaceutical Intermediates in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, P. R. China
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357
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Mandal D, Maji S, Pal T, Sinha SK, Maiti D. Recent Advances in Transition-Metal Mediated Trifluoromethylation Reactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:10442-10468. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04082d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fluorine compounds are known for their abundance in more than 20% of pharmaceutical and agrochemical products mainly due to the enhanced lipophilicity, metabolic stability and pharmacokinetic properties of organofluorides. Consequently,...
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358
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Zheng Y, Qian S, Xu P, Zheng B, Huang S. Electrochemical Oxidative Thiocyanosulfonylation of Aryl Acetylenes. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202209041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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359
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Zhang X, Lu W, Ma C, Wang T, Zhu JJ, Zare RN, Min Q. Insights into Electrochemiluminescence Dynamics by Synchronizing Real-Time Electrical, Luminescent, and Mass Spectrometric Measurements. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6244-6253. [PMID: 35733885 PMCID: PMC9159085 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01317g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) comprises a sophisticated cascade of reactions. Despite advances in mechanistic studies by electrochemistry and spectroscopy, a lack of access to dynamic molecular information renders many plausible ECL pathways unclear or unproven. Here we describe the construction of a real-time ECL mass spectrometry (MS) platform (RT-Triplex) for synchronization of dynamic electrical, luminescent, and mass spectrometric outputs during ECL events. This platform allows immediate and continuous sampling of newly born species at the Pt wire electrode of a capillary electrochemical (EC) microreactor into MS, enabling characterization of short-lived intermediates and the multi-step EC processes. Two ECL pathways of luminol are validated by observing the key intermediates α-hydroxy hydroperoxide and diazaquinone and unraveling their correlation with applied voltage and ECL emission. Moreover, a “catalytic ECL route” of boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) involving homogeneous oxidation of tri-n-propylamine with the BODIPY radical cation is proposed and verified. A real-time electrochemiluminescence mass spectrometry platform (RT-Triplex) was developed for revealing ECL mechanisms by synchronization of dynamic electrical, luminescent, and mass spectrometric signals at the electrode–electrolyte interface.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Weifeng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Cheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225002 China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Jun-Jie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Richard N Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University Stanford California 94305 USA
| | - Qianhao Min
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
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360
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Lamb C, Shi J, Wilden JD, Macmillan D. Novel electrochemically-mediated peptide dethiylation in processes relevant to native chemical ligation. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:7343-7350. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01499h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here we explore electrochemical dethiylation in processes relevant to Native Chemical Ligation (NCL). NCL’s reliance on the redox active amino acid cysteine and β-mercaptoamine derivatives suggests a potential role for...
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361
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Frey J, Hou X, Ackermann L. Atropoenantioselective Palladaelectro-Catalyzed Anilide C–H Olefinations Viable with Natural Sunlight as Sustainable Power Source. Chem Sci 2022; 13:2729-2734. [PMID: 35340853 PMCID: PMC8890107 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06135f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Enantioselective electrocatalyzed transformations represent a major challenge. We herein achieved atropoenantioselective pallada-electrocatalyzed C–H olefinations and C–H allylations with high efficacy and enantioselectivity under exceedingly mild reaction conditions. With (S)-5-oxoproline as the chiral ligand, activated and non-activated olefins were suitable substrates for the electro-C–H activations. Dual catalysis was devised in terms of electro-C–H olefination, along with catalytic hydrogenation. Challenging enantiomerically-enriched chiral anilide scaffolds were thereby obtained with high levels of enantio-control in the absence of toxic and cost-intensive silver salts. The resource-economy of the transformation was even improved by directly employing renewable solar energy. Asymmetric pallada-electrocatalyzed C–H activation of achiral anilides were accomplished by catalyst control with high levels of enantioselectivity. Dual catalysis was devised, while photovoltaic cells could be used to empower the electrocatalysis.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Frey
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 237077 Göttingen Germany http://www.ackermann.chemie.uni-goettingen.de/
| | - Xiaoyan Hou
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 237077 Göttingen Germany http://www.ackermann.chemie.uni-goettingen.de/
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 237077 Göttingen Germany http://www.ackermann.chemie.uni-goettingen.de/
- Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
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362
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Li F, Liang Y, Zhan X, Zhang S, Li MB. Electricity-driven redox-neutral C(sp 3)–H amidation with N-alkoxyamide as an amidating reagent. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo01108e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical redox-neutral C(sp3)–H amidation was developed with N-alkoxyamide as an amidating reagent. Under sequential paired electrolysis, N-alkoxyamides showed higher reactivity compared to the direct reaction of primary amides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyi Li
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Yating Liang
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Xuan Zhan
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Man-Bo Li
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
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363
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Li R, Yuan D, Ping M, Zhu Y, Ni S, Li M, Wen L, Zhang LB. Electrochemically-promoted synthesis of benzo[b]thiophene-1,1-dioxides via strained quaternary spirocyclization. Chem Sci 2022; 13:9940-9946. [PMID: 36199637 PMCID: PMC9431990 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01175a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We report an approach for the synthesis of benzothiophene motifs under electrochemical conditions by the reaction of sulfonhydrazides with internal alkynes. Upon the formation of a quaternary spirocyclization intermediate by the selective ipso-addition instead of an ortho-attack, the S-migration process was rationalized to lead to the products. Computational studies revealed the selectivity and the compatibility of drug molecules showcased the potential application of the protocols. We report an approach for the synthesis of benzothiophene motifs under electrochemical conditions by the reaction of sulfonhydrazides with internal alkynes.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruitao Li
