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Crucitti A, Corbi M, Tomaiuolo PMC, Fanali C, Mazzari A, Lucchetti D, Migaldi M, Sgambato A. Laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer is not associated with an increase in the circulating levels of several inflammation-related factors. Cancer Biol Ther 2015; 16:671-7. [PMID: 25875151 PMCID: PMC4622611 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2015.1026476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that inflammatory response triggered by surgery might induce the release of molecules that could promote proliferation, invasion and metastasis of surviving cancer cells. To test this hypothesis, the levels of multiple inflammation-related circulating factors were analyzed in patients undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer. A Luminex xMAP system was used to simultaneously assess levels of IL-1β, IL-1ra, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, FGF, eotaxin, G-CSF, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IP-10, MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, PDGF-BB, RANTES, TNF-α and VEGF in 20 colorectal cancer patients and 10 age-matched non-neoplastic patients. In cancer patients analyses were performed at baseline (before surgery) and at different time points (up to 30 days) following laparoscopic surgery. Significantly higher levels of IL-1β, IL-7, IL-8, G-CSF, IFN-γ and TNF-α were detected in colorectal cancer patients compared to controls at baseline. In colorectal cancer patients, circulating levels decreased progressively following surgery and after day 30 post-surgery were no longer different from controls. These findings suggest that expression levels of several cytokines are higher in colorectal cancer patients compared to control subjects and no significant increase in several inflammation-related circulating factors is observed following laparoscopic surgery for cancer. Confirmation and validation in a different and larger cohort of patients are warranted.
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Key Words
- CRC, Colorectal Cancer.
- CSC, Cancer Stem Cells
- EMT, Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition
- FGF-b, Fibroblast Growth Factor-basic
- G-CSF, Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor
- HuMCP-1, Human Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1
- IFN-γ, Interferon γ
- IL, Interleukin
- IP-10, IFN-γ
- Inducible Protein 10
- Luminex xMAP
- MIP-1α
- Normal T-cell Expressed Secreted
- PDGF-BB, Platelet Derived Growth Factor-BB
- RANTES, Regulated upon Activation
- Ra, Receptor antagonist
- TNF-α, Tumor Necrosis Factor-α
- VEGF, Vascular Endotelial Growth Factor
- and 1β
- and 1β, Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 1α
- cancer biology
- colon cancer
- cytokines
- inflammation
- serum markers
- surgery
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Crucitti
- Department of Surgery; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Rome, Italy
| | - Maddalena Corbi
- Institute of General Pathology; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Rome, Italy
| | | | - Caterina Fanali
- Institute of General Pathology; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Mazzari
- Department of Surgery; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Rome, Italy
| | - Donatella Lucchetti
- Institute of General Pathology; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Migaldi
- Department of Pathology; Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia; Modena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sgambato
- Institute of General Pathology; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Rome, Italy
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352
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Xu N, Wang F, Lv M, Cheng L. Microarray expression profile analysis of long non-coding RNAs in human breast cancer: a study of Chinese women. Biomed Pharmacother 2014; 69:221-7. [PMID: 25661361 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death among women. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are key regulators of gene expression. Numerous lncRNAs have performed critical roles in cancer biology including breast cancer (BC). The expression levels of certain lncRNAs are associated with tumor development, recurrence, metastasis, and prognosis. However, the potential roles that lncRNAs regulate breast cancer tumorigenesis and tumor progression are still poorly understood. To investigate the potential roles of lncRNAs in the breast cancer, we constructed BC related lncRNA libraries by using microarray. Microarray expression profiling suggests 790 up-regulated and 637 down-regulated (log fold-change>2.3) lncRNAs were differently expressed between BC tissues and its paired adjacent tissues. Furthermore, we found differently expressed lncRNAs associated with immune regulation. RP4-583P15.10, an up-regulated lncRNA, was found to be located downstream of the natural antisense of the ZBTB46 gene, which may regulated breast cancer through influence immune system. In conclusion, our results for the first time indicate that distinct lncRNAs expression profiles of BC, which related to the immune network, may provide information for further research on immune regulation during the BC process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Xu
- First Clinical Medicine College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengliang Wang
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingming Lv
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu Cheng
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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353
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Singh JK, Simões BM, Howell SJ, Farnie G, Clarke RB. Recent advances reveal IL-8 signaling as a potential key to targeting breast cancer stem cells. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 15:210. [PMID: 24041156 PMCID: PMC3978717 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) are an important therapeutic target as they are purported to be responsible for tumor initiation, maintenance, metastases, and disease recurrence. Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is upregulated in breast cancer compared with normal breast tissue and is associated with poor prognosis. IL-8 is reported to promote breast cancer progression by increasing cell invasion, angiogenesis, and metastases and is upregulated in HER2-positive cancers. Recently, we and others have established that IL-8 via its cognate receptors, CXCR1 and CXCR2, is also involved in regulating breast CSC activity. Our work demonstrates that in metastatic breast CSCs, CXCR1/2 signals via transactivation of HER2. Given the importance of HER2 in breast cancer and in regulating CSC activity, a pathway driving the activation of these receptors would have important biological and clinical consequences, especially in tumors that express high levels of IL-8 and other CXCR1/2-activating ligands. Here, we review the IL-8 signaling pathway and the role of HER2 in maintaining an IL-8 inflammatory loop and discuss the potential of combining CXCR1/2 inhibitors with other treatments such as HER2-targeted therapy as a novel approach to eliminate CSCs and improve patient survival.
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354
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DeCastro AJ, Cherukuri P, Balboni A, DiRenzo J. ΔNP63α transcriptionally activates chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) expression to regulate breast cancer stem cell activity and chemotaxis. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 14:225-35. [PMID: 25376609 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
ΔNP63α, the predominant TP63 isoform expressed in diverse epithelial tissues, including the mammary gland, is required for the preservation of stem cells and has been implicated in tumorigenesis and metastasis. Despite data characterizing ΔNP63α as a master regulator of stem cell activity, identification of the targets underlying these effects is incompletely understood. Recently, ΔNP63α was identified as a key regulator in the promotion of proinflammatory programs in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Inflammation has been implicated as a potent driver of cancer stem cell phenotypes and metastasis. In this study, we sought to identify novel targets of ΔNP63α that confer cancer stem cell and prometastatic properties. Data presented here identify the gene encoding the chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) as a transcriptional target of ΔNP63α. Our data indicate that ΔNP63α enhances CXCR4 expression in breast cancer cells via its binding at two regions within the CXCR4 promoter. The CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 was used to demonstrate that the pro-stem cell activity of ΔNP63α is mediated through its regulation of CXCR4. Importantly, we show that ΔNP63α promotes the chemotaxis of breast cancer cells towards the CXCR4 ligand SDF1α, a process implicated in the trafficking of breast cancer cells to sites of metastasis. This study highlights CXCR4 as a previously unidentified target of ΔNP63α, which plays a significant role in mediating ΔNP63α-dependent stem cell activity and chemotaxis toward SDF1α. Our findings suggest that ΔNP63α regulation of CXCR4 may have strong implications in the regulation of cancer stem cells and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J DeCastro
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire. Program in Experimental and Molecular Medicine, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Pratima Cherukuri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Amanda Balboni
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire. Program in Experimental and Molecular Medicine, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - James DiRenzo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire.
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355
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Neelakantan D, Drasin DJ, Ford HL. Intratumoral heterogeneity: Clonal cooperation in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and metastasis. Cell Adh Migr 2014; 9:265-76. [PMID: 25482627 DOI: 10.4161/19336918.2014.972761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Although phenotypic intratumoral heterogeneity was first described many decades ago, the advent of next-generation sequencing has provided conclusive evidence that in addition to phenotypic diversity, significant genotypic diversity exists within tumors. Tumor heterogeneity likely arises both from clonal expansions, as well as from differentiation hierarchies existent in the tumor, such as that established by cancer stem cells (CSCs) and non-CSCs. These differentiation hierarchies may arise due to genetic mutations, epigenetic alterations, or microenvironmental influences. An additional differentiation hierarchy within epithelial tumors may arise when only a few tumor cells trans-differentiate into mesenchymal-like cells, a process known as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Again, this process can be influenced by both genetic and non-genetic factors. In this review we discuss the evidence for clonal interaction and cooperation for tumor maintenance and progression, particularly with respect to EMT, and further address the far-reaching effects that tumor heterogeneity may have on cancer therapy.
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Key Words
- CLL, chronic lymphoblastic leukemia
- CSC, cancer stem cell
- EMP, epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity
- EMT, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
- GFP, green fluorescent protein.
