351
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Abstract
Volatile organic compounds in cancer database (VOCC) has been developed, which provides comprehensive information of VOCs distinctly observed in cancer vs. normal from various malignancies and different sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Mohan Agarwal
- Bioinformatics Division
- National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research (NICPR-ICMR)
- Noida – 201301
- India
| | - Mansi Sharma
- Bioinformatics Division
- National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research (NICPR-ICMR)
- Noida – 201301
- India
| | - Shehnaz Fatima
- Bioinformatics Division
- National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research (NICPR-ICMR)
- Noida – 201301
- India
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352
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Pleil JD, Sobus JR. Estimating central tendency from a single spot measure: A closed-form solution for lognormally distributed biomarker data for risk assessment at the individual level. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2016; 79:837-47. [PMID: 27587289 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2016.1193108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Exposure-based risk assessment employs large cross-sectional data sets of environmental and biomarker measurements to predict population statistics for adverse health outcomes. The underlying assumption is that long-term (many years) latency health problems including cancer, autoimmune and cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and asthma are triggered by lifetime exposures to environmental stressors that interact with the genome. The aim of this study was to develop a specific predictive method that provides the statistical parameters for chronic exposure at the individual level based upon a single spot measurement and knowledge of global summary statistics as derived from large data sets. This is a profound shift in exposure and health statistics in that it begins to answer the question "How large is my personal risk?" rather than just providing an overall population-based estimate. This approach also holds value for interpreting exposure-based risks for small groups of individuals within a community in comparison to random individuals from the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim D Pleil
- a Human Exposure and Atmospheric Sciences Division, NERL/ORD, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina , USA
| | - Jon R Sobus
- a Human Exposure and Atmospheric Sciences Division, NERL/ORD, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina , USA
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353
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Wallace MAG, Kormos TM, Pleil JD. Blood-borne biomarkers and bioindicators for linking exposure to health effects in environmental health science. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2016; 19:380-409. [PMID: 27759495 PMCID: PMC6147038 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2016.1215772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Environmental health science aims to link environmental pollution sources to adverse health outcomes to develop effective exposure intervention strategies that reduce long-term disease risks. Over the past few decades, the public health community recognized that health risk is driven by interaction between the human genome and external environment. Now that the human genetic code has been sequenced, establishing this "G × E" (gene-environment) interaction requires a similar effort to decode the human exposome, which is the accumulation of an individual's environmental exposures and metabolic responses throughout the person's lifetime. The exposome is composed of endogenous and exogenous chemicals, many of which are measurable as biomarkers in blood, breath, and urine. Exposure to pollutants is assessed by analyzing biofluids for the pollutant itself or its metabolic products. New methods are being developed to use a subset of biomarkers, termed bioindicators, to demonstrate biological changes indicative of future adverse health effects. Typically, environmental biomarkers are assessed using noninvasive (excreted) media, such as breath and urine. Blood is often avoided for biomonitoring due to practical reasons such as medical personnel, infectious waste, or clinical setting, despite the fact that blood represents the central compartment that interacts with every living cell and is the most relevant biofluid for certain applications and analyses. The aims of this study were to (1) review the current use of blood samples in environmental health research, (2) briefly contrast blood with other biological media, and (3) propose additional applications for blood analysis in human exposure research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ariel Geer Wallace
- a Exposure Methods and Measurement Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina , USA
| | | | - Joachim D Pleil
- a Exposure Methods and Measurement Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina , USA
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354
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Salvati E, Stellacci F, Krol S. Nanosensors for early cancer detection and for therapeutic drug monitoring. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 10:3495-512. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of nanotechnology for drug delivery in cancer therapy has raised high expectations. Additionally, the use of nanomaterials in sensors to extract and detect tumor specific biomarkers, circulating tumor cells, or extracellular vesicles shed by the tumor holds the promise to detect cancer much earlier and hence improve long-term survival of the patients. Moreover, the monitoring of the anticancer drug concentration, which has a narrow therapeutic window, will allow for a personalized dosing of the drug and will lead to improved therapeutic outcome and life quality of the patient. This review will provide an overview on the use of nanosensors for the early diagnosis of cancer and for the therapeutic drug monitoring, giving some examples. We envision nanosensors to make significant improvements in the cancer management as easy-to-use point-of-care devices for a broad population of users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Salvati
