351
|
Abstract
The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)-III is critical for membrane abscission; however, the mechanism underlying ESCRT-III-mediated membrane constriction remains elusive. A study of the dynamic assembly and disassembly of the ESCRT-III machinery in vitro and in vivo now suggests that the turnover of the observed spiralling filaments is critical for membrane abscission during cytokinesis.
Collapse
|
352
|
Wang Y, Lazor KM, DeMeester KE, Liang H, Heiss TK, Grimes CL. Postsynthetic Modification of Bacterial Peptidoglycan Using Bioorthogonal N-Acetylcysteamine Analogs and Peptidoglycan O-Acetyltransferase B. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:13596-13599. [PMID: 28898061 PMCID: PMC5837961 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b06820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria have the natural ability to install protective postsynthetic modifications onto its bacterial peptidoglycan (PG), the coat woven into bacterial cell wall. Peptidoglycan O-acetyltransferase B (PatB) catalyzes the O-acetylation of PG in Gram (-) bacteria, which aids in bacterial survival, as it prevents autolysins such as lysozyme from cleaving the PG. We explored the mechanistic details of PatB's acetylation function and determined that PatB has substrate specificity for bioorthgonal short N-acetyl cysteamine (SNAc) donors. A variety of functionality including azides and alkynes were installed on tri-N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)3, a PG mimic, as well as PG isolated from various Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacterial species. The bioorthogonal modifications protect the isolated PG against lysozyme degradation in vitro. We further demonstrate that this postsynthetic modification of PG can be extended to use click chemistry to fluorescently label the mature PG in whole bacterial cells of Bacillus subtilis. Modifying PG postsynthetically can aid in the development of antibiotics and immune modulators by expanding the understanding of how PG is processed by lytic enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiben Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Klare M. Lazor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Kristen E. DeMeester
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Hai Liang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Tyler K. Heiss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Catherine L. Grimes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| |
Collapse
|
353
|
Sun N, Zheng YY, Du RL, Cai SY, Zhang K, So LY, Cheung KC, Zhuo C, Lu YJ, Wong KY. New application of tiplaxtinin as an effective FtsZ-targeting chemotype for an antimicrobial study. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:1909-1913. [PMID: 30108711 PMCID: PMC6072346 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00387k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The filamenting temperature-sensitive mutant Z (FtsZ) protein is generally recognized as a promising antimicrobial drug target. In the present study, a small organic molecule (tiplaxtinin) was identified for the first time as an excellent cell division inhibitor by using a cell-based screening approach from a library with 250 compounds. Tiplaxtinin possesses potent antibacterial activity against Gram-positive pathogens. Both in vitro and in vivo results reveal that the compound is able to disrupt dynamic assembly of FtsZ and Z-ring formation effectively through the mechanism of stimulating FtsZ polymerization and impairing GTPase activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Sun
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and the State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Kowloon , Hong Kong SAR , P.R. China . ; Tel: +852 34008686
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zheng
- Institute of Natural Medicine and Green Chemistry , School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry , Guangdong University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006 , P.R. China . ; Tel: +86 20 39322235
| | - Ruo-Lan Du
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and the State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Kowloon , Hong Kong SAR , P.R. China . ; Tel: +852 34008686
| | - Sen-Yuan Cai
- Institute of Natural Medicine and Green Chemistry , School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry , Guangdong University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006 , P.R. China . ; Tel: +86 20 39322235
| | - Kun Zhang
- Institute of Natural Medicine and Green Chemistry , School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry , Guangdong University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006 , P.R. China . ; Tel: +86 20 39322235
| | - Lok-Yan So
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and the State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Kowloon , Hong Kong SAR , P.R. China . ; Tel: +852 34008686
| | - Kwan-Choi Cheung
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and the State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Kowloon , Hong Kong SAR , P.R. China . ; Tel: +852 34008686
| | - Chao Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases , The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , P.R. China
| | - Yu-Jing Lu
- Institute of Natural Medicine and Green Chemistry , School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry , Guangdong University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006 , P.R. China . ; Tel: +86 20 39322235
| | - Kwok-Yin Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and the State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Kowloon , Hong Kong SAR , P.R. China . ; Tel: +852 34008686
| |
Collapse
|
354
|
Kumar P, Yadav A, Fishov I, Feingold M. Z-ring Structure and Constriction Dynamics in E. coli. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1670. [PMID: 28959238 PMCID: PMC5603902 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The Z-ring plays a central role in bacterial division. It consists of FtsZ filaments, but the way these reorganize in the ring-like structure during septation remains largely unknown. Here, we measure the effective constriction dynamics of the ring. Using an oscillating optical trap, we can switch individual rod-shaped E. coli cells between horizontal and vertical orientations. In the vertical orientation, the fluorescent Z-ring image appears as a symmetric circular structure that renders itself to quantitative analysis. In the horizontal orientation, we use phase-contrast imaging to determine the extent of the cell constriction and obtain the effective time of division. We find evidence that the Z-ring constricts at a faster rate than the cell envelope such that its radial width (inwards from the cytoplasmic membrane) grows during septation. In this respect, our results differ from those recently obtained using photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM) where the radial width of the Z-ring was found to be approximately constant as the ring constricts. A possible reason for the different behavior of the constricting Z-rings could be the significant difference in the corresponding cell growth rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Kumar
