401
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Huang Y, Yu X, Sun N, Qiao N, Cao Y, Boyd-Kirkup JD, Shen Q, Han JDJ. Single-cell-level spatial gene expression in the embryonic neural differentiation niche. Genome Res 2015; 25:570-81. [PMID: 25575549 PMCID: PMC4381528 DOI: 10.1101/gr.181966.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
With the rapidly increasing availability of high-throughput in situ hybridization images, how to effectively analyze these images at high resolution for global patterns and testable hypotheses has become an urgent challenge. Here we developed a semi-automated image analysis pipeline to analyze in situ hybridization images of E14.5 mouse embryos at single-cell resolution for more than 1600 telencephalon-expressed genes from the Eurexpress database. Using this pipeline, we derived the spatial gene expression profiles at single-cell resolution across the cortical layers to gain insight into the key processes occurring during cerebral cortex development. These profiles displayed high spatial modularity in gene expression, precisely recapitulated known differentiation zones, and uncovered additional unknown transition zones or cellular states. In particular, they revealed a distinctive spatial transition phase dedicated to chromatin remodeling events during neural differentiation, which can be validated by genomic clustering patterns, epigenetic modifications switches, and network modules. Our analysis further revealed a role of mitotic checkpoints during spatial gene expression state transition. As a novel approach to analyzing at the single-cell level the spatial modularity, dynamic trajectory, and transient states of gene expression during embryonic neural differentiation and to inferring regulatory events, our approach will be useful and applicable in many different systems for understanding the dynamic differentiation processes in vivo and at high resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Huang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoming Yu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Center for Molecular Systems Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Na Sun
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Nan Qiao
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yaqiang Cao
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jerome D Boyd-Kirkup
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Qin Shen
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jing-Dong J Han
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Developmental Biology
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402
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You L, Zou J, Zhao H, Bertos NR, Park M, Wang E, Yang XJ. Deficiency of the chromatin regulator BRPF1 causes abnormal brain development. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:7114-29. [PMID: 25568313 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.635250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms are important in different neurological disorders, and one such mechanism is histone acetylation. The multivalent chromatin regulator BRPF1 (bromodomain- and plant homeodomain-linked (PHD) zinc finger-containing protein 1) recognizes different epigenetic marks and activates three histone acetyltransferases, so it is both a reader and a co-writer of the epigenetic language. The three histone acetyltransferases are MOZ, MORF, and HBO1, which are also known as lysine acetyltransferase 6A (KAT6A), KAT6B, and KAT7, respectively. The MORF gene is mutated in four neurodevelopmental disorders sharing the characteristic of intellectual disability and frequently displaying callosal agenesis. Here, we report that forebrain-specific inactivation of the mouse Brpf1 gene caused early postnatal lethality, neocortical abnormalities, and partial callosal agenesis. With respect to the control, the mutant forebrain contained fewer Tbr2-positive intermediate neuronal progenitors and displayed aberrant neurogenesis. Molecularly, Brpf1 loss led to decreased transcription of multiple genes, such as Robo3 and Otx1, important for neocortical development. Surprisingly, elevated expression of different Hox genes and various other transcription factors, such as Lhx4, Foxa1, Tbx5, and Twist1, was also observed. These results thus identify an important role of Brpf1 in regulating forebrain development and suggest that it acts as both an activator and a silencer of gene expression in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linya You
- From the Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Center, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Quebec H3A 1A3
| | - Jinfeng Zou
- the National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec H4P 2R2, and
| | - Hong Zhao
- From the Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Center
| | | | - Morag Park
- From the Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Center, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Quebec H3A 1A3, the Department of Biochemistry, McGill University and McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Edwin Wang
- the National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec H4P 2R2, and
| | - Xiang-Jiao Yang
- From the Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Center, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Quebec H3A 1A3, the Department of Biochemistry, McGill University and McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada
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403
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Schmidt MJ, Mirnics K. Neurodevelopment, GABA system dysfunction, and schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:190-206. [PMID: 24759129 PMCID: PMC4262918 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The origins of schizophrenia have eluded clinicians and researchers since Kraepelin and Bleuler began documenting their findings. However, large clinical research efforts in recent decades have identified numerous genetic and environmental risk factors for schizophrenia. The combined data strongly support the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia and underscore the importance of the common converging effects of diverse insults. In this review, we discuss the evidence that genetic and environmental risk factors that predispose to schizophrenia disrupt the development and normal functioning of the GABAergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Schmidt
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Karoly Mirnics
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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404
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Martínez-Cerdeño V, Camacho J, Fox E, Miller E, Ariza J, Kienzle D, Plank K, Noctor SC, Van de Water J. Prenatal Exposure to Autism-Specific Maternal Autoantibodies Alters Proliferation of Cortical Neural Precursor Cells, Enlarges Brain, and Increases Neuronal Size in Adult Animals. Cereb Cortex 2014; 26:374-383. [PMID: 25535268 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) affect up to 1 in 68 children. Autism-specific autoantibodies directed against fetal brain proteins have been found exclusively in a subpopulation of mothers whose children were diagnosed with ASD or maternal autoantibody-related autism. We tested the impact of autoantibodies on brain development in mice by transferring human antigen-specific IgG directly into the cerebral ventricles of embryonic mice during cortical neurogenesis. We show that autoantibodies recognize radial glial cells during development. We also show that prenatal exposure to autism-specific maternal autoantibodies increased stem cell proliferation in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the embryonic neocortex, increased adult brain size and weight, and increased the size of adult cortical neurons. We propose that prenatal exposure to autism-specific maternal autoantibodies directly affects radial glial cell development and presents a viable pathologic mechanism for the maternal autoantibody-related prenatal ASD risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Martínez-Cerdeño
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
- MIND Institute
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Jasmin Camacho
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Elizabeth Fox
- MIND Institute
- Department of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Elaine Miller
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Jeanelle Ariza
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Devon Kienzle
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Kaela Plank
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Stephen C Noctor
- MIND Institute
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Judy Van de Water
- MIND Institute
- Department of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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405
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Radonjić NV, Ayoub AE, Memi F, Yu X, Maroof A, Jakovcevski I, Anderson SA, Rakic P, Zecevic N. Diversity of cortical interneurons in primates: the role of the dorsal proliferative niche. Cell Rep 2014; 9:2139-51. [PMID: 25497090 PMCID: PMC4306459 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary elaboration of tissues starts with changes in the genome and location of the stem cells. For example, GABAergic interneurons of the mammalian neocortex are generated in the ventral telencephalon and migrate tangentially to the neocortex, in contrast to the projection neurons originating in the ventricular/subventricular zone (VZ/SVZ) of the dorsal telencephalon. In human and nonhuman primates, evidence suggests that an additional subset of neocortical GABAergic interneurons is generated in the cortical VZ and a proliferative niche, the outer SVZ. The origin, magnitude, and significance of this species-specific difference are not known. We use a battery of assays applicable to the human, monkey, and mouse organotypic cultures and supravital tissue to identify neuronal progenitors in the cortical VZ/SVZ niche that produce a subset of GABAergic interneurons. Our findings suggest that these progenitors constitute an evolutionary novelty contributing to the elaboration of higher cognitive functions in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevena V Radonjić
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Pasterova 2, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Albert E Ayoub
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Fani Memi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Xiaojing Yu