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology Qingdao 266042 P. R. China
| | - Dafu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology Qingdao 266042 P. R. China
| | - Mengqi Ping
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology Qingdao 266042 P. R. China
| | - Yuyi Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Shantou University Shantou Guangdong 515063 P. R. China
| | - Shaofei Ni
- Department of Chemistry, Shantou University Shantou Guangdong 515063 P. R. China
| | - Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology Qingdao 266042 P. R. China
| | - Lirong Wen
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology Qingdao 266042 P. R. China
| | - Lin-Bao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology Qingdao 266042 P. R. China
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364
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Forni JA, Czyz ML, Lupton DW, Polyzos A. An Electrochemical γ-C-H Arylation of Amines in Continuous Flow. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.153647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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365
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Liu HF, He MX, Tang HT. Electrochemical C–H functionalization to synthesize 3-hydroxyalkylquinoxalin-2(1 H)-ones via quinoxalin-2(1 H)-ones and aldehydes. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo01281b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We reported an electrocatalytic direct C3-hydroxyalkylation of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones to construct 3-hydroxyalkylquinoxalin-2(1H)-one derivatives, which uses unprotected quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones and aliphatic aldehydes as substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Fu Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire Lifecycle Health, School of Public Health of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, People's Republic of China
| | - Mu-Xue He
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire Lifecycle Health, School of Public Health of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Tao Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
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366
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Wang Z, Sun Y, Shen LY, Yang WC, Meng F, Li P. Photochemical and electrochemical strategies in C–F bond activation and functionalization. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01512e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The recent advances in photochemical or electrochemical C–F bond activation and functionalization have been summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanghong Wang
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Yu Sun
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
| | - Liu-Yu Shen
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Chao Yang
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
| | - Fei Meng
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
| | - Pinhua Li
- Anhui Laboratory of Clean Catalytic Engineering, Anhui Laboratory of Functional Complexes for Materials Chemistry and Application, College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P. R. of China
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367
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Li B, Qin H, Yan K, Ma J, Yang J, Wen J. NHPI-catalyzed electrochemical C–H alkylation of indoles with alcohols to access di(indolyl)methanes via radical coupling. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo01498j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The present indirect electrochemically mediated radical protocol outperforms the traditional Friedel–Crafts route with a broad substrate scope and functional group tolerance, as well as facile gram-scale synthesis without metal contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingwen Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China
| | - Hongyun Qin
- Key Laboratory of Green Natural Products and Pharmaceutical Intermediates in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, China
| | - Kelu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Green Natural Products and Pharmaceutical Intermediates in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Green Natural Products and Pharmaceutical Intermediates in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, China
| | - Jianjing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Natural Products and Pharmaceutical Intermediates in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, China
| | - Jiangwei Wen
- Key Laboratory of Green Natural Products and Pharmaceutical Intermediates in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, China
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368
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Yang QL, Ma RC, Li ZH, Li WW, Qu GR, Guo HM. Electrochemically-initiated intramolecular 1,2-amino oxygenation of alkynes: facile access to formyl- and acyl-substituted indolizines. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00904h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
An environmentally benign electrooxidative approach to the intramolecular aminooxygenation of alkynes through an electrophilic cyclization reaction has been developed, providing an efficient approach toward diverse formyl- and acyl-substituted indolizines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Liang Yang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Rui-Cong Ma
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Zhi-Hao Li
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Wan-Wan Li
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Gui-Rong Qu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Hai-Ming Guo
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
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369
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Wang Z, Ma C, Fang P, Xu H, Mei T. Advances in Organic Electrochemical Synthesis. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/a22060260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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370