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the NegevBeer Sheva, Israel.,The Ilse Katz Center for Nanotechnology, Ben-Gurion University of the NegevBeer Sheva, Israel
| | - Amarjeet Yadav
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the NegevBeer Sheva, Israel.,The Ilse Katz Center for Nanotechnology, Ben-Gurion University of the NegevBeer Sheva, Israel
| | - Itzhak Fishov
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the NegevBeer Sheva, Israel
| | - Mario Feingold
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the NegevBeer Sheva, Israel.,The Ilse Katz Center for Nanotechnology, Ben-Gurion University of the NegevBeer Sheva, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
355
|
Stoddard PR, Williams TA, Garner E, Baum B. Evolution of polymer formation within the actin superfamily. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:2461-2469. [PMID: 28904122 PMCID: PMC5597319 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-11-0778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
While many are familiar with actin as a well-conserved component of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton, it is less often appreciated that actin is a member of a large superfamily of structurally related protein families found throughout the tree of life. Actin-related proteins include chaperones, carbohydrate kinases, and other enzymes, as well as a staggeringly diverse set of proteins that use the energy from ATP hydrolysis to form dynamic, linear polymers. Despite differing widely from one another in filament structure and dynamics, these polymers play important roles in ordering cell space in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. It is not known whether these polymers descended from a single ancestral polymer or arose multiple times by convergent evolution from monomeric actin-like proteins. In this work, we provide an overview of the structures, dynamics, and functions of this diverse set. Then, using a phylogenetic analysis to examine actin evolution, we show that the actin-related protein families that form polymers are more closely related to one another than they are to other nonpolymerizing members of the actin superfamily. Thus all the known actin-like polymers are likely to be the descendants of a single, ancestral, polymer-forming actin-like protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R Stoddard
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Tom A Williams
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Ethan Garner
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Buzz Baum
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Institute of Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
356
|
A general method to fine-tune fluorophores for live-cell and in vivo imaging. Nat Methods 2017; 14:987-994. [PMID: 28869757 PMCID: PMC5621985 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.4403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pushing the frontier of fluorescence microscopy requires the design of enhanced fluorophores with finely tuned properties. We recently discovered that incorporation of four-membered azetidine rings into classic fluorophore structures elicits substantial increases in brightness and photostability, resulting in the ‘Janelia Fluor’ (JF) series of dyes. Here, we refine and extend this strategy, showing that incorporation of 3-substituted azetidine groups allows rational tuning of the spectral and chemical properties with unprecedented precision. This strategy yields a palette of new fluorescent and fluorogenic labels with excitation ranging from blue to the far-red with utility in cells, tissue, and animals.
Collapse
|
357
|
Hsu YP, Rittichier J, Kuru E, Yablonowski J, Pasciak E, Tekkam S, Hall E, Murphy B, Lee TK, Garner EC, Huang KC, Brun YV, VanNieuwenhze MS. Full color palette of fluorescent d-amino acids for in situ labeling of bacterial cell walls. Chem Sci 2017; 8:6313-6321. [PMID: 28989665 PMCID: PMC5628581 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc01800b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent d-amino acids (FDAAs) enable efficient in situ labeling of peptidoglycan in diverse bacterial species. Conducted by enzymes involved in peptidoglycan biosynthesis, FDAA labeling allows specific probing of cell wall formation/remodeling activity, bacterial growth and cell morphology. Their broad application and high biocompatibility have made FDAAs an important and effective tool for studies of peptidoglycan synthesis and dynamics, which, in turn, has created a demand for the development of new FDAA probes. Here, we report the synthesis of new FDAAs, with emission wavelengths that span the entire visible spectrum. We also provide data to characterize their photochemical and physical properties, and we demonstrate their utility for visualizing peptidoglycan synthesis in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial species. Finally, we show the permeability of FDAAs toward the outer-membrane of Gram-negative organisms, pinpointing the probes available for effective labeling in these species. This improved FDAA toolkit will enable numerous applications for the study of peptidoglycan biosynthesis and dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Pang Hsu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry , Indiana University , Bloomington , IN 47405 , USA .
| | | | - Erkin Kuru
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry , Indiana University , Bloomington , IN 47405 , USA .
| | - Jacob Yablonowski
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry , Indiana University , Bloomington , IN 47405 , USA .
| | - Erick Pasciak
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , Bloomington , IN 47405 , USA
| | - Srinivas Tekkam
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , Bloomington , IN 47405 , USA
| | - Edward Hall
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , Bloomington , IN 47405 , USA
| | - Brennan Murphy
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , Bloomington , IN 47405 , USA
| | - Timothy K Lee
- Department of Bioengineering , Stanford University , Stanford , CA 94305 , USA
| | - Ethan C Garner
- Molecular and Cellular Biology (FAS) Center for Systems Biology , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , USA
| | - Kerwyn Casey Huang
- Department of Bioengineering , Stanford University , Stanford , CA 94305 , USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , CA 94305 , USA
| | - Yves V Brun
- Department of Biology , Indiana University , Bloomington , IN 47405 , USA .
| | - Michael S VanNieuwenhze
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry , Indiana University , Bloomington , IN 47405 , USA .