- MET, mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition
- MMTV, mouse mammary tumor virus
- NGS, next generation sequencing
- OxR, oxaliplatin resistant
- SCLC, small cell lung cancer
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β
- cancer stem cells/CSCs
- clonal evolution
- epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)
- hPDGF human platelet-derived growth factor
- intratumoral heterogeneity
- metastasis
- miRNA, microRNA
- non-cell autonomous
- tumor microenvironment
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Neelakantan
- a Department of Pharmacology ; University of Colorado; School of Medicine ; Aurora, CO USA
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356
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Kothari AN, Mi Z, Zapf M, Kuo PC. Novel clinical therapeutics targeting the epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Clin Transl Med 2014; 3:35. [PMID: 25343018 PMCID: PMC4198571 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-014-0035-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is implicated in many processes, ranging from tissue and organogenesis to cancer and metastatic spread. Understanding the key regulatory mechanisms and mediators within this process offers the opportunity to develop novel therapeutics with broad clinical applicability. To date, several components of EMT already are targeted using pharmacologic agents in fibrosis and cancer. As our knowledge of EMT continues to grow, the potential for novel therapeutics will also increase. This review focuses on the role of EMT both as a necessary part of development and a key player in disease progression, specifically the similarity in pathways used during both processes as targets for drug development. Also, the key role of the tumor microenvironment with EMT is outlined, focusing on both co-factors and cell types with the ability to modulate the progression of EMT in cancer and metastatic disease. Lastly, we discuss the current status of clinical therapies both in development and those progressed to clinical trial specifically targeting pathologic EMTs including small molecule inhibitors, non-coding RNAs, exogenous co-factors, and adjunctive therapies to current chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anai N Kothari
- Department of Surgery, Oncology Institute, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Ave, EMS Bldg, Rm 3244, Maywood 60153, IL, USA
| | - Zhiyong Mi
- Department of Surgery, Oncology Institute, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Ave, EMS Bldg, Rm 3244, Maywood 60153, IL, USA
| | - Matthew Zapf
- Department of Surgery, Oncology Institute, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Ave, EMS Bldg, Rm 3244, Maywood 60153, IL, USA
| | - Paul C Kuo
- Department of Surgery, Oncology Institute, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Ave, EMS Bldg, Rm 3244, Maywood 60153, IL, USA
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357
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Estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 are variable in breast cancer and benign stem/progenitor cell populations. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:733. [PMID: 25269750 PMCID: PMC4190475 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Estrogen receptor positive breast cancers have high recurrence rates despite tamoxifen therapy. Breast cancer stem/progenitor cells (BCSCs) initiate tumors, but expression of estrogen (ER) or progesterone receptors (PR) and response to tamoxifen is unknown. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) may influence tumor response to therapy but expression in BCSCs is also unknown. Methods BCSCs were isolated from breast cancer and benign surgical specimens based on CD49f/CD24 markers. CD44 was measured. Gene and protein expression of ER alpha, ER beta, PR, IL-6 and IL-8 were measured by proximity ligation assay and qRT-PCR. Results Gene expression was highly variable between patients. On average, BCSCs expressed 10-106 fold less ERα mRNA and 10-103 fold more ERβ than tumors or benign stem/progenitor cells (SC). BCSC lin-CD49f−CD24−cells were the exception and expressed higher ERα mRNA. PR mRNA in BCSCs averaged 10-104 fold less than in tumors or benign tissue, but was similar to benign SCs. ERα and PR protein detection in BCSCs was lower than ER positive and similar to ER negative tumors. IL-8 mRNA was 10-104 higher than tumor and 102 fold higher than benign tissue. IL-6 mRNA levels were equivalent to benign and only higher than tumor in lin-CD49f−CD24−cells. IL-6 and IL-8 proteins showed overlapping levels of expressions among various tissues and cell populations. Conclusions BCSCs and SCs demonstrate patient-specific variability of gene/protein expression. BCSC gene/protein expression may vary from that of other tumor cells, suggesting a mechanism by which hormone refractory disease may occur. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2407-14-733) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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358
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Allegra A, Alonci A, Penna G, Innao V, Gerace D, Rotondo F, Musolino C. The cancer stem cell hypothesis: a guide to potential molecular targets. Cancer Invest 2014; 32:470-95. [PMID: 25254602 DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2014.958231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Common cancer theories hold that tumor is an uncontrolled somatic cell proliferation caused by the progressive addition of random mutations in critical genes that control cell growth. Nevertheless, various contradictions related to the mutation theory have been reported previously. These events may be elucidated by the persistence of residual tumor cells, called Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) responsible for tumorigenesis, tumor maintenance, tumor spread, and tumor relapse. Herein, we summarize the current understanding of CSCs, with a focus on the possibility to identify specific markers of CSCs, and discuss the clinical application of targeting CSCs for cancer treatment.
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359
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Oh K, Lee OY, Shon SY, Nam O, Ryu PM, Seo MW, Lee DS. A mutual activation loop between breast cancer cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells facilitates spontaneous metastasis through IL-6 trans-signaling in a murine model. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 15:R79. [PMID: 24021059 PMCID: PMC3979084 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tumor cell interactions with the microenvironment, especially those of bone-marrow-derived myeloid cells, are important in various aspects of tumor metastasis. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have been suggested to constitute tumor-favoring microenvironments. In this study, we elucidated a novel mechanism by which the MDSCs can mediate spontaneous distant metastasis of breast cancer cells. METHODS Murine breast cancer cells, 4T1 and EMT6, were orthotopically grafted into the mammary fat pads of syngeneic BALB/c mice. CD11b(+)Gr-1(+) MDSCs in the spleen, liver, lung and primary tumor mass were analyzed. To evaluate the role of MDSCs in the distant metastasis, MDSCs were depleted or reconstituted in tumor-bearing mice. To evaluate whether MDSCs in the metastasizing tumor microenvironment affect breast cancer cell behavior, MDSCs and cancer cells were co-cultivated. To investigate the role of MDSCs in in vivo metastasis, we blocked the interactions between MDSCs and cancer cells. RESULTS Using a murine breast cancer cell model, we showed that murine breast cancer cells with high IL-6 expression recruited more MDSCs and that the metastasizing capacity of cancer cells paralleled MDSC recruitment in tumor-bearing mice. Metastasizing, but not non-metastasizing, tumor-derived factors induced MDSCs to increase IL-6 production and full activation of recruited MDSCs occurred in the primary tumor site and metastatic organ in the vicinity of metastasizing cancer cells, but not in lymphoid organs. In addition, tumor-expanded MDSCs expressed Adam-family proteases, which facilitated shedding of IL-6 receptor, thereby contributing to breast cancer cell invasiveness and distant metastasis through IL-6 trans-signaling. The critical role of IL-6 trans-signaling was confirmed in both the afferent and efferent pathways of metastasis. CONCLUSION In this study, we showed that metastasizing cancer cells induced higher MDSCs infiltration and prompted them to secret exaggerated IL-6 as well as soluble IL-6Ra, which, in turn, triggered a persistent increase of pSTAT3 in tumor cells. This potential tumor-MDSC axis involving IL-6 trans-signaling directly affected breast cancer cell aggressiveness, leading to spontaneous metastasis.
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360
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Mohamed HT, El-Shinawi M, Nouh MA, Bashtar AR, Elsayed ET, Schneider RJ, Mohamed MM. Inflammatory breast cancer: high incidence of detection of mixed human cytomegalovirus genotypes associated with disease pathogenesis. Front Oncol 2014; 4:246. [PMID: 25309872 PMCID: PMC4160966 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is a highly metastatic, aggressive, and fatal form of breast cancer. Patients presenting with IBC are characterized by a high number of axillary lymph node metastases. Recently, we found that IBC carcinoma tissues contain significantly higher levels of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) DNA compared to other breast cancer tissues that may regulate cell signaling pathways. In fact, HCMV pathogenesis and clinical outcome can be statistically associated with multiple HCMV genotypes within IBC. Thus, in the present study, we established the incidence and types of HCMV genotypes present in carcinoma tissues of infected non-IBC versus IBC patients. We also assessed the correlation between detection of mixed genotypes of HCMV and disease progression. Genotyping of HCMV in carcinoma tissues revealed that glycoprotein B (gB)-1 and glycoprotein N (gN)-1 were the most prevalent HCMV genotypes in both non-IBC and IBC patients with no significant difference between patients groups. IBC carcinoma tissues, however, showed statistically significant higher incidence of detection of the gN-3b genotype compared to non-IBC patients. The incidence of detection of mixed genotypes of gB showed that gB-1 + gB-3 was statistically significantly higher in IBC than non-IBC patients. Similarly, the incidence of detection of mixed genotypes of gN showed that gN-1 + gN-3b and gN-3 + gN-4b/c were statistically significant higher in the carcinoma tissues of IBC than non-IBC. Mixed presence of different HCMV genotypes was found to be significantly correlated with the number of metastatic lymph nodes in non-IBC but not in IBC patients. In IBC, detection of mixed HCMV different genotypes significantly correlates with lymphovascular invasion and formation of dermal lymphatic emboli, which was not found in non-IBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamed El-Shinawi
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - M Akram Nouh
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University , Giza , Egypt
| | | | | | - Robert J Schneider
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, New York University , New York, NY , USA
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361
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Breast cancer presenting as paraneoplastic erythroderma: an extremely rare case. Case Rep Med 2014; 2014:351065. [PMID: 25295062 PMCID: PMC4177778 DOI: 10.1155/2014/351065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin may exhibit the first clinical evidence of a systemic disease and may provide the first clues to a diagnosis in malignancies. Erythroderma is defined as generalized redness and scaling and it is a clinical manifestation of a variety of underlying diseases including, rarely, solid tumors. Breast cancer is associated with a variety of skin paraneoplastic manifestations like acanthosis nigricans, erythromelalgia, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, acrokeratosis paraneoplastica, dermatomyositis, systemic sclerosis, and scleroderma. However, in the literature, the correlation of erythroderma with breast cancer is quite infrequent. Here, we describe a case of a 76-year-old woman who presented with a paraneoplastic manifestation of erythroderma due to breast cancer.
