4051
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4052
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Shaheen M, Shanmugam I, Hromas R. The Role of PCNA Posttranslational Modifications in Translesion Synthesis. J Nucleic Acids 2010; 2010. [PMID: 20847899 PMCID: PMC2935186 DOI: 10.4061/2010/761217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Organisms are predisposed to different types in DNA damage. Multiple mechanisms have evolved to deal with the individual DNA lesions. Translesion synthesis is a special pathway that enables the replication fork to bypass blocking lesions. Proliferative Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA), which is an essential component of the fork, undergoes posttranslational modifications, particularly ubiquitylation and sumoylation that are critical for lesion bypass and for filling of DNA gaps which result from this bypass. A special ubiquitylation system, represented by the Rad6 group of ubiquitin conjugating and ligating enzymes, mediates PCNA mono- and polyubiquitylation in response to fork stalling. The E2 SUMO conjugating enzyme Ubc9 and the E3 SUMO ligase Siz1 are responsible for PCNA sumoylation during undisturbed S phase and in response to fork stalling as well. PCNA monoubiquitylation mediated by Rad6/Rad18 recruits special polymerases to bypass the lesion and fill in the DNA gaps. PCNA polyubiquitylation achieved by ubc13-mms2/Rad 5 in yeast mediates an error-free pathway of lesion bypass likely through template switch. PCNA sumoylation appears required for this error-free pathway, and it plays an antirecombinational role during normal replication by recruiting the helicase Srs2 to prevent sister chromatid exchange and hyper-recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montaser Shaheen
- Department of Internal Medicine and the University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, MSC08 4630, 900 Camino de Salud, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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4053
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Regulation of DNA-damage responses and cell-cycle progression by the chromatin remodelling factor CHD4. EMBO J 2010; 29:3130-9. [PMID: 20693977 PMCID: PMC2944064 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2010.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper adds to the emerging concept that chromatin remodelling contributes to DNA-damage responses. CHD4, a known NuRD component, is identified as ATM target, localizes to DNA breaks and contributes to repair while associating with PARPylated factors. The chromatin remodelling factor chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 4 (CHD4) is a catalytic subunit of the NuRD transcriptional repressor complex. Here, we reveal novel functions for CHD4 in the DNA-damage response (DDR) and cell-cycle control. We show that CHD4 mediates rapid poly(ADP-ribose)-dependent recruitment of the NuRD complex to DNA-damage sites, and we identify CHD4 as a phosphorylation target for the apical DDR kinase ataxia-telangiectasia mutated. Functionally, we show that CHD4 promotes repair of DNA double-strand breaks and cell survival after DNA damage. In addition, we show that CHD4 acts as an important regulator of the G1/S cell-cycle transition by controlling p53 deacetylation. These results provide new insights into how the chromatin remodelling complex NuRD contributes to maintaining genome stability.
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4054
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Kass EM, Jasin M. Collaboration and competition between DNA double-strand break repair pathways. FEBS Lett 2010; 584:3703-8. [PMID: 20691183 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks resulting from normal cellular processes including replication and exogenous sources such as ionizing radiation pose a serious risk to genome stability, and cells have evolved different mechanisms for their efficient repair. The two major pathways involved in the repair of double-strand breaks in eukaryotic cells are non-homologous end joining and homologous recombination. Numerous factors affect the decision to repair a double-strand break via these pathways, and accumulating evidence suggests these major repair pathways both cooperate and compete with each other at double-strand break sites to facilitate efficient repair and promote genomic integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Kass
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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4055
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Lee NC, Chen M, Ma GC, Lee DJ, Wang TJ, Ke YY, Chien YH, Hwu WL. Complex rearrangements between chromosomes 6, 10, and 11 with multiple deletions at breakpoints. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 152A:2327-34. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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4056
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Requirement for the phospho-H2AX binding module of Crb2 in double-strand break targeting and checkpoint activation. Mol Cell Biol 2010; 30:4722-31. [PMID: 20679488 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00404-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of DNA damage checkpoints requires the rapid accumulation of numerous factors to sites of genomic lesions, and deciphering the mechanisms of this targeting is central to our understanding of DNA damage response. Histone modification has recently emerged as a critical element for the correct localization of damage response proteins, and one key player in this context is the fission yeast checkpoint mediator Crb2. Accumulation of Crb2 at ionizing irradiation-induced double-strand breaks (DSBs) requires two distinct histone marks, dimethylated H4 lysine 20 (H4K20me2) and phosphorylated H2AX (pH2AX). A tandem tudor motif in Crb2 directly binds H4K20me2, and this interaction is required for DSB targeting and checkpoint activation. Similarly, pH2AX is required for Crb2 localization to DSBs and checkpoint control. Crb2 can directly bind pH2AX through a pair of C-terminal BRCT repeats, but the functional significance of this binding has been unclear. Here we demonstrate that loss of its pH2AX-binding activity severely impairs the ability of Crb2 to accumulate at ionizing irradiation-induced DSBs, compromises checkpoint signaling, and disrupts checkpoint-mediated cell cycle arrest. These impairments are similar to that reported for abolition of pH2AX or mutation of the H4K20me2-binding tudor motif of Crb2. Intriguingly, a combined ablation of its two histone modification binding modules yields a strikingly additive reduction in Crb2 activity. These observations argue that binding of the Crb2 BRCT repeats to pH2AX is critical for checkpoint activity and provide new insight into the mechanisms of chromatin-mediated genome stability.