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Asif Maroof
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Igor Jakovcevski
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; Experimental Neurophysiology, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 53175 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stewart A Anderson
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4318, USA
| | - Pasko Rakic
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Nada Zecevic
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
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406
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Lahav A, Skoe E. An acoustic gap between the NICU and womb: a potential risk for compromised neuroplasticity of the auditory system in preterm infants. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:381. [PMID: 25538543 PMCID: PMC4256984 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The intrauterine environment allows the fetus to begin hearing low-frequency sounds in a protected fashion, ensuring initial optimal development of the peripheral and central auditory system. However, the auditory nursery provided by the womb vanishes once the preterm newborn enters the high-frequency (HF) noisy environment of the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The present article draws a concerning line between auditory system development and HF noise in the NICU, which we argue is not necessarily conducive to fostering this development. Overexposure to HF noise during critical periods disrupts the functional organization of auditory cortical circuits. As a result, we theorize that the ability to tune out noise and extract acoustic information in a noisy environment may be impaired, leading to increased risks for a variety of auditory, language, and attention disorders. Additionally, HF noise in the NICU often masks human speech sounds, further limiting quality exposure to linguistic stimuli. Understanding the impact of the sound environment on the developing auditory system is an important first step in meeting the developmental demands of preterm newborns undergoing intensive care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Lahav
- Department of Pediatrics and Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston, MA, USA ; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, MassGeneral Hospital for Children Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erika Skoe
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Department of Psychology Affiliate, Cognitive Sciences Program Affiliate, University of Connecticut Storrs, CT, USA
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407
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Anstötz M, Cosgrove KE, Hack I, Mugnaini E, Maccaferri G, Lübke JHR. Morphology, input-output relations and synaptic connectivity of Cajal-Retzius cells in layer 1 of the developing neocortex of CXCR4-EGFP mice. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 219:2119-39. [PMID: 24026287 PMCID: PMC4223538 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-013-0627-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Layer 1 (L1) neurons, in particular Cajal-Retzius (CR) cells are among the earliest generated neurons in the neocortex. However, their role and that of L1 GABAergic interneurons in the establishment of an early cortical microcircuit are still poorly understood. Thus, the morphology of whole-cell recorded and biocytin-filled CR cells was investigated in postnatal day (P) 7-11 old CXCR4-EGFP mice where CR cells can be easily identified by their fluorescent appearance. Confocal-, light- and subsequent electron microscopy was performed to investigate their developmental regulation, morphology, synaptic input-output relationships and electrophysiological properties. CR cells reached their peak in occurrence between P4 to P7 and from thereon declined to almost complete disappearance at P14 by undergoing selective cell death through apoptosis. CR cells formed a dense and long-range horizontal network in layer 1 with a remarkable high density of synaptic boutons along their axons. They received dense GABAergic and non-GABAergic synaptic input and in turn provided synaptic output preferentially with spines or shafts of terminal tuft dendrites of pyramidal neurons. Interestingly, no dye-coupling between CR cells with other cortical neurons was observed as reported for other species, however, biocytin-labeling of individual CR cells leads to co-staining of L1 end foot astrocytes. Electrophysiologically, CR cells are characterized by a high input resistance and a characteristic firing pattern. Increasing depolarizing currents lead to action potential of decreasing amplitude and increasing half width, often terminated by a depolarization block. The presence of membrane excitability, the high density of CR cells in layer 1, their long-range horizontal axonal projection together with a high density of synaptic boutons and their synaptic input-output relationship suggest that they are an integral part of an early cortical network important not only in layer 1 but also for the establishment and formation of the cortical column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Anstötz
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-2, Research Centre Jülich GmbH, Leo-Brandt-Str., 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Kathleen E. Cosgrove
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611-3008 USA
| | - Iris Hack
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-2, Research Centre Jülich GmbH, Leo-Brandt-Str., 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Enrico Mugnaini
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611-3008 USA
| | - Gianmaria Maccaferri
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611-3008 USA
| | - Joachim H. R. Lübke
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-2, Research Centre Jülich GmbH, Leo-Brandt-Str., 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH/University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- JARA Translational Brain Medicine, Aachen, Germany
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408
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Jakab A, Schwartz E, Kasprian G, Gruber GM, Prayer D, Schöpf V, Langs G. Fetal functional imaging portrays heterogeneous development of emerging human brain networks. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:852. [PMID: 25374531 PMCID: PMC4205819 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The functional connectivity architecture of the adult human brain enables complex cognitive processes, and exhibits a remarkably complex structure shared across individuals. We are only beginning to understand its heterogeneous structure, ranging from a strongly hierarchical organization in sensorimotor areas to widely distributed networks in areas such as the parieto-frontal cortex. Our study relied on the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data of 32 fetuses with no detectable morphological abnormalities. After adapting functional magnetic resonance acquisition, motion correction, and nuisance signal reduction procedures of resting-state functional data analysis to fetuses, we extracted neural activity information for major cortical and subcortical structures. Resting fMRI networks were observed for increasing regional functional connectivity from 21st to 38th gestational weeks (GWs) with a network-based statistical inference approach. The overall connectivity network, short range, and interhemispheric connections showed sigmoid expansion curve peaking at the 26-29 GW. In contrast, long-range connections exhibited linear increase with no periods of peaking development. Region-specific increase of functional signal synchrony followed a sequence of occipital (peak: 24.8 GW), temporal (peak: 26 GW), frontal (peak: 26.4 GW), and parietal expansion (peak: 27.5 GW). We successfully adapted functional neuroimaging and image post-processing approaches to correlate macroscopical scale activations in the fetal brain with gestational age. This in vivo study reflects the fact that the mid-fetal period hosts events that cause the architecture of the brain circuitry to mature, which presumably manifests in increasing strength of intra- and interhemispheric functional macro connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Jakab
- Computational Imaging Research Lab, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Ernst Schwartz
- Computational Imaging Research Lab, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Kasprian
- Division for Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerlinde M Gruber
- Department of Systematic Anatomy, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Prayer
- Division for Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Schöpf
- Division for Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Langs
- Computational Imaging Research Lab, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria ; Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA
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409
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim is to review mechanisms that are central to the formation of proper cortical circuitry and relevant to perinatal brain injury and premature birth. RECENT FINDINGS Clinical investigations using noninvasive imaging techniques suggest that impaired connectivity of cortical circuitry is associated with perinatal adverse conditions. Recent experimental and translational studies revealed developmental mechanisms that are critical for circuit formation and potentially at risk in the perinatal period. These include existence of last wave genesis, migration and integration of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) interneurons in the perinatal period; maturation of GABA interneuron networks that are central to critical period plasticity; transient connections by subplate neurons that guide thalamocortical connectivity, and a perineuronal microglia network that maintains axonal growth and neuronal survival as well as executing synaptic pruning. In addition, recent work has demonstrated that birth plays a key role in triggering the maturation cascade of cortical circuits. SUMMARY Altered maturation of cortical circuits is an increasingly recognized aspect of perinatal injury and premature birth. Potential mechanisms are revealed but further translational studies are required to associate fine changes at the cellular and molecular level with imaging data in experimental models.