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Zheng Y, Cheung YT, Liang L, Qiu H, Zhang L, Tsang A, Chen Q, Tong R. Electrochemical oxidative rearrangement of tetrahydro-β-carbolines in a zero-gap flow cell. Chem Sci 2022; 13:10479-10485. [PMID: 36277623 PMCID: PMC9473527 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03951f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative rearrangement of tetrahydro-β-carbolines (THβCs) is one of the most efficient methods for the synthesis of biologically active spirooxindoles, including natural products and drug molecules. Here, we report the first electrochemical approach to achieve this important organic transformation in a flow cell. The key to the high efficiency was the use of a multifunctional LiBr electrolyte, where the bromide (Br−) ion acts as a mediator and catalyst and lithium ion (Li+) acts as a likely hydrophilic spectator, which might considerably reduce diffusion of THβCs into the double layer and thus prevent possible nonselective electrode oxidation of indoles. Additionally, we build a zero-gap flow cell to speed up mass transport and minimize concentration polarization, simultaneously achieving a high faradaic efficiency (FE) of 96% and an outstanding productivity of 0.144 mmol (h−1 cm−2). This electrochemical method is demonstrated with twenty substrates, offering a general, green path towards bioactive spirooxindoles without using hazardous oxidants. A zero-gap flow cell was designed for the first electro-oxidative rearrangement of tetrahydro-β-carbolines to spirooxindoles with high yield, faradaic efficiency and productivity when LiBr was discovered as a bi-functional mediator and catalyst.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Zheng
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, and Energy Institute, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yuen Tsz Cheung
- Department of Chemistry, The Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lixin Liang
- Department of Chemistry, The Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Huiying Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, The Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Anson Tsang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, and Energy Institute, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Qing Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, and Energy Institute, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, The Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Rongbiao Tong
- Department of Chemistry, The Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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371
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Chen X, Liu H, Gao H, Li P, Miao T, Li H. Electrochemical Regioselective Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling of Indoles with Xanthenes. J Org Chem 2021; 87:1056-1064. [PMID: 34964353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical cross-dehydrogenative coupling of indoles with xanthenes has been established at room temperature. This coupling reaction could proceed in the absence of any catalyst or external oxidant, and generate the indole derivatives in moderate yields. Mechanistic experiments support that a radical pathway maybe involved in this reaction system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P. R. China
| | - Hongqiang Liu
- China Synchem Technology Co., Ltd., Bengbu, Anhui 233000, P. R. China
| | - Hui Gao
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, P. R. China
| | - Pinhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P. R. China
| | - Tao Miao
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P. R. China
| | - Hongji Li
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P. R. China
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372
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Abstract
Selective hydrogenation of epoxides would be a direct and powerful approach for alcohol synthesis, but it has proven to be elusive. Here, electrochemically epoxide hydrogenation using electrons and protons as reductants is reported. A wide range of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols can be achieved through selective Markovnikov or anti-Markovnikov ring opening in the absence of transition metals. Mechanistic investigations revealed that the regioselectivity is controlled by the thermodynamic stabilities of the in situ generated benzyl radicals for aryl-substituted epoxides and the kinetic tendency for Markovnikov selective ring opening for alkyl-substituted epoxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Huang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Wan Ma
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xuelian Zheng
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Minghao Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xiaotian Qi
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Qingquan Lu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
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373
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Chen D, Nie X, Feng Q, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Wang Q, Huang L, Huang S, Liao S. Electrochemical Oxo-Fluorosulfonylation of Alkynes under Air: Facile Access to β-Keto Sulfonyl Fluorides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:27271-27276. [PMID: 34729882 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202112118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Radical fluorosulfonylation is emerging as an appealing approach for the synthesis of sulfonyl fluorides, which have widespread applications in many fields, in particular in the context of chemical biology and drug development. Here, we report the first investigation of FSO2 radical generation under electrochemical conditions, and the establishment of a new and facile approach for the synthesis of β-keto sulfonyl fluorides via oxo-fluorosulfonylation of alkynes with sulfuryl chlorofluoride as the radical precursor and air as the oxidant. This electrochemical protocol is amenable to access two different products (β-keto sulfonyl fluorides or α-chloro-β-keto sulfonyl fluorides) with the same reactants. The β-keto sulfonyl fluoride products can be utilized as useful building blocks in the synthesis of various derivatives and heterocycles, including the first synthesis of an oxathiazole dioxide compound. Furthermore, some β-keto sulfonyl fluorides and derivatives exhibited notably potent activities against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengfeng Chen
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Xingliang Nie
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Qingyuan Feng
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yingyin Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yiheng Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Qiuyue Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Lin Huang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Shenlin Huang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Saihu Liao
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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374
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Chen D, Nie X, Feng Q, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Wang Q, Huang L, Huang S, Liao S. Electrochemical Oxo‐Fluorosulfonylation of Alkynes under Air: Facile Access to β‐Keto Sulfonyl Fluorides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202112118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dengfeng Chen
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Xingliang Nie
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University) College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Qingyuan Feng
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Yingyin Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Yiheng Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Qiuyue Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Lin Huang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Shenlin Huang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Saihu Liao
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University) College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Beijing 100190 China
