351
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Kelly S, Grenyer R, Scotland RW. Phylogenetic trees do not reliably predict feature diversity. DIVERS DISTRIB 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Kelly
- Department of Plant Sciences; University of Oxford; South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3RB UK
| | - Richard Grenyer
- School of Geography and the Environment; University of Oxford; South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QY UK
| | - Robert W. Scotland
- Department of Plant Sciences; University of Oxford; South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3RB UK
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352
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Tran LAP. The role of ecological opportunity in shaping disparate diversification trajectories in a bicontinental primate radiation. Proc Biol Sci 2014; 281:20131979. [PMID: 24598417 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Exceptional species and phenotypic diversity commonly are attributed to ecological opportunity (EO). The conventional EO model predicts that rates of lineage diversification and phenotypic evolution are elevated early in a radiation only to decline later in response to niche availability. Foregut fermentation is hypothesized to be a key innovation that allowed colobine monkeys (subfamily Colobinae), the only primates with this trait, to successfully colonize folivore adaptive zones unavailable to other herbivorous species. Therefore, diversification rates also are expected to be strongly linked with the evolution of traits related to folivory in these monkeys. Using dated molecular phylogenies and a dataset of feeding morphology, I test predictions of the EO model to evaluate the role of EO conferred by foregut fermentation in shaping the African and Asian colobine radiations. Findings from diversification methods coupled with colobine biogeographic history provide compelling evidence that decreasing availability of new adaptive zones during colonization of Asia together with constraints presented by dietary specialization underlie temporal changes in diversification in the Asian but not African clade. Additionally, departures from the EO model likely reflect iterative diversification events in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy A P Tran
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, , 1109 Geddes Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1079, USA
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353
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Winkelmann K, Genner MJ, Takahashi T, Rüber L. Competition-driven speciation in cichlid fish. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3412. [PMID: 24577259 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Theoretically, competition can initiate divergence in habitat use between individuals of a species, leading to restricted gene flow and eventual speciation. Evidence that sister species differ in habitat use is commonplace and consistent with this mechanism, but empirical experimental support is surprisingly scarce. Here we provide evidence that competition has taken a key role in the evolution of genetically distinct ecomorphs of the Lake Tanganyika cichlid fish Telmatochromis temporalis. Experiments show that differences in substrate use between a large-bodied rock-living ecomorph and a neighbouring small-bodied shell-living ecomorph are mediated by size-dependent competition that drives assortative mate-pair formation. Specifically, adults of the larger ecomorph outcompete adults of the smaller ecomorph on favoured rock substrate, compelling the smaller adults to use shell habitat. These results support a role for competition in maintaining reproductive isolation, and highlight the need to identify ecological processes that impose selection to improve our understanding of speciation and adaptive radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Winkelmann
- 1] Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK [2] School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UG, UK
| | - Martin J Genner
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UG, UK
| | - Tetsumi Takahashi
- Laboratory of Animal Ecology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Lukas Rüber
- Naturhistorisches Museum der Burgergemeinde Bern, Bernastrasse 15, Bern 3005, Switzerland
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354
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Pasco-Viel E, Yang L, Veran M, Balter V, Mayden RL, Laudet V, Viriot L. Stability versus diversity of the dentition during evolutionary radiation in cyprinine fish. Proc Biol Sci 2014; 281:20132688. [PMID: 24523268 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.2688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary radiations, especially adaptive radiations, have been widely studied but mainly for recent events such as in cichlid fish or Anolis lizards. Here, we investigate the radiation of the subfamily Cyprininae, which includes more than 1300 species and is estimated to have originated from Southeast Asia around 55 Ma. In order to decipher a potential adaptive radiation, within a solid phylogenetic framework, we investigated the trophic apparatus, and especially the pharyngeal dentition, as teeth have proved to be important markers of ecological specialization. We compared two tribes within Cyprininae, Poropuntiini and Labeonini, displaying divergent dental patterns, as well as other characters related to their trophic apparatus. Our results suggest that the anatomy of the trophic apparatus and diet are clearly correlated and this explains the difference in dental patterns observed between these two tribes. Our results illustrate the diversity of mechanisms that account for species diversity in this very diverse clade: diversification of dental characters from an ancestral pattern on the one hand, conservation of a basal synapomorphy leading to ecological specialization on the other hand. By integrating morphological, ecological and phylogenetic analyses, it becomes possible to investigate ancient radiation events that have shaped the present diversity of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Pasco-Viel
- Evo-devo of Vertebrate Dentition, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon (IGFL), UMR CNRS 5242, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, , Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France, Molecular Zoology, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon (IGFL), UMR CNRS 5242, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, , Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France, Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, , St Louis, MO 63103, USA, Centre de Recherches sur la Paléobiodiversité et les Paléoenvironnements (CRP2), Département Histoire de la Terre, UMR CNRS 7207, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, , Paris, France, Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon (LGLTPE), UMR CNRS 5276, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, , Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
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355
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A mechanistic explanation linking adaptive mutation, niche change, and fitness advantage for the wrinkly spreader. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY 2014; 2014:675432. [PMID: 24551477 PMCID: PMC3914426 DOI: 10.1155/2014/675432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Experimental evolution studies have investigated adaptive radiation in static liquid microcosms using the environmental bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25. In evolving populations a novel adaptive mutant known as the Wrinkly Spreader arises within days having significant fitness advantage over the ancestral strain. A molecular investigation of the Wrinkly Spreader has provided a mechanistic explanation linking mutation with fitness improvement through the production of a cellulose-based biofilm at the air-liquid interface. Colonisation of this niche provides greater access to oxygen, allowing faster growth than that possible for non-biofilm-forming competitors located in the lower anoxic region of the microcosm. Cellulose is probably normally used for attachment to plant and soil aggregate surfaces and to provide protection in dehydrating conditions. However, the evolutionary innovation of the Wrinkly Spreader in static microcosms is the use of cellulose as the matrix of a robust biofilm, and is achieved through mutations that deregulate multiple diguanylate cyclases leading to the over-production of cyclic-di-GMP and the stimulation of cellulose expression. The mechanistic explanation of the Wrinkly Spreader success is an exemplar of the modern evolutionary synthesis, linking molecular biology with evolutionary ecology, and provides an insight into the phenomenal ability of bacteria to adapt to novel environments.