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4057
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Bartkova J, Moudry P, Hodny Z, Lukas J, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Bartek J. Heterochromatin marks HP1γ, HP1α and H3K9me3, and DNA damage response activation in human testis development and germ cell tumours. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 34:e103-13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2010.01096.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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4058
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Li TS, Cheng K, Malliaras K, Matsushita N, Sun B, Marbán L, Zhang Y, Marbán E. Expansion of human cardiac stem cells in physiological oxygen improves cell production efficiency and potency for myocardial repair. Cardiovasc Res 2010; 89:157-65. [PMID: 20675298 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvq251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS the ex vivo expansion of cardiac stem cells from minimally invasive human heart biopsies yields tens of millions of cells within 3-4 weeks, but chromosomal abnormalities were frequently detected in preliminary production runs. Here we attempt to avoid aneuploidy and improve cell quality by expanding human cardiac stem cells in physiological low-oxygen (5% O(2)) conditions, rather than in traditional culture in a general CO(2) incubator (20% O(2)). METHODS AND RESULTS human heart biopsies (n = 16) were divided and processed in parallel to expand cardiac stem cells under 5% or 20% O(2). Compared with 20% O(2), 5% O(2) culture doubled the cell production and markedly diminished the frequency of aneuploidy. Cells expanded in 5% O(2) showed lower intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species, less cell senescence, and higher resistance to oxidative stress than those grown in 20% O(2), although the expression of stem cell antigens and adhesion molecules was comparable between groups, as was the paracrine secretion of growth factors into conditioned media. In vivo, the implantation of 5% O(2) cells into infarcted hearts of mice resulted in greater cell engraftment and better functional recovery than with conventionally cultured cells. CONCLUSION the expansion of human adult cardiac stem cells in low oxygen increased cell yield, and the resulting cells were superior by various key in vitro and in vivo metrics of cell quality. Physiological oxygen tensions in culture facilitate the ex vivo expansion of healthy, biologically potent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao-Sheng Li
- The Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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4059
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Rai P. Oxidation in the nucleotide pool, the DNA damage response and cellular senescence: Defective bricks build a defective house. Mutat Res 2010; 703:71-81. [PMID: 20673809 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2010.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Activation of persistent DNA damage response (DDR) signaling is associated with the induction of a permanent proliferative arrest known as cellular senescence, a phenomenon intrinsically linked to both tissue aging as well as tumor suppression. The DNA damage observed in senescent cells has been attributed to elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), failing DNA damage repair processes, and/or oncogenic activation. It is not clear how labile molecules such as ROS are able to damage chromatin-bound DNA to a sufficient extent to invoke persistent DNA damage and DDR signaling. Recent evidence suggests that the nucleotide pool is a significant target for oxidants and that oxidized nucleotides, once incorporated into genomic DNA, can lead to the induction of a DNA strand break-associated DDR that triggers senescence in normal cells and in cells sustaining oncogene activation. Evasion of this DDR and resulting senescence is a key step in tumor progression. This review will explore the role of oxidation in the nucleotide pool as a major effector of oxidative stress-induced genotoxic damage and DDR in the context of cellular senescence and tumorigenic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyamvada Rai
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Rosenstiel Medical Sciences Building, Rm#7094/Locator Code: D-503, 1600 NW 10th Ave, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States.
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4060
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Mao FJ, Sidorova JM, Lauper JM, Emond MJ, Monnat RJ. The human WRN and BLM RecQ helicases differentially regulate cell proliferation and survival after chemotherapeutic DNA damage. Cancer Res 2010; 70:6548-55. [PMID: 20663905 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-0475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the human RecQ helicase genes WRN and BLM respectively cause the genetic instability/cancer predisposition syndromes Werner syndrome and Bloom syndrome. To identify common and unique functions of WRN and BLM, we systematically analyzed cell proliferation, cell survival, and genomic damage in isogenic cell lines depleted of WRN, BLM, or both proteins. Cell proliferation and survival were assessed before and after treatment with camptothecin, cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II), hydroxyurea, or 5-fluorouracil. Genomic damage was assessed, before and after replication arrest, by gamma-H2AX staining, which was quantified at the single-cell level by flow cytometry. Cell proliferation was affected strongly by the extent of WRN and/or BLM depletion, and more strongly by BLM than by WRN depletion (P = 0.005). The proliferation of WRN/BLM-codepleted cells, in contrast, did not differ from BLM-depleted cells (P = 0.34). BLM-depleted and WRN/BLM-codepleted cells had comparably impaired survival after DNA damage, whereas WRN-depleted cells displayed a distinct pattern of sensitivity to DNA damage. BLM-depleted and WRN/BLM-codepleted cells had similar, significantly higher gamma-H2AX induction levels than did WRN-depleted cells. Our results provide new information on the role of WRN and BLM in determining cell proliferation, cell survival, and genomic damage after chemotherapeutic DNA damage or replication arrest. We also provide new information on functional redundancy between WRN and BLM. These results provide a strong rationale for further developing WRN and BLM as biomarkers of tumor chemotherapeutic responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances J Mao
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7705, USA
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4061
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4062
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Lamarche BJ, Orazio NI, Weitzman MD. The MRN complex in double-strand break repair and telomere maintenance. FEBS Lett 2010; 584:3682-95. [PMID: 20655309 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Genomes are subject to constant threat by damaging agents that generate DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). The ends of linear chromosomes need to be protected from DNA damage recognition and end-joining, and this is achieved through protein-DNA complexes known as telomeres. The Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) complex plays important roles in detection and signaling of DSBs, as well as the repair pathways of homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ). In addition, MRN associates with telomeres and contributes to their maintenance. Here, we provide an overview of MRN functions at DSBs, and examine its roles in telomere maintenance and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Lamarche
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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4063
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Affiliation(s)
- Titia de Lange
- Laboratory for Cell Biology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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4064
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4065
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Abstract