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362
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Abstract
Standard treatment options for breast cancer include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and targeted therapies, such as adjuvant hormonal therapy and monoclonal antibodies. Recently, the recognition that chronic inflammation in the tumor microenvironment promotes tumor growth and survival during different stages of breast cancer development has led to the development of novel immunotherapies. Several immunotherapeutic strategies have been studied both preclinically and clinically and already have been shown to enhance the efficacy of conventional treatment modalities. Therefore, therapies targeting the immune system may represent a promising next-generation approach for the treatment of breast cancers. This review will discuss recent findings that elucidate the roles of suppressive immune cells and proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the tumor-promoting microenvironment, and the most current immunotherapeutic strategies in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinguo Jiang
- Department of Medicine, VA Palo Alto Health Care System/Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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363
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Implications of stemness-related signaling pathways in breast cancer response to therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 31:43-51. [PMID: 25153354 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence that breast cancer may arise from a small subpopulation of transformed mammary stem/progenitor cells, termed breast cancer-initiating cells (BCICs), responsible for initiation and maintenance of cancer. BCICs have been identified in clinical specimens based on CD44(+)/CD24(-/low) membrane expression and/or enzymatic activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1+), or isolated and in vitro propagated as non-adherent spheres. This cell population has been demonstrated to be able to recreate, when injected in mice even at very low concentrations, the same histopathological features of the tumor they were derived from and to escape from current therapeutic strategies. Alterations in genes involved in stemness-related pathways, such as Wnt, Notch, and Sonic Hedgehog, have been proven to play a role in breast cancer progression. Targeting these key elements represents an attractive option, with a solid rationale, although possible concerns may derive from the poor knowledge of tolerance and efficacy of inhibiting these mechanisms without inducing severe side effects. In addition, efforts to develop alternative BCIC-targeted therapies against stemness markers (CD44 and ALDH1) and molecules involved in regulating EMT- and HER2-related pathways, or able to reverse the multi-drug resistance phenotype, or to induce differentiation and to control cell survival pathways are currently ongoing and encouraging results from pre-clinical studies have already been obtained using in vitro and in vivo models.
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364
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Cunha AD, Michelin MA, Murta EFC. Pattern response of dendritic cells in the tumor microenvironment and breast cancer. World J Clin Oncol 2014; 5:495-502. [PMID: 25114862 PMCID: PMC4127618 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v5.i3.495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignant neoplasm and the cause of death by cancer among women worldwide. Its development, including malignancy grade and patient prognosis, is influenced by various mutations that occur in the tumor cell and by the immune system’s status, which has a direct influence on the tumor microenvironment and, consequently, on interactions with non-tumor cells involved in the immunological response. Among the immune response cells, dendritic cells (DCs) play a key role in the induction and maintenance of anti-tumor responses owing to their unique abilities for antigen cross-presentation and promotion of the activation of specific lymphocytes that target neoplasic cells. However, the tumor microenvironment can polarize DCs, transforming them into immunosuppressive regulatory DCs, a tolerogenic phenotype which limits the activity of effector T cells and supports tumor growth and progression. Various factors and signaling pathways have been implicated in the immunosuppressive functioning of DCs in cancer, and researchers are working on resolving processes that can circumvent tumor escape and developing viable therapeutic interventions to prevent or reverse the expression of immunosuppressive DCs in the tumor microenvironment. A better understanding of the pattern of DC response in patients with BC is fundamental to the development of specific therapeutic approaches to enable DCs to function properly. Various studies examining DCs immunotherapy have demonstrated its great potential for inducing immune responses to specific antigens and thereby reversing immunosuppression and related to clinical response in patients with BC. DC-based immunotherapy research has led to immense scientific advances, both in our understanding of the anti-tumor immune response and for the treatment of these patients.
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365
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Makari-Judson G, Braun B, Jerry DJ, Mertens WC. Weight gain following breast cancer diagnosis: Implication and proposed mechanisms. World J Clin Oncol 2014; 5:272-282. [PMID: 25114844 PMCID: PMC4127600 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v5.i3.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Weight gain occurs in the majority of women following breast cancer treatment. An overview of studies describing weight gain amongst women treated with early to modern chemotherapy regimens is included. Populations at higher risk include women who are younger, closer to ideal body weight and who have been treated with chemotherapy. Weight gain ranges between 1 to 5 kg, and may be associated with change in body composition with gain in fat mass and loss in lean body mass. Women are unlikely to return to pre-diagnosis weight. Possible mechanisms including inactivity and metabolic changes are explored. Potential interventions are reviewed including exercise, dietary changes and pharmacologic agents. Although breast cancer prognosis does not appear to be significantly impacted, weight gain has negative consequences on quality of life and overall health. Future studies should explore change in body composition, metabolism and insulin resistance. Avoiding weight gain in breast cancer survivors following initial diagnosis and treatment should be encouraged.
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366
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Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality in the females. Intensive efforts have been made to understand the molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis of breast cancer. The physiological conditions that lead to tumorigenesis including breast cancer are not well understood. Toll like receptors (TLRs) are essential components of innate immune system that protect the host against bacterial and viral infection. The emerging evidences suggest that TLRs are activated through pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) as well as endogenous molecules, which lead to the activation of inflammatory pathways. This leads to increased levels of several pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines mounting inflammation. Several evidences support the view that chronic inflammation can lead to cancerous condition. Inflammation aids in tumor progression and metastasis. Association of inflammation with breast cancer is emerging. TLR mediated activation of NF-κB and IRF is an essential link connecting inflammation to cancer. The recent reports provide several evidences, which suggest the important role of TLRs in breast cancer pathogenesis and recurrence. The current review focuses on emerging studies suggesting the strong linkages of TLR mediated regulation of inflammation during breast cancer and its metastasis emphasizing the initiation of the systematic study.
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367
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Shen CC, Kang YH, Zhao M, He Y, Cui DD, Fu YY, Yang LL, Gou LT. WNT16B from ovarian fibroblasts induces differentiation of regulatory T cells through β-catenin signal in dendritic cells. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:12928-39. [PMID: 25050785 PMCID: PMC4139882 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150712928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment for cancer can induce a series of secreted factors into the tumor microenvironment, which can affect cancer progression. Wingless-type MMTV (mouse mammary tumor virus) integration site 16B (WNT16B) is a new member of the WNT family and has been reported to play growth-related roles in previous studies. In this study, we found WNT16B could be expressed and secreted into the microenvironment by human ovarian fibroblasts after DNA damage-associated treatment, including chemotherapy drugs and radiation. We also demonstrated that fibroblast-derived WNT16B could result in accumulation of β-catenin in dendritic cells and secretion of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), which contributed to the differentiation of regulatory T cells in a co-culture environment. These results shed light on the roles of WNT16B in immune regulation, especially in regard to cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Cong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Yu-Huan Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Ming Zhao
- Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Yi He
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Dan-Dan Cui
- Department of Medical Oncology, the Fifth People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Yu-Yin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Ling-Lin Yang
- Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Lan-Tu Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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368
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Mesenchymal stem cell-induced doxorubicin resistance in triple negative breast cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:532161. [PMID: 25140317 PMCID: PMC4124237 DOI: 10.1155/2014/532161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive histological subtype with limited treatment options and a worse clinical outcome compared with other breast cancer subtypes. Doxorubicin is considered to be one of the most effective agents in the treatment of TNBC. Unfortunately, resistance to this agent is common. In some drug-resistant cells, drug efflux is mediated by adenosine triphosphate-dependent membrane transporter termed adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, which can drive the substrates across membranes against concentration gradient. In the tumor microenvironment, upon interaction with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), tumor cells exhibit altered biological functions of certain gene clusters, hence increasing stemness of tumor cells, migration ability, angiogenesis, and drug resistance. In our present study, we investigated the mechanism of TNBC drug resistance induced by adipose-derived MSCs. Upon exposure of TNBC to MSC-secreted conditioned medium (CM), noticeable drug resistance against doxorubicin with markedly increased BCRP protein expression was observed. Intracellular doxorubicin accumulation of TNBC was also decreased by MSC-secreted CM. Furthermore, we found that doxorubicin resistance of TNBC was mediated by IL-8 presented in the MSC-secreted CM. These findings may enrich the list of potential targets for overcoming drug resistance induced by MSCs in TNBC patients.