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , Bloomington , IN 47405 , USA
| |
Collapse
|
358
|
Abstract
FtsZ, a homolog of tubulin, is found in almost all bacteria and archaea where it has a primary role in cytokinesis. Evidence for structural homology between FtsZ and tubulin came from their crystal structures and identification of the GTP box. Tubulin and FtsZ constitute a distinct family of GTPases and show striking similarities in many of their polymerization properties. The differences between them, more so, the complexities of microtubule dynamic behavior in comparison to that of FtsZ, indicate that the evolution to tubulin is attributable to the incorporation of the complex functionalities in higher organisms. FtsZ and microtubules function as polymers in cell division but their roles differ in the division process. The structural and partial functional homology has made the study of their dynamic properties more interesting. In this review, we focus on the application of the information derived from studies on FtsZ dynamics to study microtubule dynamics and vice versa. The structural and functional aspects that led to the establishment of the homology between the two proteins are explained to emphasize the network of FtsZ and microtubule studies and how they are connected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachana Rao Battaje
- Department of Biosciences and BioengineeringIndian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Dulal Panda
- Department of Biosciences and BioengineeringIndian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| |
Collapse
|
359
|
Shashkova S, Leake MC. Single-molecule fluorescence microscopy review: shedding new light on old problems. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20170031. [PMID: 28694303 PMCID: PMC5520217 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20170031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy is an invaluable tool in the biosciences, a genuine workhorse technique offering exceptional contrast in conjunction with high specificity of labelling with relatively minimal perturbation to biological samples compared with many competing biophysical techniques. Improvements in detector and dye technologies coupled to advances in image analysis methods have fuelled recent development towards single-molecule fluorescence microscopy, which can utilize light microscopy tools to enable the faithful detection and analysis of single fluorescent molecules used as reporter tags in biological samples. For example, the discovery of GFP, initiating the so-called 'green revolution', has pushed experimental tools in the biosciences to a completely new level of functional imaging of living samples, culminating in single fluorescent protein molecule detection. Today, fluorescence microscopy is an indispensable tool in single-molecule investigations, providing a high signal-to-noise ratio for visualization while still retaining the key features in the physiological context of native biological systems. In this review, we discuss some of the recent discoveries in the life sciences which have been enabled using single-molecule fluorescence microscopy, paying particular attention to the so-called 'super-resolution' fluorescence microscopy techniques in live cells, which are at the cutting-edge of these methods. In particular, how these tools can reveal new insights into long-standing puzzles in biology: old problems, which have been impossible to tackle using other more traditional tools until the emergence of new single-molecule fluorescence microscopy techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sviatlana Shashkova
- Department of Physics, Biological Physical Sciences Institute (BPSI), University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K
- Department of Biology, Biological Physical Sciences Institute (BPSI), University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Mark C Leake
- Department of Physics, Biological Physical Sciences Institute (BPSI), University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
- Department of Biology, Biological Physical Sciences Institute (BPSI), University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
360
|
Sassine J, Xu M, Sidiq KR, Emmins R, Errington J, Daniel RA. Functional redundancy of division specific penicillin-binding proteins in Bacillus subtilis. Mol Microbiol 2017; 106:304-318. [PMID: 28792086 PMCID: PMC5656894 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial cell division involves the dynamic assembly of a diverse set of proteins that coordinate the invagination of the cell membrane and synthesis of cell wall material to create the new cell poles of the separated daughter cells. Penicillin-binding protein PBP 2B is a key cell division protein in Bacillus subtilis proposed to have a specific catalytic role in septal wall synthesis. Unexpectedly, we find that a catalytically inactive mutant of PBP 2B supports cell division, but in this background the normally dispensable PBP 3 becomes essential. Phenotypic analysis of pbpC mutants (encoding PBP 3) shows that PBP 2B has a crucial structural role in assembly of the division complex, independent of catalysis, and that its biochemical activity in septum formation can be provided by PBP 3. Bioinformatic analysis revealed a close sequence relationship between PBP 3 and Staphylococcus aureus PBP 2A, which is responsible for methicillin resistance. These findings suggest that mechanisms for rescuing cell division when the biochemical activity of PBP 2B is perturbed evolved prior to the clinical use of β-lactams.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jad Sassine
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AH, UK
| | - Meizhu Xu
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AH, UK
| | - Karzan R Sidiq
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AH, UK
| | - Robyn Emmins
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AH, UK
| | - Jeff Errington
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AH, UK
| | - Richard A Daniel
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
361
|
