401
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Abstract
Although the stem cells of various tissues remain in the quiescent state to maintain their undifferentiated state, they also undergo cell divisions as required, and if necessary, even a single stem cell is able to provide for lifelong tissue homeostasis. Stem cell populations are precisely controlled by the balance between their symmetric and asymmetric divisions, with their division patterns determined by whether the daughter cells involved retain their self-renewal capacities. Recent studies have reported that metabolic pathways and the distribution of mitochondria are regulators of the division balance of stem cells and that metabolic defects can shift division balance toward symmetric commitment, which leads to stem cell exhaustion. It has also been observed that in asymmetric division, old mitochondria, which are central metabolic organelles, are segregated to the daughter cell fated to cell differentiation, whereas in symmetric division, young and old mitochondria are equally distributed between both daughter cells. Thus, metabolism and mitochondrial biology play important roles in stem cell fate decisions. As these decisions directly affect tissue homeostasis, understanding their regulatory mechanisms in the context of cellular metabolism is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Ito
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461; .,Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Keisuke Ito
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461; .,Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine-Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York 10461.,Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461.,Albert Einstein Cancer Center and Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
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402
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Sousa R, Gonçalves C, Guerra IC, Costa E, Fernandes A, do Bom Sucesso M, Azevedo J, Rodriguez A, Rius R, Seabra C, Ferreira F, Ribeiro L, Ferrão A, Castedo S, Cleto E, Coutinho J, Carvalho F, Barbot J, Porto B. Increased red cell distribution width in Fanconi anemia: a novel marker of stress erythropoiesis. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2016; 11:102. [PMID: 27456001 PMCID: PMC4960735 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-016-0485-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Red cell distribution width (RDW), a classical parameter used in the differential diagnosis of anemia, has recently been recognized as a marker of chronic inflammation and high levels of oxidative stress (OS). Fanconi anemia (FA) is a genetic disorder associated to redox imbalance and dysfunctional response to OS. Clinically, it is characterized by progressive bone marrow failure, which remains the primary cause of morbidity and mortality. Macrocytosis and increased fetal hemoglobin, two indicators of bone marrow stress erythropoiesis, are generally the first hematological manifestations to appear in FA. However, the significance of RDW and its possible relation to stress erythropoiesis have never been explored in FA. In the present study we analyzed routine complete blood counts from 34 FA patients and evaluated RDW, correlating with the hematological parameters most consistently associated with the FA phenotype. RESULTS We showed, for the first time, that RDW is significantly increased in FA. We also showed that increased RDW is correlated with thrombocytopenia, neutropenia and, most importantly, highly correlated with anemia. Analyzing sequential hemograms from 3 FA patients with different clinical outcomes, during 10 years follow-up, we confirmed a consistent association between increased RDW and decreased hemoglobin, which supports the postulated importance of RDW in the evaluation of hematological disease progression. CONCLUSIONS This study shows, for the first time, that RDW is significantly increased in FA, and this increment is correlated with neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and highly correlated with anemia. According to the present results, it is suggested that increased RDW can be a novel marker of stress erythropoiesis in FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Sousa
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics, Abel Salazar Institute for Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (ICBAS, UP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Gonçalves
- Clinical Hematology Service, Hospital Center of Porto (CHP), Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Emília Costa
- Pediatric Hematology Unity, Hospital Center of Porto (CHP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Fernandes
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Unity, Hospital Center of S. João, Porto (CHSJ), Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria do Bom Sucesso
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Unity, Hospital Center of S. João, Porto (CHSJ), Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Azevedo
- Hematology Service, Hospital and University Center of Coimbra (CHUC), Porto, Portugal
| | - Alfredo Rodriguez
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics, National Institute of Pediatrics, Ciudad de Mexico (INP), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rocio Rius
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics, National Institute of Pediatrics, Ciudad de Mexico (INP), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Seabra
- Clinical Pathology Service, Infante D. Pedro Hospital, Aveiro (CHBV), Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Fátima Ferreira
- Hematology Service, Hospital Center of S. João, Porto (CHSJ), Porto, Portugal
| | - Letícia Ribeiro
- Hematology Service, Hospital and University Center of Coimbra (CHUC), Porto, Portugal
| | - Anabela Ferrão
- Pediatric Service, Hospital Center of Lisboa Norte (CHLN), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sérgio Castedo
- Medical Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis Prof Doctor Sérgio Castedo, Porto (GDPN), Porto, Portugal
| | - Esmeralda Cleto
- Pediatric Hematology Unity, Hospital Center of Porto (CHP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Coutinho
- Clinical Hematology Service, Hospital Center of Porto (CHP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Félix Carvalho
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Barbot
- Pediatric Hematology Unity, Hospital Center of Porto (CHP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Porto
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics, Abel Salazar Institute for Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (ICBAS, UP), Porto, Portugal
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403
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Schultz MB, Sinclair DA. When stem cells grow old: phenotypes and mechanisms of stem cell aging. Development 2016; 143:3-14. [PMID: 26732838 DOI: 10.1242/dev.130633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
All multicellular organisms undergo a decline in tissue and organ function as they age. An attractive theory is that a loss in stem cell number and/or activity over time causes this decline. In accordance with this theory, aging phenotypes have been described for stem cells of multiple tissues, including those of the hematopoietic system, intestine, muscle, brain, skin and germline. Here, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of why adult stem cells age and how this aging impacts diseases and lifespan. With this increased understanding, it is feasible to design and test interventions that delay stem cell aging and improve both health and lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Schultz
- Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biological Mechanisms of Aging, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David A Sinclair
- Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biological Mechanisms of Aging, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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404
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Son MY, Deng CX, Hoeijmarkers JH, Rebel VI, Hasty P. A mechanism for 1,4-Benzoquinone-induced genotoxicity. Oncotarget 2016; 7:46433-46447. [PMID: 27340773 PMCID: PMC5216808 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzene is a common environmental toxin and its metabolite, 1-4-Benzoquinone (BQ) causes hematopoietic cancers like myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). BQ has not been comprehensively assessed for its impact on genome maintenance, limiting our understanding of the true health risks associated with benzene exposure and our ability to identify people with increased sensitivity to this genotoxin. Here we analyze the impact BQ exposure has on wild type and DNA repair-defective mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells and wild type human cells. We find that double strand break (DSB) repair and replication fork maintenance pathways including homologous recombination (HR) and Fanconi anemia (FA) suppress BQ toxicity. BQ-induced damage efficiently stalls replication forks, yet poorly induces ATR/DNA-PKCS responses. Furthermore, the pattern of BQ-induced γH2AX and 53BP1foci is consistent with the formation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1)-stabilized regressed replication forks. At a biochemical level, BQ inhibited topoisomerase 1 (topo1)-mediated DNA ligation and nicking in vitro; thus providing mechanism for the cellular phenotype. These data are consistent with a model that proposes BQ interferes with type I topoisomerase's ability to maintain replication fork restart and progression leading to chromosomal instability that has the potential to cause hematopoietic cancers like MDS and AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Young Son
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Institute of Biotechnology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Chu-Xia Deng
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR China
| | - Jan H. Hoeijmarkers
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus MC, The Netherlands
| | - Vivienne I. Rebel
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- The Cancer Therapy Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- The Barshop Center of Aging, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Current address: BioAffinity, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Paul Hasty
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Institute of Biotechnology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- The Cancer Therapy Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- The Barshop Center of Aging, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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405
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Moehrle BM, Geiger H. Aging of hematopoietic stem cells: DNA damage and mutations? Exp Hematol 2016; 44:895-901. [PMID: 27402537 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2016.06.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aging in the hematopoietic system and the stem cell niche contributes to aging-associated phenotypes of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), including leukemia and aging-associated immune remodeling. Among others, the DNA damage theory of aging of HSCs is well established, based on the detection of a significantly larger amount of γH2AX foci and a higher tail moment in the comet assay, both initially thought to be associated with DNA damage in aged HSCs compared with young cells, and bone marrow failure in animals devoid of DNA repair factors. Novel data on the increase in and nature of DNA mutations in the hematopoietic system with age, the quality of the DNA damage response in aged HSCs, and the nature of γH2AX foci question a direct link between DNA damage and the DNA damage response and aging of HSCs, and rather favor changes in epigenetics, splicing-factors or three-dimensional architecture of the cell as major cell intrinsic factors of HSCs aging. Aging of HSCs is also driven by a strong contribution of aging of the niche. This review discusses the DNA damage theory of HSC aging in the light of these novel mechanisms of aging of HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hartmut Geiger
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; Aging Research Center, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH.