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369
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Wu R, Ru Q, Chen L, Ma B, Li C. Stereospecificity of Ginsenoside Rg3 in the Promotion of Cellular Immunity in Hepatoma H22-Bearing Mice. J Food Sci 2014; 79:H1430-5. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rihui Wu
- Wuhan Inst. of Biomedical Sciences; Jianghan Univ; Wuhan 430056 China
| | - Qin Ru
- Wuhan Inst. of Biomedical Sciences; Jianghan Univ; Wuhan 430056 China
| | - Lin Chen
- Wuhan Inst. of Biomedical Sciences; Jianghan Univ; Wuhan 430056 China
| | - Baomiao Ma
- Wuhan Inst. of Biomedical Sciences; Jianghan Univ; Wuhan 430056 China
| | - Chaoying Li
- Wuhan Inst. of Biomedical Sciences; Jianghan Univ; Wuhan 430056 China
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370
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Pukazhendhi G, Glück S. Circulating tumor cells in breast cancer. J Carcinog 2014; 13:8. [PMID: 25191136 PMCID: PMC4141360 DOI: 10.4103/1477-3163.135578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cell (CTC) measurement in peripheral blood of patients with breast cancer offers prognostic information. In this review, we will try to identify evidence that could be used for prognosis, predictive power to draw this tool to clinical utility. We reviewed 81 manuscripts, and categorized those in discovery datasets, prognostic factors in metastatic breast cancer, identification of clinical utility in early breast cancer and in novel approaches. With each patient responding differently to chemotherapy, more efficient markers would improve clinical outcome. Current CTC diagnostic techniques use epithelial markers predominantly; however, the most appropriate method is the measurement of circulating DNA. It has been hypothesized that micrometastasis occurs early in the development of tumors. That implies the presence of CTCs in nonmetastatic setting. The origin of stimulus for malignant transformation is yet unknown. The role of microenvironment as a stimulus is also being investigated. It has been shown that CTCs vary in numbers with chemotherapy. The markers, which are followed-up in the primary tumors, are also being studied on the CTCs. There is discordance of the human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 status between the primary tumor and CTCs. This review summarizes our current knowledge about the CTCs. With genetic profiling and molecular characterization of CTCs, it is possible to overcome the diagnostic difficulties. Evidence for clinical utility of CTC as prognostic and predictive marker is increasing. Appropriate patient stratification according to CTC determination among other tests, would make personalized cancer therapy more feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha Pukazhendhi
- Department of Medicine, Hematology Oncology Division, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Stefan Glück
- Department of Medicine, Hematology Oncology Division, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA ; Department of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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371
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Okazaki I, Noro T, Tsutsui N, Yamanouchi E, Kuroda H, Nakano M, Yokomori H, Inagaki Y. Fibrogenesis and Carcinogenesis in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH): Involvement of Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) and Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinase (TIMPs). Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:1220-55. [PMID: 24978432 PMCID: PMC4190539 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6031220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is emerging worldwide because life-styles have changed to include much over-eating and less physical activity. The clinical and pathophysiological features of NASH are very different from those of HBV- and HCV-chronic liver diseases. The prognosis of NASH is worse among those with nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD), and some NASH patients show HCC with or without cirrhosis. In the present review we discuss fibrogenesis and the relationship between fibrosis and HCC occurrence in NASH to clarify the role of MMPs and TIMPs in both mechanisms. Previously we proposed MMP and TIMP expression in the multi-step occurrence of HCC from the literature based on viral-derived HCC. We introduce again these expressions during hepatocarcinogenesis and compare them to those in NASH-derived HCC, although the relationship with hepatic stem/progenitor cells (HPCs) invasion remains unknown. Signal transduction of MMPs and TIMPs is also discussed because it is valuable for the prevention and treatment of NASH and NASH-derived HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isao Okazaki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sanno Hospital, International University of Health and Welfare, Tokyo 107-0052, Japan.
| | - Takuji Noro
- Department of Surgery, International University of Health and Welfare Hospital, Tochigi 329-2763, Japan.
| | - Nobuhiro Tsutsui
- Department of Surgery, International University of Health and Welfare Hospital, Tochigi 329-2763, Japan.
| | - Eigoro Yamanouchi
- Department of Radiology, International University of Health and Welfare Hospital, Tochigi 329-2763, Japan.
| | - Hajime Kuroda
- Department of Pathology, International University of Health and Welfare Hospital, Tochigi 329-2763, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Nakano
- Department of Pathology, Ofuna Chuo Hospital, Kanagawa 247-0056, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Yokomori
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kitasato University Medical Center, Saitama 364-8501, Japan.
| | - Yutaka Inagaki
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine and Institute of Medical Sciences, Isehara 259-1193, Japan.
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372
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Rao W, Zhao S, Yu J, Lu X, Zynger DL, He X. Enhanced enrichment of prostate cancer stem-like cells with miniaturized 3D culture in liquid core-hydrogel shell microcapsules. Biomaterials 2014; 35:7762-7773. [PMID: 24952981 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) are rare subpopulations of cancer cells that are reported to be responsible for cancer resistance and metastasis associated with conventional cancer therapies. Therefore, effective enrichment/culture of CSCs is of importance to both the understanding and treatment of cancer. However, it usually takes approximately 10 days for the widely used conventional approach to enrich CSCs through the formation of CSC-containing aggregates. Here we report the time can be shortened to 2 days while obtaining prostate CSC-containing aggregates with better quality based on the expression of surface receptor markers, dye exclusion, gene and protein expression, and in vivo tumorigenicity. This is achieved by encapsulating and culturing human prostate cancer cells in the miniaturized 3D liquid core of microcapsules with an alginate hydrogel shell. The miniaturized 3D culture in core-shell microcapsules is an effective strategy for enriching/culturing CSCs in vitro to facilitate cancer research and therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Rao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Shuting Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jianhua Yu
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Xiongbin Lu
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Debra L Zynger
- Division of Genitourinary Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Xiaoming He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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373
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Abstract
Hayflick and Moorhead first described senescence in the late 1960's as a permanent growth arrest that primary cells underwent after a defined number of cellular divisions in culture. This observation gave rise to the hypothesis that cells contained an internal counting mechanism that limited cellular division and that this limit was an important barrier to cellular transformation. What began as an in vitro observation has led to an immense body of work that reaches into all fields of biology and is of particular interest in the areas of aging, tissue regeneration, and tumorigenesis. The initially simplistic view that senescence limits cellular division and contributes to aging while stymying tumorigenesis has now evolved into an important and complex biological process that has numerous caveats and often opposing effects on tumorigenesis. In this review, we limit our discussion to the complex role senescence plays in tumorigenesis. Throughout the review we attempt to draw many parallels to other systems including the role senescent cells play in the tumor microenvironment and their significant molecular and phenotypic similarities to cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Alspach
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology; BRIGHT Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Yujie Fu
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, BRIGHT Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Sheila A Stewart
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, BRIGHT Institute, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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374
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Back LKDC, Farias TDJ, da Cunha PA, Muniz YCN, Ribeiro MCM, Fernandes BL, Fernandes CK, de Souza IR. Functional polymorphisms of interleukin-18 gene and risk of breast cancer in a Brazilian population. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 84:229-33. [DOI: 10.1111/tan.12367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. K. d. C. Back
- Departamento de Biologia, Embriologia e Genética (UFSC - BEG); Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Florianópolis Brazil
- Molecular Diagnostic; Biogenetika; Florianópolis Brazil
| | - T. D. J. Farias
- Departamento de Biologia, Embriologia e Genética (UFSC - BEG); Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Florianópolis Brazil
| | - P. A. da Cunha
- Departamento de Biologia, Embriologia e Genética (UFSC - BEG); Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Florianópolis Brazil
| | - Y. C. N. Muniz
- Departamento de Biologia, Embriologia e Genética (UFSC - BEG); Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Florianópolis Brazil
| | - M. C. M. Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biologia, Embriologia e Genética (UFSC - BEG); Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Florianópolis Brazil
| | - B. L. Fernandes
- Hospital Universitário (HU-UFSC); Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Florianópolis Brazil
- Mastologia; Hospital e Maternidade Carmela Dutra; Florianópolis Brazil
| | | | - I. R. de Souza
- Departamento de Biologia, Embriologia e Genética (UFSC - BEG); Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Florianópolis Brazil
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375
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Guo W. Concise review: breast cancer stem cells: regulatory networks, stem cell niches, and disease relevance. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 3:942-8. [PMID: 24904174 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has shown that cancer stem cells (CSCs), the cancer cells that have long-term proliferative potential and the ability to regenerate tumors with phenotypically heterogeneous cell types, are important mediators of tumor metastasis and cancer relapse. In breast cancer, these cells often possess attributes of cells that have undergone an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Signaling networks mediated by microRNAs and EMT-inducing transcription factors connect the EMT program with the core stem cell regulatory machineries. These signaling networks are also regulated by extrinsic niche signals that induce and maintain CSCs, contributing to metastatic colonization and promoting the reactivation of dormant tumor cells. Targeting these CSC pathways is likely to improve the efficacy of conventional chemo- and radiotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Guo
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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376
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Microenvironment, oncoantigens, and antitumor vaccination: lessons learned from BALB-neuT mice. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:534969. [PMID: 25136593 PMCID: PMC4065702 DOI: 10.1155/2014/534969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The tyrosine kinase human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) gene is amplified in approximately 20% of human breast cancers and is associated with an aggressive clinical course and the early development of metastasis. Its crucial role in tumor growth and progression makes HER2 a prototypic oncoantigen, the targeting of which may be critical for the development of effective anticancer therapies. The setup of anti-HER2 targeting strategies has revolutionized the clinical outcome of HER2+ breast cancer. However, their initial success has been overshadowed by the onset of pharmacological resistance that renders them ineffective. Since the tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a crucial role in drug resistance, the design of more effective anticancer therapies should depend on the targeting of both cancer cells and their TME as a whole. In this review, starting from the successful know-how obtained with a HER2+ mouse model of mammary carcinogenesis, the BALB-neuT mice, we discuss the role of TME in mammary tumor development. Indeed, a deeper knowledge of antigens critical for cancer outbreak and progression and of the mechanisms that regulate the interplay between cancer and stromal cell populations could advise promising ways for the development of the best anticancer strategy.