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410
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Kostović I, Sedmak G, Vukšić M, Judaš M. The relevance of human fetal subplate zone for developmental neuropathology of neuronal migration disorders and cortical dysplasia. CNS Neurosci Ther 2014; 21:74-82. [PMID: 25312583 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The human fetal cerebral cortex develops through a series of partially overlapping histogenetic events which occur in transient cellular compartments, such as the subplate zone. The subplate serves as waiting compartment for cortical afferent fibers, the major site of early synaptogenesis and neuronal differentiation and the hub of the transient fetal cortical circuitry. Thus, the subplate has an important but hitherto neglected role in the human fetal cortical connectome. The subplate is also an important compartment for radial and tangential migration of future cortical neurons. We review the diversity of subplate neuronal phenotypes and their involvement in cortical circuitry and discuss the complexity of late neuronal migration through the subplate as well as its potential relevance for pathogenesis of migration disorders and cortical dysplasia. While migratory neurons may become misplaced within the subplate, they can easily survive by being involved in early subplate circuitry; this can enhance their subsequent survival even if they have immature or abnormal physiological activity and misrouted connections and thus survive into adulthood. Thus, better understanding of subplate developmental history and various subsets of its neurons may help to elucidate certain types of neuronal disorders, including those accompanied by epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivica Kostović
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
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411
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Delgado-Esteban M, García-Higuera I, Maestre C, Moreno S, Almeida A. APC/C-Cdh1 coordinates neurogenesis and cortical size during development. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2879. [PMID: 24301314 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The morphology of the adult brain is the result of a delicate balance between neural progenitor proliferation and the initiation of neurogenesis in the embryonic period. Here we assessed whether the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) cofactor, Cdh1--which regulates mitosis exit and G1-phase length in dividing cells--regulates neurogenesis in vivo. We use an embryo-restricted Cdh1 knockout mouse model and show that functional APC/C-Cdh1 ubiquitin ligase activity is required for both terminal differentiation of cortical neurons in vitro and neurogenesis in vivo. Further, genetic ablation of Cdh1 impairs the ability of APC/C to promote neurogenesis by delaying the exit of the progenitor cells from the cell cycle. This causes replicative stress and p53-mediated apoptotic death resulting in decreased number of cortical neurons and cortex size. These results demonstrate that APC/C-Cdh1 coordinates cortical neurogenesis and size, thus posing Cdh1 in the molecular pathogenesis of congenital neurodevelopmental disorders, such as microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Delgado-Esteban
- 1] Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Fundación IECSCYL, 37007 Salamanca, Spain [2] Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica (IBFG), CSIC/Universidad de Salamanca, IBSAL, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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412
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Hadders-Algra M. Early diagnosis and early intervention in cerebral palsy. Front Neurol 2014; 5:185. [PMID: 25309506 PMCID: PMC4173665 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews the opportunities and challenges for early diagnosis and early intervention in cerebral palsy (CP). CP describes a group of disorders of the development of movement and posture, causing activity limitation that is attributed to disturbances that occurred in the fetal or infant brain. Therefore, the paper starts with a summary of relevant information from developmental neuroscience. Most lesions underlying CP occur in the second half of gestation, when developmental activity in the brain reaches its summit. Variations in timing of the damage not only result in different lesions but also in different neuroplastic reactions and different associated neuropathologies. This turns CP into a heterogeneous entity. This may mean that the best early diagnostics and the best intervention methods may differ for various subgroups of children with CP. Next, the paper addresses possibilities for early diagnosis. It discusses the predictive value of neuromotor and neurological exams, neuroimaging techniques, and neurophysiological assessments. Prediction is best when complementary techniques are used in longitudinal series. Possibilities for early prediction of CP differ for infants admitted to neonatal intensive care and other infants. In the former group, best prediction is achieved with the combination of neuroimaging and the assessment of general movements, in the latter group, best prediction is based on carefully documented milestones and neurological assessment. The last part reviews early intervention in infants developing CP. Most knowledge on early intervention is based on studies in high-risk infants without CP. In these infants, early intervention programs promote cognitive development until preschool age; motor development profits less. The few studies on early intervention in infants developing CP suggest that programs that stimulate all aspects of infant development by means of family coaching are most promising. More research is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijna Hadders-Algra
- Department of Pediatrics - Developmental Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands
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413
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Ray B, Chopra N, Long JM, Lahiri DK. Human primary mixed brain cultures: preparation, differentiation, characterization and application to neuroscience research. Mol Brain 2014; 7:63. [PMID: 25223359 PMCID: PMC4181361 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-014-0063-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Culturing primary cortical neurons is an essential neuroscience technique. However, most cultures are derived from rodent brains and standard protocols for human brain cultures are sparse. Herein, we describe preparation, maintenance and major characteristics of a primary human mixed brain culture, including neurons, obtained from legally aborted fetal brain tissue. This approach employs standard materials and techniques used in the preparation of rodent neuron cultures, with critical modifications. RESULTS This culture has distinct differences from rodent cultures. Specifically, a significant numbers of cells in the human culture are derived from progenitor cells, and the yield and survival of the cells grossly depend on the presence of bFGF. In the presence of bFGF, this culture can be maintained for an extended period. Abundant productions of amyloid-β, tau and proteins make this a powerful model for Alzheimer's research. The culture also produces glia and different sub-types of neurons. CONCLUSION We provide a well-characterized methodology for human mixed brain cultures useful to test therapeutic agents under various conditions, and to carry forward mechanistic and translational studies for several brain disorders.
