401
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Song H, Ye K, Peng Y, Wang L, Niu X. Facile colorimetric detection of alkaline phosphatase activity based on the target-induced valence state regulation of oxidase-mimicking Ce-based nanorods. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:5834-5841. [PMID: 31497839 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb01515a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is widely recognized as a significant biomarker for lots of diseases. For this reason, developing effective and simple methods to monitor ALP activity is strongly necessary. Herein, we propose a novel strategy based on the target-induced valence state regulation of oxidase-mimicking Ce-based nanorods for ALP activity sensing. The mixed-valent Ce-based material (MVCM) with a relatively high Ce(iv)/Ce(iii) ratio can exhibit good oxidase-like activity to trigger the catalytic oxidation of colorless 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to blue TMBox in the presence of O2, resulting in a notable chromogenic reaction. When ALP hydrolyzes ascorbic acid phosphate into ascorbic acid (AA), the formed AA induces the partial reduction of the MVCM to one with a low Ce(iv)/Ce(iii) ratio, which shows much less activity to trigger the chromogenic reaction. According to the above principle, a facile colorimetric assay was developed for ALP activity detection, providing a linear range of 0.5-25 U L-1 and a limit of detection of 0.1 U L-1. Besides, the proposed strategy could offer favorable selectivity for ALP activity determination. Accurate sensing of the target in serum was demonstrated by our assay as well, revealing its promise as a reliable tool for clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Song
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China. and School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China.
| | - Kun Ye
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Yinxian Peng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China.
| | - Linjie Wang
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Xiangheng Niu
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
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402
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Huang L, Sun DW, Pu H, Wei Q. Development of Nanozymes for Food Quality and Safety Detection: Principles and Recent Applications. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 18:1496-1513. [PMID: 33336906 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The public concerns about agrifood safety call for innovative and reformative analytical techniques to meet the inspection requirements of high sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility. Enzyme-mimetic nanomaterials or nanozymes, which combine enzyme-like properties with nanoscale features, emerge as an excellent tool for quality and safety detection in the agrifood sector, due to not only their robust capacity in detection but also their attraction in future-oriented exploitations. However, in-depth understanding about the fundamental principles of nanozymes for food quality and safety detection remains limited, which makes their applications largely empirical. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the principles, designs, and applications of nanozyme-based detection technique in the agrifood industry. The discussion mainly involves three mimicking types, that is, peroxidase, oxidase, and catalase-like nanozymes, capable of detecting major agrifood analytes. The current principles and strategies are classified and then discussed in details through discriminating the roles of nanozymes in diverse detection platforms. Thereafter, recent applications of nanozymes in detecting various endogenous ingredients and exogenous contaminants in foods are reviewed, and the outlook of profound developments are explained. Evidenced by the increasing publications, nanozyme-based detection techniques are narrowing the gap to practical-oriented food analytical methods, while some challenges in optimization of nanozymes, diversification of recognition-to-signal manners, and sustainability of methodology need to conquer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lunjie Huang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China Univ. of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China.,Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China Univ. of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Da-Wen Sun
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China Univ. of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China.,Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China Univ. of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Food Refrigeration and Computerized Food Technology (FRCFT), Agriculture and Food Science Centre, Univ. College Dublin, Natl. Univ. of Ireland, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Hongbin Pu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China Univ. of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China.,Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China Univ. of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qingyi Wei
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China Univ. of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China.,Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China Univ. of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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403
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Wang X, Qin L, Lin M, Xing H, Wei H. Fluorescent Graphitic Carbon Nitride-Based Nanozymes with Peroxidase-Like Activities for Ratiometric Biosensing. Anal Chem 2019; 91:10648-10656. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Li Qin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Minjie Lin
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Hang Xing
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Hui Wei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430072, China
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404
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Wu W, Wang Q, Chen J, Huang L, Zhang H, Rong K, Dong S. Biomimetic design for enhancing the peroxidase mimicking activity of hemin. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:12603-12609. [PMID: 31232410 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr03506k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although various nanomaterials have been found to exhibit intrinsic enzyme-like activity, to date, there is no general strategy for designing nanozymes, and their catalytic mechanism has not been studied in depth. To realize the desired enzymatic properties, imitating the structure of natural enzymes is a commendable way to develop effective nanozymes. Inspired by the structure of natural horseradish peroxidase (HRP), we loaded hemin onto amino-modified single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT-NH2) to prepare an effective peroxidase-like nanozyme (SWNT-NH2@hemin). The peroxidase-like activity of hemin was enhanced by SWNT through π-π interactions, and the positively charged -NH2 groups played a similar role to arginine in HRP and stabilized the intermediate during catalysis and facilitated the cleavage of the O-O bond. This is instructive for the development of a variety of highly efficient nanozymes by simulating the adjacent environment of the active center in natural enzymes. In addition, dual sensor platforms consisting of a colorimetric method and electrochemical method were developed based on SWNT-NH2@hemin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, PR China. and University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, PR China.