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377
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Rainero E, Cianflone C, Porporato PE, Chianale F, Malacarne V, Bettio V, Ruffo E, Ferrara M, Benecchia F, Capello D, Paster W, Locatelli I, Bertoni A, Filigheddu N, Sinigaglia F, Norman JC, Baldanzi G, Graziani A. The diacylglycerol kinase α/atypical PKC/β1 integrin pathway in SDF-1α mammary carcinoma invasiveness. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97144. [PMID: 24887021 PMCID: PMC4041662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinase α (DGKα), by phosphorylating diacylglycerol into phosphatidic acid, provides a key signal driving cell migration and matrix invasion. We previously demonstrated that in epithelial cells activation of DGKα activity promotes cytoskeletal remodeling and matrix invasion by recruiting atypical PKC at ruffling sites and by promoting RCP-mediated recycling of α5β1 integrin to the tip of pseudopods. In here we investigate the signaling pathway by which DGKα mediates SDF-1α-induced matrix invasion of MDA-MB-231 invasive breast carcinoma cells. Indeed we showed that, following SDF-1α stimulation, DGKα is activated and localized at cell protrusion, thus promoting their elongation and mediating SDF-1α induced MMP-9 metalloproteinase secretion and matrix invasion. Phosphatidic acid generated by DGKα promotes localization at cell protrusions of atypical PKCs which play an essential role downstream of DGKα by promoting Rac-mediated protrusion elongation and localized recruitment of β1 integrin and MMP-9. We finally demonstrate that activation of DGKα, atypical PKCs signaling and β1 integrin are all essential for MDA-MB-231 invasiveness. These data indicates the existence of a SDF-1α induced DGKα - atypical PKC - β1 integrin signaling pathway, which is essential for matrix invasion of carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Rainero
- Integrin Biology Laboratory, Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Cianflone
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | | | - Federica Chianale
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Valeria Malacarne
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Valentina Bettio
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Elisa Ruffo
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Michele Ferrara
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Fabio Benecchia
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Daniela Capello
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Wolfgang Paster
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Irene Locatelli
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bertoni
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Filigheddu
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Fabiola Sinigaglia
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Jim C. Norman
- Integrin Biology Laboratory, Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Gianluca Baldanzi
- Integrin Biology Laboratory, Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Graziani
- Integrin Biology Laboratory, Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
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378
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Liu L, Salnikov AV, Bauer N, Aleksandrowicz E, Labsch S, Nwaeburu C, Mattern J, Gladkich J, Schemmer P, Werner J, Herr I. Triptolide reverses hypoxia-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and stem-like features in pancreatic cancer by NF-κB downregulation. Int J Cancer 2014; 134:2489-503. [PMID: 24615157 PMCID: PMC4255690 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is one of the most lethal malignancies characterized by an intense tumor stroma with hypoperfused regions, a significant inflammatory response and pronounced therapy resistance. New therapeutic agents are urgently needed. The plant-derived agent triptolide also known as "thunder god vine" has a long history in traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and cancer and is now in a clinical phase II trial for establishing the efficacy against a placebo. The authors mimicked the situation in patient tumors by induction of hypoxia in experimental models of pancreatic cancer stem cells (CSCs) and evaluated the therapeutic effect of triptolide. Hypoxia led to induction of colony and spheroid formation, aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) and NF-κB activity, migratory potential and a switch in morphology to a fibroblastoid phenotype, as well as stem cell- and epithelial-mesenchymal transition-associated protein expression. Triptolide efficiently inhibited hypoxia-induced transcriptional signaling and downregulated epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and CSC features in established highly malignant cell lines, whereas sensitive cancer cells or nonmalignant cells were less affected. In vivo triptolide inhibited tumor take and tumor growth. In primary CSCs isolated from patient tumors, triptolide downregulated markers of CSCs, proliferation and mesenchymal cells along with upregulation of markers for apoptosis and epithelial cells. This study is the first to show that triptolide reverses EMT and CSC characteristics and therefore may be superior to current chemotherapeutics for treatment of PDA.
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MESH Headings
- Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 Family
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating/pharmacology
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/genetics
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/prevention & control
- Cell Hypoxia
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Chick Embryo
- Diterpenes/pharmacology
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition/drug effects
- Epoxy Compounds/pharmacology
- Humans
- Isoenzymes/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Nude
- NF-kappa B/genetics
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Phenanthrenes/pharmacology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-rel/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-rel/metabolism
- RNA Interference
- Retinal Dehydrogenase/metabolism
- Spheroids, Cellular/drug effects
- Spheroids, Cellular/metabolism
- Spheroids, Cellular/pathology
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Molecular OncoSurgery Group Department of General and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research CenterHeidelberg, Germany
- Department of General and Transplantation Surgery, University of HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexei V Salnikov
- Molecular OncoSurgery Group Department of General and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research CenterHeidelberg, Germany
- Department of General and Transplantation Surgery, University of HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany
- Department of Translational Immunology, German Cancer Research Center and National Center for Tumor DiseasesHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Nathalie Bauer
- Molecular OncoSurgery Group Department of General and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research CenterHeidelberg, Germany
- Department of General and Transplantation Surgery, University of HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Ewa Aleksandrowicz
- Molecular OncoSurgery Group Department of General and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research CenterHeidelberg, Germany
- Department of General and Transplantation Surgery, University of HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Labsch
- Molecular OncoSurgery Group Department of General and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research CenterHeidelberg, Germany
- Department of General and Transplantation Surgery, University of HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Clifford Nwaeburu
- Molecular OncoSurgery Group Department of General and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research CenterHeidelberg, Germany
- Department of General and Transplantation Surgery, University of HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Mattern
- Molecular OncoSurgery Group Department of General and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research CenterHeidelberg, Germany
- Department of General and Transplantation Surgery, University of HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Jury Gladkich
- Molecular OncoSurgery Group Department of General and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research CenterHeidelberg, Germany
- Department of General and Transplantation Surgery, University of HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Schemmer
- Department of General and Transplantation Surgery, University of HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens Werner
- Department of General and Transplantation Surgery, University of HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Ingrid Herr
- Molecular OncoSurgery Group Department of General and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research CenterHeidelberg, Germany
- Department of General and Transplantation Surgery, University of HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany
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The clinical significance of PR, ER, NF- κ B, and TNF- α in breast cancer. DISEASE MARKERS 2014; 2014:494581. [PMID: 24864130 PMCID: PMC4017837 DOI: 10.1155/2014/494581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Objectives. To investigate the expression of estrogen (ER), progesterone receptors (PR), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in human breast cancer (BC), and the correlation of these four parameters with clinicopathological features of BC. Methods and Results. We performed an immunohistochemical SABC method for the identification of ER, PR, NF-κB, and TNF-α expression in 112 patients with primary BC. The total positive expression rate of ER, PR, NF-κB, and TNF-α was 67%, 76%, 84%, and 94%, respectively. The expressions of ER and PR were correlated with tumor grade, TNM stage, and lymph node metastasis (P < 0.01, resp.), but not with age, tumor size, histological subtype, age at menarche, menopause status, number of pregnancies, number of deliveries, and family history of cancer. Expressions of ER and PR were both correlated with NF-κB and TNF-α expression (P < 0.05, resp.). Moreover, there was significant correlation between ER and PR (P < 0.0001) as well as between NF-κB and TNF-α expression (P < 0.05). Conclusion. PR and ER are highly expressed, with significant correlation with NF-κB and TNF-α expression in breast cancer. The important roles of ER and PR in invasion and metastasis of breast cancer are probably associated with NF-κB and TNF-α expression.