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414
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Ma Z, Li Q, Zhang Z, Zheng Y. A Disintegrin and Metalloprotease 10 in neuronal maturation and gliogenesis during cortex development. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:24-30. [PMID: 25206368 PMCID: PMC4107504 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The multiple-layer structure of the cerebral cortex is important for its functions. Such a structure is generated based on the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem/progenitor cells. Notch functions as a molecular switch for neural stem/progenitor cell fate during cortex development but the mechanism remains unclear. Biochemical and cellular studies showed that Notch receptor activation induces several proteases to release the Notch intracellular domain (NICD). A Disintegrin and Metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10) might be a physiological rate-limiting S2 enzyme for Notch activation. Nestin-driven conditional ADAM10 knockout in mouse cortex showed that ADAM10 is critical for maintenance of the neural stem cell population during early embryonic cortex development. However, the expression pattern and function of ADAM10 during later cerebral cortex development remains poorly understood. We performed in situ hybridization for ADAM10 mRNA and immunofluorescent analysis to determine the expression of ADAM10 and NICD in mouse cortex from embryonic day 9 (E14.5) to postnatal day 1 (P1). ADAM10 and NICD were highly co-localized in the cortex of E16.5 to P1 mice. Comparisons of expression patterns of ADAM10 with Nestin (neural stem cell marker), Tuj1 (mature neuron marker), and S100β (glia marker) showed that ADAM10 expression highly matched that of S100β and partially matched that of Tuj1 at later embryonic to early postnatal cortex developmental stages. Such expression patterns indicated that ADAM10-Notch signaling might have a critical function in neuronal maturation and gliogenesis during cortex development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixing Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qingyu Li
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhengyu Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yufang Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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415
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Orosco LA, Ross AP, Cates SL, Scott SE, Wu D, Sohn J, Pleasure D, Pleasure SJ, Adamopoulos IE, Zarbalis KS. Loss of Wdfy3 in mice alters cerebral cortical neurogenesis reflecting aspects of the autism pathology. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4692. [PMID: 25198012 PMCID: PMC4159772 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are complex and heterogeneous developmental disabilities affecting an ever-increasing number of children worldwide. The diverse manifestations and complex, largely genetic aetiology of ASDs pose a major challenge to the identification of unifying neuropathological features. Here we describe the neurodevelopmental defects in mice that carry deleterious alleles of the Wdfy3 gene, recently recognized as causative in ASDs. Loss of Wdfy3 leads to a regionally enlarged cerebral cortex resembling early brain overgrowth described in many children on the autism spectrum. In addition, affected mouse mutants display migration defects of cortical projection neurons, a recognized cause of epilepsy, which is significantly comorbid with autism. Our analysis of affected mouse mutants defines an important role for Wdfy3 in regulating neural progenitor divisions and neural migration in the developing brain. Furthermore, Wdfy3 is essential for cerebral expansion and functional organization while its loss-of-function results in pathological changes characteristic of ASDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori A Orosco
- 1] Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, USA [2] Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Northern California, 2425 Stockton Boulevard, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
| | - Adam P Ross
- 1] Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, USA [2] Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Northern California, 2425 Stockton Boulevard, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
| | - Staci L Cates
- 1] Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, USA [2] Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Northern California, 2425 Stockton Boulevard, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
| | - Sean E Scott
- 1] Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, USA [2] Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Northern California, 2425 Stockton Boulevard, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
| | - Dennis Wu
- 1] Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Northern California, 2425 Stockton Boulevard, Sacramento, California 95817, USA [2] Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Jiho Sohn
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Northern California, 2425 Stockton Boulevard, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
| | - David Pleasure
- 1] Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Northern California, 2425 Stockton Boulevard, Sacramento, California 95817, USA [2] Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
| | - Samuel J Pleasure
- Department of Neurology, Programs in Neuroscience, Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, UCSF Institute for Regeneration Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, Sandler Neurosciences Center, Box 3206, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, Room 214, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Iannis E Adamopoulos
- 1] Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Northern California, 2425 Stockton Boulevard, Sacramento, California 95817, USA [2] Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Konstantinos S Zarbalis
- 1] Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, USA [2] Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Northern California, 2425 Stockton Boulevard, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
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416
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Connexin hemichannels contribute to spontaneous electrical activity in the human fetal cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E3919-28. [PMID: 25197082 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1405253111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Before the human cortex is able to process sensory information, young postmitotic neurons must maintain occasional bursts of action-potential firing to attract and keep synaptic contacts, to drive gene expression, and to transition to mature membrane properties. Before birth, human subplate (SP) neurons are spontaneously active, displaying bursts of electrical activity (plateau depolarizations with action potentials). Using whole-cell recordings in acute cortical slices, we investigated the source of this early activity. The spontaneous depolarizations in human SP neurons at midgestation (17-23 gestational weeks) were not completely eliminated by tetrodotoxin--a drug that blocks action potential firing and network activity--or by antagonists of glutamatergic, GABAergic, or glycinergic synaptic transmission. We then turned our focus away from standard chemical synapses to connexin-based gap junctions and hemichannels. PCR and immunohistochemical analysis identified the presence of connexins (Cx26/Cx32/Cx36) in the human fetal cortex. However, the connexin-positive cells were not found in clusters but, rather, were dispersed in the SP zone. Also, gap junction-permeable dyes did not diffuse to neighboring cells, suggesting that SP neurons were not strongly coupled to other cells at this age. Application of the gap junction and hemichannel inhibitors octanol, flufenamic acid, and carbenoxolone significantly blocked spontaneous activity. The putative hemichannel antagonist lanthanum alone was a potent inhibitor of the spontaneous activity. Together, these data suggest that connexin hemichannels contribute to spontaneous depolarizations in the human fetal cortex during the second trimester of gestation.
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417
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Greater clinical and cognitive improvement with clozapine and risperidone associated with a thinner cortex at baseline in first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2014; 158:223-9. [PMID: 25088730 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cortical thickness may be useful as a treatment response predictor in first-episode (FE) patients with schizophrenia, although this possibility has been scarcely assessed. In this study we assessed the possible relation between cortical thickness in regions of interest selected because of previously reported structural alterations in schizophrenia and clinical and cognitive changes after two years of treatment with risperidone or clozapine in 31 neuroleptic-naïve FE patients with schizophrenia (16 of them treated with clozapine and 15 with risperidone). Using the last-observation-carried-forward (LOCF), a larger improvement in positive, negative and total symptoms was predicted by the amount of baseline cortical thinning in the right prefrontal cortex (pars orbitalis). After two years of treatment, cognitive status was reassessed in the 17 patients (11 on clozapine) who had not dropped out. Working memory improvement after reassessment was associated with a greater baseline cortical thinning in the left prefrontal cortex (pars orbitalis), and verbal memory improvement with a greater baseline cortical thinning in the left pars triangularis. Significant but weak cortical thickness decrease from baseline to follow-up was observed in patients in comparison to controls (left pars triangularis and opercularis, and left caudal middle frontal areas). These results may support a positive predictive role for cortical thinning in the frontal region with regard to clinical and cognitive improvement with clozapine and risperidone in FE patients with schizophrenia.