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375
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Shukla G, Saha P, Pali P, Raghuvanshi K, Singh MS. Electrochemical Synthesis of 1,2,3-Thiadiazoles from α-Phenylhydrazones. J Org Chem 2021; 86:18004-18016. [PMID: 34818010 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have developed an electrochemical approach for the synthesis of fully substituted 1,2,3-thiadiazoles from α-phenylhydrazones at room temperature, which is very challenging and complementary to the conventional thermal reactions. The key step involves anodic oxidation of phenylhydrazone derivatives at a constant current followed by N,S-heterocyclization. The protocol is remarkable in that it is free of a base and free of an external oxidant and can be converted to a gram scale for postsynthetic drug development with functional thiadiazoles. Most importantly, the electrochemical transformation reflected efficient electro-oxidation with an operationally friendly easy procedure with ample functional molecules. Cyclic voltammograms support the mechanism of this electro-oxidative cyclization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Shukla
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Priya Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Pragya Pali
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Keshav Raghuvanshi
- Chemical Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403004, India
| | - Maya Shankar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
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376
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Ma C, Fang P, Liu ZR, Xu SS, Xu K, Cheng X, Lei A, Xu HC, Zeng C, Mei TS. Recent advances in organic electrosynthesis employing transition metal complexes as electrocatalysts. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2021; 66:2412-2429. [PMID: 36654127 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrosynthesis has been widely used as an environmentally conscious alternative to conventional methods for redox reactions because it utilizes electric current as a traceless redox agent instead of chemical redox agents. Indirect electrolysis employing a redox catalyst has received tremendous attention, since it provides various advantages compared to direct electrolysis. With indirect electrolysis, overpotential of electron transfer can be avoided, which is inherently milder, thus wide functional group tolerance can be achieved. Additionally, chemoselectivity, regioselectivity, and stereoselectivity can be tuned by the redox catalysts used in indirect electrolysis. Furthermore, electrode passivation can be avoided by preventing the formation of polymer films on the electrode surface. Common redox catalysts include N-oxyl radicals, hypervalent iodine species, halides, amines, benzoquinones (such as DDQ and tetrachlorobenzoquinone), and transition metals. In recent years, great progress has been made in the field of indirect organic electrosynthesis using transition metals as redox catalysts for reaction classes including C-H functionalization, radical cyclization, and cross-coupling of aryl halides-each owing to the diverse reactivity and accessible oxidation states of transition metals. Although various reviews of organic electrosynthesis are available, there is a lack of articles that focus on recent research progress in the area of indirect electrolysis using transition metals, which is the impetus for this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ping Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhao-Ran Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shi-Shuo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Kun Xu
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Xu Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Aiwen Lei
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Chengchu Zeng
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Tian-Sheng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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377
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Xue Q, Sun Q, Zhang TT, Li Y, Li JH. Electrochemical oxygenation of sulfides with molecular oxygen or water: switchable preparation of sulfoxides and sulfones. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:10314-10318. [PMID: 34783815 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01756j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A practical and eco-friendly method for the controllable aerobic oxygenation of sulfides by electrochemical catalysis was developed. The switchable preparation of sulfoxides and sulfones was effectively controlled by reaction time, in which both molecular oxygen and water can be used as the oxygen source under catalyst and external oxidant-free conditions. The electrochemical protocol features a broad substrate scope and excellent site selectivity and is successfully applied to the modification of some sulfide-containing pharmaceuticals and their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xue
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China.
| | - Qing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China.
| | - Ting-Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China.
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China.
| | - Jin-Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
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378
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Feng T, Wang S, Liu Y, Liu S, Qiu Y. Electrochemical Desaturative β-Acylation of Cyclic N-Aryl Amines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202115178. [PMID: 34878215 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202115178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we disclose a straightforward, robust, and simple route to access β-substituted desaturated cyclic amines via an electrochemically driven desaturative β-functionalization of cyclic amines. This transformation is based on multiple single-electron oxidation processes using catalytic amounts of ferrocene. The reaction proceeds in the absence of stoichiometric amounts of electrolyte under mild conditions, affording the desired products with high chemo- and regioselectivity. The reaction was tolerant of a broad range of substrates and also enables late-stage β-C(sp3 )-H acylation of potentially valuable products. Preliminary mechanistic studies using cyclic voltammetry reveal the key role of ferrocene as a redox mediator in the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Feng
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Siyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yin Liu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Shouzhuo Liu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Youai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
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379
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Zeng X, Xu Y, Liu J, Deng Y. Access to gem-Dibromoenones Enabled by Carbon-Centered Radical Addition to Terminal Alkynes in Water Solution. Org Lett 2021; 23:9058-9062. [PMID: 34766780 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We herein report a novel and more practical approach to prepare gem-dibromoenones from terminal alkynes, tetrabromomethane (CBr4), and water in a single step. Mechanistic studies reveal that the generation of a tribromomethyl radical with the assistance of a persulfate salt (K2S2O8) is essential to this transformation. The reaction features readily available chemicals, a broad substrate scope, a green solvent, and mild reaction conditions, providing an efficient alternative for construction of halogen-substituted enones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghua Zeng