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356
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Price SL, Powell S, Kronauer DJC, Tran LAP, Pierce NE, Wayne RK. Renewed diversification is associated with new ecological opportunity in the Neotropical turtle ants. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:242-58. [PMID: 24417316 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Ecological opportunity, defined as access to new resources free from competitors, is thought to be a catalyst for the process of adaptive radiation. Much of what we know about ecological opportunity, and the larger process of adaptive radiation, is derived from vertebrate diversification on islands. Here, we examine lineage diversification in the turtle ants (Cephalotes), a species-rich group of ants that has diversified throughout the Neotropics. We show that crown group turtle ants originated during the Eocene (around 46 mya), coincident with global warming and the origin of many other clades. We also show a marked lineage-wide slowdown in diversification rates in the Miocene. Contrasting this overall pattern, a species group associated with the young and seasonally harsh Chacoan biogeographic region underwent a recent burst of diversification. Subsequent analyses also indicated that there is significant phylogenetic clustering within the Chacoan region and that speciation rates are highest there. Together, these findings suggest that recent ecological opportunity, from successful colonization of novel habitat, may have facilitated renewed turtle ant diversification. Our findings highlight a central role of ecological opportunity within a successful continental radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Price
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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357
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Openshaw GH, Keogh JS. Head shape evolution in monitor lizards (Varanus
): interactions between extreme size disparity, phylogeny and ecology. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:363-73. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. H. Openshaw
- Division of Evolution, Ecology & Genetics; Research School of Biology; The Australian National University; Canberra ACT Australia
| | - J. S. Keogh
- Division of Evolution, Ecology & Genetics; Research School of Biology; The Australian National University; Canberra ACT Australia
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358
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Selz OM, Lucek K, Young KA, Seehausen O. Relaxed trait covariance in interspecific cichlid hybrids predicts morphological diversity in adaptive radiations. J Evol Biol 2013; 27:11-24. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- O. M. Selz
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution; EAWAG Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology; Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry; Kastanienbaum Switzerland
- Division of Aquatic Ecology and Evolution; Institute of Ecology and Evolution; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - K. Lucek
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution; EAWAG Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology; Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry; Kastanienbaum Switzerland
- Division of Aquatic Ecology and Evolution; Institute of Ecology and Evolution; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | | | - O. Seehausen
- Division of Aquatic Ecology and Evolution; Institute of Ecology and Evolution; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
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359
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Dynesius M, Jansson R. Persistence of within-species lineages: a neglected control of speciation rates. Evolution 2013; 68:923-34. [PMID: 24329123 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We present a framework distinguishing three principal controls of speciation rate: rate of splitting, level of persistence, and length of speciation duration. We contend that discussions on diversification become clearer in the light of this framework, because speciation rate variation could be attributed to any of these controls. In particular, we claim that the role of persistence of within-species lineages in controlling speciation rates has been greatly underappreciated. More emphasis on the persistence control would change expectations of the role of several biological traits and environmental factors, because they may drive speciation rate in one direction through the persistence control and in the opposite direction through the other two controls. Traits and environments have been little studied regarding their influence on speciation rate through the persistence control, with climatic fluctuations being a relatively well-studied exception. Considering the recent advances in genomic and phylogenetic analysis, we think that the time is ripe for applying the framework in empirical research. Variation among clades and areas (and thus among traits and environments) in the importance of the three rate controls could be addressed for example by dating splitting events, detecting within-species lineages, and scanning genomes for evidence of divergent selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Dynesius
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
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360
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Abstract
Adaptive radiation of a lineage into a range of organisms with different niches underpins the evolution of life's diversity. Although the role of the environment in shaping adaptive radiation is well established, theory predicts that the evolvability and niche of the founding ancestor are also of importance. Direct demonstration of a causal link requires resolving the independent effects of these additional factors. Here, we accomplish this using experimental bacterial populations and demonstrate how the dynamics of adaptive radiation are constrained by the niche of the founder. We manipulated the propensity of the founder to undergo adaptive radiation and resolved the underlying causal changes in both its evolvability and niche. Evolvability did not change, but the propensity for adaptive radiation was altered by changes in the position and breadth of the niche of the founder. These observations provide direct empirical evidence for a link between the niche of organisms and their propensity for adaptive radiation. This general mechanism may have rendered the evolutionary dynamics of extant adaptive radiations dependent on chance events that determined their founding ancestors.
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361
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Richter C, Taufiq A, Hodges K, Ostner J, Schülke O. Ecology of an endemic primate species (Macaca siberu) on Siberut Island, Indonesia. SPRINGERPLUS 2013; 2:137. [PMID: 23724365 PMCID: PMC3663992 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Logging and forest loss continues to be a major problem within Southeast Asia and as a result, many species are becoming threatened or extinct. The present study provides the first detailed and comprehensive ecological data on the Siberut macaque (Macaca siberu), a primate species living exclusively on the island of Siberut off the west coast of Sumatra. Our results show that M. siberu is ecologically similar to its closest relative M. nemestrina occurring on the mainland, both species being semi-terrestrial, mainly frugivorous (75-76%), exhibit a large daily travel distance for their group size and spend more time on traveling than any other macaque species. The habitat of Siberut macaques was floristically very diverse (Simpson's index D=0.97), although somewhat impoverished in tree species richness, and had a lower tree basal area and a lower rattan density compared to other forests in Malesia (both rattan and palm tree fruit being an important food resource for Macaca siberu due to their long fruiting periods). These factors may lead to a lower diversity and abundance of fruit resources, and coupled with a high degree of frugivory of Siberut macaques, may explain the large amount of traveling observed in this species. The large home range requirements and strong dependence on fruit are important factors that need to be considered when developing conservation measures for this IUCN-listed (Category Vulnerable) species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Richter
- />Courant Research Center Evolution of Social Behaviour, Georg-August University Göttingen, Kellnerweg 6, Göttingen, 37077 Germany
| | - Ahmad Taufiq
- />Universitas Andalas, Department of Biology, Andalas University, Kampus Limau Manih, Padang, West Sumatra Indonesia
| | - Keith Hodges
- />Reproductive Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, Göttingen, 37077 Germany
| | - Julia Ostner
- />Courant Research Center Evolution of Social Behaviour, Georg-August University Göttingen, Kellnerweg 6, Göttingen, 37077 Germany
| | - Oliver Schülke
- />Courant Research Center Evolution of Social Behaviour, Georg-August University Göttingen, Kellnerweg 6, Göttingen, 37077 Germany
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362
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Rabosky DL. Diversity-Dependence, Ecological Speciation, and the Role of Competition in Macroevolution. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2013. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110512-135800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L. Rabosky
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109;
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363
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Crisp MD, Cook LG. How Was the Australian Flora Assembled Over the Last 65 Million Years? A Molecular Phylogenetic Perspective. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2013. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110512-135910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Crisp
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2602, Australia;
| | - Lyn G. Cook
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia;
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364
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Affiliation(s)
- Folmer Bokma
- IceLab and Department of Ecology & Environmental Science, Linnaeus väg 6, 92277, Umeå University, Sweden; and IceLab and Department of Physics, Linnaeus väg 24, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
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365
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Moen DS, Irschick DJ, Wiens JJ. Evolutionary conservatism and convergence both lead to striking similarity in ecology, morphology and performance across continents in frogs. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20132156. [PMID: 24174109 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.2156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many clades contain ecologically and phenotypically similar species across continents, yet the processes generating this similarity are largely unstudied, leaving fundamental questions unanswered. Is similarity in morphology and performance across assemblages caused by evolutionary convergence or by biogeographic dispersal of evolutionarily conserved ecotypes? Does convergence to new ecological conditions erase evidence of past adaptation? Here, we analyse ecology, morphology and performance in frog assemblages from three continents (Asia, Australia and South America), assessing the importance of dispersal and convergent evolution in explaining similarity across regions. We find three striking results. First, species using the same microhabitat type are highly similar in morphology and performance across both clades and continents. Second, some species on different continents owe their similarity to dispersal and evolutionary conservatism (rather than evolutionary convergence), even over vast temporal and spatial scales. Third, in one case, an ecologically specialized ancestor radiated into diverse ecotypes that have converged with those on other continents, largely erasing traces of past adaptation to their ancestral ecology. Overall, our study highlights the roles of both evolutionary conservatism and convergence in explaining similarity in species traits over large spatial and temporal scales and demonstrates a statistical framework for addressing these questions in other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Moen