Bottomley AL, Liew ATF, Kusuma KD, Peterson E, Seidel L, Foster SJ, Harry EJ. Coordination of Chromosome Segregation and Cell Division in Staphylococcus aureus. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1575. [PMID: 28878745 PMCID: PMC5572376 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Productive bacterial cell division and survival of progeny requires tight coordination between chromosome segregation and cell division to ensure equal partitioning of DNA. Unlike rod-shaped bacteria that undergo division in one plane, the coccoid human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus divides in three successive orthogonal planes, which requires a different spatial control compared to rod-shaped cells. To gain a better understanding of how this coordination between chromosome segregation and cell division is regulated in S. aureus, we investigated proteins that associate with FtsZ and the divisome. We found that DnaK, a well-known chaperone, interacts with FtsZ, EzrA and DivIVA, and is required for DivIVA stability. Unlike in several rod shaped organisms, DivIVA in S. aureus associates with several components of the divisome, as well as the chromosome segregation protein, SMC. This data, combined with phenotypic analysis of mutants, suggests a novel role for S. aureus DivIVA in ensuring cell division and chromosome segregation are coordinated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Bottomley
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, SydneyNSW, Australia
| | - Andrew T F Liew
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, SydneyNSW, Australia
| | - Kennardy D Kusuma
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, SydneyNSW, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Peterson
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, SydneyNSW, Australia
| | - Lisa Seidel
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, SydneyNSW, Australia
| | - Simon J Foster
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Krebs Institute, University of SheffieldSheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth J Harry
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, SydneyNSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
362
|
Pidgeon SE, Pires MM. Cell Wall Remodeling of Staphylococcus aureus in Live Caenorhabditis elegans. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:2310-2315. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean E. Pidgeon
- Department
of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Marcos M. Pires
- Department
of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| |
Collapse
|
363
|
Erickson HP. How bacterial cell division might cheat turgor pressure - a unified mechanism of septal division in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Bioessays 2017; 39. [PMID: 28699183 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201700045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An important question for bacterial cell division is how the invaginating septum can overcome the turgor force generated by the high osmolarity of the cytoplasm. I suggest that it may not need to. Several studies in Gram-negative bacteria have shown that the periplasm is isoosmolar with the cytoplasm. Indirect evidence suggests that this is also true for Gram-positive bacteria. In this case the invagination of the septum takes place within the uniformly high osmotic pressure environment, and does not have to fight turgor pressure. A related question is how the V-shaped constriction of Gram-negative bacteria relates to the plate-like septum of Gram-positive bacteria. I collected evidence that Gram-negative bacteria have a latent capability of forming plate-like septa, and present a model in which septal division is the basic mechanism in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harold P Erickson
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| |
Collapse
|
364
|
Krupka M, Rowlett VW, Morado D, Vitrac H, Schoenemann K, Liu J, Margolin W. Escherichia coli FtsA forms lipid-bound minirings that antagonize lateral interactions between FtsZ protofilaments. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15957. [PMID: 28695917 PMCID: PMC5508204 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Most bacteria divide using a protein machine called the divisome that spans the cytoplasmic membrane. Key divisome proteins on the membrane’s cytoplasmic side include tubulin-like FtsZ, which forms GTP-dependent protofilaments, and actin-like FtsA, which tethers FtsZ to the membrane. Here we present genetic evidence that in Escherichia coli, FtsA antagonizes FtsZ protofilament bundling in vivo. We then show that purified FtsA does not form straight polymers on lipid monolayers as expected, but instead assembles into dodecameric minirings, often in hexameric arrays. When coassembled with FtsZ on lipid monolayers, these FtsA minirings appear to guide FtsZ to form long, often parallel, but unbundled protofilaments, whereas a mutant of FtsZ (FtsZ*) with stronger lateral interactions remains bundled. In contrast, a hypermorphic mutant of FtsA (FtsA*) forms mainly arcs instead of minirings and enhances lateral interactions between FtsZ protofilaments. Based on these results, we propose that FtsA antagonizes lateral interactions between FtsZ protofilaments, and that the oligomeric state of FtsA may influence FtsZ higher-order structure and divisome function. The actin-like protein FtsA and the tubulin-like protein FtsZ play crucial roles during cell division in most bacteria. Here, the authors show that FtsA forms minirings on lipid monolayers, and present evidence supporting that its oligomeric state modulates the bundling of FtsZ protofilaments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Krupka
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Veronica W Rowlett
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Dustin Morado
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Heidi Vitrac
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Kara Schoenemann
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - William Margolin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
365
|
van Teeseling MCF, de Pedro MA, Cava F. Determinants of Bacterial Morphology: From Fundamentals to Possibilities for Antimicrobial Targeting. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1264. [PMID: 28740487 PMCID: PMC5502672 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial morphology is extremely diverse. Specific shapes are the consequence of adaptive pressures optimizing bacterial fitness. Shape affects critical biological functions, including nutrient acquisition, motility, dispersion, stress resistance and interactions with other organisms. Although the characteristic shape of a bacterial species remains unchanged for vast numbers of generations, periodical variations occur throughout the cell (division) and life cycles, and these variations can be influenced by environmental conditions. Bacterial morphology is ultimately dictated by the net-like peptidoglycan (PG) sacculus. The species-specific shape of the PG sacculus at any time in the cell cycle is the product of multiple determinants. Some morphological determinants act as a cytoskeleton to guide biosynthetic complexes spatiotemporally, whereas others modify the PG sacculus after biosynthesis. Accumulating evidence supports critical roles of morphogenetic processes in bacteria-host interactions, including pathogenesis. Here, we review the molecular determinants underlying morphology, discuss the evidence linking bacterial morphology to niche adaptation and pathogenesis, and examine the potential of morphological determinants as antimicrobial targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muriel C F van Teeseling