| | - Jinxing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, PR China. and University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Liang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, PR China. and University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - He Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, PR China. and University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Kai Rong
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, PR China. and University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Shaojun Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, PR China. and University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
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405
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Li X, Yang XY, Sha JQ, Han T, Du CJ, Sun YJ, Lan YQ. POMOF/SWNT Nanocomposites with Prominent Peroxidase-Mimicking Activity for l-Cysteine "On-Off Switch" Colorimetric Biosensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:16896-16904. [PMID: 30990012 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b00872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In order to explore novel colorimetric biosensors with high sensibility and selectivity, two new Keggin polyoxometalates (POMs)-based Cu-trz (1,2,4-triazole) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with suitable specific surface areas and multiple active sites were favorably fabricated; then single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) were merged with new POMOFs to construct POMOF/SWNT nanocomposites. Herein, POMOF/SWNT nanocomposites as peroxidase mimics were explored for the first time, and the peroxidase-mimicking activity of the prepared POMOF/SWNT nanocomposites is heavily dependent on the mass ratio of POMOFs and SWNTs, in which the maximum activity is achieved at the mass ratio of 2.5:1 (named PMNT-2). More importantly, PMNT-2 exhibits the lowest limit of detection (0.103 μM) among all reported materials to date and the assumable selectivity toward l-cysteine (l-Cys) detection. With these findings, a convenient, sensitive, and effective "on-off switch" colorimetric platform for l-Cys detection has been successfully developed, providing a promising prospect in the biosensors and clinical diagnosis fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- The Talent Culturing Plan for Leading Disciplines of Shandong, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Jining University , Qufu , Shandong 273155 , China
| | - Xi-Ya Yang
- The Talent Culturing Plan for Leading Disciplines of Shandong, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Jining University , Qufu , Shandong 273155 , China
| | - Jing-Quan Sha
- The Talent Culturing Plan for Leading Disciplines of Shandong, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Jining University , Qufu , Shandong 273155 , China
| | - Tao Han
- The Talent Culturing Plan for Leading Disciplines of Shandong, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Jining University , Qufu , Shandong 273155 , China
| | - Chun-Jiang Du
- The Talent Culturing Plan for Leading Disciplines of Shandong, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Jining University , Qufu , Shandong 273155 , China
| | - Yuan-Jie Sun
- The Talent Culturing Plan for Leading Disciplines of Shandong, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Jining University , Qufu , Shandong 273155 , China
| | - Ya-Qian Lan
- Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials of Jiangsu, School of Chemistry and Materials Science , Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing 210023 , China
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406
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Singh N, Mugesh G. CeVO
4
Nanozymes Catalyze the Reduction of Dioxygen to Water without Releasing Partially Reduced Oxygen Species. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201903427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Singh
- Department of Inorganic and Physical ChemistryIndian Institute of Science Bangalore- 560012 India
- Centre for Nanoscience and EngineeringIndian Institute of Science Bangalore- 560012 India
| | - Govindasamy Mugesh
- Department of Inorganic and Physical ChemistryIndian Institute of Science Bangalore- 560012 India
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407
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Singh N, Mugesh G. CeVO 4 Nanozymes Catalyze the Reduction of Dioxygen to Water without Releasing Partially Reduced Oxygen Species. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:7797-7801. [PMID: 30950157 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201903427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report a remarkably active CeVO4 nanozyme that functionally mimics cytochrome c oxidase (CcO), the terminal enzyme in the respiratory electron transport chain, by catalyzing a four-electron reduction of dioxygen to water. The nanozyme catalyzes the reaction by using cytochrome c (Cyt c), the biological electron donor for CcO, at physiologically relevant pH. The CcO activity of the CeVO4 nanozymes depends on the relative ratio of surface Ce3+ /Ce4+ ions, the presence of V5+ and the surface-Cyt c interactions. The complete reduction of oxygen to water takes place without release of any partially reduced oxygen species (PROS) such as superoxide, peroxide and hydroxyl radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Singh
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-, 560012, India
- Centre for Nanoscience and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-, 560012, India
| | - Govindasamy Mugesh
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-, 560012, India
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408
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Li X, Sun L, Yang X, Zhou K, Zhang G, Tong Z, Wang C, Sha J. Enhancing the colorimetric detection of H 2O 2 and ascorbic acid on polypyrrole coated fluconazole-functionalized POMOFs. Analyst 2019; 144:3347-3356. [PMID: 30976770 DOI: 10.1039/c9an00163h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A new fluconazole-functionalized polyoxometalate-based metal-organic framework (POMOF) [Ag3(FKZ)2(H2O)2][H3SiW12O40] (AgFKZSiW12) was successfully constructed, and its polypyrrole (PPy) coated composite AgFKZSiW12@PPy was also obtained via a facile 'in situ' oxidation polymerization process. The peroxidase-like activity evaluation indicates that the maximized synergistic effect from the integration of PPy, SiW12 clusters, HFKZ drug molecules, and Ag ions deeply enhanced the overall performance. More importantly, AgFKZSiW12@PPy exhibits the fastest response time (30 s) among all the reported peroxidase mimics to date, including the pristine AgFKZSiW12 (2 min). Moreover, the AgFKZSiW12@PPy-based colorimetric biosensing platform towards H2O2 and ascorbic acid (AA) exhibits limits of detection (LOD) as low as 0.12 μM and 2.7 μM, respectively. This work reveals a promising prospect in medical diagnosis and biotechnology for colorimetric biosensor fabrication with high performance through the introduction of PPy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jining University, Qufu 273155, P. R. China.