- College of Biological, Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, 118 Jiahang Road, Jiaxing 314001, P.R. China
| | - Yuhai Xu
- College of Biological, Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, 118 Jiahang Road, Jiaxing 314001, P.R. China
| | - Jiawei Liu
- College of Biological, Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, 118 Jiahang Road, Jiaxing 314001, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Deng
- College of Biological, Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, 118 Jiahang Road, Jiaxing 314001, P.R. China
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380
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Harnedy J, Hareram MD, Tizzard GJ, Coles SJ, Morrill LC. Electrochemical oxidative Z-selective C(sp 2)-H chlorination of acrylamides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:12643-12646. [PMID: 34762080 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05824j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
An electrochemical method for the oxidative Z-selective C(sp2)-H chlorination of acrylamides has been developed. This catalyst and organic oxidant free method is applicable across various substituted tertiary acrylamides, and provides access to a broad range of synthetically useful Z-β-chloroacrylamides in good yields (22 examples, 73% average yield). The orthogonal derivatization of the products was demonstrated through chemoselective transformations and the electrochemical process was performed on gram scale in flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Harnedy
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Mishra Deepak Hareram
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Graham J Tizzard
- UK National Crystallographic Service, Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Simon J Coles
- UK National Crystallographic Service, Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Louis C Morrill
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
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381
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Maiti D, Halder A, Sasidharan Pillai A, De Sarkar S. Synthesis of Polysubstituted Furans through Electrochemical Selenocyclization of Homopropargylic Alcohols. J Org Chem 2021; 86:16084-16094. [PMID: 34606280 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The current method represents an electrochemically driven synthetic route to access polysubstituted selenofuran derivatives through the diselenide-promoted cyclization of homopropargyl alcohols. The tandem electro-oxidative transformation operates at ambient temperature and in the absence of an external oxidant. This mild and efficient methodology exhibits good functional group compatibility, providing a broad range of substrate scopes up to 84% isolated yield. Further conversion of the seleno-functionality afforded other valuable furan derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Atreyee Halder
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Aswathy Sasidharan Pillai
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Suman De Sarkar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
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382
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Nutting JE, Gerken JB, Stamoulis AG, Bruns DL, Stahl SS. "How Should I Think about Voltage? What Is Overpotential?": Establishing an Organic Chemistry Intuition for Electrochemistry. J Org Chem 2021; 86:15875-15885. [PMID: 34609137 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Redox reactions are ubiquitous in organic synthesis and intrinsic to organic electrosynthesis. The language and concepts used to describe reactions in these domains are sufficiently different to create barriers that hinder broader adoption and understanding of electrochemical methods. To bridge these gaps, this Synopsis compares chemical and electrochemical redox reactions, including concepts of free energy, voltage, kinetic barriers, and overpotential. This discussion is intended to increase the accessibility of electrochemistry for organic chemists lacking formal training in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan E Nutting
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322, United States
| | - James B Gerken
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322, United States
| | - Alexios G Stamoulis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322, United States
| | - David L Bruns
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322, United States
| | - Shannon S Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322, United States
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383
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Ranga PK, Ahmad F, Singh G, Tyagi A, Vijaya Anand R. Recent advances in the organocatalytic applications of cyclopropene- and cyclopropenium-based small molecules. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:9541-9564. [PMID: 34704583 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01549d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The development of novel small molecule-based catalysts for organic transformations has increased noticeably in the last two decades. A very recent addition to this particular research area is cyclopropene- and cyclopropenium-based catalysts. At one point in time, particularly in the mid-20th century, much attention was focused on the structural aspects and physical properties of cyclopropene-based compounds. However, a paradigm shift was observed in the late 20th century, and the focus shifted to the synthetic utility of these compounds. In fact, a wide range of cyclopropene derivatives have been found serving as valuable synthons for the construction of carbocycles, heterocycles and other useful organic compounds. In the last few years, the catalytic applications of cyclopropene/cyclopropenium-based compounds have been uncovered and many synthetic protocols have been developed using cyclopropene-based compounds as organocatalysts. Therefore, the main objective of this review is to highlight recent developments in the catalytic applications of cyclopropene-based small molecules in different areas of organocatalysis such as phase-transfer catalysis (PTC), Brønsted base catalysis, hydrogen-bond donor catalysis, nucleophilic carbene catalysis, and electrophotocatalysis developed within the past two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavit K Ranga
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector 81, Knowledge City, S.A.S Nagar, Manauli (PO), Punjab - 140306, India.
| | - Feroz Ahmad
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector 81, Knowledge City, S.A.S Nagar, Manauli (PO), Punjab - 140306, India.
| | - Gurdeep Singh
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector 81, Knowledge City, S.A.S Nagar, Manauli (PO), Punjab - 140306, India.
| | - Akshi Tyagi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector 81, Knowledge City, S.A.S Nagar, Manauli (PO), Punjab - 140306, India.
| | - Ramasamy Vijaya Anand
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector 81, Knowledge City, S.A.S Nagar, Manauli (PO), Punjab - 140306, India.