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406
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Klochendler A, Caspi I, Corem N, Moran M, Friedlich O, Elgavish S, Nevo Y, Helman A, Glaser B, Eden A, Itzkovitz S, Dor Y. The Genetic Program of Pancreatic β-Cell Replication In Vivo. Diabetes 2016; 65:2081-93. [PMID: 26993067 PMCID: PMC4915587 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The molecular program underlying infrequent replication of pancreatic β-cells remains largely inaccessible. Using transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein in cycling cells, we sorted live, replicating β-cells and determined their transcriptome. Replicating β-cells upregulate hundreds of proliferation-related genes, along with many novel putative cell cycle components. Strikingly, genes involved in β-cell functions, namely, glucose sensing and insulin secretion, were repressed. Further studies using single-molecule RNA in situ hybridization revealed that in fact, replicating β-cells double the amount of RNA for most genes, but this upregulation excludes genes involved in β-cell function. These data suggest that the quiescence-proliferation transition involves global amplification of gene expression, except for a subset of tissue-specific genes, which are "left behind" and whose relative mRNA amount decreases. Our work provides a unique resource for the study of replicating β-cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Klochendler
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Inbal Caspi
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Noa Corem
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Maya Moran
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Oriel Friedlich
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sharona Elgavish
- Info-CORE, Bioinformatics Unit of the I-CORE Computation Center, and Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yuval Nevo
- Info-CORE, Bioinformatics Unit of the I-CORE Computation Center, and Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Aharon Helman
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Benjamin Glaser
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Service, Department of Internal Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amir Eden
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shalev Itzkovitz
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yuval Dor
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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407
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The bulk of the hematopoietic stem cell population is dispensable for murine steady-state and stress hematopoiesis. Blood 2016; 128:2285-2296. [PMID: 27357698 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-03-706010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term repopulating (LT) hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are the most undifferentiated cells at the top of the hematopoietic hierarchy. The regulation of HSC pool size and its contribution to hematopoiesis are incompletely understood. We depleted hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) in adult mice in situ and found that LT-HSCs recovered from initially very low levels (<1%) to below 10% of normal numbers but not more, whereas progenitor cells substantially recovered shortly after depletion. In spite of the persistent and massive reduction of LT-HSCs, steady-state hematopoiesis was unaffected and residual HSCs remained quiescent. Hematopoietic stress, although reported to recruit quiescent HSCs into cycle, was well tolerated by HSPC-depleted mice and did not induce expansion of the small LT-HSC compartment. Only upon 5-fluorouracil treatment was HSPC-depleted bone marrow compromised in reconstituting hematopoiesis, demonstrating that HSCs and early progenitors are crucial to compensate myeloablation. Hence, a contracted HSC compartment cannot recover in situ to its original size, and normal steady-state blood cell generation is sustained with <10% of normal LT-HSC numbers without increased contribution of the few residual cells.
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408
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Affiliation(s)
- Grover C Bagby
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States.
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409
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Wingert S, Rieger MA. Terminal differentiation induction as DNA damage response in hematopoietic stem cells by GADD45A. Exp Hematol 2016; 44:561-6. [PMID: 27262218 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) sustain lifelong blood cell regeneration by balancing their ability for self-renewal with their ability to differentiate into all blood cell types. To prevent organ exhaustion and malignant transformation, long-lived HSCs, in particular, must be protected from exogenous and endogenous stress, which cause severe DNA damage. When DNA is damaged, distinct DNA repair mechanisms and cell fate controls occur in adult HSCs compared with committed cells. Growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible 45 alpha (GADD45A) is known to coordinate a variety of cellular stress responses, indicating the molecule is an important stress mediator. So far, the function of GADD45A in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells is controversial and appears highly dependent on the cell type and stress stimulus. Recent studies have analyzed its role in cell fate decision control of prospectively isolated HSCs and have revealed unexpected functions of GADD45A, as discussed here. The upregulation of GADD45A by DNA damage-causing conditions results in enhanced HSC differentiation, probably to efficiently eliminate aberrant HSCs from the system. These findings, in concert with a few studies on other stem cell systems, have led us to propose DNA damage-induced differentiation as a novel DNA damage response mechanism in stem cells that circumvents the fatal consequences of cumulative DNA damage in the stem cell compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Wingert
- LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy and Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael A Rieger
- LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy and Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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410
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411
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DNA Damage Response in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Ageing. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2016; 14:147-154. [PMID: 27221660 PMCID: PMC4936660 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of tissue-specific stem cells is vital for organ homeostasis and organismal longevity. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are the most primitive cell type in the hematopoietic system. They divide asymmetrically and give rise to daughter cells with HSC identity (self-renewal) and progenitor progenies (differentiation), which further proliferate and differentiate into full hematopoietic lineages. Mammalian ageing process is accompanied with abnormalities in the HSC self-renewal and differentiation. Transcriptional changes and epigenetic modulations have been implicated as the key regulators in HSC ageing process. The DNA damage response (DDR) in the cells involves an orchestrated signaling pathway, consisting of cell cycle regulation, cell death and senescence, transcriptional regulation, as well as chromatin remodeling. Recent studies employing DNA repair-deficient mouse models indicate that DDR could intrinsically and extrinsically regulate HSC maintenance and play important roles in tissue homeostasis of the hematopoietic system. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of how the DDR determines the HSC fates and finally contributes to organismal ageing.
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412
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Höfer T, Busch K, Klapproth K, Rodewald HR. Fate Mapping and Quantitation of Hematopoiesis In Vivo. Annu Rev Immunol 2016; 34:449-78. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032414-112019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Höfer
- Division of Theoretical Systems Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Katrin Busch
- Division of Cellular Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Kay Klapproth
- Division of Cellular Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Hans-Reimer Rodewald
- Division of Cellular Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
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413
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Zhang S, Pondarre C, Pennarun G, Labussiere-Wallet H, Vera G, France B, Chansel M, Rouvet I, Revy P, Lopez B, Soulier J, Bertrand P, Callebaut I, de Villartay JP. A nonsense mutation in the DNA repair factor Hebo causes mild bone marrow failure and microcephaly. J Exp Med 2016; 213:1011-28. [PMID: 27185855 PMCID: PMC4886357 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
de Villartay et al. describe a patient with a DNA repair factor mutation that leads to an increased sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents and, ultimately, to mild bone marrow failure and microcephaly. Inherited bone marrow failure syndromes are human conditions in which one or several cell lineages of the hemopoietic system are affected. They are present at birth or may develop progressively. They are sometimes accompanied by other developmental anomalies. Three main molecular causes have been recognized to result in bone marrow failure syndromes: (1) defects in the Fanconi anemia (FA)/BRCA DNA repair pathway, (2) defects in telomere maintenance, and (3) abnormal ribosome biogenesis. We analyzed a patient with mild bone marrow failure and microcephaly who did not present with the typical FA phenotype. Cells from this patient showed increased sensitivity to ionizing radiations and phleomycin, attesting to a probable DNA double strand break (dsb) repair defect. Linkage analysis and whole exome sequencing revealed a homozygous nonsense mutation in the ERCC6L2 gene. We identified a new ERCC6L2 alternative transcript encoding the DNA repair factor Hebo, which is critical for complementation of the patient’s DNAdsb repair defect. Sequence analysis revealed three structured regions within Hebo: a TUDOR domain, an adenosine triphosphatase domain, and a new domain, HEBO, specifically present in Hebo direct orthologues. Hebo is ubiquitously expressed, localized in the nucleus, and rapidly recruited to DNAdsb’s in an NBS1-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhang
- Genome Dynamics in the Immune System Laboratory, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Corinne Pondarre
- Institut d'Hématologie et d'Oncologie Pédiatrique, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Gaelle Pennarun
- Commisariat à l'Energie Atomique, Division des Sciences du Vivant, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 967 CEA, Université Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France Institut de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire Fontenay-aux-Roses, Université Paris Sud, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Helene Labussiere-Wallet
- Service d'Hématologie, Groupement Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69002 Lyon, France
| | - Gabriella Vera
- Genome Dynamics in the Immune System Laboratory, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Benoit France
- Genome Dynamics in the Immune System Laboratory, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Marie Chansel
- Genome Dynamics in the Immune System Laboratory, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Rouvet
- Biotechnology Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69002 Lyon, France
| | - Patrick Revy
- Genome Dynamics in the Immune System Laboratory, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Bernard Lopez
- Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8200, Université Paris Sud, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Jean Soulier
- Institute of Hematology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 944, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7212, Saint-Louis Hospital and Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Pascale Bertrand
- Commisariat à l'Energie Atomique, Division des Sciences du Vivant, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 967 CEA, Université Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Callebaut
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7590, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Institut de recherche pour le développement, Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie, Sorbonne Universités, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Pierre de Villartay
- Genome Dynamics in the Immune System Laboratory, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
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414
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Pten Cell Autonomously Modulates the Hematopoietic Stem Cell Response to Inflammatory Cytokines. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 6:806-814. [PMID: 27185281 PMCID: PMC4911494 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pten negatively regulates the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway and is required to maintain quiescent adult hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Pten has been proposed to regulate HSCs cell autonomously and non-cell autonomously, but the relative importance of each mechanism has not been directly tested. Furthermore, the cytokines that activate the PI3K pathway upstream of Pten are not well defined. We sought to clarify whether Pten cell autonomously or non-cell autonomously regulates HSC mobilization. We also tested whether Pten deficiency affects the HSC response to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and interferon-α (IFNα) since these cytokines induce HSC mobilization or proliferation, respectively. We show that Pten regulates HSC mobilization and expansion in the spleen primarily via cell-autonomous mechanisms. Pten-deficient HSCs do not require G-CSF to mobilize, although they are hyper-sensitized to even low doses of exogenous G-CSF. Pten-deficient HSCs are similarly sensitized to IFNα. Pten therefore modulates the HSC response to inflammatory cytokines.