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418
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Temporally defined neocortical translation and polysome assembly are determined by the RNA-binding protein Hu antigen R. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E3815-24. [PMID: 25157170 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1408305111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise spatiotemporal control of mRNA translation machinery is essential to the development of highly complex systems like the neocortex. However, spatiotemporal regulation of translation machinery in the developing neocortex remains poorly understood. Here, we show that an RNA-binding protein, Hu antigen R (HuR), regulates both neocorticogenesis and specificity of neocortical translation machinery in a developmental stage-dependent manner in mice. Neocortical absence of HuR alters the phosphorylation states of initiation and elongation factors in the core translation machinery. In addition, HuR regulates the temporally specific positioning of functionally related mRNAs into the active translation sites, the polysomes. HuR also determines the specificity of neocortical polysomes by defining their combinatorial composition of ribosomal proteins and initiation and elongation factors. For some HuR-dependent proteins, the association with polysomes likewise depends on the eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 4, which associates with HuR in prenatal developing neocortices. Finally, we found that deletion of HuR before embryonic day 10 disrupts both neocortical lamination and formation of the main neocortical commissure, the corpus callosum. Our study identifies a crucial role for HuR in neocortical development as a translational gatekeeper for functionally related mRNA subgroups and polysomal protein specificity.
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419
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Kostović I, Kostović-Srzentić M, Benjak V, Jovanov-Milošević N, Radoš M. Developmental dynamics of radial vulnerability in the cerebral compartments in preterm infants and neonates. Front Neurol 2014; 5:139. [PMID: 25120530 PMCID: PMC4114264 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The developmental vulnerability of different classes of axonal pathways in preterm white matter is not known. We propose that laminar compartments of the developing cerebral wall serve as spatial framework for axonal growth and evaluate potential of anatomical landmarks for understanding reorganization of the cerebral wall after perinatal lesions. The 3-T MRI (in vivo) and histological analysis were performed in a series of cases ranging from 22 postconceptional weeks to 3 years. For the follow-up scans, three groups of children (control, normotypic, and preterms with lesions) were examined at the term equivalent age and after the first year of life. MRI and histological abnormalities were analyzed in the following compartments: (a) periventricular, with periventricular fiber system; (b) intermediate, with periventricular crossroads, sagittal strata, and centrum semiovale; (c) superficial, composed of gyral white matter, subplate, and cortical plate. Vulnerability of thalamocortical pathways within the crossroads and sagittal strata seems to be characteristic for early preterms, while vulnerability of long association pathways in the centrum semiovale seems to be predominant feature of late preterms. The structural indicator of the lesion of the long association pathways is the loss of delineation between centrum semiovale and subplate remnant, which is possible substrate of the diffuse periventricular leukomalacia. The enhanced difference in MR signal intensity of centrum semiovale and subplate remnant, observed in damaged children after first year, we interpret as structural plasticity of intact short cortico-cortical fibers, which grow postnatally through U-zones and enter the cortex through the subplate remnant. Our findings indicate that radial distribution of MRI signal abnormalities in the cerebral compartments may be related to lesion of different classes of axonal pathways and have prognostic value for predicting the likely outcome of prenatal and perinatal lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivica Kostović
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine , Zagreb , Croatia
| | | | - Vesna Benjak
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Nataša Jovanov-Milošević
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Milan Radoš
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine , Zagreb , Croatia
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420
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Tskitishvili E, Nisolle M, Munaut C, Pequeux C, Gerard C, Noel A, Foidart JM. Estetrol attenuates neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Exp Neurol 2014; 261:298-307. [PMID: 25079370 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Estetrol (E4) is a recently described natural estrogen with four hydroxyl-groups that is synthesized exclusively during pregnancy by the human fetal liver. It has important antioxidative activity. The aim of the present study was to define the importance of E4 in the attenuation of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Antioxidative effect of 650μM, 3.25mM and 6.5mM E4 on primary hippocampal cell cultures was studied before/after H202-induced oxidative stress. To examine oxidative stress and cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase activity and cell proliferation colorimetric assays were performed. To study the neuroprotective and therapeutic effects of E4 in vivo neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy model of 7-day-old newborn rat pups was used. The neuroprotective and therapeutic effects of estetrol before/after hypoxic-ischemic insult was studied in 1mg/kg/day, 5mg/kg/day, 10mg/kg/day, 50mg/kg/day E4 pretreated/treated groups and compared with the sham and the vehicle treated groups. The body temperature of the rat pups was examined along with their body and brain weights. Brains were studied at the level of the hippocampus and cortex. Intact cell counting and expressions of microtubule-associated protein-2, doublecortin and vascular-endothelial growth factor were evaluated by histo- and immunohistochemistry. ELISAs were performed on blood samples to detect concentrations of S100B and glial fibrillary acidic protein as brain damage markers. This work reveals for the first time that E4 significantly decreases LDH activity and enhances cell proliferation in primary hippocampal neuronal cell cultures in vitro, and decreases the early gray matter loss and promotes neuro- and angiogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterine Tskitishvili
- Laboratory of Development Biology and Tumor, GIGA-Cancer, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Liege, CHU, B-23, Avenue de l'Hôpital 3, 4000 Liege 1, Belgium.
| | - Michelle Nisolle
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Liege, CHR de la CITADELLE, Boulevard du 12ème de Ligne, 4000 Liege 1, Belgium.
| | - Carine Munaut
- Laboratory of Development Biology and Tumor, GIGA-Cancer, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Liege, CHU, B-23, Avenue de l'Hôpital 3, 4000 Liege 1, Belgium.
| | - Christel Pequeux
- Laboratory of Development Biology and Tumor, GIGA-Cancer, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Liege, CHU, B-23, Avenue de l'Hôpital 3, 4000 Liege 1, Belgium.
| | - Celine Gerard
- Laboratory of Development Biology and Tumor, GIGA-Cancer, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Liege, CHU, B-23, Avenue de l'Hôpital 3, 4000 Liege 1, Belgium.
| | - Agnes Noel
- Laboratory of Development Biology and Tumor, GIGA-Cancer, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Liege, CHU, B-23, Avenue de l'Hôpital 3, 4000 Liege 1, Belgium.
| | - Jean-Michel Foidart
- Laboratory of Development Biology and Tumor, GIGA-Cancer, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Liege, CHU, B-23, Avenue de l'Hôpital 3, 4000 Liege 1, Belgium.
