401
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Belema M, Nguyen VN, Romine JL, St. Laurent DR, Lopez OD, Goodrich JT, Nower PT, O’Boyle DR, Lemm JA, Fridell RA, Gao M, Fang H, Krause RG, Wang YK, Oliver AJ, Good AC, Knipe JO, Meanwell NA, Snyder LB. Hepatitis C Virus NS5A Replication Complex Inhibitors. Part 6: Discovery of a Novel and Highly Potent Biarylimidazole Chemotype with Inhibitory Activity Toward Genotypes 1a and 1b Replicons. J Med Chem 2014; 57:1995-2012. [DOI: 10.1021/jm4016203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Makonen Belema
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Virology, §Lead Discovery and Optimization, ∥Computer-Assisted
Drug Design, and ⊥Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Van N. Nguyen
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Virology, §Lead Discovery and Optimization, ∥Computer-Assisted
Drug Design, and ⊥Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Jeffrey L. Romine
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Virology, §Lead Discovery and Optimization, ∥Computer-Assisted
Drug Design, and ⊥Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Denis R. St. Laurent
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Virology, §Lead Discovery and Optimization, ∥Computer-Assisted
Drug Design, and ⊥Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Omar D. Lopez
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Virology, §Lead Discovery and Optimization, ∥Computer-Assisted
Drug Design, and ⊥Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Jason T. Goodrich
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Virology, §Lead Discovery and Optimization, ∥Computer-Assisted
Drug Design, and ⊥Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Peter T. Nower
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Virology, §Lead Discovery and Optimization, ∥Computer-Assisted
Drug Design, and ⊥Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Donald R. O’Boyle
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Virology, §Lead Discovery and Optimization, ∥Computer-Assisted
Drug Design, and ⊥Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Julie A. Lemm
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Virology, §Lead Discovery and Optimization, ∥Computer-Assisted
Drug Design, and ⊥Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Robert A. Fridell
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Virology, §Lead Discovery and Optimization, ∥Computer-Assisted
Drug Design, and ⊥Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Min Gao
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Virology, §Lead Discovery and Optimization, ∥Computer-Assisted
Drug Design, and ⊥Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Hua Fang
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Virology, §Lead Discovery and Optimization, ∥Computer-Assisted
Drug Design, and ⊥Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Rudolph G. Krause
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Virology, §Lead Discovery and Optimization, ∥Computer-Assisted
Drug Design, and ⊥Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Ying-Kai Wang
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Virology, §Lead Discovery and Optimization, ∥Computer-Assisted
Drug Design, and ⊥Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - A. Jayne Oliver
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Virology, §Lead Discovery and Optimization, ∥Computer-Assisted
Drug Design, and ⊥Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Andrew C. Good
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Virology, §Lead Discovery and Optimization, ∥Computer-Assisted
Drug Design, and ⊥Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Jay O. Knipe
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Virology, §Lead Discovery and Optimization, ∥Computer-Assisted
Drug Design, and ⊥Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Nicholas A. Meanwell
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Virology, §Lead Discovery and Optimization, ∥Computer-Assisted
Drug Design, and ⊥Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Lawrence B. Snyder
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Virology, §Lead Discovery and Optimization, ∥Computer-Assisted
Drug Design, and ⊥Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
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402
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Gentles RG, Ding M, Bender JA, Bergstrom CP, Grant-Young K, Hewawasam P, Hudyma T, Martin S, Nickel A, Regueiro-Ren A, Tu Y, Yang Z, Yeung KS, Zheng X, Chao S, Sun JH, Beno BR, Camac DM, Chang CH, Gao M, Morin PE, Sheriff S, Tredup J, Wan J, Witmer MR, Xie D, Hanumegowda U, Knipe J, Mosure K, Santone KS, Parker DD, Zhuo X, Lemm J, Liu M, Pelosi L, Rigat K, Voss S, Wang Y, Wang YK, Colonno RJ, Gao M, Roberts SB, Gao Q, Ng A, Meanwell NA, Kadow JF. Discovery and preclinical characterization of the cyclopropylindolobenzazepine BMS-791325, a potent allosteric inhibitor of the hepatitis C virus NS5B polymerase. J Med Chem 2014; 57:1855-79. [PMID: 24397558 DOI: 10.1021/jm4016894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Described herein are structure-activity relationship studies that resulted in the optimization of the activity of members of a class of cyclopropyl-fused indolobenzazepine HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitors. Subsequent iterations of analogue design and syntheses successfully addressed off-target activities, most notably human pregnane X receptor (hPXR) transactivation, and led to significant improvements in the physicochemical properties of lead compounds. Those analogues exhibiting improved solubility and membrane permeability were shown to have notably enhanced pharmacokinetic profiles. Additionally, a series of alkyl bridged piperazine carboxamides was identified as being of particular interest, and from which the compound BMS-791325 (2) was found to have distinguishing antiviral, safety, and pharmacokinetic properties that resulted in its selection for clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Gentles
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Molecular Discovery Technologies, Molecular Structure & Design, §Molecular Discovery Technologies, Protein Science, ∥Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, ⊥Discovery Virology, Disease Sciences and Biologics, #Leads Discovery and Optimization, ▽Materials Science, Drug Product Science and Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
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403