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415
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Magrone T, Galantino M, Di Bitonto N, Borraccino L, Chiaromonte G, Jirillo E. Effects of thermal water inhalation in chronic upper respiratory tract infections in elderly and young patients. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2016; 13:18. [PMID: 27152115 PMCID: PMC4857412 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-016-0073-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Chronic upper respiratory tract infections (cURTI) are very frequent illnesses which occur at any age of life. In elderly, cURTI are complicated by immunosenescence, with involvement of lung immune responsiveness. Results In the present study, 51 elderly (age range: 66–86) and 51 young (age range 24–58) cURTI patients underwent a single cycle (two weeks) of inhalatory therapy with salt-bromide-iodine thermal water in the thermal station “Margherita di Savoia” (Margherita di Savoia, BAT, Italy). Peripheral blood serum cytokines and clinical assessment were performed before therapy (T0) and after six months (T1) and 12 months (T2) from inhalatory treatment. In both elderly and young patients, at baseline an increased release of T helper (h)1-related cytokines [interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon-γ] and of Th2-related cytokine (IL-4) was documented. Inhalatory treatment reduced the excessive secretion of all the above-cited cytokines. IL-10 values were above normality at all times considered in both groups of patients. In addition, an increase in IL-17 and IL-21 serum levels following therapy was observed in both groups of patients. Pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor-α) baseline values were lower than normal values at T0 in both elderly and young cURTI patients. Their levels increased following inhalatory treatment. Clinically, at T2 a dramatic reduction of frequency of upper respiratory tract infections was recorded in both groups of patients. Conclusion Thermal water inhalation is able to modulate systemic immune response in elderly and young cURTI patients, thus reducing excessive production of Th1 and Th2-related cytokines, on the one hand. On the other hand, increased levels of IL-21 (an inducer of Th17 cells) and of IL-17 may be interpreted as a protective mechanism, which likely leads to neutrophil recruitment in cURTI patients. Also restoration of pro-inflammatory cytokine release following inhalatory therapy may result in microbe eradication. Quite importantly, the maintenance of high levels of IL-10 during the follow-up would suggest a consistent regulatory role of this cytokine in attenuating the pro-inflammatory arm of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea Magrone
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Mauro Galantino
- Thermal Water Station "Margherita di Savoia", Margherita di Savoia, BAT Italy
| | - Nunzio Di Bitonto
- Thermal Water Station "Margherita di Savoia", Margherita di Savoia, BAT Italy
| | - Luisella Borraccino
- Thermal Water Station "Margherita di Savoia", Margherita di Savoia, BAT Italy
| | - Gerardo Chiaromonte
- Thermal Water Station "Margherita di Savoia", Margherita di Savoia, BAT Italy
| | - Emilio Jirillo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
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416
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Khurana S. The effects of proliferation and DNA damage on hematopoietic stem cell function determine aging. Dev Dyn 2016; 245:739-50. [PMID: 26813236 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In most of the mammalian tissues, homeostasis as well as injury repair depend upon a small number of resident adult stem cells. The decline in tissue/organ function in aged organisms has been directly linked with poorly functioning stem cells. Altered function of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is at the center of an aging hematopoietic system, a tissue with high cellular turnover. Poorly engrafting, myeloid-biased HSCs with higher levels of DNA damage accumulation are the hallmark features of an aged hematopoietic system. These cells show a higher proliferation rate than their younger counterparts. It was proposed that quiescence of these cells over long period of time leads to accumulation of DNA damage, eventually resulting in poor function/pathological conditions in hematopoietic system. However, various mouse models with premature aging phenotype also show highly proliferative HSCs. This review examines the evidence that links proliferation of HSCs with aging, which leads to functional changes in the hematopoietic system. Developmental Dynamics 245:739-750, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Khurana
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, India, 695016
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417
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Per2 induction limits lymphoid-biased haematopoietic stem cells and lymphopoiesis in the context of DNA damage and ageing. Nat Cell Biol 2016; 18:480-90. [PMID: 27088856 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ageing-associated impairments in haemato-lymphopoiesis are associated with DNA damage accumulation and reduced maintenance of lymphoid-biased (Ly-biased) compared with myeloid-biased (My-biased) haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Here, in vivo RNAi screening identifies period circadian clock 2 (Per2) as a critical factor limiting the maintenance of HSCs in response to DNA damage and ageing. Under these conditions, Per2 is activated predominantly in Ly-biased HSCs and stimulates DNA damage signalling and p53-dependent apoptosis in haematopoietic cells. Per2 deletion ameliorates replication stress and DNA damage responses in haematopoietic cells, thereby improving the maintenance of Ly-biased HSCs, lymphopoiesis, and immune function in ageing mice without increasing the accumulation of DNA damage. Per2-deficient mice retain Batf/p53-dependent induction of differentiation of HSCs in response to DNA damage and exhibit an elongated lifespan. Together, these results identify Per2 as a negative regulator of Ly-biased HSCs and immune functions in response to DNA damage and ageing.
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418
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Pineda G, Lennon KM, Delos Santos NP, Lambert-Fliszar F, Riso GL, Lazzari E, Marra MA, Morris S, Sakaue-Sawano A, Miyawaki A, Jamieson CHM. Tracking of Normal and Malignant Progenitor Cell Cycle Transit in a Defined Niche. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23885. [PMID: 27041210 PMCID: PMC4819192 DOI: 10.1038/srep23885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
While implicated in therapeutic resistance, malignant progenitor cell cycle kinetics have been difficult to quantify in real-time. We developed an efficient lentiviral bicistronic fluorescent, ubiquitination-based cell cycle indicator reporter (Fucci2BL) to image live single progenitors on a defined niche coupled with cell cycle gene expression analysis. We have identified key differences in cell cycle regulatory gene expression and transit times between normal and chronic myeloid leukemia progenitors that may inform cancer stem cell eradication strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Pineda
- Divisions of Regenerative Medicine and Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0820, USA
| | - Kathleen M Lennon
- Divisions of Regenerative Medicine and Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0820, USA
| | - Nathaniel P Delos Santos
- Divisions of Regenerative Medicine and Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0820, USA
| | - Florence Lambert-Fliszar
- Divisions of Regenerative Medicine and Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0820, USA
| | - Gennarina L Riso
- Divisions of Regenerative Medicine and Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0820, USA.,Biological Sciences Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93407, USA
| | - Elisa Lazzari
- Divisions of Regenerative Medicine and Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0820, USA.,Doctoral School of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco A Marra
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sheldon Morris
- Divisions of Regenerative Medicine and Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0820, USA
| | - Asako Sakaue-Sawano
- Laboratory for Cell Function and Dynamics, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako-city, Saitama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyawaki
- Laboratory for Cell Function and Dynamics, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako-city, Saitama, Japan
| | - Catriona H M Jamieson
- Divisions of Regenerative Medicine and Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0820, USA
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419
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Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is the most frequent inherited cause of bone marrow failure (BMF). Most FA patients experience hematopoietic stem cell attrition and cytopenia during childhood, which along with intrinsic chromosomal instability, favor clonal evolution and the frequent emergence in their teens or young adulthood of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). To early identify and further predict bone marrow (BM) clonal progression and enable timely treatment, the follow-up of FA patients includes regular BM morphological and cytogenetic examinations. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) remains the only curative treatment of FA patients with MDS or AML. Although questions remain concerning HSCT itself (including the need for pretransplant chemotherapy, the best conditioning regimen, and the optimal long-term follow-up of such patients especially regarding secondary malignancies), clonal evolution in the absence of significant BM dysplasia and blast cells can be difficult to address in FA patients, for whom the concept of preemptive HSCT is discussed. Illustrated by 3 representative clinical vignettes showing specific features of MDS and AML in FA patients, this paper summarizes our practical approach from diagnosis through treatment in this particular situation.