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421
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Tsai PC, Bake S, Balaraman S, Rawlings J, Holgate RR, Dubois D, Miranda RC. MiR-153 targets the nuclear factor-1 family and protects against teratogenic effects of ethanol exposure in fetal neural stem cells. Biol Open 2014; 3:741-58. [PMID: 25063196 PMCID: PMC4133727 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20147765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethanol exposure during pregnancy is an established cause of birth defects, including neurodevelopmental defects. Most adult neurons are produced during the second trimester-equivalent period. The fetal neural stem cells (NSCs) that generate these neurons are an important but poorly understood target for teratogenesis. A cohort of miRNAs, including miR-153, may serve as mediators of teratogenesis. We previously showed that ethanol decreased, while nicotine increased miR-153 expression in NSCs. To understand the role of miR-153 in the etiology of teratology, we first screened fetal cortical NSCs cultured ex vivo, by microarray and quantitative RT-PCR analyses, to identify cell-signaling mRNAs and gene networks as important miR-153 targets. Moreover, miR-153 over-expression prevented neuronal differentiation without altering neuroepithelial cell survival or proliferation. Analysis of 3'UTRs and in utero over-expression of pre-miR-153 in fetal mouse brain identified Nfia (nuclear factor-1A) and its paralog, Nfib, as direct targets of miR-153. In utero ethanol exposure resulted in a predicted expansion of Nfia and Nfib expression in the fetal telencephalon. In turn, miR-153 over-expression prevented, and partly reversed, the effects of ethanol exposure on miR-153 target transcripts. Varenicline, a partial nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist that, like nicotine, induces miR-153 expression, also prevented and reversed the effects of ethanol exposure. These data collectively provide evidence for a role for miR-153 in preventing premature NSC differentiation. Moreover, they provide the first evidence in a preclinical model that direct or pharmacological manipulation of miRNAs have the potential to prevent or even reverse effects of a teratogen like ethanol on fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pai-Chi Tsai
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807-3260, USA
| | - Shameena Bake
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807-3260, USA
| | - Sridevi Balaraman
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807-3260, USA
| | - Jeremy Rawlings
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807-3260, USA
| | - Rhonda R Holgate
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807-3260, USA
| | - Dustin Dubois
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807-3260, USA
| | - Rajesh C Miranda
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807-3260, USA
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422
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Fallet-Bianco C, Laquerrière A, Poirier K, Razavi F, Guimiot F, Dias P, Loeuillet L, Lascelles K, Beldjord C, Carion N, Toussaint A, Revencu N, Addor MC, Lhermitte B, Gonzales M, Martinovich J, Bessieres B, Marcy-Bonnière M, Jossic F, Marcorelles P, Loget P, Chelly J, Bahi-Buisson N. Mutations in tubulin genes are frequent causes of various foetal malformations of cortical development including microlissencephaly. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2014; 2:69. [PMID: 25059107 PMCID: PMC4222268 DOI: 10.1186/2051-5960-2-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Complex cortical malformations associated with mutations in tubulin genes are commonly referred to as “Tubulinopathies”. To further characterize the mutation frequency and phenotypes associated with tubulin mutations, we studied a cohort of 60 foetal cases. Twenty-six tubulin mutations were identified, of which TUBA1A mutations were the most prevalent (19 cases), followed by TUBB2B (6 cases) and TUBB3 (one case). Three subtypes clearly emerged. The most frequent (n = 13) was microlissencephaly with corpus callosum agenesis, severely hypoplastic brainstem and cerebellum. The cortical plate was either absent (6/13), with a 2–3 layered pattern (5/13) or less frequently thickened (2/13), often associated with neuroglial overmigration (4/13). All cases had voluminous germinal zones and ganglionic eminences. The second subtype was lissencephaly (n = 7), either classical (4/7) or associated with cerebellar hypoplasia (3/7) with corpus callosum agenesis (6/7). All foetuses with lissencephaly and cerebellar hypoplasia carried distinct TUBA1A mutations, while those with classical lissencephaly harbored recurrent mutations in TUBA1A (3 cases) or TUBB2B (1 case). The third group was polymicrogyria-like cortical dysplasia (n = 6), consisting of asymmetric multifocal or generalized polymicrogyria with inconstant corpus callosum agenesis (4/6) and hypoplastic brainstem and cerebellum (3/6). Polymicrogyria was either unlayered or 4-layered with neuronal heterotopias (5/6) and occasional focal neuroglial overmigration (2/6). Three had TUBA1A mutations and 3 TUBB2B mutations. Foetal TUBA1A tubulinopathies most often consist in microlissencephaly or classical lissencephaly with corpus callosum agenesis, but polymicrogyria may also occur. Conversely, TUBB2B mutations are responsible for either polymicrogyria (4/6) or microlissencephaly (2/6).
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423
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Walløe S, Pakkenberg B, Fabricius K. Stereological estimation of total cell numbers in the human cerebral and cerebellar cortex. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:508. [PMID: 25076882 PMCID: PMC4097828 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Our knowledge of the relationship between brain structure and cognitive function is still limited. Human brains and individual cortical areas vary considerably in size and shape. Studies of brain cell numbers have historically been based on biased methods, which did not always result in correct estimates and were often very time-consuming. Within the last 20-30 years, it has become possible to rely on more advanced and unbiased methods. These methods have provided us with information about fetal brain development, differences in cell numbers between men and women, the effect of age on selected brain cell populations, and disease-related changes associated with a loss of function. In that this article concerns normal brain rather than brain disorders, it focuses on normal brain development in humans and age related changes in terms of cell numbers. For comparative purposes a few examples of neocortical neuron number in other mammals are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solveig Walløe
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente Pakkenberg
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katrine Fabricius
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
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424
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Ortinau C, Neil J. The neuroanatomy of prematurity: Normal brain development and the impact of preterm birth. Clin Anat 2014; 28:168-83. [DOI: 10.1002/ca.22430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Ortinau
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston, Massachusetts USA
| | - Jeffrey Neil
- Departments of Neurology and Radiology; Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston, Massachusetts USA
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425
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Arai Y, Pierani A. Development and evolution of cortical fields. Neurosci Res 2014; 86:66-76. [PMID: 24983875 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The neocortex is the brain structure that has been subjected to a major size expansion, in its relative size, during mammalian evolution. It arises from the cortical primordium through coordinated growth of neural progenitor cells along both the tangential and radial axes and their patterning providing spatial coordinates. Functional neocortical areas are ultimately consolidated by environmental influences such as peripheral sensory inputs. Throughout neocortical evolution, cortical areas have become more sophisticated and numerous. This increase in number is possibly involved in the complexification of neocortical function in primates. Whereas extensive divergence of functional cortical fields is observed during evolution, the fundamental mechanisms supporting the allocation of cortical areas and their wiring are conserved, suggesting the presence of core genetic mechanisms operating in different species. We will discuss some of the basic molecular mechanisms including morphogen-dependent ones involved in the precise orchestration of neurogenesis in different cortical areas, elucidated from studies in rodents. Attention will be paid to the role of Cajal-Retzius neurons, which were recently proposed to be migrating signaling units also involved in arealization, will be addressed. We will further review recent works on molecular mechanisms of cortical patterning resulting from comparative analyses between different species during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Arai
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75205 Paris Cedex, France.