| | - Longjiang Sun
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, P. R. China.
| | - Xiya Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jining University, Qufu 273155, P. R. China.
| | - Kunfeng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jining University, Qufu 273155, P. R. China.
| | - Gongguo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jining University, Qufu 273155, P. R. China.
| | - Zhibo Tong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jining University, Qufu 273155, P. R. China.
| | - Cheng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, P. R. China. and Key Laboratory of Preparation and Application of Environmental Friendly Materials (Jilin Normal University), Ministry of Education, Changchun 130103, P. R. China
| | - Jingquan Sha
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jining University, Qufu 273155, P. R. China.
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409
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Huang Y, Ren J, Qu X. Nanozymes: Classification, Catalytic Mechanisms, Activity Regulation, and Applications. Chem Rev 2019; 119:4357-4412. [PMID: 30801188 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1515] [Impact Index Per Article: 303.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Because of the high catalytic activities and substrate specificity, natural enzymes have been widely used in industrial, medical, and biological fields, etc. Although promising, they often suffer from intrinsic shortcomings such as high cost, low operational stability, and difficulties of recycling. To overcome these shortcomings, researchers have been devoted to the exploration of artificial enzyme mimics for a long time. Since the discovery of ferromagnetic nanoparticles with intrinsic horseradish peroxidase-like activity in 2007, a large amount of studies on nanozymes have been constantly emerging in the next decade. Nanozymes are one kind of nanomaterials with enzymatic catalytic properties. Compared with natural enzymes, nanozymes have the advantages such as low cost, high stability and durability, which have been widely used in industrial, medical, and biological fields. A thorough understanding of the possible catalytic mechanisms will contribute to the development of novel and high-efficient nanozymes, and the rational regulations of the activities of nanozymes are of great significance. In this review, we systematically introduce the classification, catalytic mechanism, activity regulation as well as recent research progress of nanozymes in the field of biosensing, environmental protection, and disease treatments, etc. in the past years. We also propose the current challenges of nanozymes as well as their future research focus. We anticipate this review may be of significance for the field to understand the properties of nanozymes and the development of novel nanomaterials with enzyme mimicking activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Huang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun , Jilin 130022 , China.,College of Light Industry and Food Engineering , Nanjing Forestry University , Nanjing 210037 , China
| | - Jinsong Ren
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun , Jilin 130022 , China
| | - Xiaogang Qu
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun , Jilin 130022 , China
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410
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Masud MK, Kim J, Billah MM, Wood K, Shiddiky MJA, Nguyen NT, Parsapur RK, Kaneti YV, Alshehri AA, Alghamidi YG, Alzahrani KA, Adharvanachari M, Selvam P, Hossain MSA, Yamauchi Y. Nanoarchitectured peroxidase-mimetic nanozymes: mesoporous nanocrystalline α- or γ-iron oxide? J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:5412-5422. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb00989b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Next-generation nanozyme based biosensing: mesoporous nanocrystalline α- or γ-iron oxide?
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411
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Wang Y, Zhang Z, Jia G, Zheng L, Zhao J, Cui X. Elucidating the mechanism of the structure-dependent enzymatic activity of Fe–N/C oxidase mimics. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:5271-5274. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc01503e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A strategy for the structure-dependent enzymatic activity is successfully developed for the rational design of high-performance oxidase mimics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Materials Science
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of MOE and State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- People's Republic of China
| | - Ziwei Zhang
- Department of Materials Science
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of MOE and State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- People's Republic of China
| | - Guangri Jia
- Department of Materials Science
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of MOE and State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- People's Republic of China
| | - Lirong Zheng
- Institute of High Energy Physics
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jingxiang Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials
- Ministry of Education
- Harbin Normal University
- Heilongjiang 150025
| | - Xiaoqiang Cui
- Department of Materials Science
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of MOE and State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- People's Republic of China
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