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420
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TGF-β Inhibition Rescues Hematopoietic Stem Cell Defects and Bone Marrow Failure in Fanconi Anemia. Cell Stem Cell 2016; 18:668-81. [PMID: 27053300 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is an inherited DNA repair disorder characterized by progressive bone marrow failure (BMF) from hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) attrition. A greater understanding of the pathogenesis of BMF could improve the therapeutic options for FA patients. Using a genome-wide shRNA screen in human FA fibroblasts, we identify transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) pathway-mediated growth suppression as a cause of BMF in FA. Blocking the TGF-β pathway improves the survival of FA cells and rescues the proliferative and functional defects of HSPCs derived from FA mice and FA patients. Inhibition of TGF-β signaling in FA HSPCs results in elevated homologous recombination (HR) repair with a concomitant decrease in non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ), accounting for the improvement in cellular growth. Together, our results suggest that elevated TGF-β signaling contributes to BMF in FA by impairing HSPC function and may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of FA.
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421
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Abstract
Recent work in the field of stem cell biology suggests that there is no single design for an adult tissue stem cell hierarchy, and that different tissues employ distinct strategies to meet their self-renewal and repair requirements. Stem cells may be multipotent or unipotent, and can exist in quiescent or actively dividing states. 'Professional' stem cells may also co-exist with facultative stem cells, which are more specialized daughter cells that revert to a stem cell state under specific tissue damage conditions. Here, we discuss stem cell strategies as seen in three solid mammalian tissues: the intestine, mammary gland and skeletal muscle.
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422
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Kollek M, Müller A, Egle A, Erlacher M. Bcl-2 proteins in development, health, and disease of the hematopoietic system. FEBS J 2016; 283:2779-810. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kollek
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; University Medical Center of Freiburg; Germany
- Faculty of Biology; University of Freiburg; Germany
| | - Alexandra Müller
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; University Medical Center of Freiburg; Germany
| | - Alexander Egle
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research; 3rd Medical Department for Hematology; Paracelsus Private Medical University Hospital; Salzburg Austria
| | - Miriam Erlacher
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; University Medical Center of Freiburg; Germany
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423
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Fujikawa Y, Roma LP, Sobotta MC, Rose AJ, Diaz MB, Locatelli G, Breckwoldt MO, Misgeld T, Kerschensteiner M, Herzig S, Müller-Decker K, Dick TP. Mouse redox histology using genetically encoded probes. Sci Signal 2016; 9:rs1. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aad3895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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424
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Tang D, Tao S, Chen Z, Koliesnik IO, Calmes PG, Hoerr V, Han B, Gebert N, Zörnig M, Löffler B, Morita Y, Rudolph KL. Dietary restriction improves repopulation but impairs lymphoid differentiation capacity of hematopoietic stem cells in early aging. J Exp Med 2016; 213:535-53. [PMID: 26951333 PMCID: PMC4821645 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary restriction (DR) improves health, delays tissue aging, and elongates survival in flies and worms. However, studies on laboratory mice and nonhuman primates revealed ambiguous effects of DR on lifespan despite improvements in health parameters. In this study, we analyzed consequences of adult-onset DR (24 h to 1 yr) on hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) function. DR ameliorated HSC aging phenotypes, such as the increase in number of HSCs and the skewing toward myeloid-biased HSCs during aging. Furthermore, DR increased HSC quiescence and improved the maintenance of the repopulation capacity of HSCs during aging. In contrast to these beneficial effects, DR strongly impaired HSC differentiation into lymphoid lineages and particularly inhibited the proliferation of lymphoid progenitors, resulting in decreased production of peripheral B lymphocytes and impaired immune function. The study shows that DR-dependent suppression of growth factors and interleukins mediates these divergent effects caused by DR. Supplementation of insulin-like growth factor 1 partially reverted the DR-induced quiescence of HSCs, whereas IL-6/IL-7 substitutions rescued the impairment of B lymphopoiesis exposed to DR. Together, these findings delineate positive and negative effects of long-term DR on HSC functionality involving distinct stress and growth signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duozhuang Tang
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Si Tao
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Zhiyang Chen
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | | | - Verena Hoerr
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Bing Han
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Nadja Gebert
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Zörnig
- Georg Speyer Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bettina Löffler
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Yohei Morita
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Karl Lenhard Rudolph
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), 07745 Jena, Germany Faculty of Medicine, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
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425
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426
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Thirthagiri E, Klarmann KD, Shukla AK, Southon E, Biswas K, Martin BK, North SL, Magidson V, Burkett S, Haines DC, Noer K, Matthai R, Tessarollo L, Loncarek J, Keller JR, Sharan SK. BRCA2 minor transcript lacking exons 4-7 supports viability in mice and may account for survival of humans with a pathogenic biallelic mutation. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:1934-1945. [PMID: 26920070 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The breast cancer gene, BRCA2, is essential for viability, yet patients with Fanconi anemia-D1 subtype are born alive with biallelic mutations in this gene. The hypomorphic nature of the mutations is believed to support viability, but this is not always apparent. One such mutation is IVS7+2T>G, which causes premature protein truncation due to skipping of exon 7. We previously identified a transcript lacking exons 4-7, which restores the open-reading frame, encodes a DNA repair proficient protein and is expressed in IVS7+2T>G carriers. However, because the exons 4-7 encoded region contains several residues required for normal cell-cycle regulation and cytokinesis, this transcript's ability to support viability can be argued. To address this, we generated a Brca2 knock-in mouse model lacking exons 4-7 and demonstrated that these exons are dispensable for viability as well as tumor-free survival. This study provides the first in vivo evidence of the functional significance of a minor transcript of BRCA2 that can play a major role in the survival of humans who are homozygous for a clearly pathogenic mutation. Our results highlight the importance of assessing protein function restoration by premature truncating codon bypass by alternative splicing when evaluating the functional significance of variants such as nonsense and frame-shift mutations that are assumed to be clearly pathogenic. Our findings will impact not only the assessment of variants that map to this region, but also influence counseling paradigms and treatment options for such mutation carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kimberly D Klarmann
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, Basic Sciences Program
| | | | - Eileen Southon
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, Basic Sciences Program
| | - Kajal Biswas
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research
| | - Betty K Martin
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, Basic Sciences Program
| | | | | | - Sandra Burkett
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research
| | - Diana C Haines
- Pathology/Histotechnology Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Kathleen Noer
- Frederick CCR Flow Cytometry Core Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Roberta Matthai
- Frederick CCR Flow Cytometry Core Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | | | - Jonathan R Keller
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, Basic Sciences Program,
| | - Shyam K Sharan
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research,
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427
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Ahuja AK, Jodkowska K, Teloni F, Bizard AH, Zellweger R, Herrador R, Ortega S, Hickson ID, Altmeyer M, Mendez J, Lopes M. A short G1 phase imposes constitutive replication stress and fork remodelling in mouse embryonic stem cells. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10660. [PMID: 26876348 PMCID: PMC4756311 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) represent a transient biological state, where pluripotency is coupled with fast proliferation. ESCs display a constitutively active DNA damage response (DDR), but its molecular determinants have remained elusive. Here we show in cultured ESCs and mouse embryos that H2AX phosphorylation is dependent on Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related (ATR) and is associated with chromatin loading of the ssDNA-binding proteins RPA and RAD51. Single-molecule analysis of replication intermediates reveals massive ssDNA gap accumulation, reduced fork speed and frequent fork reversal. All these marks of replication stress do not impair the mitotic process and are rapidly lost at differentiation onset. Delaying the G1/S transition in ESCs allows formation of 53BP1 nuclear bodies and suppresses ssDNA accumulation, fork slowing and reversal in the following S-phase. Genetic inactivation of fork slowing and reversal leads to chromosomal breakage in unperturbed ESCs. We propose that rapid cell cycle progression makes ESCs dependent on effective replication-coupled mechanisms to protect genome integrity. In fast proliferating embryonic stem cells (ESC) the DNA damage response is activated by mechanisms that are as yet elusive. Here, Ahuja et al. link the DNA damage response to replication stress in mouse ESCs, caused by a short G1 phase, and propose fork remodelling as maintaining genome stability in embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay K Ahuja
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Karolina Jodkowska
- DNA Replication Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, CNIO, Madrid E-28029, Spain
| | - Federico Teloni
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Anna H Bizard
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Chromosome Stability and Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Panum Institute, Copenhagen N DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Ralph Zellweger
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Raquel Herrador
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Sagrario Ortega
- Transgenic Mice Core Unit, Biotechnology Programme, CNIO, Madrid E-28029, Spain
| | - Ian D Hickson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Chromosome Stability and Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Panum Institute, Copenhagen N DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Matthias Altmeyer
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Juan Mendez
- DNA Replication Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, CNIO, Madrid E-28029, Spain
| | - Massimo Lopes
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland
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428
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Scognamiglio R, Cabezas-Wallscheid N, Thier MC, Altamura S, Reyes A, Prendergast ÁM, Baumgärtner D, Carnevalli LS, Atzberger A, Haas S, von Paleske L, Boroviak T, Wörsdörfer P, Essers MAG, Kloz U, Eisenman RN, Edenhofer F, Bertone P, Huber W, van der Hoeven F, Smith A, Trumpp A. Myc Depletion Induces a Pluripotent Dormant State Mimicking Diapause. Cell 2016; 164:668-80. [PMID: 26871632 PMCID: PMC4752822 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are maintained in a naive ground state of pluripotency in the presence of MEK and GSK3 inhibitors. Here, we show that ground-state ESCs express low Myc levels. Deletion of both c-myc and N-myc (dKO) or pharmacological inhibition of Myc activity strongly decreases transcription, splicing, and protein synthesis, leading to proliferation arrest. This process is reversible and occurs without affecting pluripotency, suggesting that Myc-depleted stem cells enter a state of dormancy similar to embryonic diapause. Indeed, c-Myc is depleted in diapaused blastocysts, and the differential expression signatures of dKO ESCs and diapaused epiblasts are remarkably similar. Following Myc inhibition, pre-implantation blastocysts enter biosynthetic dormancy but can progress through their normal developmental program after transfer into pseudo-pregnant recipients. Our study shows that Myc controls the biosynthetic machinery of stem cells without affecting their potency, thus regulating their entry and exit from the dormant state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Scognamiglio
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nina Cabezas-Wallscheid
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Christian Thier
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sandro Altamura
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 350, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alejandro Reyes
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Áine M Prendergast
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Stress Group, Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Baumgärtner
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Larissa S Carnevalli
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ann Atzberger
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon Haas
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Stress Group, Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lisa von Paleske
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Boroviak
- Welcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Philipp Wörsdörfer
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Group, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Koellikerstraße 6, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marieke A G Essers
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Stress Group, Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kloz
- Transgenic Service, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert N Eisenman
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Frank Edenhofer
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Group, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Koellikerstraße 6, 97070 Würzburg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology, Department of Genomics, Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Paul Bertone
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Welcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Wolfgang Huber
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Franciscus van der Hoeven
- Transgenic Service, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Austin Smith
- Welcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Andreas Trumpp
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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429
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Engert A, Balduini C, Brand A, Coiffier B, Cordonnier C, Döhner H, de Wit TD, Eichinger S, Fibbe W, Green T, de Haas F, Iolascon A, Jaffredo T, Rodeghiero F, Salles G, Schuringa JJ. The European Hematology Association Roadmap for European Hematology Research: a consensus document. Haematologica 2016; 101:115-208. [PMID: 26819058 PMCID: PMC4938336 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2015.136739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The European Hematology Association (EHA) Roadmap for European Hematology Research highlights major achievements in diagnosis and treatment of blood disorders and identifies the greatest unmet clinical and scientific needs in those areas to enable better funded, more focused European hematology research. Initiated by the EHA, around 300 experts contributed to the consensus document, which will help European policy makers, research funders, research organizations, researchers, and patient groups make better informed decisions on hematology research. It also aims to raise public awareness of the burden of blood disorders on European society, which purely in economic terms is estimated at €23 billion per year, a level of cost that is not matched in current European hematology research funding. In recent decades, hematology research has improved our fundamental understanding of the biology of blood disorders, and has improved diagnostics and treatments, sometimes in revolutionary ways. This progress highlights the potential of focused basic research programs such as this EHA Roadmap.The EHA Roadmap identifies nine 'sections' in hematology: normal hematopoiesis, malignant lymphoid and myeloid diseases, anemias and related diseases, platelet disorders, blood coagulation and hemostatic disorders, transfusion medicine, infections in hematology, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. These sections span 60 smaller groups of diseases or disorders.The EHA Roadmap identifies priorities and needs across the field of hematology, including those to develop targeted therapies based on genomic profiling and chemical biology, to eradicate minimal residual malignant disease, and to develop cellular immunotherapies, combination treatments, gene therapies, hematopoietic stem cell treatments, and treatments that are better tolerated by elderly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anneke Brand
- Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Willem Fibbe
- Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Tony Green
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, United Kingdom
| | - Fleur de Haas
- European Hematology Association, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Gilles Salles
- Hospices Civils de Lyon/Université de Lyon, Pierre-Bénite, France
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430
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Wingert S, Thalheimer FB, Haetscher N, Rehage M, Schroeder T, Rieger MA. DNA-damage response gene GADD45A induces differentiation in hematopoietic stem cells without inhibiting cell cycle or survival. Stem Cells 2016; 34:699-710. [PMID: 26731607 PMCID: PMC4832267 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) maintain blood cell production life-long by their unique abilities of self-renewal and differentiation into all blood cell lineages. Growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible 45 alpha (GADD45A) is induced by genotoxic stress in HSCs. GADD45A has been implicated in cell cycle control, cell death and senescence, as well as in DNA-damage repair. In general, GADD45A provides cellular stability by either arresting the cell cycle progression until DNA damage is repaired or, in cases of fatal damage, by inducing apoptosis. However, the function of GADD45A in hematopoiesis remains controversial. We revealed the changes in murine HSC fate control orchestrated by the expression of GADD45A at single cell resolution. In contrast to other cellular systems, GADD45A expression did not cause a cell cycle arrest or an alteration in the decision between cell survival and apoptosis in HSCs. Strikingly, GADD45A strongly induced and accelerated the differentiation program in HSCs. Continuous tracking of individual HSCs and their progeny via time-lapse microscopy elucidated that once GADD45A was expressed, HSCs differentiate into committed progenitors within 29 hours. GADD45A-expressing HSCs failed to long-term reconstitute the blood of recipients by inducing multilineage differentiation in vivo. Importantly, γ-irradiation of HSCs induced their differentiation by upregulating endogenous GADD45A. The differentiation induction by GADD45A was transmitted by activating p38 Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling and allowed the generation of megakaryocytic-erythroid, myeloid, and lymphoid lineages. These data indicate that genotoxic stress-induced GADD45A expression in HSCs prevents their fatal transformation by directing them into differentiation and thereby clearing them from the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Wingert
- LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy and Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Frederic B Thalheimer
- LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy and Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nadine Haetscher
- LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy and Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Maike Rehage
- LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy and Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Timm Schroeder
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael A Rieger
- LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy and Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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431
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432
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Yamashita M, Nitta E, Suda T. Regulation of hematopoietic stem cell integrity through p53 and its related factors. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1370:45-54. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Yamashita
- Department of Cell Differentiation, The Sakaguchi Laboratory of Developmental Biology; School of Medicine, Keio University; Tokyo Japan
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Division of Hematology/Oncology; Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco; San Francisco California
| | - Eriko Nitta
- Department of Cell Differentiation, The Sakaguchi Laboratory of Developmental Biology; School of Medicine, Keio University; Tokyo Japan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine; Chiba University; Chiba Japan
| | - Toshio Suda
- Department of Cell Differentiation, The Sakaguchi Laboratory of Developmental Biology; School of Medicine, Keio University; Tokyo Japan
- Cancer Science Institute; National University of Singapore; Singapore
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences; Kumamoto University; Kumamoto Japan
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433
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Genetic and Epigenetic Mechanisms That Maintain Hematopoietic Stem Cell Function. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2016:5178965. [PMID: 26798358 PMCID: PMC4699043 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5178965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
All hematopoiesis cells develop from multipotent progenitor cells. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) have the ability to develop into all blood lineages but also maintain their stemness. Different molecular mechanisms have been identified that are crucial for regulating quiescence and self-renewal to maintain the stem cell pool and for inducing proliferation and lineage differentiation. The stem cell niche provides the microenvironment to keep HSC in a quiescent state. Furthermore, several transcription factors and epigenetic modifiers are involved in this process. These create modifications that regulate the cell fate in a more or less reversible and dynamic way and contribute to HSC homeostasis. In addition, HSC respond in a unique way to DNA damage. These mechanisms also contribute to the regulation of HSC function and are essential to ensure viability after DNA damage. How HSC maintain their quiescent stage during the entire life is still matter of ongoing research. Here we will focus on the molecular mechanisms that regulate HSC function.