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, , 650 Life Sciences Building, Stony Brook, NY 11795-5245, USA, Center for Applied Mathematics, École Polytechnique, , UMR 7641 CNRS, Route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France, Department of Biology, 221 Morrill Science Center, University of Massachusetts, , Amherst, MA 01003, USA, Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, , Amherst, MA 01003, USA, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, , Tucson, AZ 85721-0088, USA
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366
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Lucek K, Sivasundar A, Roy D, Seehausen O. Repeated and predictable patterns of ecotypic differentiation during a biological invasion: lake-stream divergence in parapatric Swiss stickleback. J Evol Biol 2013; 26:2691-709. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Lucek
- Institute for Ecology and Evolution; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
- Center for Ecology, Evolution & Biogeochemistry; EAWAG Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology; Kastanienbaum Switzerland
| | - A. Sivasundar
- Institute for Ecology and Evolution; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
- Center for Ecology, Evolution & Biogeochemistry; EAWAG Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology; Kastanienbaum Switzerland
| | - D. Roy
- Center for Ecology, Evolution & Biogeochemistry; EAWAG Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology; Kastanienbaum Switzerland
| | - O. Seehausen
- Institute for Ecology and Evolution; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
- Center for Ecology, Evolution & Biogeochemistry; EAWAG Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology; Kastanienbaum Switzerland
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367
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Slater GJ, Pennell MW. Robust regression and posterior predictive simulation increase power to detect early bursts of trait evolution. Syst Biol 2013; 63:293-308. [PMID: 24149077 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syt066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A central prediction of much theory on adaptive radiations is that traits should evolve rapidly during the early stages of a clade's history and subsequently slowdown in rate as niches become saturated--a so-called "Early Burst." Although a common pattern in the fossil record, evidence for early bursts of trait evolution in phylogenetic comparative data has been equivocal at best. We show here that this may not necessarily be due to the absence of this pattern in nature. Rather, commonly used methods to infer its presence perform poorly when when the strength of the burst--the rate at which phenotypic evolution declines--is small, and when some morphological convergence is present within the clade. We present two modifications to existing comparative methods that allow greater power to detect early bursts in simulated datasets. First, we develop posterior predictive simulation approaches and show that they outperform maximum likelihood approaches at identifying early bursts at moderate strength. Second, we use a robust regression procedure that allows for the identification and down-weighting of convergent taxa, leading to moderate increases in method performance. We demonstrate the utility and power of these approach by investigating the evolution of body size in cetaceans. Model fitting using maximum likelihood is equivocal with regards the mode of cetacean body size evolution. However, posterior predictive simulation combined with a robust node height test return low support for Brownian motion or rate shift models, but not the early burst model. While the jury is still out on whether early bursts are actually common in nature, our approach will hopefully facilitate more robust testing of this hypothesis. We advocate the adoption of similar posterior predictive approaches to improve the fit and to assess the adequacy of macroevolutionary models in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham J Slater
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, 610 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7239, USA; Department of Paleobiology & Division of Mammals, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, MRC 121, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC., 20013-7012, USA; Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, 441D Life Sciences South, PO Box 443051, Moscow, ID, 83844-3051, USA; and National Evolutionary Synthesis Center, 2024 W. Main Street, Suite A200, Durham, NC, 27705-4667, USA
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368
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Garcia-Porta J, Ord TJ. Key innovations and island colonization as engines of evolutionary diversification: a comparative test with the Australasian diplodactyloid geckos. J Evol Biol 2013; 26:2662-80. [PMID: 24256519 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The acquisition of key innovations and the invasion of new areas constitute two major processes that facilitate ecological opportunity and subsequent evolutionary diversification. Using a major lizard radiation as a model, the Australasian diplodactyloid geckos, we explored the effects of two key innovations (adhesive toepads and a snake-like phenotype) and the invasion of new environments (island colonization) in promoting the evolution of phenotypic and species diversity. We found no evidence that toepads had significantly increased evolutionary diversification, which challenges the common assumption that the evolution of toepads has been responsible for the extensive radiation of geckos. In contrast, a snakelike phenotype was associated with increased rates of body size evolution and, to a lesser extent, species diversification. However, the clearest impact on evolutionary diversification has been the colonization of New Zealand and New Caledonia, which were associated with increased rates of both body size evolution and species diversification. This highlights that colonizing new environments can drive adaptive diversification in conjunction or independently of the evolution of a key innovation. Studies wishing to confirm the putative link between a key innovation and subsequent evolutionary diversification must therefore show that it has been the acquisition of an innovation specifically, not the colonization of new areas more generally, that has prompted diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Garcia-Porta
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, Barcelona, Spain
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369
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Pyron RA, Burbrink FT. Phylogenetic estimates of speciation and extinction rates for testing ecological and evolutionary hypotheses. Trends Ecol Evol 2013; 28:729-36. [PMID: 24120478 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Phylogenies are used to estimate rates of speciation and extinction, reconstruct historical diversification scenarios, and link these to ecological and evolutionary factors, such as climate or organismal traits. Recent models can now estimate the effects of binary, multistate, continuous, and biogeographic characters on diversification rates. Others test for diversity dependence (DD) in speciation and extinction, which has become recognized as an important process in numerous clades. A third class incorporates flexible time-dependent functions, enabling reconstruction of major periods of both expanding and contracting diversity. Although there are some potential problems (particularly for estimating extinction), these methods hold promise for answering many classic questions in ecology and evolution, such as the origin of adaptive radiations, and the latitudinal gradient in species richness.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Alexander Pyron
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, 2023 G St. NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
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370
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Li H, Wang W, Lin L, Zhu X, Li J, Zhu X, Chen Z. Diversification of the phaseoloid legumes: effects of climate change, range expansion and habit shift. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:386. [PMID: 24130564 PMCID: PMC3793175 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding which factors have driven the evolutionary success of a group is a fundamental question in biology. Angiosperms are the most successful group in plants and have radiated and adapted to various habitats. Among angiosperms, legumes are a good example for such successful radiation and adaptation. We here investigated how the interplay of past climate changes, geographical expansion and habit shifts has promoted diversification of the phaseoloid legumes, one of the largest clades in the Leguminosae. Using a comprehensive genus-level phylogeny from three plastid markers, we estimate divergence times, infer habit shifts, test the phylogenetic and temporal diversification heterogeneity, and reconstruct ancestral biogeographical ranges. We found that the phaseoloid lineages underwent twice dramatic accumulation. During the Late Oligocene, at least six woody clades rapidly diverged, perhaps in response to the Late Oligocene warming and aridity, and a result of rapidly exploiting new ecological opportunities in Asia, Africa and Australia. The most speciose lineage is herbaceous and began to rapidly diversify since the Early Miocene, which was likely ascribed to arid climates, along with the expansion of seasonally dry tropical forests in Africa, Asia, and America. The phaseoloid group provides an excellent case supporting the idea that the interplay of ecological opportunities and key innovations drives the evolutionary success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Li Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Xiangyun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Biology Department, Hope CollegeHolland, MI, USA
| | - Xinyu Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong UniversityNantong, China
| | - Zhiduan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
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371
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Roquet C, Boucher FC, Thuiller W, Lavergne S. Replicated radiations of the alpine genus Androsace (Primulaceae) driven by range expansion and convergent key innovations. JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY 2013; 40:1874-1886. [PMID: 24790287 PMCID: PMC4001080 DOI: 10.1111/jbi.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
AIM We still have limited understanding of the contingent and deterministic factors that have fostered the evolutionary success of some species lineages over others. We investigated how the interplay of intercontinental migration and key innovations promoted diversification of the genus Androsace. LOCATION Mountain ranges and cold steppes of the Northern Hemisphere. METHODS We reconstructed ancestral biogeographical ranges at regional and continental scales by means of a dispersal-extinction-cladogenesis analysis using dated Bayesian phylogenies and contrasting two migration scenarios. Based on diversification analyses under two frameworks, we tested the influence of life form on speciation rates and whether diversification has been diversity-dependent. RESULTS We found that three radiations occurred in this genus, at different periods and on different continents, and that life form played a critical role in the history of Androsace. Short-lived ancestors first facilitated the expansion of the genus' range from Asia to Europe, while cushions, which appeared independently in Asia and Europe, enhanced species diversification in alpine regions. One long-distance dispersal event from Europe to North America led to the diversification of the nested genus Douglasia. We found support for a model in which speciation of the North American-European clade is diversity-dependent and close to its carrying capacity, and that the diversification dynamics of the North American subclade are uncoupled from this and follow a pure birth process. MAIN CONCLUSIONS The contingency of past biogeographical connections combined with the evolutionary determinism of convergent key innovations may have led to replicated radiations of Androsace in three mountain regions of the world. The repeated emergence of the cushion life form was a convergent key innovation that fostered radiation into alpine habitats. Given the large ecological similarity of Androsace species, allopatry may have been the main mode of speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Roquet