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384
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Chen D, He T, Jin Y, Huang S. Electrooxidative Dearomatization to Spiroisoxazolines: Application to Total Synthesis of Xanthoisoxazoline B. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202101062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dengfeng Chen
- Jiangsu Co–Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 People's Republic of China
- International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyu He
- Jiangsu Co–Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 People's Republic of China
| | - Yongcan Jin
- International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 People's Republic of China
| | - Shenlin Huang
- Jiangsu Co–Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 People's Republic of China
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385
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Dhawa U, Wdowik T, Hou X, Yuan B, Oliveira JCA, Ackermann L. Enantioselective palladaelectro-catalyzed C-H olefinations and allylations for N-C axial chirality. Chem Sci 2021; 12:14182-14188. [PMID: 34760203 PMCID: PMC8565398 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04687j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Enantioselective palladaelectro-catalyzed C–H alkenylations and allylations were achieved with easily-accessible amino acids as transient directing groups. This strategy provided access to highly enantiomerically-enriched N–C axially chiral scaffolds under exceedingly mild conditions. The synthetic utility of our strategy was demonstrated by a variety of alkenes, while the versatility of our approach was reflected by atroposelective C–H allylations. Computational studies provided insights into a facile C–H activation by a seven-membered palladacycle. Enantioselective palladaelectro-catalyzed C–H alkenylations and allylations were achieved by the means of an easily-accessible amino acid for the synthesis of N–C axially chiral indole biaryls.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttam Dhawa
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Tomasz Wdowik
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Xiaoyan Hou
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Binbin Yuan
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - João C A Oliveira
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany .,Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
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386
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Guan Z, Zhu S, Yang Y, Liu Y, Wang S, Bu F, Cong H, Alhumade H, Zhang H, Lei A. Electrochemically selective double C(sp 2)-X (X = S/Se, N) bond formation of isocyanides. Chem Sci 2021; 12:14121-14125. [PMID: 34760196 PMCID: PMC8565391 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04475c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The construction of C(sp2)-X (X = B, N, O, Si, P, S, Se, etc.) bonds has drawn growing attention since heteroatomic compounds play a prominent role from biological to pharmaceutical sciences. The current study demonstrates the C(sp2)-S/Se and C(sp2)-N bond formation of one carbon of isocyanides with thiophenols or disulfides or diselenides and azazoles simultaneously. The reported findings could provide access to novel multiple isothioureas, especially hitherto rarely reported selenoureas. The protocol showed good atom-economy and step-economy with only hydrogen evolution and theoretical calculations accounted for the stereoselectivity of the products. Importantly, the electrochemical reaction could exclusively occur at the isocyano part regardless of the presence of susceptible radical acceptors, such as a broad range of arenes and alkynyl moieties, even alkenyl moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Guan
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 People's Republic of China
| | - Shuxiang Zhu
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 People's Republic of China
| | - Yankai Yang
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 People's Republic of China
| | - Yanlong Liu
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 People's Republic of China
| | - Siyuan Wang
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 People's Republic of China
| | - Faxiang Bu
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 People's Republic of China
| | - Hengjiang Cong
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 People's Republic of China
| | - Hesham Alhumade
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia.,Center of Research Excellence in Renewable Energy and Power Systems, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Heng Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 People's Republic of China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 People's Republic of China .,National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang 330022 Jiangxi P. R. China.,King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia
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387
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Chinn AJ, Sedillo K, Doyle AG. Phosphine/Photoredox Catalyzed Anti-Markovnikov Hydroamination of Olefins with Primary Sulfonamides via α-Scission from Phosphoranyl Radicals. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:18331-18338. [PMID: 34672192 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c09484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
New strategies to access radicals from common feedstock chemicals hold the potential to broadly impact synthetic chemistry. We report a dual phosphine and photoredox catalytic system that enables direct formation of sulfonamidyl radicals from primary sulfonamides. Mechanistic investigations support that the N-centered radical is generated via α-scission of the P-N bond of a phosphoranyl radical intermediate, formed by sulfonamide nucleophilic addition to a phosphine radical cation. As compared to the recently well-explored β-scission chemistry of phosphoranyl radicals, this strategy is applicable to activation of N-based nucleophiles and is catalytic in phosphine. We highlight application of this activation strategy to an intermolecular anti-Markovnikov hydroamination of unactivated olefins with primary sulfonamides. A range of structurally diverse secondary sulfonamides can be prepared in good to excellent yields under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Chinn
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Kassandra Sedillo
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Abigail G Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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388
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Van Lommel R, Verschueren RH, De Borggraeve WM, De Vleeschouwer F, Stuyver T. Can the Philicity of Radicals Be Influenced by Oriented External Electric Fields? Org Lett 2021; 24:1-5. [PMID: 34652164 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herein, the effects of an electric field on radicals are investigated for a set of model radicals with varying complexity. An electric field impacts the intrinsic philicity of a radical, as quantified by the global electrophilicity index, ω. The extent of change in philicity depends on the directionality and strength of the applied electric field and the dipole moment and polarizability of the radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Van Lommel
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven Chem&Tech, Box 2404, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.,Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Department of Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rik H Verschueren