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434
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Kobayashi H, Suda T, Takubo K. How hematopoietic stem/progenitors and their niche sense and respond to infectious stress. Exp Hematol 2015; 44:92-100. [PMID: 26646990 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) play important roles in fighting systemic infection as they supply immune cells in a demand-adapted manner. Various mechanisms govern HSPC responses to infection, including cytokine signaling, niche function, and direct sensing of pathogen-derived molecules by HSPCs themselves. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of HSPC responses to infection and also consider newly identified STING-mediated machinery recognizing bacteria-derived cyclic dinucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kobayashi
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshio Suda
- Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Keiyo Takubo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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435
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Denkinger MD, Leins H, Schirmbeck R, Florian MC, Geiger H. HSC Aging and Senescent Immune Remodeling. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:815-824. [PMID: 26611154 PMCID: PMC4710174 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aging-associated changes in the function of the immune system are referred to as senescent immune remodeling (SIR). Here we review the current understanding on the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying SIR. We focus on aging-associated changes in T and B cells, and discuss recent evidence supporting the notion that aging of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) compartment directly contributes to SIR due to aging-associated alterations in stem cell differentiation. We conclude by outlining strategies to attenuate SIR, including approaches to rejuvenate HSCs, which may open new avenues for targeting SIR in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Denkinger
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Stem Cells and Aging, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; aging research center, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; AGAPLESION Bethesda Clinic, Geriatric Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; Geriatric Center Ulm/Alb-Donau, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hanna Leins
- AGAPLESION Bethesda Clinic, Geriatric Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Maria Carolina Florian
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Stem Cells and Aging, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; aging research center, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hartmut Geiger
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Stem Cells and Aging, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; aging research center, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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436
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Xia P, Wang S, Du Y, Huang G, Satoh T, Akira S, Fan Z. Insulin-InsR signaling drives multipotent progenitor differentiation toward lymphoid lineages. J Exp Med 2015; 212:2305-21. [PMID: 26573296 PMCID: PMC4683997 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Xia et al. report that insulin receptor signaling is required for lymphoid lineage specification in early lymphopoiesis via modulation of Ikaros expression. Disrupted insulin signaling generates more myeloid cells and fewer lymphoid cells, resulting in a skewed myeloid/lymphoid ratio in diabetic mice. The lineage commitment of HSCs generates balanced myeloid and lymphoid populations in hematopoiesis. However, the underlying mechanisms that control this process remain largely unknown. Here, we show that insulin–insulin receptor (InsR) signaling is required for lineage commitment of multipotent progenitors (MPPs). Deletion of Insr in murine bone marrow causes skewed differentiation of MPPs to myeloid cells. mTOR acts as a downstream effector that modulates MPP differentiation. mTOR activates Stat3 by phosphorylation at serine 727 under insulin stimulation, which binds to the promoter of Ikaros, leading to its transcription priming. Our findings reveal that the insulin–InsR signaling drives MPP differentiation into lymphoid lineages in early lymphopoiesis, which is essential for maintaining a balanced immune system for an individual organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyan Xia
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ying Du
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guanling Huang
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Takashi Satoh
- Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Zusen Fan
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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437
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Rall M, Kraft D, Volcic M, Cucu A, Nasonova E, Taucher-Scholz G, Bönig H, Wiesmüller L, Fournier C. Impact of Charged Particle Exposure on Homologous DNA Double-Strand Break Repair in Human Blood-Derived Cells. Front Oncol 2015; 5:250. [PMID: 26618143 PMCID: PMC4641431 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation generates DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) which, unless faithfully repaired, can generate chromosomal rearrangements in hematopoietic stem and/or progenitor cells (HSPC), potentially priming the cells towards a leukemic phenotype. Using an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-based reporter system, we recently identified differences in the removal of enzyme-mediated DSB in human HSPC versus mature peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), particularly regarding homologous DSB repair (HR). Assessment of chromosomal breaks via premature chromosome condensation or γH2AX foci indicated similar efficiency and kinetics of radiation-induced DSB formation and rejoining in PBL and HSPC. Prolonged persistence of chromosomal breaks was observed for higher LET charged particles which are known to induce more complex DNA damage compared to X-rays. Consistent with HR deficiency in HSPC observed in our previous study, we noticed here pronounced focal accumulation of 53BP1 after X-ray and carbon ion exposure (intermediate LET) in HSPC versus PBL. For higher LET, 53BP1 foci kinetics was similarly delayed in PBL and HSPC suggesting similar failure to repair complex DNA damage. Data obtained with plasmid reporter systems revealed a dose- and LET-dependent HR increase after X-ray, carbon ion and higher LET exposure, particularly in HR-proficient immortalized and primary lymphocytes, confirming preferential use of conservative HR in PBL for intermediate LET damage repair. HR measured adjacent to the leukemia-associated MLL breakpoint cluster sequence in reporter lines revealed dose dependency of potentially leukemogenic rearrangements underscoring the risk of leukemia-induction by radiation treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Rall
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Daniela Kraft
- Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Meta Volcic
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Aljona Cucu
- Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Elena Nasonova
- Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Gisela Taucher-Scholz
- Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Halvard Bönig
- German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Wuerttemberg – Hessen, Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lisa Wiesmüller
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- *Correspondence: Lisa Wiesmüller, ; Claudia Fournier,
| | - Claudia Fournier
- Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt, Germany
- *Correspondence: Lisa Wiesmüller, ; Claudia Fournier,
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438
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Henry CJ, Casás-Selves M, Kim J, Zaberezhnyy V, Aghili L, Daniel AE, Jimenez L, Azam T, McNamee EN, Clambey ET, Klawitter J, Serkova NJ, Tan AC, Dinarello CA, DeGregori J. Aging-associated inflammation promotes selection for adaptive oncogenic events in B cell progenitors. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:4666-80. [PMID: 26551682 DOI: 10.1172/jci83024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of cancer is higher in the elderly; however, many of the underlying mechanisms for this association remain unexplored. Here, we have shown that B cell progenitors in old mice exhibit marked signaling, gene expression, and metabolic defects. Moreover, B cell progenitors that developed from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) transferred from young mice into aged animals exhibited similar fitness defects. We further demonstrated that ectopic expression of the oncogenes BCR-ABL, NRAS(V12), or Myc restored B cell progenitor fitness, leading to selection for oncogenically initiated cells and leukemogenesis specifically in the context of an aged hematopoietic system. Aging was associated with increased inflammation in the BM microenvironment, and induction of inflammation in young mice phenocopied aging-associated B lymphopoiesis. Conversely, a reduction of inflammation in aged mice via transgenic expression of α-1-antitrypsin or IL-37 preserved the function of B cell progenitors and prevented NRAS(V12)-mediated oncogenesis. We conclude that chronic inflammatory microenvironments in old age lead to reductions in the fitness of B cell progenitor populations. This reduced progenitor pool fitness engenders selection for cells harboring oncogenic mutations, in part due to their ability to correct aging-associated functional defects. Thus, modulation of inflammation--a common feature of aging--has the potential to limit aging-associated oncogenesis.