- IFOM, The FIRC Institute for Molecular Oncology Foundation, IFOM-IEO Campus, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Stellacci
- Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 12, CH–1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Fondazione IRCCS Institute of Neurology Carlo Besta, Via Amadeo 42, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Silke Krol
- Fondazione IRCCS Institute of Neurology Carlo Besta, Via Amadeo 42, 20133 Milan, Italy
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355
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Vishinkin R, Haick H. Nanoscale Sensor Technologies for Disease Detection via Volatolomics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:6142-64. [PMID: 26448487 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201501904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The detection of many diseases is missed because of delayed diagnoses or the low efficacy of some treatments. This emphasizes the urgent need for inexpensive and minimally invasive technologies that would allow efficient early detection, stratifying the population for personalized therapy, and improving the efficacy of rapid bed-side assessment of treatment. An emerging approach that has a high potential to fulfill these needs is based on so-called "volatolomics", namely, chemical processes involving profiles of highly volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from body fluids, including breath, skin, urine and blood. This article presents a didactic review of some of the main advances related to the use of nanomaterial-based solid-state and flexible sensors, and related artificially intelligent sensing arrays for the detection and monitoring of disease with volatolomics. The article attempts to review the technological gaps and confounding factors related to VOC testing. Different ways to choose nanomaterial-based sensors are discussed, while considering the profiles of targeted volatile markers and possible limitations of applying the sensing approach. Perspectives for taking volatolomics to a new level in the field of diagnostics are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rotem Vishinkin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Hossam Haick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
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356
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de Groot EF, de Meij TG, Berkhout DJ, van der Schee MP, de Boer NK. Flatography: Detection of gastrointestinal diseases by faecal gas analysis. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther 2015; 6:111-113. [PMID: 26558144 PMCID: PMC4635150 DOI: 10.4292/wjgpt.v6.i4.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients presenting with gastro-intestinal symptoms might suffer from a range of possible underlying diseases. An unmet need exists for novel cost-effective, reproducible, easy-to-perform and non-invasive tests. Hippocrates used body odours to diagnose diseases circa 460 before Christ. The art of diagnostic smelling is making a promising high-tech come-back with portable “electronic diagnostic noses”. Analysis of faecal volatile organic compounds is a novel field in metabolomics with considerable potential to improve the diagnosis, phenotyping and monitoring of gastro-intestinal disease. Challenges will be to mature over the coming years by development of a standardized methodology for stool sample collection, storage, handling and analysis. Furthermore, key volatiles need to be identified to improve test accuracy and sensitivity by development of sensors tailored toward the accurate identification of disease specific volatiles. If these challenges are adequately faced, analysis of faecal volatiles has realistic potential to considerably improve screening, diagnosis and disease monitoring for gastro-intestinal diseases.
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357
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Xu M, Tang Z, Duan Y, Liu Y. GC-Based Techniques for Breath Analysis: Current Status, Challenges, and Prospects. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2015; 46:291-304. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2015.1055550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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358
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García-Gómez D, Bregy L, Nussbaumer-Ochsner Y, Gaisl T, Kohler M, Zenobi R. Detection and Quantification of Benzothiazoles in Exhaled Breath and Exhaled Breath Condensate by Real-Time Secondary Electrospray Ionization-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry and Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:12519-12524. [PMID: 26390299 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
2-Subtituted benzothiazoles are widely used industrial chemicals whose occurrence in environmental samples has been shown to be ubiquitous. However, knowledge about human exposure to these compounds and their excretion route is still scarce. Here, we demonstrate for the first time the detection of benzothiazole derivatives in exhaled breath. Real-time analysis of breath was carried out by means of secondary electrospray ionization coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. This coupling allowed not only the detection of these compounds in breath with a sensitivity in the pptv range but also their robust identification by comparing tandem high-resolution mass spectra from breath and standards. For further confirmation, benzothiazoles were also determined in exhaled breath condensate samples by means of ultra high-performance liquid chromatography. This approach strengthened the identification as a result of excellent matches in retention times and also allowed quantification. An estimated total daily exhalation of ca. 20 μg day(-1) was calculated for the six benzothiazole derivatives found in breath.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego García-Gómez
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich , CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Bregy
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich , CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Thomas Gaisl
- Pulmonary Division, University Hospital Zurich , CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Malcolm Kohler