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380
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Yang T, Rycaj K, Liu ZM, Tang DG. Cancer stem cells: constantly evolving and functionally heterogeneous therapeutic targets. Cancer Res 2014; 74:2922-7. [PMID: 24713433 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating the origin of and dynamic interrelationship between intratumoral cell subpopulations has clear clinical significance in helping to understand the cellular basis of treatment response, therapeutic resistance, and tumor relapse. Cancer stem cells (CSC), together with clonal evolution driven by genetic alterations, generate cancer cell heterogeneity commonly observed in clinical samples. The 2013 Shanghai International Symposium on Cancer Stem Cells brought together leaders in the field to highlight the most recent progress in phenotyping, characterizing, and targeting CSCs and in elucidating the relationship between the cell-of-origin of cancer and CSCs. Discussions from the symposium emphasize the urgent need in developing novel therapeutics to target the constantly evolving CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Authors' Affiliations: Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; and Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, Texas
| | - Kiera Rycaj
- Authors' Affiliations: Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; and Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, Texas
| | - Zhong-Min Liu
- Authors' Affiliations: Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; and Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, Texas
| | - Dean G Tang
- Authors' Affiliations: Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; and Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TexasAuthors' Affiliations: Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; and Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, Texas
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381
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Kamalakar A, Bendre MS, Washam CL, Fowler TW, Carver A, Dilley JD, Bracey JW, Akel NS, Margulies AG, Skinner RA, Swain FL, Hogue WR, Montgomery CO, Lahiji P, Maher JJ, Leitzel KE, Ali SM, Lipton A, Nicholas RW, Gaddy D, Suva LJ. Circulating interleukin-8 levels explain breast cancer osteolysis in mice and humans. Bone 2014; 61:176-85. [PMID: 24486955 PMCID: PMC3967592 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal metastases of breast cancer and subsequent osteolysis connote a dramatic change in the prognosis for the patient and significantly increase the morbidity associated with disease. The cytokine interleukin 8 (IL-8/CXCL8) is able to directly stimulate osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption in mouse models of breast cancer bone metastasis. In this study, we determined whether circulating levels of IL-8 were associated with increased bone resorption and breast cancer bone metastasis in patients and investigated IL-8 action in vitro and in vivo in mice. Using breast cancer patient plasma (36 patients), we identified significantly elevated IL-8 levels in bone metastasis patients compared with patients lacking bone metastasis (p<0.05), as well as a correlation between plasma IL-8 and increased bone resorption (p<0.05), as measured by NTx levels. In a total of 22 ER+ and 15 ER- primary invasive ductal carcinomas, all cases examined stained positive for IL-8 expression. In vitro, human MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MET breast cancer cell lines secrete two distinct IL-8 isoforms, both of which were found to stimulate osteoclastogenesis. However, the more osteolytic MDA-MET-derived full length IL-8(1-77) had significantly higher potency than the non-osteolytic MDA-MB-231-derived IL-8(6-77), via the CXCR1 receptor. MDA-MET breast cancer cells were injected into the tibia of nude mice and 7days later treated daily with a neutralizing IL-8 monoclonal antibody. All tumor-injected mice receiving no antibody developed large osteolytic bone tumors, whereas 83% of the IL-8 antibody-treated mice had no evidence of tumor at the end of 28days and had significantly increased survival. The pro-osteoclastogenic activity of IL-8 in vivo was confirmed when transgenic mice expressing human IL-8 were examined and found to have a profound osteopenic phenotype, with elevated bone resorption and inherently low bone mass. Collectively, these data suggest that IL-8 plays an important role in breast cancer osteolysis and that anti-IL-8 therapy may be useful in the treatment of the skeletal related events associated with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Kamalakar
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Research, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Manali S Bendre
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Research, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Charity L Washam
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Research, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Tristan W Fowler
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Research, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Adam Carver
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Research, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Joshua D Dilley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Research, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - John W Bracey
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Research, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Nisreen S Akel
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | | | - Robert A Skinner
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Research, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Frances L Swain
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Research, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - William R Hogue
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Research, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Corey O Montgomery
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Research, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Parshawn Lahiji
- Division of Gastroenterology, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco Liver Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jacqueline J Maher
- Division of Gastroenterology, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco Liver Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kim E Leitzel
- Division of Oncology, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Suhail M Ali
- Division of Oncology, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Alan Lipton
- Division of Oncology, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Richard W Nicholas
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Research, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Dana Gaddy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Research, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Larry J Suva
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Research, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
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382
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Liang Y, Liu HH, Chen YJ, Sun H. Antitumor Activity of the Protein and Small Molecule Component Fractions from Agrocybe aegerita Through Enhancement of Cytokine Production. J Med Food 2014; 17:439-46. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2013.2846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China
| | - Hong-Hong Liu
- The College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi-Jie Chen
- The College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Sun
- The College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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383
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Qiu Y, Pu T, Li L, Cheng F, Lu C, Sun L, Teng X, Ye F, Bu H. The expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase family in breast cancer. J Breast Cancer 2014; 17:54-60. [PMID: 24744798 PMCID: PMC3988343 DOI: 10.4048/jbc.2014.17.1.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose It is widely accepted that aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity is a signature of breast cancer stem cells, and high activity has been reported to be associated with poor clinical outcome. The aim of this study was to assess the expression of members of the ALDH family of isozymes in breast cancer tissues and to evaluate the implications of the results. Methods We analyzed paraffin-embedded tumor tissue from 160 patients with breast cancer. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining was performed on the slides using antibodies against different ALDH family members. We collated the IHC results with patient clinical characteristics and determined their prognostic value. In addition, we analyzed normal, hyperplastic, and carcinomatous tissues in situ to check their ALDH distributions. Results All the tested ALDH members were detected in the various tissue types, but at different levels. Only ALDH 1A3 was found to be significantly associated with distant metastasis (p=0.001), disease-free survival (p<0.001), and overall survival (p<0.001). Conclusion The level of ALDH 1A3 in breast cancer tissue is a predictive marker of a poor clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qiu
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianjie Pu
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fei Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Changli Lu
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linyong Sun
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Teng
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Ye
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Bu
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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384
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Gromov P, Moreira JMA, Gromova I. Proteomic analysis of tissue samples in translational breast cancer research. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 11:285-302. [DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2014.899469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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385
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Lack of correlation of stem cell markers in breast cancer stem cells. Br J Cancer 2014; 110:2063-71. [PMID: 24577057 PMCID: PMC3992489 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Various markers are used to identify the unique sub-population of breast cancer cells with stem cell properties. Whether these markers are expressed in all breast cancers, identify the same population of cells, or equate to therapeutic response is controversial. Methods: We investigated the expression of multiple cancer stem cell markers in human breast cancer samples and cell lines in vitro and in vivo, comparing across and within samples and relating expression with growth and therapeutic response to doxorubicin, docetaxol and radiotherapy. Results: CD24, CD44, ALDH and SOX2 expression, the ability to form mammospheres and side-population cells are variably present in human cancers and cell lines. Each marker identifies a unique rather than common population of cancer cells. In vivo, cells expressing these markers are not specifically localized to the presumptive stem cell niche at the tumour/stroma interface. Repeated therapy does not consistently enrich cells expressing these markers, although ER-negative cells accumulate. Conclusions: Commonly employed methods identify different cancer cell sub-populations with no consistent therapeutic implications, rather than a single population of cells. The relationships of breast cancer stem cells to clinical parameters will require identification of specific markers or panels for the individual cancer.