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå UniversityUmeå, Sweden
| | - Miguel A de Pedro
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Felipe Cava
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå UniversityUmeå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
366
|
Dewachter L, Verstraeten N, Jennes M, Verbeelen T, Biboy J, Monteyne D, Pérez-Morga D, Verstrepen KJ, Vollmer W, Fauvart M, Michiels J. A Mutant Isoform of ObgE Causes Cell Death by Interfering with Cell Division. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1193. [PMID: 28702018 PMCID: PMC5487468 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell division is a vital part of the cell cycle that is fundamental to all life. Despite decades of intense investigation, this process is still incompletely understood. Previously, the essential GTPase ObgE, which plays a role in a myriad of basic cellular processes (such as initiation of DNA replication, chromosome segregation, and ribosome assembly), was proposed to act as a cell cycle checkpoint in Escherichia coli by licensing chromosome segregation. We here describe the effect of a mutant isoform of ObgE (ObgE∗) that causes cell death by irreversible arrest of the cell cycle at the stage of cell division. Notably, chromosome segregation is allowed to proceed normally in the presence of ObgE∗, after which cell division is blocked. Under conditions of rapid growth, ongoing cell cycles are completed before cell cycle arrest by ObgE∗ becomes effective. However, cell division defects caused by ObgE∗ then elicit lysis through formation of membrane blebs at aberrant division sites. Based on our results, and because ObgE was previously implicated in cell cycle regulation, we hypothesize that the mutation in ObgE∗ disrupts the normal role of ObgE in cell division. We discuss how ObgE∗ could reveal more about the intricate role of wild-type ObgE in division and cell cycle control. Moreover, since Obg is widely conserved and essential for viability, also in eukaryotes, our findings might be applicable to other organisms as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liselot Dewachter
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven - University of LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Natalie Verstraeten
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven - University of LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Michiel Jennes
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven - University of LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Tom Verbeelen
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven - University of LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Jacob Biboy
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Monteyne
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires, Université Libre de BruxellesGosselies, Belgium
| | - David Pérez-Morga
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires, Université Libre de BruxellesGosselies, Belgium.,Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging, Université Libre de BruxellesGosselies, Belgium
| | - Kevin J Verstrepen
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven - University of LeuvenLeuven, Belgium.,Systems Biology Laboratory, VIB Center for MicrobiologyLeuven, Belgium
| | - Waldemar Vollmer
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Maarten Fauvart
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven - University of LeuvenLeuven, Belgium.,Department of Life Sciences and Imaging, Smart Electronics Unit, ImecLeuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Michiels
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven - University of LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
367
|
Dik DA, Marous DR, Fisher JF, Mobashery S. Lytic transglycosylases: concinnity in concision of the bacterial cell wall. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2017. [PMID: 28644060 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2017.1337705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The lytic transglycosylases (LTs) are bacterial enzymes that catalyze the non-hydrolytic cleavage of the peptidoglycan structures of the bacterial cell wall. They are not catalysts of glycan synthesis as might be surmised from their name. Notwithstanding the seemingly mundane reaction catalyzed by the LTs, their lytic reactions serve bacteria for a series of astonishingly diverse purposes. These purposes include cell-wall synthesis, remodeling, and degradation; for the detection of cell-wall-acting antibiotics; for the expression of the mechanism of cell-wall-acting antibiotics; for the insertion of secretion systems and flagellar assemblies into the cell wall; as a virulence mechanism during infection by certain Gram-negative bacteria; and in the sporulation and germination of Gram-positive spores. Significant advances in the mechanistic understanding of each of these processes have coincided with the successive discovery of new LTs structures. In this review, we provide a systematic perspective on what is known on the structure-function correlations for the LTs, while simultaneously identifying numerous opportunities for the future study of these enigmatic enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Dik
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , IN , USA
| | - Daniel R Marous
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , IN , USA
| | - Jed F Fisher
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , IN , USA
| | - Shahriar Mobashery
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , IN , USA
| |
Collapse
|
368
|
Abstract
The cytokinetic division ring of Escherichia coli comprises filaments of FtsZ tethered to the membrane by FtsA and ZipA. Previous results suggested that ZipA is a Z-ring stabilizer, since in vitro experiments it is shown that ZipA enhanced FtsZ assembly and caused the filaments to bundles. However, this function of ZipA has been challenged by recent studies. First, ZipA-induced FtsZ bundling was not significant at pH greater than 7. Second, some FtsA mutants, such as FtsA* were able to bypass the need of ZipA. We reinvestigated the interaction of FtsZ with ZipA in vitro. We found that ZipA not only stabilized and bundled straight filaments of FtsZ-GTP, but also stabilized the highly curved filaments and miniring structures formed by FtsZ-GDP. FtsA* had a similar stabilization of FtsZ-GDP minirings. Our results suggest that ZipA and FtsA* may contribute to constriction by stabilizing this miniring conformation.