| | - Alessandra Pierani
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75205 Paris Cedex, France
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426
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Kirischuk S, Luhmann HJ, Kilb W. Cajal-Retzius cells: update on structural and functional properties of these mystic neurons that bridged the 20th century. Neuroscience 2014; 275:33-46. [PMID: 24931764 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cajal-Retzius cells (CRc) represent a mostly transient neuronal cell type localized in the uppermost layer of the developing neocortex. The observation that CRc are a major source of the extracellular matrix protein reelin, which is essential for the laminar development of the cerebral cortex, attracted the interest in this unique cell type. In this review we will (i) describe the morphological and molecular properties of neocortical CRc, with a special emphasize on the question which markers can be used to identify CRc, (ii) summarize reports that identified the different developmental origins of CRc, (iii) discuss the fate of CRc, including recent evidence for apoptotic cell death and a possible persistence of some CRc, (iv) provide a detailed description of the electrical membrane properties and transmitter receptors of CRc, and (v) address the role of CRc in early neuronal circuits and cortical development. Finally, we speculate whether CRc may provide a link between early network activity and the structural maturation of neocortical circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kirischuk
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - H J Luhmann
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - W Kilb
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
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427
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Kleiber ML, Diehl EJ, Laufer BI, Mantha K, Chokroborty-Hoque A, Alberry B, Singh SM. Long-term genomic and epigenomic dysregulation as a consequence of prenatal alcohol exposure: a model for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Front Genet 2014; 5:161. [PMID: 24917881 PMCID: PMC4040446 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
There is abundant evidence that prenatal alcohol exposure leads to a range of behavioral and cognitive impairments, categorized under the term fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). These disorders are pervasive in Western cultures and represent the most common preventable source of neurodevelopmental disabilities. The genetic and epigenetic etiology of these phenotypes, including those factors that may maintain these phenotypes throughout the lifetime of an affected individual, has become a recent topic of investigation. This review integrates recent data that has progressed our understanding FASD as a continuum of molecular events, beginning with cellular stress response and ending with a long-term “footprint” of epigenetic dysregulation across the genome. It reports on data from multiple ethanol-treatment paradigms in mouse models that identify changes in gene expression that occur with respect to neurodevelopmental timing of exposure and ethanol dose. These studies have identified patterns of genomic alteration that are dependent on the biological processes occurring at the time of ethanol exposure. This review also adds to evidence that epigenetic processes such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNA regulation may underlie long-term changes to gene expression patterns. These may be initiated by ethanol-induced alterations to DNA and histone methylation, particularly in imprinted regions of the genome, affecting transcription which is further fine-tuned by altered microRNA expression. These processes are likely complex, genome-wide, and interrelated. The proposed model suggests a potential for intervention, given that epigenetic changes are malleable and may be altered by postnatal environment. This review accentuates the value of mouse models in deciphering the molecular etiology of FASD, including those processes that may provide a target for the ammelioration of this common yet entirely preventable disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan L Kleiber
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario , London, ON, Canada
| | - Eric J Diehl
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario , London, ON, Canada
| | - Benjamin I Laufer
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario , London, ON, Canada
| | - Katarzyna Mantha
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario , London, ON, Canada
| | | | - Bonnie Alberry
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario , London, ON, Canada
| | - Shiva M Singh
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario , London, ON, Canada
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428
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Gil V, Nocentini S, Del Río JA. Historical first descriptions of Cajal-Retzius cells: from pioneer studies to current knowledge. Front Neuroanat 2014; 8:32. [PMID: 24904301 PMCID: PMC4034043 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Santiago Ramón y Cajal developed a great body of scientific research during the last decade of 19th century, mainly between 1888 and 1892, when he published more than 30 manuscripts. The neuronal theory, the structure of dendrites and spines, and fine microscopic descriptions of numerous neural circuits are among these studies. In addition, numerous cell types (neuronal and glial) were described by Ramón y Cajal during this time using this “reazione nera” or Golgi method. Among these neurons were the special cells of the molecular layer of the neocortex. These cells were also termed Cajal cells or Retzius cells by other colleagues. Today these cells are known as Cajal–Retzius cells. From the earliest description, several biological aspects of these fascinating cells have been analyzed (e.g., cell morphology, physiological properties, origin and cellular fate, putative function during cortical development, etc). In this review we will summarize in a temporal basis the emerging knowledge concerning this cell population with specific attention the pioneer studies of Santiago Ramón y Cajal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Gil
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Parc Científic de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain ; Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Nocentini
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Parc Científic de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain ; Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas Barcelona, Spain
| | - José A Del Río
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Parc Científic de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain ; Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas Barcelona, Spain
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429
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Ma J, Yao XH, Fu Y, Yu YC. Development of Layer 1 Neurons in the Mouse Neocortex. Cereb Cortex 2014; 24:2604-18. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bht114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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430
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Etienne O, Bery A, Roque T, Desmaze C, Boussin FD. Assessing cell cycle progression of neural stem and progenitor cells in the mouse developing brain after genotoxic stress. J Vis Exp 2014. [PMID: 24837791 DOI: 10.3791/51209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons of the cerebral cortex are generated during brain development from different types of neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPC), which form a pseudostratified epithelium lining the lateral ventricles of the embryonic brain. Genotoxic stresses, such as ionizing radiation, have highly deleterious effects on the developing brain related to the high sensitivity of NSPC. Elucidation of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved depends on the characterization of the DNA damage response of these particular types of cells, which requires an accurate method to determine NSPC progression through the cell cycle in the damaged tissue. Here is shown a method based on successive intraperitoneal injections of EdU and BrdU in pregnant mice and further detection of these two thymidine analogues in coronal sections of the embryonic brain. EdU and BrdU are both incorporated in DNA of replicating cells during S phase and are detected by two different techniques (azide or a specific antibody, respectively), which facilitate their simultaneous detection. EdU and BrdU staining are then determined for each NSPC nucleus in function of its distance from the ventricular margin in a standard region of the dorsal telencephalon. Thus this dual labeling technique allows distinguishing cells that progressed through the cell cycle from those that have activated a cell cycle checkpoint leading to cell cycle arrest in response to DNA damage. An example of experiment is presented, in which EdU was injected before irradiation and BrdU immediately after and analyzes performed within the 4 hr following irradiation. This protocol provides an accurate analysis of the acute DNA damage response of NSPC in function of the phase of the cell cycle at which they have been irradiated. This method is easily transposable to many other systems in order to determine the impact of a particular treatment on cell cycle progression in living tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Etienne