The tumor suppressor, breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1), plays an integral role in the maintenance of genome stability and, in particular, the cellular response to DNA damage. Here, the emerging role of BRCA1 in nonhomologous end-joining-mediated DNA repair following DNA damage will be reviewed, as well as the activation of apoptotic pathways. The control of these functions via DNA damage-induced BRCA1 shuttling will also be discussed, in particular BRCA1 shuttling induced by erlotinib and irradiation. Finally, the potential targeting of BRCA1 shuttling as a novel strategy to sensitize cells to DNA damage will be entertained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddy S Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-5671, USA
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4066
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Bartkova J, Hamerlik P, Stockhausen MT, Ehrmann J, Hlobilkova A, Laursen H, Kalita O, Kolar Z, Poulsen HS, Broholm H, Lukas J, Bartek J. Replication stress and oxidative damage contribute to aberrant constitutive activation of DNA damage signalling in human gliomas. Oncogene 2010; 29:5095-102. [PMID: 20581868 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Malignant gliomas, the deadliest of brain neoplasms, show rampant genetic instability and resistance to genotoxic therapies, implicating potentially aberrant DNA damage response (DDR) in glioma pathogenesis and treatment failure. Here, we report on gross, aberrant constitutive activation of DNA damage signalling in low- and high-grade human gliomas, and analyze the sources of such endogenous genotoxic stress. Based on analyses of human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cell lines, normal astrocytes and clinical specimens from grade II astrocytomas (n=41) and grade IV GBM (n=60), we conclude that the DDR machinery is constitutively activated in gliomas, as documented by phosphorylated histone H2AX (gammaH2AX), activation of the ATM-Chk2-p53 pathway, 53BP1 foci and other markers. Oxidative DNA damage (8-oxoguanine) was high in some GBM cell lines and many GBM tumors, while it was low in normal brain and grade II astrocytomas, despite the degree of DDR activation was higher in grade II tumors. Markers indicative of ongoing DNA replication stress (Chk1 activation, Rad17 phosphorylation, replication protein A foci and single-stranded DNA) were present in GBM cells under high- or low-oxygen culture conditions and in clinical specimens of both low- and high-grade tumors. The observed global checkpoint signaling, in contrast to only focal areas of overabundant p53 (indicative of p53 mutation) in grade II astrocytomas, are consistent with DDR activation being an early event in gliomagenesis, initially limiting cell proliferation (low Ki-67 index) and selecting for mutations of p53 and likely other genes that allow escape (higher Ki-67 index) from the checkpoint and facilitate tumor progression. Overall, these results support the potential role of the DDR machinery as a barrier to gliomagenesis and indicate that replication stress, rather than oxidative stress, fuels the DNA damage signalling in early stages of astrocytoma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bartkova
- Institute of Cancer Biology and Centre for Genotoxic Stress Research, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
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4067
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Adenovirus 12 E4orf6 inhibits ATR activation by promoting TOPBP1 degradation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:12251-6. [PMID: 20566845 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0914605107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the cellular DNA damage response is detrimental to adenovirus (Ad) infection. Ad has therefore evolved a number of strategies to inhibit ATM- and ATR-dependent signaling pathways during infection. Recent work suggests that the Ad5 E4orf3 protein prevents ATR activation through its ability to mislocalize the MRN complex. Here we provide evidence to indicate that Ad12 has evolved a different strategy from Ad5 to inhibit ATR. We show that Ad12 utilizes a CUL2/RBX1/elongin C-containing ubiquitin ligase to promote the proteasomal degradation of the ATR activator protein topoisomerase-IIbeta-binding protein 1 (TOPBP1). Ad12 also uses this complex to degrade p53 during infection, in contrast to Ad5, which requires a CUL5-based ubiquitin ligase. Although Ad12-mediated degradation of p53 is dependent upon both E1B-55K and E4orf6, Ad12-mediated degradation of TOPBP1 is solely dependent on E4orf6. We propose that Ad12 E4orf6 has two principal activities: to recruit the CUL2-based ubiquitin ligase and to act as substrate receptor for TOPBP1. In support of the idea that Ad12 E4orf6 specifically prevents ATR activation during infection by targeting TOPBP1 for degradation, we demonstrate that Ad12 E4orf6 can inhibit the ATR-dependent phosphorylation of CHK1 in response to replication stress. Taken together, these data provide insights into how Ad modulates ATR signaling pathways during infection.
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4068
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Chen YL, Eriksson S, Chang ZF. Regulation and functional contribution of thymidine kinase 1 in repair of DNA damage. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:27327-27335. [PMID: 20554529 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.137042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular supply of dNTPs is essential in the DNA replication and repair processes. Here we investigated the regulation of thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) in response to DNA damage and found that genotoxic insults in tumor cells cause up-regulation and nuclear localization of TK1. During recovery from DNA damage, TK1 accumulates in p53-null cells due to a lack of mitotic proteolysis as these cells are arrested in the G(2) phase by checkpoint activation. We show that in p53-proficient cells, p21 expression in response to DNA damage prohibits G(1)/S progression, resulting in a smaller G(2) fraction and less TK1 accumulation. Thus, the p53 status of tumor cells affects the level of TK1 after DNA damage through differential cell cycle control. Furthermore, it was shown that in HCT-116 p53(-/-) cells, TK1 is dispensable for cell proliferation but crucial for dTTP supply during recovery from DNA damage, leading to better survival. Depletion of TK1 decreases the efficiency of DNA repair during recovery from DNA damage and generates more cell death. Altogether, our data suggest that more dTTP synthesis via TK1 take place after genotoxic insults in tumor cells, improving DNA repair during G(2) arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ling Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Staffan Eriksson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Biomedical Center, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Zee-Fen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan; Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Section 2, Linong Street, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
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4069
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Zhao H, Traganos F, Darzynkiewicz Z. Kinetics of the UV-induced DNA damage response in relation to cell cycle phase. Correlation with DNA replication. Cytometry A 2010; 77:285-93. [PMID: 20014310 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that exposure to UV light triggers DNA damage response (DDR) seen as induction of gammaH2AX not only in S- but also in G(1)-phase cells. In the present study, in addition to gammaH2AX, we assessed other markers of DDR, namely phosphorylation of ATM on Ser1981, of ATM/ATR substrate on Ser/Thr at SQ/TQ cluster domains and of the tumor suppressor p53 on Ser15, in human pulmonary carcinoma A549 cells irradiated with 50 J/m(2) of UV-B. Phosphorylation of these proteins detected with phospho-specific Abs and measured by laser scanning cytometry in relation the cell cycle phase was found to be selective to S-phase cells. The kinetics of phosphorylation of ATM was strikingly similar to that of ATM/ATR substrate, peaking at 30 min after UV irradiation and followed by rapid dephosphorylation. The peak of H2AX phosphorylation was seen at 2 h and the peak of p53 phosphorylation at 4 h after exposure to UV light. Local high spatial density of these phospho-proteins reported by intensity of maximal pixel of immunofluorescence in the DDR nuclear foci was distinctly more pronounced in the early compared to late portion of S-phase. Exposure of cells to UV following 1 h pulse-labeling of their DNA with 5-ethynyl-2'deoxyuridine (EdU) made it possible to correlate the extent of DNA replication during the pulse with the extent of the UV-induced H2AX phosphorylation within the same cells. This correlation was very strong (R(2) = 0.98) and the cells that did not incorporate EdU showed no evidence of H2AX phosphorylation. The data are consistent with the mechanism in which stalling of DNA replication forks upon collision with the primary UV-induced DNA lesions and likely formation of double-strand DNA breaks triggers DDR. The prior reports (including our own) on induction of gammaH2AX in G(1) cells by UV may have erroneously identified cells initiating DNA replication following UV exposure as G(1) cells due to the fact that their DNA content did not significantly differ from that of G(1) cells that had not initiated DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Brander Cancer Research Institute, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA
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4070
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Li DQ, Kumar R. Mi-2/NuRD complex making inroads into DNA-damage response pathway. Cell Cycle 2010; 9:2071-9. [PMID: 20505336 DOI: 10.4161/cc.9.11.11735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, packaging of DNA into highly condensed chromatin presents a significant obstacle to DNA-based processes. Cells use two major strategies including histone modifications and ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling to alter chromatin structure that allows protein factors to gain access to nucleosomal DNA. Beyond their well-established role in transcription, histone modifications and several classes of ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling complex have been functionally linked to efficient DNA repair. Mi-2/nucleosome remodeling and histone deacetylation (NuRD) complex uniquely possess both nucleosome remodeling and histone deacetylation activities, which play a vital role in regulating transcription. However, the role of the Mi-2/NuRD complex in DNA damage response remains largely unexplored until now. Recent findings reveal that metastasis-associated protein 1 (MTA1), an integral component of the Mi-2/NuRD complex, has successfully made inroads into DNA damage response pathway, and thus, links two previously unconnected Mi-2/NuRD complex and DNA damage response research areas. In this review, we will summarize recent progress concerning the functions of histone modifications and chromatin remodeling in DNA repair, and discuss new role of Mi-2/NuRD complex in DNA damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Qiang Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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4071
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Podo F, Buydens LMC, Degani H, Hilhorst R, Klipp E, Gribbestad IS, Van Huffel S, van Laarhoven HWM, Luts J, Monleon D, Postma GJ, Schneiderhan-Marra N, Santoro F, Wouters H, Russnes HG, Sørlie T, Tagliabue E, Børresen-Dale AL. Triple-negative breast cancer: present challenges and new perspectives. Mol Oncol 2010; 4:209-29. [PMID: 20537966 PMCID: PMC5527939 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC), characterized by absence of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and lack of overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), are typically associated with poor prognosis, due to aggressive tumor phenotype(s), only partial response to chemotherapy and present lack of clinically established targeted therapies. Advances in the design of individualized strategies for treatment of TNBC patients require further elucidation, by combined 'omics' approaches, of the molecular mechanisms underlying TNBC phenotypic heterogeneity, and the still poorly understood association of TNBC with BRCA1 mutations. An overview is here presented on TNBC profiling in terms of expression signatures, within the functional genomic breast tumor classification, and ongoing efforts toward identification of new therapy targets and bioimaging markers. Due to the complexity of aberrant molecular patterns involved in expression, pathological progression and biological/clinical heterogeneity, the search for novel TNBC biomarkers and therapy targets requires collection of multi-dimensional data sets, use of robust multivariate data analysis techniques and development of innovative systems biology approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca Podo
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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4072
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Moon SH, Nguyen TA, Darlington Y, Lu X, Donehower LA. Dephosphorylation of γ-H2AX by WIP1: an important homeostatic regulatory event in DNA repair and cell cycle control. Cell Cycle 2010; 9:2092-6. [PMID: 20495376 DOI: 10.4161/cc.9.11.11810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA double strand breaks are a particularly toxic form of DNA damage and the mammalian cell has evolved an intricate set of responses to repair this type of DNA lesion. A key early event in the DNA damage response (DDR) is ATM phosphorylation of the histone variant H2AX at serine 139 at the site of the DNA break. Phosphorylated S139 H2AX, or γ-H2AX, forms a docking site for binding of MDC1, leading to sustained recruitment of other DNA repair factors that mediate the repair of the DNA double strand break. Moreover, recruitment of MDC1 to the break site activates cell cycle checkpoints, protecting the cell from replication of damaged DNA templates. While the molecular events leading to DNA double strand break repair have been well described, the deactivating or homeostatic mechanisms following completion of repair remain largely unexplored. Recent publications by our laboratories and the Medema laboratory shed new light on this issue. Both publications showed that the Wild-type p53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1) directly dephosphorylates γ-H2AX. WIP1 migrates to the sites of irradiation-induced foci (IRIF), though at a delayed rate relative to MDC1 and mediates γ-H2AX dephosphorylation, presumably after DNA repair is complete. This prevents recruitment of other repair factors such as MDC1 and 53BP1 to the DNA damage sites and promotes the dissolution of IRIF. In addition, overexpression of WIP1 has a suppressive effect on DNA double strand break repair. Taken together, these reports further implicate WIP1 as a critical homeostatic regulator of the DDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hwan Moon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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4073
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Suzuki K, Takahashi M, Oka Y, Yamauchi M, Suzuki M, Yamashita S. Requirement of ATM-dependent pathway for the repair of a subset of DNA double strand breaks created by restriction endonucleases. Genome Integr 2010; 1:4. [PMID: 20678255 PMCID: PMC2907562 DOI: 10.1186/2041-9414-1-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background DNA double strand breaks induced by DNA damaging agents, such ionizing radiation, are repaired by multiple DNA repair pathways including non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) repair and homologous recombination (HR) repair. ATM-dependent DNA damage checkpoint regulates a part of DNA repair pathways, however, the exact role of ATM activity remains to be elucidated. In order to define the molecular structure of DNA double strand breaks requiring ATM activity we examined repair of DNA double strand breaks induced by different restriction endonucleases in normal human diploid cells treated with or without ATM-specific inhibitor. Results Synchronized G1 cells were treated with various restriction endonucleases. DNA double strand breaks were detected by the foci of phosphorylated ATM at serine 1981 and 53BP1. DNA damage was detectable 2 hours after the treatment, and the number of foci decreased thereafter. Repair of the 3'-protruding ends created by Pst I and Sph I was efficient irrespective of ATM function, whereas the repair of a part of the blunt ends caused by Pvu II and Rsa I, and 5'-protruding ends created by Eco RI and Bam HI, respectively, were compromised by ATM inhibition. Conclusions Our results indicate that ATM-dependent pathway plays a pivotal role in the repair of a subset of DNA double strand breaks with specific end structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Suzuki
- Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Maiko Takahashi
- Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Oka
- Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Motohiro Yamauchi
- Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Suzuki
- Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Shunichi Yamashita
- Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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4074
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Price M, Monteiro ANA. Fine tuning chemotherapy to match BRCA1 status. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:647-53. [PMID: 20510205 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Revised: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Targeted cancer therapies have been primarily directed at inhibiting oncogenes that are overexpressed or constitutively active in tumors. It is thought that as the cell's circuitry gets re-wired by the constitutive activation of some pathways it becomes exquisitely dependent on this activity. Tumor cell death normally results from inhibiting constitutively active pathways. The dependence of tumor cells on the activity of these pathways has been called oncogene addiction. Approaches that aim to exploit loss of function, rather than gain of function changes have also become a powerful addition to our arsenal of cancer therapies. In particular, when tumors acquire mutations that disrupt pathways in the DNA damage response they rely on alternative pathways that can be targeted pharmacologically. Here we review the use of BRCA1 as a marker of response to therapy with a particular focus on the use of Cisplatin and PARP inhibitors. We also explore the use of BRCA1 as a marker of response to microtubule inhibitors and how all these approaches will bring us closer to the goal of personalized medicine in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Price
- Risk Assessment, Detection, and Intervention Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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4075
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Nitta M, Kozono D, Kennedy R, Stommel J, Ng K, Zinn PO, Kushwaha D, Kesari S, Furnari F, Hoadley KA, Chin L, DePinho RA, Cavenee WK, D'Andrea A, Chen CC. Targeting EGFR induced oxidative stress by PARP1 inhibition in glioblastoma therapy. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10767. [PMID: 20532243 PMCID: PMC2879424 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the critical role of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) in glioblastoma pathogenesis [1], [2], EGFR targeted therapies have achieved limited clinical efficacy [3]. Here we propose an alternate therapeutic strategy based on the conceptual framework of non-oncogene addiction [4], [5]. A directed RNAi screen revealed that glioblastoma cells over-expressing EGFRvIII [6], an oncogenic variant of EGFR, become hyper-dependent on a variety of DNA repair genes. Among these, there was an enrichment of Base Excision Repair (BER) genes required for the repair of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)-induced DNA damage, including poly-ADP ribose polymerase 1 (PARP1). Subsequent studies revealed that EGFRvIII over-expression in glioblastoma cells caused increased levels of ROS, DNA strand break accumulation, and genome instability. In a panel of primary glioblastoma lines, sensitivity to PARP1 inhibition correlated with the levels of EGFR activation and oxidative stress. Gene expression analysis indicated that reduced expression of BER genes in glioblastomas with high EGFR expression correlated with improved patient survival. These observations suggest that oxidative stress secondary to EGFR hyper-activation necessitates increased cellular reliance on PARP1 mediated BER, and offer critical insights into clinical trial design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Nitta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David Kozono
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Richard Kennedy
- Almac Diagnostics, Craigavon, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Jayne Stommel
- Department of Medical Oncology, Belfer Institute for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kimberly Ng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Pascal O. Zinn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Deepa Kushwaha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Santosh Kesari
- Department of Neurology, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Frank Furnari
- San Diego Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Katherine A. Hoadley
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lynda Chin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Belfer Institute for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ronald A. DePinho
- Department of Medical Oncology, Belfer Institute for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Webster K. Cavenee
- San Diego Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Alan D'Andrea
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Clark C. Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Neurosurgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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4076
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Mapping the ATP-binding domain of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) with coumarin- and isocoumarin-derived inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:3649-53. [PMID: 20472428 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.04.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Replacement of the core heterocycle of a defined series of chromen-4-one DNA-PK inhibitors by the isomeric chromen-2-one (coumarin) and isochromen-1-one (isocoumarin) scaffolds was investigated. Structure-activity relationships for DNA-PK inhibition were broadly consistent, albeit with a reduction of potency compared with the parent chromenone.
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4077
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Solc P, Schultz RM, Motlik J. Prophase I arrest and progression to metaphase I in mouse oocytes: comparison of resumption of meiosis and recovery from G2-arrest in somatic cells. Mol Hum Reprod 2010; 16:654-64. [PMID: 20453035 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaq034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian oocytes are arrested at prophase I until puberty when luteinizing hormone (LH) induces resumption of meiosis of follicle-enclosed oocytes. Resumption of meiosis is tightly coupled with regulating cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) activity. Prophase I arrest depends on inhibitory phosphorylation of CDK1 and anaphase-promoting complex-(APC-CDH1)-mediated regulation of cyclin B levels. Prophase I arrest is maintained by endogenously produced cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), which activates protein kinase A (PKA) that in turn phosphorylates (and activates) the nuclear kinase WEE2. In addition, PKA-mediated phosphorylation of the phosphatase CDC25B results in its cytoplasmic retention. The combined effect maintains low levels of CDK1 activity that are not sufficient to initiate resumption of meiosis. LH triggers synthesis of epidermal growth factor-like factors in mural granulosa cells and leads to reduced cGMP transfer from cumulus cells to oocytes via gap junctions that couple the two cell types. cGMP inhibits oocyte phosphodiesterase 3A (PDE3A) and a decline in oocyte cGMP results in increased PDE3A activity. The ensuing decrease in oocyte cAMP triggers maturation by alleviating the aforementioned phosphorylations of WEE2 and CDC25B. As a direct consequence CDC25B translocates into the nucleus. The resulting activation of CDK1 also promotes extrusion of WEE2 from the nucleus thereby providing a positive amplification mechanism for CDK1 activation. Other kinases, e.g. protein kinase B, Aurora kinase A and polo-like kinase 1, also participate in resumption of meiosis. Mechanisms governing meiotic prophase I arrest and resumption of meiosis share common features with DNA damage-induced mitotic G2-checkpoint arrest and checkpoint recovery, respectively. These common features include CDC14B-dependent activation of APC-CDH1 in prophase I arrested oocytes or G2-arrested somatic cells, and CDC25B-dependent cell cycle resumption in both oocytes and somatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Solc
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rumburska 89, Libechov CZ-27721, Czech Republic.