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439
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Nakamura-Ishizu A, Takubo K, Kobayashi H, Suzuki-Inoue K, Suda T. CLEC-2 in megakaryocytes is critical for maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. J Exp Med 2015; 212:2133-46. [PMID: 26552707 PMCID: PMC4647260 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nakamura-Ishizu et al. report that megakaryocytes function as a niche to maintain HSC quiescence through CLEC-2–mediated production of Thpo and other key regulators of HSC function. These findings could enable manipulation of HSCs for clinical application. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) depend on the bone marrow (BM) niche for their maintenance, proliferation, and differentiation. The BM niche is composed of nonhematopoietic and mature hematopoietic cells, including megakaryocytes (Mks). Thrombopoietin (Thpo) is a crucial cytokine produced by BM niche cells. However, the cellular source of Thpo, upon which HSCs primarily depend, is unclear. Moreover, no specific molecular pathway for the regulation of Thpo production in the BM has been identified. Here, we demonstrate that the membrane protein C-type lectin-like receptor-2 (CLEC-2) mediates the production of Thpo and other factors in Mks. Mice conditionally deleted for CLEC-2 in Mks (Clec2MkΔ/Δ) produced lower levels of Thpo in Mks. CLEC-2–deficient Mks showed down-regulation of CLEC-2–related signaling molecules Syk, Lcp2, and Plcg2. Knockdown of these molecules in cultured Mks decreased expression of Thpo. Clec2MkΔ/Δ mice exhibited reduced BM HSC quiescence and repopulation potential, along with extramedullary hematopoiesis. The low level of Thpo production may account for the decline in HSC potential in Clec2MkΔ/Δ mice, as administration of recombinant Thpo to Clec2MkΔ/Δ mice restored stem cell potential. Our study identifies CLEC-2 signaling as a novel molecular mechanism mediating the production of Thpo and other factors for the maintenance of HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Nakamura-Ishizu
- Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599 The Sakaguchi Laboratory, Department of Cell Differentiation, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto City 860-0811, Japan
| | - Keiyo Takubo
- The Sakaguchi Laboratory, Department of Cell Differentiation, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kobayashi
- The Sakaguchi Laboratory, Department of Cell Differentiation, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Katsue Suzuki-Inoue
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Toshio Suda
- Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599 The Sakaguchi Laboratory, Department of Cell Differentiation, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto City 860-0811, Japan
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440
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Beer PA, Eaves CJ. Modeling Normal and Disordered Human Hematopoiesis. Trends Cancer 2015; 1:199-210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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441
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Yun MH. Changes in Regenerative Capacity through Lifespan. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:25392-432. [PMID: 26512653 PMCID: PMC4632807 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161025392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Most organisms experience changes in regenerative abilities through their lifespan. During aging, numerous tissues exhibit a progressive decline in homeostasis and regeneration that results in tissue degeneration, malfunction and pathology. The mechanisms responsible for this decay are both cell intrinsic, such as cellular senescence, as well as cell-extrinsic, such as changes in the regenerative environment. Understanding how these mechanisms impact on regenerative processes is essential to devise therapeutic approaches to improve tissue regeneration and extend healthspan. This review offers an overview of how regenerative abilities change through lifespan in various organisms, the factors that underlie such changes and the avenues for therapeutic intervention. It focuses on established models of mammalian regeneration as well as on models in which regenerative abilities do not decline with age, as these can deliver valuable insights for our understanding of the interplay between regeneration and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximina H Yun
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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442
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Schwab RA, Nieminuszczy J, Shah F, Langton J, Lopez Martinez D, Liang CC, Cohn MA, Gibbons RJ, Deans AJ, Niedzwiedz W. The Fanconi Anemia Pathway Maintains Genome Stability by Coordinating Replication and Transcription. Mol Cell 2015; 60:351-61. [PMID: 26593718 PMCID: PMC4644232 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
DNA replication stress can cause chromosomal instability and tumor progression. One key pathway that counteracts replication stress and promotes faithful DNA replication consists of the Fanconi anemia (FA) proteins. However, how these proteins limit replication stress remains largely elusive. Here we show that conflicts between replication and transcription activate the FA pathway. Inhibition of transcription or enzymatic degradation of transcription-associated R-loops (DNA:RNA hybrids) suppresses replication fork arrest and DNA damage occurring in the absence of a functional FA pathway. Furthermore, we show that simple aldehydes, known to cause leukemia in FA-deficient mice, induce DNA:RNA hybrids in FA-depleted cells. Finally, we demonstrate that the molecular mechanism by which the FA pathway limits R-loop accumulation requires FANCM translocase activity. Failure to activate a response to physiologically occurring DNA:RNA hybrids may critically contribute to the heightened cancer predisposition and bone marrow failure of individuals with mutated FA proteins. Replication and transcription collisions cause genome instability in FA A functional FA pathway protects cells from unscheduled accumulation of R-loops Transcription inhibition or R-loop removal restores normal replication in FA cells FANCM resolves R-loops via its translocase activity
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka A Schwab
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Jadwiga Nieminuszczy
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Fenil Shah
- Genome Stability Unit, St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Jamie Langton
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | | | - Chih-Chao Liang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Martin A Cohn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Richard J Gibbons
- Medical Research Council Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Andrew J Deans
- Genome Stability Unit, St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Wojciech Niedzwiedz
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
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443
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Inflammation as a Driver of Clonal Evolution in Myeloproliferative Neoplasm. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:606819. [PMID: 26538830 PMCID: PMC4619974 DOI: 10.1155/2015/606819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of inflammation's role in the pathogenesis of myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) is evolving. The impact of chronic inflammation, a characteristic feature of MPN, likely goes far beyond its role as a driver of constitutional symptoms. An inflammatory response to the neoplastic clone may be responsible for some pathologic aspects of MPN. Moreover, JAK2V617F mutated hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells are resistant to inflammation, and this gives the neoplastic clone a selective advantage allowing for its clonal expansion. Because inflammation plays a central role in MPN inflammation is a logical therapeutic target in MPN.
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444
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Evans EB, Lin SY. New insights into tumor dormancy: Targeting DNA repair pathways. World J Clin Oncol 2015; 6:80-88. [PMID: 26468441 PMCID: PMC4600194 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v6.i5.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, major strides have advanced the techniques for early detection and treatment of cancer. However, metastatic tumor growth still accounts for the majority of cancer-related deaths worldwide. In fact, breast cancers are notorious for relapsing years or decades after the initial clinical treatment, and this relapse can vary according to the type of breast cancer. In estrogen receptor-positive breast cancers, late tumor relapses frequently occur whereas relapses in estrogen receptor-negative cancers or triple negative tumors arise early resulting in a higher mortality risk. One of the main causes of metastasis is tumor dormancy in which cancer cells remain concealed, asymptomatic, and untraceable over a prolonged period of time. Under certain conditions, dormant cells can re-enter into the cell cycle and resume proliferation leading to recurrence. However, the molecular and cellular regulators underlying this transition remain poorly understood. To date, three mechanisms have been identified to trigger tumor dormancy including cellular, angiogenic, and immunologic dormancies. In addition, recent studies have suggested that DNA repair mechanisms may contribute to the survival of dormant cancer cells. In this article, we summarize the recent experimental and clinical evidence governing cancer dormancy. In addition, we will discuss the role of DNA repair mechanisms in promoting the survival of dormant cells. This information provides mechanistic insight to explain why recurrence occurs, and strategies that may enhance therapeutic approaches to prevent disease recurrence.