- Pulmonary Division, University Hospital Zurich , CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich , CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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359
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Profiling of volatile compounds in APCMin/+ mice blood by dynamic headspace extraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1003:35-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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360
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Berna AZ, McCarthy JS, Wang RX, Saliba KJ, Bravo FG, Cassells J, Padovan B, Trowell SC. Analysis of Breath Specimens for Biomarkers of Plasmodium falciparum Infection. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:1120-8. [PMID: 25810441 PMCID: PMC4559192 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the majority of diagnoses of malaria rely on a combination of the patient's clinical presentation and the visualization of parasites on a stained blood film. Breath offers an attractive alternative to blood as the basis for simple, noninvasive diagnosis of infectious diseases. In this study, breath samples were collected from individuals during controlled malaria to determine whether specific malaria-associated volatiles could be detected in breath. We identified 9 compounds whose concentrations varied significantly over the course of malaria: carbon dioxide, isoprene, acetone, benzene, cyclohexanone, and 4 thioethers. The latter group, consisting of allyl methyl sulfide, 1-methylthio-propane, (Z)-1-methylthio-1-propene, and (E)-1-methylthio-1-propene, had not previously been associated with any disease or condition. Before the availability of antimalarial drug treatment, there was evidence of concurrent 48-hour cyclical changes in the levels of both thioethers and parasitemia. When thioether concentrations were subjected to a phase shift of 24 hours, a direct correlation between the parasitemia and volatile levels was revealed. Volatile levels declined monotonically approximately 6.5 hours after initial drug treatment, correlating with clearance of parasitemia. No thioethers were detected in in vitro cultures of Plasmodium falciparum. The metabolic origin of the thioethers is not known, but results suggest that interplay between host and parasite metabolic pathways is involved in the production of these thioethers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James S McCarthy
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Brisbane and Women舗s Hospital, Brisbane
| | | | - Kevin J Saliba
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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361
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Syed Z. Chemical ecology and olfaction in arthropod vectors of diseases. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2015; 10:83-89. [PMID: 29588018 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hematophagous arthropods (ticks and insects, collectively hereafter referred to as vectors) transmit various life threatening diseases resulting in over one million human deaths annually. Exploiting vertebrates for blood demanded extensive sensory and behavioral adaptations that are apparent across the evolutionary range of vector species, from primitive ticks to advanced dipterans. Since animal senses are biological features that have been shaped by natural selection to promote adaptive behavior, a variety of exciting patterns are apparent in what they sense and how. Vectors display robust olfactory driven behaviors. A distinct yet limited range of volatile organic compounds are parsimoniously used as major cues for tracking in various contexts. These chemicals elicit behaviors such as attraction or repulsion/avoidance while vectors seek habitats, hosts, mates, or oviposition sites. Interestingly, there is a substantial consilience among olfactory structures and function in arthropod vectors, which is also reflected in the parsimonious use of chemical ligands. A detailed analysis of chemosensory signals and reception by these arthropod vectors can be exploited to identify natural ligands that can be used as baits to manipulate vector behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainulabeuddin Syed
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, Galvin Life Sciences Center, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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362
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Broza YY, Mochalski P, Ruzsanyi V, Amann A, Haick H. Hybrid volatolomics and disease detection. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:11036-48. [PMID: 26235374 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201500153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This Review presents a concise, but not exhaustive, didactic overview of some of the main concepts and approaches related to "volatolomics"-an emerging frontier for fast, risk-free, and potentially inexpensive diagnostics. It attempts to review the source and characteristics of volatolomics through the so-called volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emanating from cells and their microenvironment. It also reviews the existence of VOCs in several bodily fluids, including the cellular environment, blood, breath, skin, feces, urine, and saliva. Finally, the usefulness of volatolomics for diagnosis from a single bodily fluid, as well as ways to improve these diagnostic aspects by "hybrid" approaches that combine VOC profiles collected from two or more bodily fluids, will be discussed. The perspectives of this approach in developing the field of diagnostics to a new level are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Y Broza
- The Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003 (Israel)
| | - Pawel Mochalski
- Breath Research Institute and University-Clinic for Anesthesia, The University of Innsbruck and Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck (Austria)
| | - Vera Ruzsanyi
- Breath Research Institute and University-Clinic for Anesthesia, The University of Innsbruck and Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck (Austria)
| | - Anton Amann
- Breath Research Institute and University-Clinic for Anesthesia, The University of Innsbruck and Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck (Austria)
| | - Hossam Haick
- The Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003 (Israel).