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4078
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Perry JJP, Cotner-Gohara E, Ellenberger T, Tainer JA. Structural dynamics in DNA damage signaling and repair. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2010; 20:283-94. [PMID: 20439160 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2010.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Changing macromolecular conformations and complexes are critical features of cellular networks, typified by DNA damage response pathways that are essential to life. These fluctuations enhance the specificity of macromolecular recognition and catalysis, and enable an integrated functioning of pathway components, ensuring efficiency while reducing off pathway reactions. Such dynamic complexes challenge classical detailed structural analyses, so their characterizations demand combining methods that provide detail with those that inform dynamics in solution. Small-angle X-ray scattering, electron microscopy, hydrogen-deuterium exchange and computation are complementing detailed structures from crystallography and NMR to provide comprehensive models for DNA damage searching, specificity, signaling, and repair. Here, we review new approaches and results on DNA damage responses that advance structural biology in the fourth dimension, connecting proteins to pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jefferson P Perry
- Department of Molecular Biology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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4079
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Muylaert I, Elias P. Contributions of nucleotide excision repair, DNA polymerase eta, and homologous recombination to replication of UV-irradiated herpes simplex virus type 1. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:13761-8. [PMID: 20215648 PMCID: PMC2859539 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.107920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of UV irradiation on herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) gene expression and DNA replication were examined in cell lines containing mutations inactivating the XPA gene product required for nucleotide-excision repair, the DNA polymerase eta responsible for translesion synthesis, or the Cockayne syndrome A and B (CSA and CSB) gene products required for transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair. In the absence of XPA and CSA and CSB gene products, virus replication was reduced 10(6)-, 400-, and 100-fold, respectively. In DNA polymerase eta mutant cells HSV-1 plaque efficiency was reduced 10(4)-fold. Furthermore, DNA polymerase eta was strictly required for virus replication at low multiplicities of infection but dispensable at high multiplicities of infection. Knock down of Rad 51, Rad 52, and Rad 54 levels by RNA interference reduced replication of UV-irradiated HSV-1 150-, 100-, and 50-fold, respectively. We find that transcription-coupled repair efficiently supports expression of immediate early and early genes from UV-irradiated HSV-1 DNA. In contrast, the progression of the replication fork appears to be impaired, causing a severe reduction of late gene expression. Since the HSV-1 replisome does not make use of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, we attribute the replication defect to an inability to perform proliferating cell nuclear antigen-dependent translesion synthesis by polymerase switching at the fork. Instead, DNA polymerase eta may act during postreplication gap filling. Homologous recombination, finally, might restore the physical and genetic integrity of the virus chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Muylaert
- From the Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Elias
- From the Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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4080
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Wang Y. JimMY on the stage: Linking DNA damage with cell adhesion and motility. Cell Adh Migr 2010; 4:166-8. [PMID: 20574148 DOI: 10.4161/cam.4.2.11368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular DNA undergoes constant assault from a wide range of genotoxic stress. In order to maintain genome integrity, cells develop a repertoire of sophisticated systems to detect DNA damage and mediate cellular responses to DNA damage. Defects in the DNA damage response have been implicated in a variety of disorders including aging and cancer. Tumor suppressor p53 is a key intermediate in DNA damage response by inducing cell cycle arrest to allow repair or promoting apoptosis to eliminate irreparably damaged cells. A recent study described a novel layer of p53-mediated cellular response to DNA damage, i.e., modulation of cell adhesion and motility. JMY, a p53 co-factor, was demonstrated to be a multifunctional protein that coordinates cell adhesion and motility with nuclear p53 response. These results suggest that abnormal JMY activity and/or localization could contribute to tumor invasion and reveal JMY as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqun Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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4081
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O'Donovan PJ, Livingston DM. BRCA1 and BRCA2: breast/ovarian cancer susceptibility gene products and participants in DNA double-strand break repair. Carcinogenesis 2010; 31:961-7. [PMID: 20400477 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgq069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BRCA1 and BRCA2 are tumor suppressor genes, familial mutations in which account for approximately 5% of breast cancer cases in the USA annually. Germ line mutations in BRCA1 that truncate or inactivate the protein lead to a cumulative risk of breast cancer, by age 70, of up to 80%, whereas the risk of ovarian cancer is 30-40%. For germ line BRCA2 mutations, the breast cancer cumulative risk approaches 50%, whereas for ovarian cancers, it is between 10 and 15%. Both BRCA1 and BRCA2 are involved in maintaining genome integrity at least in part by engaging in DNA repair, cell cycle checkpoint control and even the regulation of key mitotic or cell division steps. Unsurprisingly, the complete loss of function of either protein leads to a dramatic increase in genomic instability. How they function in maintaining genome integrity after the onset of DNA damage will be the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J O'Donovan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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4082
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Wooster R, Bachman KE. Catalogue, cause, complexity and cure; the many uses of cancer genome sequence. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2010; 20:336-41. [PMID: 20382522 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
DNA sequence and bioinformatics technology have enabled the analysis of the cancer genome, revealing the vast genetic complexity of this disease. The patterns of somatic mutations are a rich archaeological record of the insults received by the genome that have added to our understanding of the mutagenic process. However, very few frequently mutated genes have been identified with the majority of somatic mutational events occurring infrequently. These infrequent mutations, however, have been shown to effect well-defined biological pathways that are critical in driving the development and progression of human tumours, for example the MAPK and PI3K pathways. Current cancer sequencing studies are now providing somatic mutation data for distinct tumour types and subtypes, leading to the identification of disease-specific alterations and potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Wooster
- Cancer Metabolism Drug Discovery, Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA.
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4083
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Kwei KA, Kung Y, Salari K, Holcomb IN, Pollack JR. Genomic instability in breast cancer: pathogenesis and clinical implications. Mol Oncol 2010; 4:255-66. [PMID: 20434415 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Revised: 03/27/2010] [Accepted: 04/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, appreciable by molecular markers, gene-expression profiles, and most recently, patterns of genomic alteration. In particular, genomic profiling has revealed three distinct patterns of DNA copy-number alteration: a "simple" type with few gains or losses of whole chromosome arms, an "amplifier" type with focal high-level DNA amplifications, and a "complex" type marked by numerous low-amplitude changes and copy-number transitions. The three patterns are associated with distinct gene-expression subtypes, and preferentially target different loci in the genome (implicating distinct cancer genes). Moreover, the different patterns of alteration imply distinct underlying mechanisms of genomic instability. The amplifier pattern may arise from transient telomere dysfunction, although new data suggest ongoing "amplifier" instability. The complex pattern shows similarity to breast cancers with germline BRCA1 mutation, which also exhibit "basal-like" expression profiles and complex-pattern genomes, implicating a possible defect in BRCA1-associated repair of DNA double-strand breaks. As such, targeting presumptive DNA repair defects represents a promising area of clinical investigation. Future studies should clarify the pathogenesis of breast cancers with amplifier and complex-pattern genomes, and will likely identify new therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Kwei