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445
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Garbati MR, Hays LE, Rathbun RK, Jillette N, Chin K, Al-Dhalimy M, Agarwal A, Newell AEH, Olson SB, Bagby GC. Cytokine overproduction and crosslinker hypersensitivity are unlinked in Fanconi anemia macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 99:455-65. [PMID: 26432900 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3a0515-201r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The Fanconi anemia proteins participate in a canonical pathway that repairs cross-linking agent-induced DNA damage. Cells with inactivated Fanconi anemia genes are universally hypersensitive to such agents. Fanconi anemia-deficient hematopoietic stem cells are also hypersensitive to inflammatory cytokines, and, as importantly, Fanconi anemia macrophages overproduce such cytokines in response to TLR4 and TLR7/8 agonists. We questioned whether TLR-induced DNA damage is the primary cause of aberrantly regulated cytokine production in Fanconi anemia macrophages by quantifying TLR agonist-induced TNF-α production, DNA strand breaks, crosslinker-induced chromosomal breakage, and Fanconi anemia core complex function in Fanconi anemia complementation group C-deficient human and murine macrophages. Although both M1 and M2 polarized Fanconi anemia cells were predictably hypersensitive to mitomycin C, only M1 macrophages overproduced TNF-α in response to TLR-activating signals. DNA damaging agents alone did not induce TNF-α production in the absence of TLR agonists in wild-type or Fanconi anemia macrophages, and mitomycin C did not enhance TLR responses in either normal or Fanconi anemia cells. TLR4 and TLR7/8 activation induced cytokine overproduction in Fanconi anemia macrophages. Also, although TLR4 activation was associated with induced double strand breaks, TLR7/8 activation was not. That DNA strand breaks and chromosome breaks are neither necessary nor sufficient to account for the overproduction of inflammatory cytokines by Fanconi anemia cells suggests that noncanonical anti-inflammatory functions of Fanconi anemia complementation group C contribute to the aberrant macrophage phenotype and suggests that suppression of macrophage/TLR hyperreactivity might prevent cytokine-induced stem cell attrition in Fanconi anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Garbati
- *Northwest Veterans Affairs Cancer Research Center, Portland, Oregon, USA; Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; and Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Laura E Hays
- *Northwest Veterans Affairs Cancer Research Center, Portland, Oregon, USA; Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; and Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - R Keaney Rathbun
- *Northwest Veterans Affairs Cancer Research Center, Portland, Oregon, USA; Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; and Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Nathaniel Jillette
- *Northwest Veterans Affairs Cancer Research Center, Portland, Oregon, USA; Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; and Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Kathy Chin
- *Northwest Veterans Affairs Cancer Research Center, Portland, Oregon, USA; Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; and Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Muhsen Al-Dhalimy
- *Northwest Veterans Affairs Cancer Research Center, Portland, Oregon, USA; Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; and Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Anupriya Agarwal
- *Northwest Veterans Affairs Cancer Research Center, Portland, Oregon, USA; Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; and Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Amy E Hanlon Newell
- *Northwest Veterans Affairs Cancer Research Center, Portland, Oregon, USA; Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; and Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Susan B Olson
- *Northwest Veterans Affairs Cancer Research Center, Portland, Oregon, USA; Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; and Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Grover C Bagby
- *Northwest Veterans Affairs Cancer Research Center, Portland, Oregon, USA; Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; and Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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446
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Pontel LB, Rosado IV, Burgos-Barragan G, Garaycoechea JI, Yu R, Arends MJ, Chandrasekaran G, Broecker V, Wei W, Liu L, Swenberg JA, Crossan GP, Patel KJ. Endogenous Formaldehyde Is a Hematopoietic Stem Cell Genotoxin and Metabolic Carcinogen. Mol Cell 2015; 60:177-88. [PMID: 26412304 PMCID: PMC4595711 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous formaldehyde is produced by numerous biochemical pathways fundamental to life, and it can crosslink both DNA and proteins. However, the consequences of its accumulation are unclear. Here we show that endogenous formaldehyde is removed by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase 5 (ADH5/GSNOR), and Adh5(-/-) mice therefore accumulate formaldehyde adducts in DNA. The repair of this damage is mediated by FANCD2, a DNA crosslink repair protein. Adh5(-/-)Fancd2(-/-) mice reveal an essential requirement for these protection mechanisms in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), leading to their depletion and precipitating bone marrow failure. More widespread formaldehyde-induced DNA damage also causes karyomegaly and dysfunction of hepatocytes and nephrons. Bone marrow transplantation not only rescued hematopoiesis but, surprisingly, also preserved nephron function. Nevertheless, all of these animals eventually developed fatal malignancies. Formaldehyde is therefore an important source of endogenous DNA damage that is counteracted in mammals by a conserved protection mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas B Pontel
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Ivan V Rosado
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK; Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS) Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | | | - Juan I Garaycoechea
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Rui Yu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mark J Arends
- University of Edinburgh Division of Pathology, Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | | | - Verena Broecker
- Department of Histopathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Limin Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - James A Swenberg
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Gerry P Crossan
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Ketan J Patel
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK; Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK.
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447
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Tsang JCH, Yu Y, Burke S, Buettner F, Wang C, Kolodziejczyk AA, Teichmann SA, Lu L, Liu P. Single-cell transcriptomic reconstruction reveals cell cycle and multi-lineage differentiation defects in Bcl11a-deficient hematopoietic stem cells. Genome Biol 2015; 16:178. [PMID: 26387834 PMCID: PMC4576406 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-015-0739-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are a rare cell type with the ability of long-term self-renewal and multipotency to reconstitute all blood lineages. HSCs are typically purified from the bone marrow using cell surface markers. Recent studies have identified significant cellular heterogeneities in the HSC compartment with subsets of HSCs displaying lineage bias. We previously discovered that the transcription factor Bcl11a has critical functions in the lymphoid development of the HSC compartment. RESULTS In this report, we employ single-cell transcriptomic analysis to dissect the molecular heterogeneities in HSCs. We profile the transcriptomes of 180 highly purified HSCs (Bcl11a (+/+) and Bcl11a (-/-)). Detailed analysis of the RNA-seq data identifies cell cycle activity as the major source of transcriptomic variation in the HSC compartment, which allows reconstruction of HSC cell cycle progression in silico. Single-cell RNA-seq profiling of Bcl11a (-/-) HSCs reveals abnormal proliferative phenotypes. Analysis of lineage gene expression suggests that the Bcl11a (-/-) HSCs are constituted of two distinct myeloerythroid-restricted subpopulations. Remarkably, similar myeloid-restricted cells could also be detected in the wild-type HSC compartment, suggesting selective elimination of lymphoid-competent HSCs after Bcl11a deletion. These defects are experimentally validated in serial transplantation experiments where Bcl11a (-/-) HSCs are myeloerythroid-restricted and defective in self-renewal. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates the power of single-cell transcriptomics in dissecting cellular process and lineage heterogeneities in stem cell compartments, and further reveals the molecular and cellular defects in the Bcl11a-deficient HSC compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C H Tsang
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Yong Yu
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Shannon Burke
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Florian Buettner
- EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SD, UK.,Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Computational Biology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Cui Wang
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Aleksandra A Kolodziejczyk
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK.,EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Sarah A Teichmann
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK.,EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Liming Lu
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK.,Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Pentao Liu
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK. .,Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK.
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448
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Citterio E. Fine-tuning the ubiquitin code at DNA double-strand breaks: deubiquitinating enzymes at work. Front Genet 2015; 6:282. [PMID: 26442100 PMCID: PMC4561801 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a reversible protein modification broadly implicated in cellular functions. Signaling processes mediated by ubiquitin (ub) are crucial for the cellular response to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), one of the most dangerous types of DNA lesions. In particular, the DSB response critically relies on active ubiquitination by the RNF8 and RNF168 ub ligases at the chromatin, which is essential for proper DSB signaling and repair. How this pathway is fine-tuned and what the functional consequences are of its deregulation for genome integrity and tissue homeostasis are subject of intense investigation. One important regulatory mechanism is by reversal of substrate ubiquitination through the activity of specific deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), as supported by the implication of a growing number of DUBs in DNA damage response processes. Here, we discuss the current knowledge of how ub-mediated signaling at DSBs is controlled by DUBs, with main focus on DUBs targeting histone H2A and on their recent implication in stem cell biology and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Citterio
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam Netherlands
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449
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Montgomery RR, Shaw AC. Paradoxical changes in innate immunity in aging: recent progress and new directions. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 98:937-43. [PMID: 26188078 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.5mr0315-104r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunosenescence, describing alterations, including decline of immune responses with age, is comprised of inappropriate elevations, decreases, and dysregulated immune responses, leading to more severe consequences of bacterial and viral infections and reduced responses to vaccination. In adaptive immunity, these changes include increased proportions of antigen-experienced B and T cells at the cost of naïve cell populations. Innate immune changes in aging are complex in spanning multiple cell types, activation states, and tissue context. Innate immune responses are dampened in aging, yet there is also a paradoxical increase in certain signaling pathways and cytokine levels. Here, we review recent progress and highlight novel directions for expected advances that can lead the aging field to a new era of discovery that will embrace the complexity of aging in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth R Montgomery
- Sections of *Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Albert C Shaw
- Sections of *Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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450
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Kaschutnig P, Bogeska R, Walter D, Lier A, Huntscha S, Milsom MD. The Fanconi anemia pathway is required for efficient repair of stress-induced DNA damage in haematopoietic stem cells. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:2734-42. [PMID: 26178207 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1068474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Within regenerating tissues, aging is characterized by a progressive general deterioration of organ function, thought to be driven by the gradual depletion of functional adult stem cells. Although there are probably multifactorial mechanisms that result in compromized stem cell functionality with advancing age, the accumulation of DNA damage within the stem cell compartment is likely to make a major contribution to this process. However, the physiologic source of DNA damage within the different tissue specific stem cell compartments remains to be determined, as does the fate of stem cells exposed to such damage. Using the haematopoietic system as a model organ, we have recently shown that certain forms of physiologic stress, such as infection-associated inflammation and extensive blood loss, leads to the induction of biologically relevant levels of DNA damage in haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by dramatically increasing the proliferative index of this normally quiescent cell population. (1) We were also able to demonstrate that such stress-associated DNA damage was sufficient to completely deplete HSCs and promote severe aplastic anemia (SAA) in the Fanconi anemia (FA) knockout mouse model, which has compromized replication-associated DNA repair. In this "Extra Views" article, we extend this previous work to show that FA mice do not spontaneously develop a haematopoietic phenotype consistent with SAA, even at extreme old age. This suggests that HSC quiescence restricts the acquisition of DNA damage during aging and preserves the functional integrity of the stem cell pool. In line with this hypothesis, we provide an extended time course analysis of the response of FA knockout mice to chronic inflammatory stress and show that enforced HSC proliferation leads to a highly penetrant SAA phenotype, which closely resembles the progression of the disease in FA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Kaschutnig
- a Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum; Division of Stem Cells and Cancer; Experimental Hematology Group ; Heidelberg , Germany
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