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven Chem&Tech, Box 2404, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim M De Borggraeve
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven Chem&Tech, Box 2404, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Freija De Vleeschouwer
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Department of Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thijs Stuyver
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Department of Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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389
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeepan Maity
- Department of Applied Sciences and Humanities Invertis University Bareilly Uttar Pradesh 243123 India
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390
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Li S, Bartlett BM. Selective Chloride-Mediated Neat Ethanol Oxidation to 1,1-Diethoxyethane via an Electrochemically Generated Ethyl Hypochlorite Intermediate. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:15907-15911. [PMID: 34553910 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Selective primary alcohol oxidation to form aldehydes products without overoxidation to carboxylic acids remains a key chemistry challenge. Using simple alkylammonium chloride as the electrolyte with a glassy carbon working electrode in neat ethanol solvent, 1,1-diethoxyethane (DEE) was prepared with >95% faradaic efficiency (FE). DEE serves as a storage platform protecting acetaldehyde from overoxidation and volatilization. UV-vis spectroscopy shows that the reaction proceeds through an ethyl hypochlorite intermediate as the sole chloride oxidation product, and that this intermediate decomposes unimolecularly (rate constant k = (6.896 ± 0.516) × 10-4 s-1) to form HCl catalyst and acetaldehyde, which undergoes rapid nucleophilic attack by ethanol solvent to form the DEE product. This indirect oxidation mechanism enables ethanol oxidation at much less positive potentials due to the fast kinetics for chloride anion oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Bart M Bartlett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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391
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Halder A, Mahanty K, Maiti D, De Sarkar S. Highly Diastereoselective Synthesis of Dihydro-benzoimidazo-[1,3]-thiazines via Electro-oxidative Selenocyclization of Thioallyl Benzoimidazoles. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:3895-3899. [PMID: 34609085 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202101033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The current methodology reveals a green and proficient electro-oxidative tandem selenocyclization of thioallyl benzoimidazoles manufacturing selenylated dihydro-benzoimidazo-thiazine derivatives. Both C-Se and C-N bond formation were achieved via this mild protocol which exhibits good functional group tolerability affording an extensive range of substrate scope up to 96% isolated yields. Complete control over the regioselective formation of the six-membered heterocycle and stereoselective construction of the contiguous stereocenters was established. The practical electrochemical method operates in an undivided cell at ambient temperature without using any metal and external chemical oxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atreyee Halder
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Kingshuk Mahanty
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Suman De Sarkar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, West Bengal, India
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392
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Deeba R, Chardon‐Noblat S, Costentin C. Molecular Catalysis of Electrochemical Reactions: Competition between Reduction of the Substrate and Deactivation of the Catalyst by a Cosubstrate Application to N
2
O Reduction. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202101064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rana Deeba
- Univ Grenoble Alpes DCM CNRS 38000 Grenoble France
| | | | - Cyrille Costentin
- Univ Grenoble Alpes DCM CNRS 38000 Grenoble France
- Université de Paris 75006 Paris France
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393
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Zhang H, Chen L, Oderinde MS, Edwards JT, Kawamata Y, Baran PS. Chemoselective, Scalable Nickel‐Electrocatalytic
O
‐Arylation of Alcohols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai‐Jun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Longrui Chen
- Department of Chemistry The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Martins S. Oderinde
- Department of Discovery Synthesis Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development Princeton NJ 08540 USA
| | | | - Yu Kawamata
- Department of Chemistry The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
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394
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Zhang HJ, Chen L, Oderinde MS, Edwards JT, Kawamata Y, Baran PS. Chemoselective, Scalable Nickel-Electrocatalytic O-Arylation of Alcohols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:20700-20705. [PMID: 34288303 PMCID: PMC8429144 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The formation of aryl-alkyl ether bonds through cross coupling of alcohols with aryl halides represents a useful strategic departure from classical SN 2 methods. Numerous tactics relying on Pd-, Cu-, and Ni-based catalytic systems have emerged over the past several years. Herein we disclose a Ni-catalyzed electrochemically driven protocol to achieve this useful transformation with a broad substrate scope in an operationally simple way. This electrochemical method does not require strong base, exogenous expensive transition metal catalysts (e.g., Ir, Ru), and can easily be scaled up in either a batch or flow setting. Interestingly, e-etherification exhibits an enhanced substrate scope over the mechanistically related photochemical variant as it tolerates tertiary amine functional groups in the alcohol nucleophile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Jun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Longrui Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Martins S Oderinde
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | | | - Yu Kawamata
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Phil S Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
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395
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Ye ZP, Gao J, Duan XY, Guan JP, Liu F, Chen K, Xiao JA, Xiang HY, Yang H. Electrochemical heterodifunctionalization of α-CF 3 alkenes to access α-trifluoromethyl-β-sulfonyl tertiary alcohols. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:8969-8972. [PMID: 34486594 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03288g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An unprecedented electrochemical heterodifunctionalization of α-CF3 alkenes with benzenesulfonyl hydrazides was accomplished in this work, wherein a β-sulfonyl and a α-hydroxyl group were simultaneously incorporated across the olefinic double bond in a single operation. Consequently, a series of potentially medicinally valuable and densely functionalized α-trifluoromethyl-β-sulfonyl tertiary alcohols were assembled under mild conditions. Electrochemically-driven oxidative 1,2-difunctionlization of electron-deficient alkenes well obviates the need for oxidizing reagents, thus rendering this protocol more eco-friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Peng Ye
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China.