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CCSR-3245A, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5176, USA
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4084
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Li S, Ezhevsky S, Dewing A, Cato MH, Scortegagna M, Bhoumik A, Breitwieser W, Braddock D, Eroshkin A, Qi J, Chen M, Kim JY, Jones S, Jones N, Rickert R, Ronai ZA. Radiation Sensitivity and Tumor Susceptibility in ATM Phospho-Mutant ATF2 Mice. Genes Cancer 2010; 1:316-330. [PMID: 20740050 PMCID: PMC2926982 DOI: 10.1177/1947601910370700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor ATF2 was previously shown to be an ATM substrate. Upon phosphorylation by ATM, ATF2 exhibits a transcription-independent function in the DNA damage response through localization to DNA repair foci and control of cell cycle arrest. To assess the physiological significance of this phosphorylation, we generated ATF2 mutant mice in which the ATM phosphoacceptor sites (S472/S480) were mutated (ATF2(KI)). ATF2(KI) mice are more sensitive to ionizing radiation (IR) than wild-type (ATF2 (WT)) mice: following IR, ATF2(KI) mice exhibited higher levels of apoptosis in the intestinal crypt cells and impaired hepatic steatosis. Molecular analysis identified impaired activation of the cell cycle regulatory protein p21(Cip/Waf1) in cells and tissues of IR-treated ATF2(KI) mice, which was p53 independent. Analysis of tumor development in p53(KO) crossed with ATF2(KI) mice indicated a marked decrease in amount of time required for tumor development. Further, when subjected to two-stage skin carcinogenesis process, ATF2(KI) mice developed skin tumors faster and with higher incidence, which also progressed to the more malignant carcinomas, compared with the control mice. Using 3 mouse models, we establish the importance of ATF2 phosphorylation by ATM in the acute cellular response to DNA damage and maintenance of genomic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangwei Li
- Signal Transduction Program, Sanford-Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sergei Ezhevsky
- Signal Transduction Program, Sanford-Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Antimone Dewing
- Signal Transduction Program, Sanford-Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Matthew H. Cato
- Signal Transduction Program, Sanford-Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marzia Scortegagna
- Signal Transduction Program, Sanford-Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anindita Bhoumik
- Signal Transduction Program, Sanford-Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Demetrious Braddock
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alexey Eroshkin
- Signal Transduction Program, Sanford-Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jianfei Qi
- Signal Transduction Program, Sanford-Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Meifan Chen
- Signal Transduction Program, Sanford-Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jae-Young Kim
- Signal Transduction Program, Sanford-Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Stephen Jones
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Nic Jones
- Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Robert Rickert
- Signal Transduction Program, Sanford-Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ze’ev A. Ronai
- Signal Transduction Program, Sanford-Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
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4085
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Bunting SF, Callén E, Wong N, Chen HT, Polato F, Gunn A, Bothmer A, Feldhahn N, Fernandez-Capetillo O, Cao L, Xu X, Deng CX, Finkel T, Nussenzweig M, Stark JM, Nussenzweig A. 53BP1 inhibits homologous recombination in Brca1-deficient cells by blocking resection of DNA breaks. Cell 2010; 141:243-54. [PMID: 20362325 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1249] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Defective DNA repair by homologous recombination (HR) is thought to be a major contributor to tumorigenesis in individuals carrying Brca1 mutations. Here, we show that DNA breaks in Brca1-deficient cells are aberrantly joined into complex chromosome rearrangements by a process dependent on the nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) factors 53BP1 and DNA ligase 4. Loss of 53BP1 alleviates hypersensitivity of Brca1 mutant cells to PARP inhibition and restores error-free repair by HR. Mechanistically, 53BP1 deletion promotes ATM-dependent processing of broken DNA ends to produce recombinogenic single-stranded DNA competent for HR. In contrast, Lig4 deficiency does not rescue the HR defect in Brca1 mutant cells but prevents the joining of chromatid breaks into chromosome rearrangements. Our results illustrate that HR and NHEJ compete to process DNA breaks that arise during DNA replication and that shifting the balance between these pathways can be exploited to selectively protect or kill cells harboring Brca1 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel F Bunting
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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4086
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Velkova A, Carvalho MA, Johnson JO, Tavtigian SV, Monteiro AN. Identification of Filamin A as a BRCA1-interacting protein required for efficient DNA repair. Cell Cycle 2010; 9:1421-33. [PMID: 20305393 PMCID: PMC3040726 DOI: 10.4161/cc.9.7.11256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The product of the breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1 has been implicated in several aspects of the DNA damage response but its biochemical function in these processes has remained elusive. In order to probe BRCA1 function we conducted a yeast two-hybrid screening to identify interacting partners to a conserved motif (Motif 6) in the central region of BRCA1. Here we report the identification of the actin-binding protein Filamin A (FLNA) as BRCA1 partner and demonstrate that FLNA is required for efficient regulation of early stages of DNA repair processes. Cells lacking FLNA display a diminished BRCA1 IR-induced focus formation and a delayed kinetics of Rad51 focus formation. In addition, our data also demonstrate that FLNA is required to stabilize the interaction between components of the DNA-PK holoenzyme, DNA-PKcs and Ku86 in a BRCA1-independent fashion. Our data is consistent with a model in which absence of FLNA compromises homologous recombination and non-homologous end joining. Our findings have implications for the response to irradiation induced DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneliya Velkova
- Risk Assessment, Detection and Intervention Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute; Tampa, FL USA
- University of South Florida Cancer Biology PhD Program; Tampa, FL USA
| | - Marcelo A. Carvalho
- Risk Assessment, Detection and Intervention Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute; Tampa, FL USA
| | - Joseph O. Johnson
- Analytic Microscopy Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute; Tampa, FL USA
| | - Sean V. Tavtigian
- Department of Oncological Sciences; Huntsman Cancer Institute; University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Alvaro N.A. Monteiro
- Risk Assessment, Detection and Intervention Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute; Tampa, FL USA
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4087
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Fenech M. Folate, DNA damage and the aging brain. Mech Ageing Dev 2010; 131:236-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Revised: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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4088
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Abstract
Cells are constantly exposed to genotoxic events that can damage DNA. To counter this, cells have evolved a series of highly conserved DNA repair pathways to maintain genomic integrity. The ATM protein kinase is a master regulator of the DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair pathway. DSBs activate ATM's kinase activity, promoting the phosphorylation of proteins involved in both checkpoint activation and DNA repair. Recent work has revealed that two DNA damage response proteins, the Tip60 acetyltransferase and the mre11- rad50-nbs1 (MRN) complex, co-operate in the activation of ATM in response to DSBs. MRN functions to target ATM and the Tip60 acetyltransferase to DSBs. Tip60's chromodomain then interacts with histone H3 trimethylated on lysine 9, activating Tip60's acetyltransferase activity and stimulating the subsequent acetylation and activation of ATM's kinase activity. These results underscore the importance of chromatin structure in regulating DNA damage signaling and emphasize how histone modifications co-ordinate DNA repair. In addition, human tumors frequently exhibit altered patterns of histone methylation. This rewriting of the histone methylation code in tumor cells may impact the efficiency of DSB repair, increasing genomic instability and contributing to the initiation and progression of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingli Sun
- Division of Genomic Stability and DNA Repair, Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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4089