- Laboratoire d’Écologie Alpine, CNRS UMR 5553, Université Joseph Fourier – Grenoble 1, Grenoble, France
| | - Florian C. Boucher
- Laboratoire d’Écologie Alpine, CNRS UMR 5553, Université Joseph Fourier – Grenoble 1, Grenoble, France
| | - Wilfried Thuiller
- Laboratoire d’Écologie Alpine, CNRS UMR 5553, Université Joseph Fourier – Grenoble 1, Grenoble, France
| | - Sébastien Lavergne
- Laboratoire d’Écologie Alpine, CNRS UMR 5553, Université Joseph Fourier – Grenoble 1, Grenoble, France
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372
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Karl R, Koch MA. A world-wide perspective on crucifer speciation and evolution: phylogenetics, biogeography and trait evolution in tribe Arabideae. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 112:983-1001. [PMID: 23904444 PMCID: PMC3783230 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Tribe Arabideae are the most species-rich monophyletic lineage in Brassicaceae. More than 500 species are distributed in the majority of mountain and alpine regions worldwide. This study provides the first comprehensive phylogenetic analysis for the species assemblage and tests for association of trait and characters, providing the first explanations for the enormous species radiation since the mid Miocene. METHODS Phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequence variation of nuclear encoded loci and plastid DNA are used to unravel a reliable phylogenetic tree. Trait and ancestral area reconstructions were performed and lineage-specific diversification rates were calculated to explain various radiations in the last 15 Myr in space and time. KEY RESULTS A well-resolved phylogenetic tree demonstrates the paraphyly of the genus Arabis and a new systematic concept is established. Initially, multiple radiations involved a split between lowland annuals and mountain/alpine perennial sister species. Subsequently, increased speciation rates occur in the perennial lineages. The centre of origin of tribe Arabideae is most likely the Irano-Turanian region from which the various clades colonized the temperate mountain and alpine regions of the world. CONCLUSIONS Mid Miocene early diversification started with increased speciation rates due to the emergence of various annual lineages. Subsequent radiations were mostly driven by diversification within perennial species during the Pliocene, but increased speciation rates also occurred during that epoch. Taxonomic concepts in Arabis are still in need of a major taxonomic revision to define monophyletic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcus A. Koch
- Department of Plant Systematics and Biodiversity, Center for Organismal Studies (COS Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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373
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Schenk JJ, Rowe KC, Steppan SJ. Ecological Opportunity and Incumbency in the Diversification of Repeated Continental Colonizations by Muroid Rodents. Syst Biol 2013; 62:837-64. [DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syt050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John J. Schenk
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4295, USA; and 2Museum Victoria, GPO Box 666, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Kevin C. Rowe
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4295, USA; and 2Museum Victoria, GPO Box 666, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Scott J. Steppan
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4295, USA; and 2Museum Victoria, GPO Box 666, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
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374
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Davis AM, Unmack PJ, Pusey BJ, Pearson RG, Morgan DL. Effects of an adaptive zone shift on morphological and ecological diversification in terapontid fishes. Evol Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-013-9671-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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375
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Bailey SF, Dettman JR, Rainey PB, Kassen R. Competition both drives and impedes diversification in a model adaptive radiation. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20131253. [PMID: 23843392 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.1253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Competitors are known to be important in governing the outcome of evolutionary diversification during an adaptive radiation, but the precise mechanisms by which they exert their effects remain elusive. Using the model adaptive radiation of Pseudomonas fluorescens, we show experimentally that the effect of competition on diversification of a focal lineage depends on both the strength of competition and the ability of the competitors to diversify. We provide evidence that the extent of diversification in the absence of interspecific competitors depends on the strength of resource competition. We also show that the presence of competitors can actually increase diversity by increasing interspecific resource competition. Competitors that themselves are able to diversify prevent diversification of the focal lineage by removing otherwise available ecological opportunities. These results suggest that the progress of an adaptive radiation depends ultimately on the strength of resource competition, an effect that can be exaggerated or impeded by the presence of competitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan F Bailey
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie Private, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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376
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Díaz S, Purvis A, Cornelissen JHC, Mace GM, Donoghue MJ, Ewers RM, Jordano P, Pearse WD. Functional traits, the phylogeny of function, and ecosystem service vulnerability. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:2958-75. [PMID: 24101986 PMCID: PMC3790543 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
People depend on benefits provided by ecological systems. Understanding how these ecosystem services - and the ecosystem properties underpinning them - respond to drivers of change is therefore an urgent priority. We address this challenge through developing a novel risk-assessment framework that integrates ecological and evolutionary perspectives on functional traits to determine species' effects on ecosystems and their tolerance of environmental changes. We define Specific Effect Function (SEF) as the per-gram or per capita capacity of a species to affect an ecosystem property, and Specific Response Function (SRF) as the ability of a species to maintain or enhance its population as the environment changes. Our risk assessment is based on the idea that the security of ecosystem services depends on how effects (SEFs) and tolerances (SRFs) of organisms - which both depend on combinations of functional traits - correlate across species and how they are arranged on the species' phylogeny. Four extreme situations are theoretically possible, from minimum concern when SEF and SRF are neither correlated nor show a phylogenetic signal, to maximum concern when they are negatively correlated (i.e., the most important species are the least tolerant) and phylogenetically patterned (lacking independent backup). We illustrate the assessment with five case studies, involving both plant and animal examples. However, the extent to which the frequency of the four plausible outcomes, or their intermediates, apply more widely in real-world ecological systems is an open question that needs empirical evidence, and suggests a research agenda at the interface of evolutionary biology and ecosystem ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Díaz
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET-UNC) and FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de CórdobaArgentina
| | - Andy Purvis
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College LondonSilwood Park, SL5 7PY, United Kingdom
| | - Johannes H C Cornelissen
- Systems Ecology, Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU UniversityAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Georgina M Mace
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College LondonSilwood Park, SL5 7PY, United Kingdom
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College LondonGower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Donoghue
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale UniversityNew Haven, Connecticut
| | - Robert M Ewers
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College LondonSilwood Park, SL5 7PY, United Kingdom
| | - Pedro Jordano
- Integrative Ecology Group, Estación Biológica Doñana, CSICSevilla, Spain
| | - William D Pearse
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College LondonSilwood Park, SL5 7PY, United Kingdom
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377
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Kawahara AY, Rubinoff D. Convergent evolution of morphology and habitat use in the explosive Hawaiian fancy case caterpillar radiation. J Evol Biol 2013; 26:1763-73. [PMID: 23866031 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Revised: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Species occurring in unconnected, but similar habitats and under similar selection pressures often display strikingly comparable morphology, behaviour and life history. On island archipelagos where colonizations and extinctions are common, it is often difficult to separate whether similar traits are a result of in situ diversification or independent colonization without a phylogeny. Here, we use one of Hawaii's most ecologically diverse and explosive endemic species radiations, the Hawaiian fancy case caterpillar genus Hyposmocoma, to test whether in situ diversification resulted in convergence. Specifically, we examine whether similar species utilizing similar microhabitats independently developed largely congruent larval case phenotypes in lineages that are in comparable, but isolated environments. Larvae of these moths are found on all Hawaiian Islands and are characterized by an extraordinary array of ecomorphs and larval case morphology. We focus on the 'purse cases', a group that is largely specialized for living within rotting wood. Purse cases were considered a monophyletic group, because morphological, behavioural and ecological traits appeared to be shared among all members. We constructed a phylogeny based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences from 38 Hyposmocoma species, including all 14 purse case species and 24 of non-purse case congeners. Divergence time estimation suggests that purse case lineages evolved independently within dead wood and developed nearly identical case morphology twice: once on the distant Northwest Hawaiian Islands between 15.5 and 9 Ma and once on the younger main Hawaiian Islands around 3.0 Ma. Multiple ecomorphs are usually found on each island, and the ancestral ecomorph of Hyposmocoma appears to have lived on tree bark. Unlike most endemic Hawaiian radiations that follow a clear stepwise progression of colonization, purse case Hyposmocoma do not follow a pattern of colonization from older to younger island. We postulate that the diversity of microhabitats and selection from parasitism/predation from endemic predators may have shaped case architecture in this extraordinary endemic radiation of Hawaiian insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y Kawahara
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA.