Collapse
|
369
|
ARC6-mediated Z ring-like structure formation of prokaryote-descended chloroplast FtsZ in Escherichia coli. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3492. [PMID: 28615720 PMCID: PMC5471200 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03698-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant chloroplasts proliferate through binary fission, and the stromal-side molecules that are involved in chloroplast division are bacterial derivatives. As in bacteria, the prokaryotic tubulin homolog FtsZ assembles into a ring-like structure (Z ring) at mid-chloroplast, and this process is followed by constriction. However, the properties of chloroplast FtsZs remain unclarified. Here, we employed Escherichia coli as a novel heterologous system for expressing chloroplast FtsZs and their regulatory components. Fluorescently labelled Arabidopsis FtsZ2 efficiently assembled into long filaments in E. coli cells, and artificial membrane tethering conferred FtsZ2 filaments with the ability to form Z ring-like structures resembling the bacterial Z ring. A negative regulator of chloroplast FtsZ assembly, ARC3, retained its inhibitory effects on FtsZ2 filamentation and Z ring-like structure formation in E. coli cells. Thus, we provide a novel heterologous system by using bacterial cells to study the regulation of the chloroplast divisome. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the FtsZ2-interacting protein ARC6, which is a potential candidate for Z ring tethering to the chloroplast inner envelope membrane, genuinely targeted FtsZ2 to the membrane components and supported its morphological shift from linear filaments to Z ring-like structures in a manner dependent on the C-terminal ARC6-interacting domain of FtsZ2.
Collapse
|
370
|
Du S, Lutkenhaus J. Assembly and activation of the Escherichia coli divisome. Mol Microbiol 2017; 105:177-187. [PMID: 28419603 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cell division in Escherichia coli is mediated by a large protein complex called the divisome. Most of the divisome proteins have been identified, but how they assemble onto the Z ring scaffold to form the divisome and work together to synthesize the septum is not well understood. In this review, we summarize the latest findings on divisome assembly and activation as well as provide our perspective on how these two processes might be regulated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shishen Du
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Joe Lutkenhaus
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| |
Collapse
|
371
|
Beltrán-Heredia E, Almendro-Vedia VG, Monroy F, Cao FJ. Modeling the Mechanics of Cell Division: Influence of Spontaneous Membrane Curvature, Surface Tension, and Osmotic Pressure. Front Physiol 2017; 8:312. [PMID: 28579960 PMCID: PMC5437162 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cell division processes have been conserved throughout evolution and are being revealed by studies on model organisms such as bacteria, yeasts, and protozoa. Cellular membrane constriction is one of these processes, observed almost universally during cell division. It happens similarly in all organisms through a mechanical pathway synchronized with the sequence of cytokinetic events in the cell interior. Arguably, such a mechanical process is mastered by the coordinated action of a constriction machinery fueled by biochemical energy in conjunction with the passive mechanics of the cellular membrane. Independently of the details of the constriction engine, the membrane component responds against deformation by minimizing the elastic energy at every constriction state following a pathway still unknown. In this paper, we address a theoretical study of the mechanics of membrane constriction in a simplified model that describes a homogeneous membrane vesicle in the regime where mechanical work due to osmotic pressure, surface tension, and bending energy are comparable. We develop a general method to find approximate analytical expressions for the main descriptors of a symmetrically constricted vesicle. Analytical solutions are obtained by combining a perturbative expansion for small deformations with a variational approach that was previously demonstrated valid at the reference state of an initially spherical vesicle at isotonic conditions. The analytic approximate results are compared with the exact solution obtained from numerical computations, getting a good agreement for all the computed quantities (energy, area, volume, constriction force). We analyze the effects of the spontaneous curvature, the surface tension and the osmotic pressure in these quantities, focusing especially on the constriction force. The more favorable conditions for vesicle constriction are determined, obtaining that smaller constriction forces are required for positive spontaneous curvatures, low or negative membrane tension and hypertonic media. Conditions for spontaneous constriction at a given constriction force are also determined. The implications of these results for biological cell division are discussed. This work contributes to a better quantitative understanding of the mechanical pathway of cellular division, and could assist the design of artificial divisomes in vesicle-based self-actuated microsystems obtained from synthetic biology approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Beltrán-Heredia
- Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad Complutense de MadridMadrid, Spain.,Departamento de Química Física I, Universidad Complutense de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Víctor G Almendro-Vedia
- Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad Complutense de MadridMadrid, Spain.,Departamento de Química Física I, Universidad Complutense de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Monroy
- Departamento de Química Física I, Universidad Complutense de MadridMadrid, Spain.,Translational Biophysics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12)Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Cao
- Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad Complutense de MadridMadrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
372
|
Wagstaff JM, Tsim M, Oliva MA, García-Sanchez A, Kureisaite-Ciziene D, Andreu JM, Löwe J. A Polymerization-Associated Structural Switch in FtsZ That Enables Treadmilling of Model Filaments. mBio 2017; 8:e00254-17. [PMID: 28465423 PMCID: PMC5414002 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00254-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cell division in many organisms involves a constricting cytokinetic ring that is orchestrated by the tubulin-like protein FtsZ. FtsZ forms dynamic filaments close to the membrane at the site of division that have recently been shown to treadmill around the division ring, guiding septal wall synthesis. Here, using X-ray crystallography of Staphylococcus aureus FtsZ (SaFtsZ), we reveal how an FtsZ can adopt two functionally distinct conformations, open and closed. The open form is found in SaFtsZ filaments formed in crystals and also in soluble filaments of Escherichia coli FtsZ as deduced by electron cryomicroscopy. The closed form is found within several crystal forms of two nonpolymerizing SaFtsZ mutants and corresponds to many previous FtsZ structures from other organisms. We argue that FtsZ's conformational switch is polymerization-associated, driven by the formation of the longitudinal intersubunit interfaces along the filament. We show that such a switch provides explanations for both how treadmilling may occur within a single-stranded filament and why filament assembly is cooperative.IMPORTANCE The FtsZ protein is a key molecule during bacterial cell division. FtsZ forms filaments that organize cell membrane constriction, as well as remodeling of the cell wall, to divide cells. FtsZ functions through nucleotide-driven filament dynamics that are poorly understood at the molecular level. In particular, mechanisms for cooperative assembly (nonlinear dependency on concentration) and treadmilling (preferential growth at one filament end and loss at the other) have remained elusive. Here, we show that most likely all FtsZ proteins have two distinct conformations, a "closed" form in monomeric FtsZ and an "open" form in filaments. The conformational switch that occurs upon polymerization explains cooperativity and, in concert with polymerization-dependent nucleotide hydrolysis, efficient treadmilling of FtsZ polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew Tsim
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - María A Oliva
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Jan Löwe
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
373
|
Fujita J, Harada R, Maeda Y, Saito Y, Mizohata E, Inoue T, Shigeta Y, Matsumura H. Identification of the key interactions in structural transition pathway of FtsZ from Staphylococcus aureus. J Struct Biol 2017; 198:65-73. [PMID: 28456664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The tubulin-homolog protein FtsZ is essential for bacterial cell division. FtsZ polymerizes to form protofilaments that assemble into a contractile ring-shaped structure in the presence of GTP. Recent studies showed that FtsZ treadmilling coupled with the GTPase activity drives cell wall synthesis and bacterial cell division. The treadmilling caused by assembly and disassembly of FtsZ links to a conformational change of the monomer from a tense (T) to a relaxed (R) state, but considerable controversy still remains concerning the mechanism. In this study, we report crystal structures of FtsZ from Staphylococcus aureus corresponding to the T and R state conformations in the same crystal, indicating the structural equilibrium of the two state. The two structures identified a key residue Arg29, whose importance was also confirmed by our modified MD simulations. Crystal structures of the R29A mutant showed T and R state-like conformations with slight but important structural changes compared to those of wild-type. Collectively, these data provide new insights for understanding how intramolecular interactions are related to the structural transition of FtsZ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junso Fujita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryuhei Harada
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences/Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan.