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Activity of hexokinase is increased by its interaction with hepatitis C virus protein NS5A. J Virol 2014; 88:3246-54. [PMID: 24390321 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02862-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The study of cellular central carbon metabolism modulations induced by viruses is an emerging field. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) have been shown recently to reprogram cell metabolism to support their replication. During HCV infection the global glucidolipidic metabolism of hepatocytes is highly impacted. It was suggested that HCV might modify glucose uptake and glycolysis to increase fatty acids synthesis, but underlying mechanisms have not been completely elucidated. We thus investigated how HCV may modulate glycolysis. We observed that in infected Huh7.5 cells and in subgenomic replicon-positive Huh9.13 cells, glucose consumption as well as lactate secretion was increased. Using protein complementation assays and coimmunoprecipitation, we identified a direct interaction between the HCV NS5A protein and cellular hexokinase 2 (HK2), the first rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis. NS5A expression was sufficient to enhance glucose consumption and lactate secretion in Huh7.5 cells. Moreover, determination of HK activity in cell homogenates revealed that addition of exogenous NS5A protein, either the full-length protein or its D2 or D3, but not D1, domain, was sufficient to increase enzyme activity. Finally, determination of recombinant HK2 catalytic parameters (V(max) and K(m)) in the presence of NS5A identified this viral protein as an activator of the enzyme. In summary, this study describes a direct interaction between HCV NS5A protein and cellular HK2 which is accompanied by an increase in HK2 activity that might contribute to an increased glycolysis rate during HCV infection. IMPORTANCE Substantial evidence indicates that viruses reprogram the central carbon metabolism of the cell to support their replication. Nevertheless, precise underlying mechanisms are poorly described. Metabolic pathways are structured as connected enzymatic cascades providing elemental biomolecular blocks necessary for cell life and viral replication. In this study, we observed an increase in glucose consumption and lactate secretion in HCV-infected cells, revealing higher glycolytic activity. We also identified an interaction between the HCV NS5A nonstructural protein and cellular hexokinase 2, the first rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis. This interaction results in an enhancement of catalytic parameters of the enzyme, which might explain, at least in part, the aerobic glycolysis shift observed in HCV-infected cells.
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408
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Coburn CA, Meinke PT, Chang W, Fandozzi CM, Graham DJ, Hu B, Huang Q, Kargman S, Kozlowski J, Liu R, McCauley JA, Nomeir AA, Soll RM, Vacca JP, Wang D, Wu H, Zhong B, Olsen DB, Ludmerer SW. Discovery of MK-8742: an HCV NS5A inhibitor with broad genotype activity. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:1930-40. [PMID: 24127258 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The NS5A protein plays a critical role in the replication of HCV and has been the focus of numerous research efforts over the past few years. NS5A inhibitors have shown impressive in vitro potency profiles in HCV replicon assays, making them attractive components for inclusion in all oral combination regimens. Early work in the NS5A arena led to the discovery of our first clinical candidate, MK-4882 [2-((S)-pyrrolidin-2-yl)-5-(2-(4-(5-((S)-pyrrolidin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl)phenyl)benzofuran-5-yl)-1H-imidazole]. While preclinical proof-of-concept studies in HCV-infected chimpanzees harboring chronic genotype 1 infections resulted in significant decreases in viral load after both single- and multiple-dose treatments, viral breakthrough proved to be a concern, thus necessitating the development of compounds with increased potency against a number of genotypes and NS5A resistance mutations. Modification of the MK-4882 core scaffold by introduction of a cyclic constraint afforded a series of tetracyclic inhibitors, which showed improved virologic profiles. Herein we describe the research efforts that led to the discovery of MK-8742, a tetracyclic indole-based NS5A inhibitor, which is currently in phase 2b clinical trials as part of an all-oral, interferon-free regimen for the treatment of HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Coburn
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck and Company, Inc. West Point, PA 19486 (USA).
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410
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Baugh JM, Garcia-Rivera JA, Gallay PA. Host-targeting agents in the treatment of hepatitis C: a beginning and an end? Antiviral Res 2013; 100:555-61. [PMID: 24091203 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of two distinct classes of hepatitis C antiviral agents, direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) and host-targeting antivirals (HTAs), have distinctly impacted the hepatitis C virus (HCV) field by generating higher sustained virological response (SVR) rates within infected patients, via reductions in both adverse side effects and duration of treatment when compared to the old standard of care. Today DAAs are actively incorporated into the standard of care and continue to receive the most advanced clinical trial analysis. With a multitude of innovative and potent second-generation DAA compounds currently being tested in clinical trials, it is clear that the future of DAAs looks very bright. In comparison to the other class of compounds, HTAs have been slightly less impactful, despite the fact that primary treatment regimens for HCV began with the use of an HTA - interferon alpha (IFNα). The compound was advantageous in that it provided a broad-reaching antiviral response; however deleterious side effects and viral/patient resistance has since made the compound outdated. HTA research has since moved onward to target a number of cellular host factors that are required for HCV viral entry and replication such as scavenger receptor-BI (SR-BI), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCoA reductase), cyclophilin A (CypA), fatty acid synthase (FASN) and miRNA-122. The rationale behind pursuing these HTAs is based upon the extremely low mutational rate that occurs within eukaryotic cells, thereby creating a high genetic barrier to drug resistance for anti-HCV compounds, as well as pan-genotypic coverage to all HCV genotypes and serotypes. As the end appears near for HCV, it becomes important to ask if the development of novel HTAs should also be analyzed in combination with other DAAs, in order to address potential hard-to-treat HCV patient populations. Since the treatment regimens for HCV began with the use of a global HTA, could one end the field as well?
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Baugh
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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