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378
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Wollenberg KC, Wang IJ, Glor RE, Losos JB. DETERMINISM IN THE DIVERSIFICATION OF HISPANIOLAN TRUNK-GROUND ANOLES (ANOLIS CYBOTESSPECIES COMPLEX). Evolution 2013; 67:3175-90. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina C. Wollenberg
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology & Museum of Comparative Zoology; Harvard University; 26 Oxford St. Cambridge Massachusetts 02134
- Current address: School of Science; Engineering and Mathematics; Bethune-Cookman University; 640 Dr Mary McLeod Bethune Blvd Daytona Beach Florida 32114
| | - Ian J. Wang
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology & Museum of Comparative Zoology; Harvard University; 26 Oxford St. Cambridge Massachusetts 02134
| | - Richard E. Glor
- Department of Biology; University of Rochester; River Campus Box 270211 Rochester New York 14627
| | - Jonathan B. Losos
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology & Museum of Comparative Zoology; Harvard University; 26 Oxford St. Cambridge Massachusetts 02134
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379
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Hedtke SM, Patiny S, Danforth BN. The bee tree of life: a supermatrix approach to apoid phylogeny and biogeography. BMC Evol Biol 2013; 13:138. [PMID: 23822725 PMCID: PMC3706286 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bees are the primary pollinators of angiosperms throughout the world. There are more than 16,000 described species, with broad variation in life history traits such as nesting habitat, diet, and social behavior. Despite their importance as pollinators, the evolution of bee biodiversity is understudied: relationships among the seven families of bees remain controversial, and no empirical global-level reconstruction of historical biogeography has been attempted. Morphological studies have generally suggested that the phylogeny of bees is rooted near the family Colletidae, whereas many molecular studies have suggested a root node near (or within) Melittidae. Previous molecular studies have focused on a relatively small sample of taxa (~150 species) and genes (seven at most). Public databases contain an enormous amount of DNA sequence data that has not been comprehensively analysed in the context of bee evolution. RESULTS We downloaded, aligned, concatenated, and analysed all available protein-coding nuclear gene DNA sequence data in GenBank as of October, 2011. Our matrix consists of 20 genes, with over 17,000 aligned nucleotide sites, for over 1,300 bee and apoid wasp species, representing over two-thirds of bee genera. Whereas the matrix is large in terms of number of genes and taxa, there is a significant amount of missing data: only ~15% of the matrix is populated with data. The placement of the root as well as relationships between Andrenidae and other bee families remain ambiguous, as several alternative maximum-likelihood estimates fall within the statistically credible set. However, we recover strong bootstrap support for relationships among many families and for their monophyly. Ancestral geographic range reconstruction suggests a likely origin of bees in the southern hemisphere, with Melittidae ancestrally located within Africa, and Halictidae, Colletidae, and Apidae within the New World. CONCLUSIONS Our study affirms the monophyly of each bee family, sister-taxa relationships between Apidae and Megachilidae (the 'long-tongued bees'), between Colletidae and Stenotritidae, and between Colletidae + Stenotritidae and Halictidae. Our analyses reject a Colletidae-basal hypothesis for family-level relationships and instead support Melittidae as sister to the remaining bees. Southern hemisphere vicariance likely played an important role in early diversification within many bee families.
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380
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Urban MC, Zarnetske PL, Skelly DK. Moving forward: dispersal and species interactions determine biotic responses to climate change. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1297:44-60. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark C. Urban
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Connecticut; Storrs; Connecticut
| | - Phoebe L. Zarnetske
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies; Yale University; New Haven; Connecticut
| | - David K. Skelly
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies; Yale University; New Haven; Connecticut
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381
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Key ornamental innovations facilitate diversification in an avian radiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:10687-92. [PMID: 23754395 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1220784110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Patterns of biodiversity are often explained by ecological processes, where traits that promote novel ways of interacting with the environment (key innovations) play a fundamental role in promoting diversification. However, sexual selection and social competition can also promote diversification through rapid evolution of ornamental traits. Because selection can operate only on existing variation, the tendency of ornamental traits to constrain or enable the production of novel phenotypes is a crucial but often overlooked aspect of diversification. Starlings are a speciose group characterized by diverse iridescent colors produced by nanometer-scale arrays of melanin-containing organelles (melanosomes) that play a central role in sexual selection and social competition. We show that evolutionary lability of these colors is associated with both morphological and lineage diversification in African starlings. The solid rod-like melanosome morphology has evolved in a directional manner into three more optically complex forms that can produce a broader range of colors than the ancestral form, resulting in (i) faster color evolution, (ii) the occupation of novel, previously unreachable regions of colorspace, and ultimately (iii) accelerated lineage diversification. As in adaptive radiations, key innovations in ornament production can provide high phenotypic trait variability, leading to dramatic effects on the tempo and mode of diversification.
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382
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Bowen BW, Rocha LA, Toonen RJ, Karl SA. The origins of tropical marine biodiversity. Trends Ecol Evol 2013; 28:359-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2013.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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383
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Cohen D. Conceptual models of the processes and patterns of the ecological, evolutionary and bio-geographical consequences of global climate changes. Isr J Ecol Evol 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/15659801.2013.929276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A unifying conceptual model is constructed for the major effects of alternating periods of global warming and cooling and sea-level changes on the geographical distributions and the ecological and genetic characteristics of species and ecological communities.
The main results found are:
The species in the interior of continuous global latitude and altitude temperature gradients are expected to follow the moving temperature zones without any major extinctions or any major changes in their physiological and ecological characteristics and adaptive roles during both global warming and global cooling periods, with competitive replacement of resident species by zonally dispersing pre-adapted species.
Many or all of the existing species at all the global cold boundary zones of both latitude and altitude temperature gradients are expected to become extinct during periods of global warming, which would be caused by competitive displacement by immigrating pre-adapted species from adjacent warmer zones.
Most existing species in the warm boundary zones of all the global temperature gradients are predicted to persist and adapt without competition to the increased temperature during periods of global warming, and to diversify by adaptations to newly created ecological opportunities.