| | - Yoko Maeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuki Saito
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Eiichi Mizohata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Inoue
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuteru Shigeta
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences/Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Matsumura
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
374
|
Yao Q, Jewett AI, Chang YW, Oikonomou CM, Beeby M, Iancu CV, Briegel A, Ghosal D, Jensen GJ. Short FtsZ filaments can drive asymmetric cell envelope constriction at the onset of bacterial cytokinesis. EMBO J 2017; 36:1577-1589. [PMID: 28438890 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201696235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
FtsZ, the bacterial homologue of eukaryotic tubulin, plays a central role in cell division in nearly all bacteria and many archaea. It forms filaments under the cytoplasmic membrane at the division site where, together with other proteins it recruits, it drives peptidoglycan synthesis and constricts the cell. Despite extensive study, the arrangement of FtsZ filaments and their role in division continue to be debated. Here, we apply electron cryotomography to image the native structure of intact dividing cells and show that constriction in a variety of Gram-negative bacterial cells, including Proteus mirabilis and Caulobacter crescentus, initiates asymmetrically, accompanied by asymmetric peptidoglycan incorporation and short FtsZ-like filament formation. These results show that a complete ring of FtsZ is not required for constriction and lead us to propose a model for FtsZ-driven division in which short dynamic FtsZ filaments can drive initial peptidoglycan synthesis and envelope constriction at the onset of cytokinesis, later increasing in length and number to encircle the division plane and complete constriction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yao
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Andrew I Jewett
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Yi-Wei Chang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Catherine M Oikonomou
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Morgan Beeby
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Cristina V Iancu
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Ariane Briegel
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Debnath Ghosal
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Grant J Jensen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
375
|
Woldemeskel SA, Goley ED. Shapeshifting to Survive: Shape Determination and Regulation in Caulobacter crescentus. Trends Microbiol 2017; 25:673-687. [PMID: 28359631 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial cell shape is a genetically encoded and inherited feature that is optimized for efficient growth, survival, and propagation of bacteria. In addition, bacterial cell morphology is adaptable to changes in environmental conditions. Work in recent years has demonstrated that individual features of cell shape, such as length or curvature, arise through the spatial regulation of cell wall synthesis by cytoskeletal proteins. However, the mechanisms by which these different morphogenetic factors are coordinated and how they may be globally regulated in response to cell cycle and environmental cues are only beginning to emerge. Here, we have summarized recent advances that have been made to understand morphology in the dimorphic Gram-negative bacterium Caulobacter crescentus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Selamawit Abi Woldemeskel
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Erin D Goley
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
376
|
Bacterial physiology: Treadmilling runs bacterial division. Nat Rev Microbiol 2017; 15:193. [PMID: 28286344 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2017.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
377
|
Abstract
The identification of the FtsZ ring by Bi and Lutkenhaus in 1991 was a defining moment for the field of bacterial cell division. Not only did the presence of the FtsZ ring provide fodder for the next 25 years of research, the application of a then cutting-edge approach-immunogold labeling of bacterial cells-inspired other investigators to apply similarly state-of-the-art technologies in their own work. These efforts have led to important advances in our understanding of the factors underlying assembly and maintenance of the division machinery. At the same time, significant questions about the mechanisms coordinating division with cell growth, DNA replication, and chromosome segregation remain. This review addresses the most prominent of these questions, setting the stage for the next 25 years.
Collapse
|
378
|
Yang X, Lyu Z, Miguel A, McQuillen R, Huang KC, Xiao J. GTPase activity-coupled treadmilling of the bacterial tubulin FtsZ organizes septal cell wall synthesis. Science 2017; 355:744-747. [PMID: 28209899 PMCID: PMC5851775 DOI: 10.1126/science.aak9995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial tubulin FtsZ is the central component of the cell division machinery, coordinating an ensemble of proteins involved in septal cell wall synthesis to ensure successful constriction. How cells achieve this coordination is unknown. We found that in Escherichia coli cells, FtsZ exhibits dynamic treadmilling predominantly determined by its guanosine triphosphatase activity. The treadmilling dynamics direct the processive movement of the septal cell wall synthesis machinery but do not limit the rate of septal synthesis. In FtsZ mutants with severely reduced treadmilling, the spatial distribution of septal synthesis and the molecular composition and ultrastructure of the septal cell wall were substantially altered. Thus, FtsZ treadmilling provides a mechanism for achieving uniform septal cell wall synthesis to enable correct polar morphology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxing Yang
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Zhixin Lyu
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Amanda Miguel
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ryan McQuillen
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kerwyn Casey Huang
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jie Xiao
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
379
|
Coltharp C, Xiao J. Beyond force generation: Why is a dynamic ring of FtsZ polymers essential for bacterial cytokinesis? Bioessays 2016; 39:1-11. [PMID: 28004447 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201600179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We propose that the essential function of the most highly conserved protein in bacterial cytokinesis, FtsZ, is not to generate a mechanical force to drive cell division. Rather, we suggest that FtsZ acts as a signal-processing hub to coordinate cell wall synthesis at the division septum with a diverse array of cellular processes, ensuring that the cell divides smoothly at the correct time and place, and with the correct septum morphology. Here, we explore how the polymerization properties of FtsZ, which have been widely attributed to force generation, can also be advantageous in this signal processing role. We suggest mechanisms by which FtsZ senses and integrates both mechanical and biochemical signals, and conclude by proposing experiments to investigate how FtsZ contributes to the remarkable spatial and temporal precision of bacterial cytokinesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Coltharp
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jie Xiao
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|