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363
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Broza YY, Mochalski P, Ruzsanyi V, Amann A, Haick H. Hybride Volatolomik und der Nachweis von Krankheiten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201500153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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364
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Li X, Martinez-Lozano Sinues P, Dallmann R, Bregy L, Hollmén M, Proulx S, Brown SA, Detmar M, Kohler M, Zenobi R. Pharmakokinetik von Medikamenten durch Echtzeit-Analyse der Atemluft von Mäusen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201503312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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365
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Li X, Martinez-Lozano Sinues P, Dallmann R, Bregy L, Hollmén M, Proulx S, Brown SA, Detmar M, Kohler M, Zenobi R. Drug Pharmacokinetics Determined by Real-Time Analysis of Mouse Breath. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:7815-8. [PMID: 26015026 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201503312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Noninvasive, real-time pharmacokinetic (PK) monitoring of ketamine, propofol, and valproic acid, and their metabolites was achieved in mice, using secondary electrospray ionization and high-resolution mass spectrometry. The PK profile of a drug influences its efficacy and toxicity because it determines exposure time and levels. The antidepressant and anaesthetic ketamine (Ket) and four Ket metabolites were studied in detail and their PK was simultaneously determined following application of different sub-anaesthetic doses of Ket. Bioavailability after oral administration vs. intraperitoneal injection was also investigated. In contrast to conventional studies that require many animals to be sacrificed even for low-resolution PK curves, this novel approach yields real-time PK curves with a hitherto unmatched time resolution (10 s), and none of the animals has to be sacrificed. This thus represents a major step forward not only in animal welfare, but also major cost and time savings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich (Switzerland).,Institute of Atmospheric Environmental Safety and Pollution Control, Jinan University, Huangpu Road West 601, Guangzhou 510632 (China)
| | | | - Robert Dallmann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich (Switzerland).,University of Warwick, Warwick Medical School, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 AL7 (United Kingdom)
| | - Lukas Bregy
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich (Switzerland)
| | - Maija Hollmén
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich (Switzerland)
| | - Steven Proulx
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich (Switzerland)
| | - Steven A Brown
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich (Switzerland)
| | - Michael Detmar
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich (Switzerland)
| | - Malcolm Kohler
- Pulmonary Division, University Hospital Zürich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zürich (Switzerland)
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich (Switzerland).
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366
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Salvo P, Ferrari C, Persia R, Ghimenti S, Lomonaco T, Bellagambi F, Di Francesco F. A dual mode breath sampler for the collection of the end-tidal and dead space fractions. Med Eng Phys 2015; 37:539-44. [PMID: 25922294 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a breath sampler prototype automatically collecting end-tidal (single and multiple breaths) or dead space air fractions (multiple breaths). This result is achieved by real time measurements of the CO2 partial pressure and airflow during the expiratory and inspiratory phases. Suitable algorithms, used to control a solenoid valve, guarantee that a Nalophan(®) bag is filled with the selected breath fraction even if the subject under test hyperventilates. The breath sampler has low pressure drop (<0.5 kPa) and uses inert or disposable components to avoid bacteriological risk for the patients and contamination of the breath samples. A fully customisable software interface allows a real time control of the hardware and software status. The performances of the breath sampler were evaluated by comparing (a) the CO2 partial pressure calculated during the sampling with the CO2 pressure measured off-line within the Nalophan(®) bag; (b) the concentrations of four selected volatile organic compounds in dead space, end-tidal and mixed breath fractions. Results showed negligible deviations between calculated and off-line CO2 pressure values and the distributions of the selected compounds into dead space, end-tidal and mixed breath fractions were in agreement with their chemical-physical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Salvo
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - C Ferrari
- National Research Council of Italy, C.N.R., Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, (INO) - UOS Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - R Persia
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - S Ghimenti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - T Lomonaco
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - F Bellagambi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - F Di Francesco
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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367
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An acetone bio-sniffer (gas phase biosensor) enabling assessment of lipid metabolism from exhaled breath. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 73:208-213. [PMID: 26079672 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Several volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are released from human breath or skin. Like chemical substances in blood or urine, some of these vapors can provide valuable information regarding the state of the human body. A highly sensitive acetone biochemical gas sensor (bio-sniffer) was developed and used to measure exhaled breath acetone concentration, and assess lipid metabolism based on breath acetone analysis. A fiber-optic biochemical gas sensing system was constructed by attaching a flow-cell with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)-dependent secondary alcohol dehydrogenase (S-ADH) immobilized membrane onto a fiber-optic NADH measurement system. The NADH measurement system utilizes an ultraviolet-light emitting diode with peak emission of 335 nm as an excitation light source. NADH is consumed by the enzymatic reaction of S-ADH, and the consumption is proportional to the concentration of acetone vapor. Phosphate buffer which contained NADH was circulated into the flow-cell to rinse products and the excessive substrates from the optode. The change of fluorescent emitted from NADH is analyzed by the PMT. Hence, fluorescence intensity decreased as the acetone concentration increased. The relationship between fluorescence intensity and acetone concentration was identified from 20 ppb to 5300 ppb. This interval included the concentration of acetone vapor in the breath of healthy people and those suffering from disorders of carbohydrate metabolism. Finally, the acetone bio-sniffer was used to measure breath acetone during an exercise stress test on an ergometer after a period of fasting. The concentration of acetone in breath was shown to significantly increase after exercise. This biosensor allows rapid, highly sensitive and selective measurement of lipid metabolism.