Periods of global cooling are predicted to cause analogous opposite effects to the effects of global warming in the cold and warm boundaries of temperature gradients: that is, extinctions at the warm boundaries and persistence and adaptations at the cold boundaries:
Existing species in all islands and island-like isolated areas are predicted to persist in the absence of competitive displacement by immigrating pre-adapted species, and gradually adapt to the changing temperatures during periods of both global warming and global cooling.
During periods of global cooling, many more diverse opportunities for new adaptations and for invasions by pre-adapted species are expected and predicted in the large diversity of the newly open heterogeneous coldest and highest altitude zones of all the global altitude temperature gradients.
Long-term sequences of alternating periods of global warming and global cooling are expected to cancel and eliminate most of the ecological and adaptive changes which have occurred during the previous periods at all the latitude and altitude boundary zones. The species at the interior of continuous temperature gradients are expected to persist unchanged over long evolutionary time during repeated sequences of alternating periods of global warming and global cooling.
The effects of higher and lower global sea levels on the sea shore and intertidal species and communities during periods of global warming or cooling are expected to be analogous to the bio-geographical, ecological and genetic changes caused or predicted by global warming or cooling in the species and communities in terrestrial or marine temperature gradients.
Global sea-level changes which cause higher or lower shifting of the levels of the ecological zones in continuous sea shore gradients are expected therefore to cause continuous tracking and moving of the populations of the unchanged zonally adapted species. On the other hand, zonally adapted sea shore species are expected to be displaced or become extinct during periods of sea-level changes at the higher or lower boundary zones of the sea-level gradients in semi-isolated marine basins, and in locally discontinuous, fragmented or truncated sea shore ecological gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Cohen
- Dept. of Ecology, Evolution, and Behaviour, The Silberman Institute of Life Sciences
- The Center for Rationality and Interactive Decisions, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
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384
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Des Roches S, Shurin JB, Schluter D, Harmon LJ. Ecological and evolutionary effects of stickleback on community structure. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59644. [PMID: 23573203 PMCID: PMC3616105 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Species’ ecology and evolution can have strong effects on communities. Both may change concurrently when species colonize a new ecosystem. We know little, however, about the combined effects of ecological and evolutionary change on community structure. We simultaneously examined the effects of top-predator ecology and evolution on freshwater community parameters using recently evolved generalist and specialist ecotypes of three-spine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). We used a mesocosm experiment to directly examine the effects of ecological (fish presence and density) and evolutionary (phenotypic diversity and specialization) factors on community structure at lower trophic levels. We evaluated zooplankton biomass and composition, periphyton and phytoplankton chlorophyll-a concentration, and net primary production among treatments containing different densities and diversities of stickleback. Our results showed that both ecological and evolutionary differences in the top-predator affect different aspects of community structure and composition. Community structure, specifically the abundance of organisms at each trophic level, was affected by stickleback presence and density, whereas composition of zooplankton was influenced by stickleback diversity and specialization. Primary productivity, in terms of chlorophyll-a concentration and net primary production was affected by ecological but not evolutionary factors. Our results stress the importance of concurrently evaluating both changes in density and phenotypic diversity on the structure and composition of communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Des Roches
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America.
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385
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Bloom DD, Weir JT, Piller KR, Lovejoy NR. DO FRESHWATER FISHES DIVERSIFY FASTER THAN MARINE FISHES? A TEST USING STATE-DEPENDENT DIVERSIFICATION ANALYSES AND MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS OF NEW WORLD SILVERSIDES (ATHERINOPSIDAE). Evolution 2013; 67:2040-57. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Devin D. Bloom
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Toronto Scarborough; Toronto Ontario M1C 1A4 Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario M5S 3B2 Canada
| | - Jason T. Weir
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Toronto Scarborough; Toronto Ontario M1C 1A4 Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario M5S 3B2 Canada
| | - Kyle R. Piller
- Department of Biological Sciences; Southeastern Louisiana University; Hammond Louisiana 70402
| | - Nathan R. Lovejoy
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Toronto Scarborough; Toronto Ontario M1C 1A4 Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario M5S 3B2 Canada
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386
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Lapiedra O, Sol D, Carranza S, Beaulieu JM. Behavioural changes and the adaptive diversification of pigeons and doves. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20122893. [PMID: 23363634 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.2893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
What factors determine the extent of evolutionary diversification remains a major question in evolutionary biology. Behavioural changes have long been suggested to be a major driver of phenotypic diversification by exposing animals to new selective pressures. Nevertheless, the role of behaviour in evolution remains controversial because behavioural changes can also retard evolutionary change by hiding genetic variation from selection. In the present study, we apply recently implemented Ornstein-Uhlenbeck evolutionary models to show that behavioural changes led to associated evolutionary responses in functionally relevant morphological traits of pigeons and doves (Columbiformes). Specifically, changes from terrestrial to arboreal foraging behaviour reconstructed in a set of phylogenies brought associated shorter tarsi and longer tails, consistent with functional predictions. Interestingly, the transition to arboreality accelerated the rates of evolutionary divergence, leading to an increased morphological specialization that seems to have subsequently constrained reversals to terrestrial foraging. Altogether, our results support the view that behaviour may drive evolutionary diversification, but they also highlight that its evolutionary consequences largely depend on the limits imposed by the functional demands of the adaptive zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriol Lapiedra
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Catalonia, Spain.
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387
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López-Fernández H, Arbour JH, Winemiller KO, Honeycutt RL. Testing for ancient adaptive radiations in neotropical cichlid fishes. Evolution 2013; 67:1321-37. [PMID: 23617911 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Most contemporary studies of adaptive radiation focus on relatively recent and geographically restricted clades. It is less clear whether diversification of ancient clades spanning entire continents is consistent with adaptive radiation. We used novel fossil calibrations to generate a chronogram of Neotropical cichlid fishes and to test whether patterns of lineage and morphological diversification are congruent with hypothesized adaptive radiations in South and Central America. We found that diversification in the Neotropical cichlid clade and the highly diverse tribe Geophagini was consistent with diversity-dependent, early bursts of divergence followed by decreased rates of lineage accumulation. South American Geophagini underwent early rapid differentiation in body shape, expanding into novel morphological space characterized by elongate-bodied predators. Divergence in head shape attributes associated with trophic specialization evolved under strong adaptive constraints in all Neotropical cichlid clades. The South American Cichlasomatini followed patterns consistent with constant rates of morphological divergence. Although morphological diversification in South American Heroini was limited, Eocene invasion of Central American habitats was followed by convergent diversification mirroring variation observed in Geophagini. Diversification in Neotropical cichlids was influenced by the early adaptive radiation of Geophagini, which potentially limited differentiation in other cichlid clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernán López-Fernández
- Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen's Park, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2C6, Canada.