| | - Jie Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China.
| | - Xin-Yu Duan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China.
| | - Jian-Ping Guan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China.
| | - Fang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China.
| | - Kai Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China.
| | - Jun-An Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Hao-Yue Xiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China. .,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Hua Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China.
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396
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Massignan L, Zhu C, Hou X, Oliveira JCA, Salamé A, Ackermann L. Manganaelectro-Catalyzed Azine C–H Arylations and C–H Alkylations by Assistance of Weakly Coordinating Amides. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Massignan
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, Göttingen37077, Germany
- Woehler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, Göttingen37077, Germany
| | - Cuiju Zhu
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, Göttingen37077, Germany
| | - Xiaoyan Hou
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, Göttingen37077, Germany
| | - João C. A. Oliveira
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, Göttingen37077, Germany
| | - Aude Salamé
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, Göttingen37077, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, Göttingen37077, Germany
- Woehler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, Göttingen37077, Germany
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397
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Wang B, Peng P, Ma W, Liu Z, Huang C, Cao Y, Hu P, Qi X, Lu Q. Electrochemical Borylation of Alkyl Halides: Fast, Scalable Access to Alkyl Boronic Esters. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:12985-12991. [PMID: 34374534 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a fast, scalable, and transition-metal-free borylation of alkyl halides (X = I, Br, Cl) enabled by electroreduction is reported. This process provides an efficient and practical access to primary, secondary, and tertiary boronic esters at a high current. More than 70 examples, including the late-stage borylation of natural products and drug derivatives, are furnished at room temperature, thereby demonstrating the broad utility and functional-group tolerance of this protocol. Mechanistic studies disclosed that B2cat2 serves as both a reagent and a cathodic mediator, enabling electroreduction of difficult-to-reduce alkyl bromides or chlorides at a low potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qingquan Lu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
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398
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Zhong JS, Yang ZX, Ding CL, Huang YF, Zhao Y, Yan H, Ye KY. Desulfonylative Electrocarboxylation with Carbon Dioxide. J Org Chem 2021; 86:16162-16170. [PMID: 34355896 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Electrocarboxylation of organic halides is one of the most investigated electrochemical approaches for converting thermodynamically inert carbon dioxide (CO2) into value-added carboxylic acids. By converting organic halides into their sulfone derivatives, we have developed a highly efficient electrochemical desulfonylative carboxylation protocol. Such a strategy takes advantage of CO2 as the abundant C1 building block for the facile preparation of multifunctionalized carboxylic acids, including the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen, under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Song Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Zi-Xin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Cheng-Lin Ding
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Ya-Feng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- BayRay Innovation Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory (SZBL), Guangdong 518000, China
| | - Hong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Ke-Yin Ye
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.,State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
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399
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Chmiel AF, Williams OP, Chernowsky CP, Yeung CS, Wickens ZK. Non-innocent Radical Ion Intermediates in Photoredox Catalysis: Parallel Reduction Modes Enable Coupling of Diverse Aryl Chlorides. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:10882-10889. [PMID: 34255971 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe a photocatalytic system that elicits potent photoreductant activity from conventional photocatalysts by leveraging radical anion intermediates generated in situ. The combination of an isophthalonitrile photocatalyst and sodium formate promotes diverse aryl radical coupling reactions from abundant but difficult to reduce aryl chloride substrates. Mechanistic studies reveal two parallel pathways for substrate reduction both enabled by a key terminal reductant byproduct, carbon dioxide radical anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyah F Chmiel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Oliver P Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Colleen P Chernowsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Charles S Yeung
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Zachary K Wickens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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400
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Li D, Wang X, Li S, Fu C, Li Q, Xu D, Ma Y. Recent Advances in Electrochemical C(3)—H Functionalization of Quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202107042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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