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368
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Trace detection of endogenous human volatile organic compounds for search, rescue and emergency applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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369
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García-Gómez D, Martínez-Lozano Sinues P, Barrios-Collado C, Vidal-de-Miguel G, Gaugg M, Zenobi R. Identification of 2-Alkenals, 4-Hydroxy-2-alkenals, and 4-Hydroxy-2,6-alkadienals in Exhaled Breath Condensate by UHPLC-HRMS and in Breath by Real-Time HRMS. Anal Chem 2015; 87:3087-93. [DOI: 10.1021/ac504796p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego García-Gómez
- Department
of Chemistry and
Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - César Barrios-Collado
- Department
of Chemistry and
Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Martin Gaugg
- Department
of Chemistry and
Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department
of Chemistry and
Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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370
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Pereira J, Porto-Figueira P, Cavaco C, Taunk K, Rapole S, Dhakne R, Nagarajaram H, Câmara JS. Breath analysis as a potential and non-invasive frontier in disease diagnosis: an overview. Metabolites 2015; 5:3-55. [PMID: 25584743 PMCID: PMC4381289 DOI: 10.3390/metabo5010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, a small number of diseases, particularly cardiovascular (CVDs), oncologic (ODs), neurodegenerative (NDDs), chronic respiratory diseases, as well as diabetes, form a severe burden to most of the countries worldwide. Hence, there is an urgent need for development of efficient diagnostic tools, particularly those enabling reliable detection of diseases, at their early stages, preferably using non-invasive approaches. Breath analysis is a non-invasive approach relying only on the characterisation of volatile composition of the exhaled breath (EB) that in turn reflects the volatile composition of the bloodstream and airways and therefore the status and condition of the whole organism metabolism. Advanced sampling procedures (solid-phase and needle traps microextraction) coupled with modern analytical technologies (proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry, selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry, ion mobility spectrometry, e-noses, etc.) allow the characterisation of EB composition to an unprecedented level. However, a key challenge in EB analysis is the proper statistical analysis and interpretation of the large and heterogeneous datasets obtained from EB research. There is no standard statistical framework/protocol yet available in literature that can be used for EB data analysis towards discovery of biomarkers for use in a typical clinical setup. Nevertheless, EB analysis has immense potential towards development of biomarkers for the early disease diagnosis of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Pereira
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, Funchal 9000-390, Portugal.
| | - Priscilla Porto-Figueira
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, Funchal 9000-390, Portugal.
| | - Carina Cavaco
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, Funchal 9000-390, Portugal.
| | - Khushman Taunk
- Proteomics Lab, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India.
| | - Srikanth Rapole
- Proteomics Lab, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India.
| | - Rahul Dhakne
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500 001, India.
| | - Hampapathalu Nagarajaram
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500 001, India.
| | - José S Câmara
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, Funchal 9000-390, Portugal.