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388
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Schoville SD, Uchifune T, Machida R. Colliding fragment islands transport independent lineages of endemic rock-crawlers (Grylloblattodea: Grylloblattidae) in the Japanese archipelago. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2012; 66:915-27. [PMID: 23220515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fragment islands, viewed from the paradigm of island biogeographic theory, depend on continual immigration from continental sources to maintain levels of species diversity, or otherwise undergo a period of relaxation where species diversity declines to a lower equilibrium. Japan is a recently derived fragment island with a rich endemic flora and fauna. These endemic species have been described as paleoendemics, and conversely as recently derived Pleistocene colonists. Geological events in the Miocene period, notably the fragmentation and collision of islands, and the subsequent uplift of mountains in central Japan, provided opportunities for genetic isolation. More recently, cyclical climatic change during the Pliocene and Pleistocene periods led to intermittent land bridge connections to continental Asia. Here we investigate the pattern and timing of diversification in a diverse endemic lineage in order to test whether ongoing migration has sustained species diversity, whether there is evidence of relaxation, and how geological and climatic events are associated with lineage diversification. Using multi-locus genetic data, we test these hypotheses in a poorly dispersing, cold-adapted terrestrial insect lineage (Grylloblattodea: Grylloblattidae) sampled from Japan, Korea, and Russia. In phylogenetic analyses of concatenated data and a species tree approach, we find evidence of three deeply divergent lineages of rock-crawlers in Japan consistent with the pattern of island fragmentation from continental Asia. Tests of lineage diversification rates suggest that relaxation has not occurred and instead endemism has increased in the Japanese Grylloblattidae following mountain-building events in the Miocene. Although the importance of climate change in generating species diversity is a commonly held paradigm in Japanese biogeography, our analyses, including analyses of demographic change and phylogeographic range shifts in putative species, suggests that Pleistocene climatic change has had a limited effect on the diversification of rock-crawlers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean D Schoville
- Sugadaira Montane Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Sugadaira Kogen, Ueda, Nagano 386-2204, Japan.
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389
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Morales-Hojas R, Vieira J. Phylogenetic patterns of geographical and ecological diversification in the subgenus Drosophila. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49552. [PMID: 23152919 PMCID: PMC3495880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Colonisation of new geographic regions and/or of new ecological resources can result in rapid species diversification into the new ecological niches available. Members of the subgenus Drosophila are distributed across the globe and show a large diversity of ecological niches. Furthermore, taxonomic classification of Drosophila includes the rank radiation, which refers to closely related species groups. Nevertheless, it has never been tested if these taxonomic radiations correspond to evolutionary radiations. Here we present a study of the patterns of diversification of Drosophila to test for increased diversification rates in relation to the geographic and ecological diversification processes. For this, we have estimated and dated a phylogeny of 218 species belonging to the major species groups of the subgenus. The obtained phylogenies are largely consistent with previous studies and indicate that the major groups appeared during the Oligocene/Miocene transition or early Miocene, characterized by a trend of climate warming with brief periods of glaciation. Ancestral reconstruction of geographic ranges and ecological resource use suggest at least two dispersals to the Neotropics from the ancestral Asiatic tropical disribution, and several transitions to specialized ecological resource use (mycophagous and cactophilic). Colonisation of new geographic regions and/or of new ecological resources can result in rapid species diversification into the new ecological niches available. However, diversification analyses show no significant support for adaptive radiations as a result of geographic dispersal or ecological resource shift. Also, cactophily has not resulted in an increase in the diversification rate of the repleta and related groups. It is thus concluded that the taxonomic radiations do not correspond to adaptive radiations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro Morales-Hojas
- Molecular Evolution Lab, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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390
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Lucek K, Sivasundar A, Seehausen O. Evidence of adaptive evolutionary divergence during biological invasion. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49377. [PMID: 23152900 PMCID: PMC3495884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid phenotypic diversification during biological invasions can either arise by adaptation to alternative environments or by adaptive phenotypic plasticity. Where experimental evidence for adaptive plasticity is common, support for evolutionary diversification is rare. Here, we performed a controlled laboratory experiment using full-sib crosses between ecologically divergent threespine stickleback populations to test for a genetic basis of adaptation. Our populations are from two very different habitats, lake and stream, of a recently invaded range in Switzerland and differ in ecologically relevant morphological traits. We found that in a lake-like food treatment lake fish grow faster than stream fish, resembling the difference among wild type individuals. In contrast, in a stream-like food treatment individuals from both populations grow similarly. Our experimental data suggest that genetically determined diversification has occurred within less than 140 years after the arrival of stickleback in our studied region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Lucek
- Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology & Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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391
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Litsios G, Sims CA, Wüest RO, Pearman PB, Zimmermann NE, Salamin N. Mutualism with sea anemones triggered the adaptive radiation of clownfishes. BMC Evol Biol 2012; 12:212. [PMID: 23122007 PMCID: PMC3532366 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-12-212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adaptive radiation is the process by which a single ancestral species diversifies into many descendants adapted to exploit a wide range of habitats. The appearance of ecological opportunities, or the colonisation or adaptation to novel ecological resources, has been documented to promote adaptive radiation in many classic examples. Mutualistic interactions allow species to access resources untapped by competitors, but evidence shows that the effect of mutualism on species diversification can greatly vary among mutualistic systems. Here, we test whether the development of obligate mutualism with sea anemones allowed the clownfishes to radiate adaptively across the Indian and western Pacific oceans reef habitats. Results We show that clownfishes morphological characters are linked with ecological niches associated with the sea anemones. This pattern is consistent with the ecological speciation hypothesis. Furthermore, the clownfishes show an increase in the rate of species diversification as well as rate of morphological evolution compared to their closest relatives without anemone mutualistic associations. Conclusions The effect of mutualism on species diversification has only been studied in a limited number of groups. We present a case of adaptive radiation where mutualistic interaction is the likely key innovation, providing new insights into the mechanisms involved in the buildup of biodiversity. Due to a lack of barriers to dispersal, ecological speciation is rare in marine environments. Particular life-history characteristics of clownfishes likely reinforced reproductive isolation between populations, allowing rapid species diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Litsios
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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392
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Bennett GM, O’Grady PM. Host–plants shape insect diversity: Phylogeny, origin, and species diversity of native Hawaiian leafhoppers (Cicadellidae: Nesophrosyne). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2012; 65:705-17. [PMID: 22884527 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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393
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Naspleda J, Vila-Gispert A, Fox MG, Zamora L, Ruiz-Navarro A. Morphological variation between non-native lake- and stream-dwelling pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosusin the Iberian Peninsula. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2012; 81:1915-1935. [PMID: 23130691 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03416.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to test if morphological differences in pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus found in their native range (eastern North America) that are linked to feeding regime, competition with other species, hydrodynamic forces and habitat were also found among stream- and lake- or reservoir-dwelling fish in Iberian systems. The species has been introduced into these systems, expanding its range, and is presumably well adapted to freshwater Iberian Peninsula ecosystems. The results show a consistent pattern for size of lateral fins, with L. gibbosus that inhabit streams in the Iberian Peninsula having longer lateral fins than those inhabiting reservoirs or lakes. Differences in fin placement, body depth and caudal peduncle dimensions do not differentiate populations of L. gibbosus from lentic and lotic water bodies and, therefore, are not consistent with functional expectations. Lepomis gibbosus from lotic and lentic habitats also do not show a consistent pattern of internal morphological differentiation, probably due to the lack of lotic-lentic differences in prey type. Overall, the univariate and multivariate analyses show that most of the external and internal morphological characters that vary among populations do not differentiate lotic from lentic Iberian populations. The lack of expected differences may be a consequence of the high seasonal flow variation in Mediterranean streams, and the resultant low- or no-flow conditions during periods of summer drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Naspleda
- Institute of Aquatic Ecology, University of Girona, 17071 Girona, Spain.