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386
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Janelsins MC, Kesler SR, Ahles TA, Morrow GR. Prevalence, mechanisms, and management of cancer-related cognitive impairment. Int Rev Psychiatry 2014; 26:102-13. [PMID: 24716504 PMCID: PMC4084673 DOI: 10.3109/09540261.2013.864260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 454] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the current literature on cancer-related cognitive impairment (CRCI) with a focus on prevalence, mechanisms, and possible interventions for CRCI in those who receive adjuvant chemotherapy for non-central nervous system tumours and is primarily focused on breast cancer. CRCI is characterized as deficits in areas of cognition including memory, attention, concentration, and executive function. Development of CRCI can impair quality of life and impact treatment decisions. CRCI is highly prevalent; these problems can be detected in up to 30% of patients prior to chemotherapy, up to 75% of patients report some form of CRCI during treatment, and CRCI is still present in up to 35% of patients many years following completion of treatment. While the trajectory of CRCI is becoming better understood, the mechanisms underlying the development of CRCI are still obscure; however, host characteristics, immune dysfunction, neural toxicity, and genetics may play key roles in the development and trajectory of CRCI. Intervention research is limited, though strategies to maintain function are being studied with promising preliminary findings. This review highlights key research being conducted in these areas, both in patient populations and in animals, which will ultimately result in better understanding and effective treatments for CRCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C. Janelsins
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Control, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
- James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, Rochester, NY
| | | | - Tim A. Ahles
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Gary R. Morrow
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Control, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
- James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, Rochester, NY
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
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387
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Jiang X, Shapiro DJ. The immune system and inflammation in breast cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 382:673-682. [PMID: 23791814 PMCID: PMC4919022 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During different stages of tumor development the immune system can either identify and destroy tumors, or promote their growth. Therapies targeting the immune system have emerged as a promising treatment modality for breast cancer, and immunotherapeutic strategies are being examined in preclinical and clinical models. However, our understanding of the complex interplay between cells of the immune system and breast cancer cells is incomplete. In this article, we review recent findings showing how the immune system plays dual host-protective and tumor-promoting roles in breast cancer initiation and progression. We then discuss estrogen receptor α (ERα)-dependent and ERα-independent mechanisms that shield breast cancers from immunosurveillance and enable breast cancer cells to evade immune cell induced apoptosis and produce an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Finally, we discuss protumorigenic inflammation that is induced during tumor progression and therapy, and how inflammation promotes more aggressive phenotypes in ERα positive breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinguo Jiang
- Department of Medicine, VA Palo Alto Health Care System/Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - David J Shapiro
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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388
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Newman G, Gonzalez-Perez RR. Leptin-cytokine crosstalk in breast cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 382:570-582. [PMID: 23562747 PMCID: PMC3844060 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite accumulating evidence suggesting a positive correlation between leptin levels, obesity, post-menopause and breast cancer incidence, our current knowledge on the mechanisms involved in these relationships is still incomplete. Since the cloning of leptin in 1994 and its receptor (OB-R) 1 year later by Friedman's laboratory (Zhang et al., 1994) and Tartaglia et al. (Tartaglia et al., 1995), respectively, more than 22,000 papers related to leptin functions in several biological systems have been published (Pubmed, 2012). The ob gene product, leptin, is an important circulating signal for the regulation of body weight. Additionally, leptin plays critical roles in the regulation of glucose homeostasis, reproduction, growth and the immune response. Supporting evidence for leptin roles in cancer has been shown in more than 1000 published papers, with almost 300 papers related to breast cancer (Pubmed, 2012). Specific leptin-induced signaling pathways are involved in the increased levels of inflammatory, mitogenic and pro-angiogenic factors in breast cancer. In obesity, a mild inflammatory condition, deregulated secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and adipokines such as IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α and leptin from adipose tissue, inflammatory and cancer cells could contribute to the onset and progression of cancer. We used an in silico software program, Pathway Studio 9, and found 4587 references citing these various interactions. Functional crosstalk between leptin, IL-1 and Notch signaling (NILCO) found in breast cancer cells could represent the integration of developmental, proinflammatory and pro-angiogenic signals critical for leptin-induced breast cancer cell proliferation/migration, tumor angiogenesis and breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs). Remarkably, the inhibition of leptin signaling via leptin peptide receptor antagonists (LPrAs) significantly reduced the establishment and growth of syngeneic, xenograft and carcinogen-induced breast cancer and, simultaneously decreased the levels of VEGF/VEGFR2, IL-1 and Notch. Inhibition of leptin-cytokine crosstalk might serve as a preventative or adjuvant measure to target breast cancer, particularly in obese women. This review is intended to present an update analysis of leptin actions in breast cancer, highlighting its crosstalk to inflammatory cytokines and growth factors essential for tumor development, angiogenesis and potential role in BCSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gale Newman
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, United States.
| | - Ruben Rene Gonzalez-Perez
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, United States.
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389
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Ye J, Wu D, Wu P, Chen Z, Huang J. The cancer stem cell niche: cross talk between cancer stem cells and their microenvironment. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:3945-51. [PMID: 24420150 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1561-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent progresses in tumor therapy and increased knowledge in tumor biology, tumor remains a common and lethal disease worldwide. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subset of cancer cells with a stem cell-like ability, which may drive tumor growth and recurrence and are resistant to many current anticancer treatments. Solid tumors are regarded as "organs" which are comprised of cancer cells and the tumor stroma. The tumor microenvironment makes up the stroma of the tumor, which occupies the majority of the tumor mass, including the extracellular matrix (ECM), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), endothelial cells, immune cells, and, what is more, networks of cytokines and growth factors. The microenvironment or niche surrounding CSCs largely governs their cellular fate. Recent work has revealed that the microenvironment supports CSC self-renewal and simultaneously serves as a physical barrier to drug delivery. The tumor microenvironment plays pivotal roles in each stage of tumor development. Knowledge about the interactions of CSCs with their microenvironment would seem to be of most importance for developing new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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390
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Abstract
Metastatic spread of breast cancer cells, facilitated by the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process, is responsible for the majority of breast cancer mortality. Increased levels of hyaluronan due to deregulation of hyaluronan-synthesizing enzymes, like HAS2, and expression of CD44, the key receptor for hyaluronan, are correlated to poor outcome of patients with basal-like breast cancer. TGFβ induces HAS2 and CD44, both of which are required in the course of efficient TGFβ-induced EMT processes by mammary epithelial cells. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying tumor-stroma interactions in breast cancer including the regulation of HAS2 and CD44 expression may contribute to the development of better strategies to treat breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Heldin
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Kaustuv Basu
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Inna Kozlova
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helena Porsch
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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391
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Mandel K, Yang Y, Schambach A, Glage S, Otte A, Hass R. Mesenchymal stem cells directly interact with breast cancer cells and promote tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:3114-27. [PMID: 23895436 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular interactions were investigated between human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and human breast cancer cells. Co-culture of the two cell populations was associated with an MSC-mediated growth stimulation of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. A continuous expansion of tumor cell colonies was progressively surrounded by MSC(GFP) displaying elongated cell bodies. Moreover, some MSC(GFP) and MDA-MB-231(cherry) cells spontaneously generated hybrid/chimeric cell populations, demonstrating a dual (green fluorescent protein+cherry) fluorescence. During a co-culture of 5-6 days, MSC also induced expression of the GPI-anchored CD90 molecule in breast cancer cells, which could not be observed in a transwell assay, suggesting the requirement of direct cellular interactions. Indeed, MSC-mediated CD90 induction in the breast cancer cells could be partially blocked by a gap junction inhibitor and by inhibition of the notch signaling pathway, respectively. Similar findings were observed in vivo by which a subcutaneous injection of a co-culture of primary MSC with MDA-MB-231(GFP) cells into NOD/scid mice exhibited an about 10-fold increased tumor size and enhanced metastatic capacity as compared with the MDA-MB-231(GFP) mono-culture. Flow cytometric evaluation of the co-culture tumors revealed more than 90% of breast cancer cells with about 3% of CD90-positive cells, also suggesting an MSC-mediated in vivo induction of CD90 in MDA-MB-231 cells. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated an elevated neovascularization and viability in the MSC/MDA-MB-231(GFP)-derived tumors. Together, these data suggested an MSC-mediated growth stimulation of breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo by which the altered MSC morphology and the appearance of hybrid/chimeric cells and breast cancer-expressing CD90(+) cells indicate mutual cellular alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Mandel
- 1 Biochemistry and Tumor Biology Lab, Gynecology Research Unit , Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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392
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MicroRNAs delivered by extracellular vesicles: an emerging resistance mechanism for breast cancer. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:2883-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1417-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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393
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Wolf J, Dewi DL, Fredebohm J, Müller-Decker K, Flechtenmacher C, Hoheisel JD, Boettcher M. A mammosphere formation RNAi screen reveals that ATG4A promotes a breast cancer stem-like phenotype. Breast Cancer Res 2013; 15:R109. [PMID: 24229464 PMCID: PMC3978845 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Breast cancer stem cells are suspected to be responsible for tumour recurrence, metastasis formation as well as chemoresistance. Consequently, great efforts have been made to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying cancer stem cell maintenance. In order to study these rare cells in-vitro, they are typically enriched via mammosphere culture. Here we developed a mammosphere-based negative selection shRNAi screening system suitable to analyse the involvement of thousands of genes in the survival of cells with cancer stem cell properties. Methods We describe a sub-population expressing the stem-like marker CD44+/CD24-/low in SUM149 that were enriched in mammospheres. To identify genes functionally involved in the maintenance of the sub-population with cancer stem cell properties, we targeted over 5000 genes by RNAi and tested their ability to grow as mammospheres. The identified candidate ATG4A was validated in mammosphere and soft agar colony formation assays. Further, we evaluated the influence of ATG4A expression on the sub-population expressing the stem-like marker CD44+/CD24low. Next, the tumorigenic potential of SUM149 after up- or down-regulation of ATG4A was examined by xenograft experiments. Results Using this method, Jak-STAT as well as cytokine signalling were identified to be involved in mammosphere formation. Furthermore, the autophagy regulator ATG4A was found to be essential for the maintenance of a sub-population with cancer stem cell properties and to regulate breast cancer cell tumourigenicity in vivo. Conclusion In summary, we present a high-throughput screening system to identify genes involved in cancer stem cell maintenance and demonstrate its utility by means of ATG4A.