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Coster G, Goldberg M. The cellular response to DNA damage: a focus on MDC1 and its interacting proteins. Nucleus 2010; 1:166-178. [PMID: 21326949 PMCID: PMC3030693 DOI: 10.4161/nucl.1.2.11176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Revised: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/29/2009] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) is comprised of a network of proteins that respond to DNA damage. Mediator of DNA Damage Checkpoint 1 (MDC1) plays an early and important role in the DDR. Recent data show that MDC1 binds multiple proteins that participate in various aspects of the DDR, positioning it at the core of the DDR. Furthermore, interactions with non-DDR proteins were also revealed, suggesting novel roles for MDC1.In this review we provide a comprehensive overview of all known MDC1-binding proteins and discuss their role. We present these binding partners according to their function, thereby providing the reader with a detailed and updated overview of the cellular response to DNA damage. We discuss more recent findings in detail and conclude by presenting the challenges the field faces in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Coster
- Department of Genetics, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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4090
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Bennetzen MV, Larsen DH, Bunkenborg J, Bartek J, Lukas J, Andersen JS. Site-specific phosphorylation dynamics of the nuclear proteome during the DNA damage response. Mol Cell Proteomics 2010; 9:1314-23. [PMID: 20164059 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m900616-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the temporal regulation of the DNA damage response, we applied quantitative mass spectrometry-based proteomics to measure site-specific phosphorylation changes of nuclear proteins after ionizing radiation. We profiled 5204 phosphorylation sites at five time points following DNA damage of which 594 sites on 209 proteins were observed to be regulated more than 2-fold. Of the 594 sites, 372 are novel phosphorylation sites primarily of nuclear origin. The 594 sites could be classified to distinct temporal profiles. Sites regulated shortly after radiation were enriched in the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase SQ consensus sequence motif and a novel SXXQ motif. Importantly, in addition to induced phosphorylation, we identified a considerable group of sites that undergo DNA damage-induced dephosphorylation. Together, our data extend the number of known phosphorylation sites regulated by DNA damage, provides so far unprecedented temporal dissection of DNA damage-modified phosphorylation events, and elucidate the cross-talk between different types of post-translational modifications in the dynamic regulation of a multifaceted DNA damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin V Bennetzen
- Center for Experimental BioInformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
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4091
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Abstract
Cells exposed to genotoxic insults such as ionizing radiation activate a signaling cascade to repair the damaged DNA. Two recent articles published in Nature show that such genome maintenance requires modifications of tumor suppressor proteins BRCA1 and 53BP1 by the small ubiquitin-like modifier SUMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Bartek
- Institute of Cancer Biology and Centre for Genotoxic Stress Research, Danish Cancer Society, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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4092
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Schettino G, Al Rashid ST, Prise KM. Radiation microbeams as spatial and temporal probes of subcellular and tissue response. Mutat Res 2010; 704:68-77. [PMID: 20079877 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the effects of ionizing radiations are key to determining their optimal use in therapy and assessing risks from exposure. The development of microbeams where radiations can be delivered in a highly temporal and spatially constrained manner has been a major advance. Several different types of radiation microbeams have been developed using X-rays, charged particles and electrons. For charged particles, beams can be targeted with sub-micron accuracy into biological samples and the lowest possible dose of a single particle track can be delivered with high reproducibility. Microbeams have provided powerful tools for understanding the kinetics of DNA damage and formation under conditions of physiological relevance and have significant advantages over other approaches for producing localized DNA damage, such as variable wavelength laser beam approaches. Recent studies have extended their use to probing for radiosensitive sites outside the cell nucleus, and testing for mechanisms underpinning bystander responses where irradiated and non-irradiated cells communicate with each other. Ongoing developments include the ability to locally target regions of 3D tissue models and ultimately to target localized regions in vivo. With future advances in radiation delivery and imaging microbeams will continue to be applied in a range of biological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Schettino
- Centre for Cancer Research & Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT97BL, UK
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4093
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Abstract
In this issue of Molecular Cell, Stilmann et al. (2009) demonstrate a new mode of prosurvival NF-kappaB activation through the formation of a PARP-1-poly(ADP-ribose) signaling scaffold in response to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin McCool
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Program, Medical Scientist Training Program, Department of Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 6159 Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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4094
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Wang X, Weaver DT. The ups and downs of DNA repair biomarkers for PARP inhibitor therapies. Am J Cancer Res 2010; 1:301-327. [PMID: 21968427 PMCID: PMC3180060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
PARP inhibitors are emerging as a valuable new drug class in the treatment of cancer. Recent discoveries make a compelling case for the complexity of DNA repair biomarker evaluation and underscore the need to examine at multiple biomarkers in a relational manner. This review updates the current trends in DNA repair biomarker strategies in use for the PARP inhibitors and describes the impact of many DNA repair biomarkers on PARP inhibitor benefit in the cancer clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhe Wang
- On-Q-ity, Inc. 610 Lincoln St. Waltham, Massachusetts, 02451, USA
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4095
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Huen MSY, Sy SMH, Chen J. BRCA1 and its toolbox for the maintenance of genome integrity. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2009; 11:138-48. [PMID: 20029420 DOI: 10.1038/nrm2831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The breast and ovarian cancer type 1 susceptibility protein (BRCA1) has pivotal roles in the maintenance of genome stability. Studies support that BRCA1 exerts its tumour suppression function primarily through its involvement in cell cycle checkpoint control and DNA damage repair. In addition, recent proteomic and genetic studies have revealed the presence of distinct BRCA1 complexes in vivo, each of which governs a specific cellular response to DNA damage. Thus, BRCA1 is emerging as the master regulator of the genome through its ability to execute and coordinate various aspects of the DNA damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Y Huen
- Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, Laboratory Block, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong
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4096
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HERC2 coordinates ubiquitin-dependent assembly of DNA repair factors on damaged chromosomes. Nat Cell Biol 2009; 12:80-6; sup pp 1-12. [PMID: 20023648 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory ubiquitylation is emerging as an important mechanism to protect genome integrity in cells exposed to DNA damage. However, the spectrum of known ubiquitin regulators of the DNA damage response (DDR) is limited and their functional interplay is poorly understood. Here, we identify HERC2 as a factor that regulates ubiquitin-dependent retention of repair proteins on damaged chromosomes. In response to ionising radiation (IR), HERC2 forms a complex with RNF8, a ubiquitin ligase involved in the DDR. The HERC2-RNF8 interaction requires IR-inducible phosphorylation of HERC2 at Thr 4827, which in turn binds to the forkhead-associated (FHA) domain of RNF8. Mechanistically, we provide evidence that HERC2 facilitates assembly of the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Ubc13 with RNF8, thereby promoting DNA damage-induced formation of Lys 63-linked ubiquitin chains. We also show that HERC2 interacts with, and maintains the levels of, RNF168, another ubiquitin ligase operating downstream of RNF8 (Refs 7, 8). Consequently, knockdown of HERC2 abrogates ubiquitin-dependent retention of repair factors such as 53BP1, RAP80 and BRCA1. Together with the increased radiosensitivity of HERC2-depleted cells, these results uncover a regulatory layer in the orchestration of protein interactions on damaged chromosomes and they underscore the role of ubiquitin-mediated signalling in genome maintenance.
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