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394
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Colombo M, Diepeveen ET, Muschick M, Santos ME, Indermaur A, Boileau N, Barluenga M, Salzburger W. The ecological and genetic basis of convergent thick-lipped phenotypes in cichlid fishes. Mol Ecol 2012; 22:670-84. [PMID: 23050496 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of convergent phenotypes is one of the most interesting outcomes of replicate adaptive radiations. Remarkable cases of convergence involve the thick-lipped phenotype found across cichlid species flocks in the East African Great Lakes. Unlike most other convergent forms in cichlids, which are restricted to East Africa, the thick-lipped phenotype also occurs elsewhere, for example in the Central American Midas Cichlid assemblage. Here, we use an ecological genomic approach to study the function, the evolution and the genetic basis of this phenotype in two independent cichlid adaptive radiations on two continents. We applied phylogenetic, demographic, geometric morphometric and stomach content analyses to an African (Lobochilotes labiatus) and a Central American (Amphilophus labiatus) thick-lipped species. We found that similar morphological adaptations occur in both thick-lipped species and that the 'fleshy' lips are associated with hard-shelled prey in the form of molluscs and invertebrates. We then used comparative Illumina RNA sequencing of thick vs. normal lip tissue in East African cichlids and identified a set of 141 candidate genes that appear to be involved in the morphogenesis of this trait. A more detailed analysis of six of these genes led to three strong candidates: Actb, Cldn7 and Copb. The function of these genes can be linked to the loose connective tissue constituting the fleshy lips. Similar trends in gene expression between African and Central American thick-lipped species appear to indicate that an overlapping set of genes was independently recruited to build this particular phenotype in both lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Colombo
- Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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395
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Etienne RS, Haegeman B. A Conceptual and Statistical Framework for Adaptive Radiations with a Key Role for Diversity Dependence. Am Nat 2012; 180:E75-89. [DOI: 10.1086/667574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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396
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Pennell MW, Sarver BAJ, Harmon LJ. Trees of unusual size: biased inference of early bursts from large molecular phylogenies. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43348. [PMID: 22957027 PMCID: PMC3434155 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
An early burst of speciation followed by a subsequent slowdown in the rate of diversification is commonly inferred from molecular phylogenies. This pattern is consistent with some verbal theory of ecological opportunity and adaptive radiations. One often-overlooked source of bias in these studies is that of sampling at the level of whole clades, as researchers tend to choose large, speciose clades to study. In this paper, we investigate the performance of common methods across the distribution of clade sizes that can be generated by a constant-rate birth-death process. Clades which are larger than expected for a given constant-rate branching process tend to show a pattern of an early burst even when both speciation and extinction rates are constant through time. All methods evaluated were susceptible to detecting this false signature when extinction was low. Under moderate extinction, both the -statistic and diversity-dependent models did not detect such a slowdown but only because the signature of a slowdown was masked by subsequent extinction. Some models which estimate time-varying speciation rates are able to detect early bursts under higher extinction rates, but are extremely prone to sampling bias. We suggest that examining clades in isolation may result in spurious inferences that rates of diversification have changed through time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Pennell
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America.
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397
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Rabosky DL, Slater GJ, Alfaro ME. Clade age and species richness are decoupled across the eukaryotic tree of life. PLoS Biol 2012; 10:e1001381. [PMID: 22969411 PMCID: PMC3433737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Explaining the dramatic variation in species richness across the tree of life
remains a key challenge in evolutionary biology. At the largest phylogenetic
scales, the extreme heterogeneity in species richness observed among different
groups of organisms is almost certainly a function of many complex and
interdependent factors. However, the most fundamental expectation in
macroevolutionary studies is simply that species richness in extant clades
should be correlated with clade age: all things being equal, older clades will
have had more time for diversity to accumulate than younger clades. Here, we
test the relationship between stem clade age and species richness across 1,397
major clades of multicellular eukaryotes that collectively account for more than
1.2 million described species. We find no evidence that clade age predicts
species richness at this scale. We demonstrate that this decoupling of age and
richness is unlikely to result from variation in net diversification rates among
clades. At the largest phylogenetic scales, contemporary patterns of species
richness are inconsistent with unbounded diversity increase through time. These
results imply that a fundamentally different interpretative paradigm may be
needed in the study of phylogenetic diversity patterns in many groups of
organisms. Species richness varies by many orders of magnitude across the evolutionary "tree
of life." Some groups, like beetles and flowering plants, contain nearly
incomprehensible species diversity, but the overwhelming majority of groups
contain far fewer species. Many processes presumably contribute to this
variation in diversity, but the most general explanatory variable is the
evolutionary age of each group: older groups will simply have had more time for
diversity to accumulate than younger groups. We tested whether evolutionary age
explains differences in species richness by compiling diversity and age
estimates for nearly 1,400 groups of multicellular organisms. Surprisingly, we
find no evidence that old groups have more species than young groups. This
result appears to hold across the entire tree of life, for taxa as diverse as
ferns, fungi, and flies. We demonstrate that this pattern is highly unlikely
under simple but widely used evolutionary models that allow diversity to
increase through time without bounds. Paleontologists have long contended that
diversity-dependent processes have regulated species richness through time, and
our results suggest that such processes have left a footprint on the living
biota that can even be seen without data from the fossil record.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Rabosky
- Department of Integrative Biology and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA.
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398
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Schwartz SA, Budd AF, Carlon DB. Molecules and fossils reveal punctuated diversification in Caribbean "faviid" corals. BMC Evol Biol 2012; 12:123. [PMID: 22831179 PMCID: PMC3424149 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-12-123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Even with well-known sampling biases, the fossil record is key to understanding macro-evolutionary patterns. During the Miocene to Pleistocene in the Caribbean Sea, the fossil record of scleractinian corals shows a remarkable period of rapid diversification followed by massive extinction. Here we combine a time-calibrated molecular phylogeny based on three nuclear introns with an updated fossil stratigraphy to examine patterns of radiation and extinction in Caribbean corals within the traditional family Faviidae. Results Concatenated phylogenetic analysis showed most species of Caribbean faviids were monophyletic, with the exception of two Manicina species. The time-calibrated tree revealed the stem group originated around the closure of the Tethys Sea (17.0 Ma), while the genus Manicina diversified during the Late Miocene (8.20 Ma), when increased sedimentation and productivity may have favored free-living, heterotrophic species. Reef and shallow water specialists, represented by Diploria and Favia, originate at the beginning of the Pliocene (5 – 6 Ma) as the Isthmus of Panama shoaled and regional productivity declined. Conclusions Later origination of the stem group than predicted from the fossil record corroborates the hypothesis of morphological convergence in Diploria and Favia genera. Our data support the rapid evolution of morphological and life-history traits among faviid corals that can be linked to Mio-Pliocene environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja A Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy & Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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399
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Ingram T, Harmon LJ, Shurin JB. When should we expect early bursts of trait evolution in comparative data? Predictions from an evolutionary food web model. J Evol Biol 2012; 25:1902-10. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02566.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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400
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Betancur-R. R, Ortí G, Stein AM, Marceniuk AP, Alexander Pyron R. Apparent signal of competition limiting diversification after ecological transitions from marine to freshwater habitats. Ecol Lett 2012; 15:822-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01802.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Betancur-R.
- Department of Biological Sciences; The George Washington University; 2023 G St. NW; Washington; DC; 20052; USA
| | - Guillermo Ortí
- Department of Biological Sciences; The George Washington University; 2023 G St. NW; Washington; DC; 20052; USA
| | - Ariel M. Stein
- Department of Biological Sciences; The George Washington University; 2023 G St. NW; Washington; DC; 20052; USA
| | - Alexandre P. Marceniuk
- Instituto de Estudos Costeiros; Universidade Federal do Pará; Campus de Bragança; Alameda Leandro Ribeiro; 68600-000; Bragança; Pará; Brazil
| | - R. Alexander Pyron
- Department of Biological Sciences; The George Washington University; 2023 G St. NW; Washington; DC; 20052; USA
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