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394
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Darbre PD, Mannello F, Exley C. Aluminium and breast cancer: Sources of exposure, tissue measurements and mechanisms of toxicological actions on breast biology. J Inorg Biochem 2013; 128:257-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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395
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Gromov P, Gromova I, Olsen CJ, Timmermans-Wielenga V, Talman ML, Serizawa RR, Moreira JM. Tumor interstitial fluid — A treasure trove of cancer biomarkers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1834:2259-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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396
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Gharbaran R, Park J, Kim C, Goy A, Suh KS. Circulating tumor cells in Hodgkin's lymphoma - a review of the spread of HL tumor cells or their putative precursors by lymphatic and hematogenous means, and their prognostic significance. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2013; 89:404-17. [PMID: 24176672 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
About 15% of patients diagnosed with classical Hodgkin's lymphoma (cHL) are considered high risk with unfavorable prognosis. The biology of the disease bears a direct relationship to its clinical course. However, some aspects of the disease are still being debated. Related topics include origin of neoplastic cells as circulating precursor versus germinal center B cell, and disease metastasis via hematogenous routes and the effect of HL circulation on relapse potential and further spread of the disease. The terminally differentiated giant neoplastic Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells (HRSC) have limited proliferation and lack mobility. Therefore, they are unable to penetrate epithelium. Thus, the clinical aggressiveness of HRSCs that disseminate via both lymphatic and hematogenous may be determined by their molecular composition. This review discusses in detail the historical perspectives on scientific and clinical evidences of precursors of circulating HL cells and the prognostic importance of these circulating cells for predicting outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Gharbaran
- The Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ 07601, United States
| | - Jongwhan Park
- The Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ 07601, United States
| | - Chris Kim
- The Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ 07601, United States
| | - A Goy
- Lymphoma Division, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ 07601, United States
| | - K Stephen Suh
- The Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ 07601, United States.
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397
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Singh JK, Simões BM, Clarke RB, Bundred NJ. Targeting IL-8 signalling to inhibit breast cancer stem cell activity. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:1235-41. [PMID: 24032691 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.835398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Although survival from breast cancer has improved significantly over the past 20 years, disease recurrence remains a significant clinical problem. The concept of stem-like cells in cancer has been gaining currency over the last decade or so, since evidence for stem cell activity in human leukaemia and solid tumours, including breast cancer, was first published. Evidence indicates that this sub-population of cells, known as cancer stem-like cells (CSCs), is responsible for driving tumour formation and disease progression. In breast cancer, there is good evidence that CSCs are intrinsically resistant to conventional chemo-, radio- and endocrine therapies. By evading the effects of these treatments, CSCs are held culpable for disease recurrence. Hence, in order to improve treatment there is a need to develop CSC-targeted therapies. Interleukin-8 (IL-8), an inflammatory cytokine, is upregulated in breast cancer and associated with poor prognostic factors. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that IL-8, through its receptors CXCR1/2, is an important regulator of breast CSC activity. Inhibiting CXCR1/2 signalling has proved efficacious in pre-clinical models of breast cancer providing a good rationale for targeting CXCR1/2 clinically. Here, we discuss the role of IL-8 in breast CSC regulation and development of novel therapies to target CXCR1/2 signalling in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagdeep K Singh
- University of Manchester, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Breast Biology Group , Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX , UK +44 161 446 3210 ;
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398
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Slug/β-catenin-dependent proinflammatory phenotype in hypoxic breast cancer stem cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 19:1208-19. [PMID: 24036252 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2011.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cell survival relies on the activation of inflammatory pathways, which is speculatively triggered by cell autonomous mechanisms or by microenvironmental stimuli. Here, we observed that hypoxic bone marrow stroma-derived transforming growth factor-β 1 promotes the growth of human breast cancer stem cells as mammospheres. The ensuing Slug-dependent serine 139 phosphorylation of the DNA damage sensor H2AX in breast cancer stem cells induces tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-8 mRNAs, whose stability is enhanced by cytoplasmic β-catenin. β-Catenin also up-regulates and binds miR-221, reducing the stability of the miR-221 targets Rad51 and ERα mRNAs. Our data show that the Slug/β-catenin-dependent activation of DNA damage signaling triggered by the hypoxic microenvironment sustains the proinflammatory phenotype of breast cancer stem cells.
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399
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Gazda LS, Martis PC, Laramore MA, Bautista MA, Dudley A, Vinerean HV, Smith BH. Treatment of agarose-agarose RENCA macrobeads with docetaxel selects for OCT4(+) cells with tumor-initiating capability. Cancer Biol Ther 2013; 14:1147-57. [PMID: 24025409 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.26455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The cancer stem cell (CSC) theory depicts such cells as having the capacity to produce both identical CSCs (symmetrical division) and tumor-amplifying daughter cells (asymmetric division). CSCs are thought to reside in niches similar to those of normal stem cells as described for neural, intestinal, and epidermal tissue, are resistant to chemotherapy, and are responsible for tumor recurrence. We recently described the niche-like nature of mouse renal adenocarcinoma (RENCA) cells following encapsulation in agarose macrobeads. In this paper we tested the hypothesis that encapsulated RENCA colonies function as an in vitro model of a CSC niche and that the majority of cells would undergo chemotherapy-induced death, followed by tumor recurrence. After exposure to docetaxel (5 µg/ml), 50% of cells were lost one week post-treatment while only one or two cells remained in each colony by 6 weeks. Surviving cells expressed OCT4 and reformed tumors at 16 weeks post-treatment. Docetaxel-resistant cells also grew as monolayers in cell culture (16-17 weeks post-exposure) or as primary tumors following transplantation to Balb/c mice (6 of 10 mice) or NOD.CB17-Prkdc(scid)/J mice (9 of 9 mice; 10 weeks post-transplantation or 28 weeks post-exposure). These data support the hypothesis that a rare subpopulation of OCT4(+) cells are resistant to docetaxel and these cells are sufficient for tumor recurrence. The reported methodology can be used to obtain purified populations of tumor-initiating cells, to screen for anti-tumor-initiating cell agents, and to investigate the in vitro correlate of a CSC niche, especially as it relates to chemo-resistance and tumor recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence S Gazda
- The Rogosin Institute; New York, NY USA; The Rogosin Institute-Xenia Division; Xenia, OH USA
| | | | | | | | - Atira Dudley
- The Rogosin Institute-Xenia Division; Xenia, OH USA
| | | | - Barry H Smith
- The Rogosin Institute; New York, NY USA; Department of Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University; New York, NY USA; NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital; New York, NY USA
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400
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Storci G, Bertoni S, De Carolis S, Papi A, Nati M, Ceccarelli C, Pirazzini C, Garagnani P, Ferrarini A, Buson G, Delledonne M, Fiorentino M, Capizzi E, Gruppioni E, Taffurelli M, Santini D, Franceschi C, Bandini G, Bonifazi F, Bonafé M. Slug/β-catenin-dependent proinflammatory phenotype in hypoxic breast cancer stem cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:1688-1697. [PMID: 24036252 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cell survival relies on the activation of inflammatory pathways, which is speculatively triggered by cell autonomous mechanisms or by microenvironmental stimuli. Here, we observed that hypoxic bone marrow stroma-derived transforming growth factor-β 1 promotes the growth of human breast cancer stem cells as mammospheres. The ensuing Slug-dependent serine 139 phosphorylation of the DNA damage sensor H2AX in breast cancer stem cells induces tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-8 mRNAs, whose stability is enhanced by cytoplasmic β-catenin. β-Catenin also up-regulates and binds miR-221, reducing the stability of the miR-221 targets Rad51 and ERα mRNAs. Our data show that the Slug/β-catenin-dependent activation of DNA damage signaling triggered by the hypoxic microenvironment sustains the proinflammatory phenotype of breast cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Storci
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Center for Applied Biomedical Research, St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Sara Bertoni
- Center for Applied Biomedical Research, St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sabrina De Carolis
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Center for Applied Biomedical Research, St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessio Papi
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Functional Genomics Center, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marina Nati
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Ceccarelli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Pirazzini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Garagnani
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Ferrarini
- Department of Biotechnologies, Functional Genomics Center, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Genny Buson
- Department of Biotechnologies, Functional Genomics Center, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Massimo Delledonne
- Department of Biotechnologies, Functional Genomics Center, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Michelangelo Fiorentino
- Pathology Unit, Addarii Institute of Oncology, St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Capizzi
- Pathology Unit, Addarii Institute of Oncology, St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Gruppioni
- Pathology Unit, Addarii Institute of Oncology, St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mario Taffurelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Donatella Santini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bandini
- Institute of Haematology "L & A Seragnoli", St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Bonifazi
- Institute of Haematology "L & A Seragnoli", St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Bonafé
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Center for Applied Biomedical Research, St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
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