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371
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Chingin K, Liang J, Hang Y, Hu L, Chen H. Rapid recognition of bacteremia in humans using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry of volatiles emitted by blood cultures. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra16502k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human bacteremia is rapidly diagnosed by direct atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry analysis of blood culture volatiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Chingin
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation
- East China Institute of Technology
- Nanchang 330013
- P.R. China
| | - Juchao Liang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation
- East China Institute of Technology
- Nanchang 330013
- P.R. China
| | - Yaping Hang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University
- Nanchang 330006
- P.R China
| | - Longhua Hu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University
- Nanchang 330006
- P.R China
| | - Huanwen Chen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation
- East China Institute of Technology
- Nanchang 330013
- P.R. China
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372
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Circadian variation of the human metabolome captured by real-time breath analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114422. [PMID: 25545545 PMCID: PMC4278702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks play a significant role in the correct timing of physiological metabolism, and clock disruption might lead to pathological changes of metabolism. One interesting method to assess the current state of metabolism is metabolomics. Metabolomics tries to capture the entirety of small molecules, i.e. the building blocks of metabolism, in a given matrix, such as blood, saliva or urine. Using mass spectrometric approaches we and others have shown that a significant portion of the human metabolome in saliva and blood exhibits circadian modulation; independent of food intake or sleep/wake rhythms. Recent advances in mass spectrometry techniques have introduced completely non-invasive breathprinting; a method to instantaneously assess small metabolites in human breath. In this proof-of-principle study, we extend these findings about the impact of circadian clocks on metabolomics to exhaled breath. As previously established, our method allows for real-time analysis of a rich matrix during frequent non-invasive sampling. We sampled the breath of three healthy, non-smoking human volunteers in hourly intervals for 24 hours during total sleep deprivation, and found 111 features in the breath of all individuals, 36–49% of which showed significant circadian variation in at least one individual. Our data suggest that real-time mass spectrometric "breathprinting" has high potential to become a useful tool to understand circadian metabolism, and develop new biomarkers to easily and in real-time assess circadian clock phase and function in experimental and clinical settings.
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373
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Bujak R, Struck-Lewicka W, Markuszewski MJ, Kaliszan R. Metabolomics for laboratory diagnostics. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 113:108-20. [PMID: 25577715 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics is an emerging approach in a systems biology field. Due to continuous development in advanced analytical techniques and in bioinformatics, metabolomics has been extensively applied as a novel, holistic diagnostic tool in clinical and biomedical studies. Metabolome's measurement, as a chemical reflection of a current phenotype of a particular biological system, is nowadays frequently implemented to understand pathophysiological processes involved in disease progression as well as to search for new diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers of various organism's disorders. In this review, we discussed the research strategies and analytical platforms commonly applied in the metabolomics studies. The applications of the metabolomics in laboratory diagnostics in the last 5 years were also reviewed according to the type of biological sample used in the metabolome's analysis. We also discussed some limitations and further improvements which should be considered taking in mind potential applications of metabolomic research and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Bujak
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdańsk, ul. Gen J. Hallera 107, Gdańsk 80-416, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Struck-Lewicka
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdańsk, ul. Gen J. Hallera 107, Gdańsk 80-416, Poland
| | - Michał J Markuszewski
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdańsk, ul. Gen J. Hallera 107, Gdańsk 80-416, Poland.
| | - Roman Kaliszan
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdańsk, ul. Gen J. Hallera 107, Gdańsk 80-416, Poland.
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374
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Sharon G, Garg N, Debelius J, Knight R, Dorrestein PC, Mazmanian SK. Specialized metabolites from the microbiome in health and disease. Cell Metab 2014; 20:719-730. [PMID: 25440054 PMCID: PMC4337795 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The microbiota, and the genes that comprise its microbiome, play key roles in human health. Host-microbe interactions affect immunity, metabolism, development, and behavior, and dysbiosis of gut bacteria contributes to disease. Despite advances in correlating changes in the microbiota with various conditions, specific mechanisms of host-microbiota signaling remain largely elusive. We discuss the synthesis of microbial metabolites, their absorption, and potential physiological effects on the host. We propose that the effects of specialized metabolites may explain present knowledge gaps in linking the gut microbiota to biological host mechanisms during initial colonization, and in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Sharon
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Neha Garg
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Justine Debelius
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Pieter C Dorrestein
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sarkis K Mazmanian
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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375
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Rattray NJW, Hamrang Z, Trivedi DK, Goodacre R, Fowler SJ. Taking your breath away: metabolomics breathes life in to personalized medicine. Trends Biotechnol 2014; 32:538-48. [PMID: 25179940 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Breath-based metabolomics (breathomics) is an exciting developing area of biotechnology that centers on the capture, identification, and quantification of volatile organic compound (VOC) patterns in human breath and their utilization as tools in the diagnosis of a broad spectrum of medical problems. With the age of personalized medicines demanding rapid bespoke diagnosis and treatment, this area of molecular diagnostics is beginning to see an upsurge in biotechnological advancement. Here, we discuss recent improvements and directions in the development of breath VOC analysis and diagnosis platforms that offer the potential for disease biomarker discovery and disease prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J W Rattray
- School of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Zahra Hamrang
- Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Drupad K Trivedi
- School of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Royston Goodacre
- School of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Stephen J Fowler
- University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, NIHR Respiratory and Allergy Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, UK; Respiratory Medicine, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston, UK.
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