- Laboratoire de Radiopathologie, CEA DSV iRCM SCSR; INSERM, U967; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Université Paris Sud, UMR 967
| | - Amandine Bery
- Laboratoire de Radiopathologie, CEA DSV iRCM SCSR; INSERM, U967; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Université Paris Sud, UMR 967
| | - Telma Roque
- Laboratoire de Radiopathologie, CEA DSV iRCM SCSR; INSERM, U967; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Université Paris Sud, UMR 967
| | - Chantal Desmaze
- Laboratoire de Radiopathologie, CEA DSV iRCM SCSR; INSERM, U967; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Université Paris Sud, UMR 967
| | - François D Boussin
- Laboratoire de Radiopathologie, CEA DSV iRCM SCSR; INSERM, U967; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Université Paris Sud, UMR 967;
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431
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Abstract
Over the past several years the pial surface has been identified as a germinal niche of importance during embryonic, perinatal and adult neuro- and gliogenesis, including after injury. However, methods for genetically interrogating these progenitor populations and tracking their lineages had been limited owing to a lack of specificity or time consuming production of viruses. Thus, progress in this region has been relatively slow with only a handful of investigations of this location. Electroporation has been used for over a decade to study neural stem cell properties in the embryo, and more recently in the postnatal brain. Here we describe an efficient, rapid, and simple technique for the genetic manipulation of pial surface progenitors based on an adapted electroporation approach. Pial surface electroporation allows for facile genetic labeling and manipulation of these progenitors, thus representing a time-saving and economical approach for studying these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachelle Levy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
| | - Jessica Molina
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
| | - Moise Danielpour
- Department of Neurosurgery, Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
| | - Joshua J Breunig
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center;
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432
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Volpe JJ. Encephalopathy of congenital heart disease- destructive and developmental effects intertwined. J Pediatr 2014; 164:962-5. [PMID: 24529617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Volpe
- Bronson Crothers Distinguished Professor of Neurology, Harvard Medical School Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
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433
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Prenatal deletion of the RNA-binding protein HuD disrupts postnatal cortical circuit maturation and behavior. J Neurosci 2014; 34:3674-86. [PMID: 24599466 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3703-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The proper functions of cortical circuits are dependent upon both appropriate neuronal subtype specification and their maturation to receive appropriate signaling. These events establish a balanced circuit that is important for learning, memory, emotion, and complex motor behaviors. Recent research points to mRNA metabolism as a key regulator of this development and maturation process. Hu antigen D (HuD), an RNA-binding protein, has been implicated in the establishment of neuronal identity and neurite outgrowth in vitro. Therefore, we investigated the role of HuD loss of function on neuron specification and dendritogenesis in vivo using a mouse model. We found that loss of HuD early in development results in a defective early dendritic overgrowth phase and pervasive deficits in neuron specification in the lower neocortical layers and defects in dendritogenesis in the CA3 region of the hippocampus. Subsequent behavioral analysis revealed a deficit in performance of a hippocampus-dependent task: the Morris water maze. Further, HuD knock-out (KO) mice exhibited lower levels of anxiety than their wild-type counterparts and were overall less active. Last, we found that HuD KO mice are more susceptible to auditory-induced seizures, often resulting in death. Our findings suggest that HuD is necessary for the establishment of neocortical and hippocampal circuitry and is critical for their function.
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434
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Anderson S, Vanderhaeghen P. Cortical neurogenesis from pluripotent stem cells: complexity emerging from simplicity. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2014; 27:151-7. [PMID: 24747604 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The cerebral cortex contains dozens of neuronal subtypes grouped in specific layers and areas. Recent studies have revealed how embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells (PSC) can differentiate into a wide diversity of cortical neurons in vitro, while recapitulating many of the temporal and spatial features that characterize corticogenesis. PSC-derived neurons can integrate into the brain following in vivo transplantation and display patterns of morphology and connectivity specific of cortical neurons. PSC-corticogenesis thus emerges as a robust model that provides new ways to link cortical development, evolution, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart Anderson
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, UPenn School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-5127, United States.
| | - Pierre Vanderhaeghen
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), WELBIO, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IRIBHM), and ULB Institute of Neuroscience (UNI), 808 Route de Lennik, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium.
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435
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Thinking out of the dish: what to learn about cortical development using pluripotent stem cells. Trends Neurosci 2014; 37:334-42. [PMID: 24745669 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of the cerebral cortex requires the tightly coordinated generation of dozens of neuronal subtypes that will populate specific layers and areas. Recent studies have revealed how pluripotent stem cells (PSC), whether of mouse or human origin, can differentiate into a wide range of cortical neurons in vitro, which can integrate appropriately into the brain following in vivo transplantation. These models are largely artificial but recapitulate a substantial fraction of the complex temporal and regional patterning events that occur during in vivo corticogenesis. Here, we review these findings with emphasis on the new perspectives that they have brought for understanding of cortical development, evolution, and diseases.
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436
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Rossini L, Medici V, Tassi L, Cardinale F, Tringali G, Bramerio M, Villani F, Spreafico R, Garbelli R. Layer-specific gene expression in epileptogenic type II focal cortical dysplasia: normal-looking neurons reveal the presence of a hidden laminar organization. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2014; 2:45. [PMID: 24735483 PMCID: PMC4023625 DOI: 10.1186/2051-5960-2-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type II focal cortical dysplasias (FCDs) are malformations of cortical development characterised by the disorganisation of the normal neocortical structure and the presence of dysmorphic neurons (DNs) and balloon cells (BCs). The pathogenesis of FCDs has not yet been clearly established, although a number of histopathological patterns and molecular findings suggest that they may be due to abnormal neuronal and glial proliferation and migration processes.In order to gain further insights into cortical layering disruption and investigate the origin of DNs and BCs, we used in situ RNA hybridisation of human surgical specimens with a neuropathologically definite diagnosis of Type IIa/b FCD and a panel of layer-specific genes (LSGs) whose expression covers all cortical layers. We also used anti-phospho-S6 ribosomal protein antibody to investigate mTOR pathway hyperactivation. RESULTS LSGs were expressed in both normal and abnormal cells (BCs and DNs) but their distribution was different. Normal-looking neurons, which were visibly reduced in the core of the lesion, were apparently located in the appropriate cortical laminae thus indicating a partial laminar organisation. On the contrary, DNs and BCs, labelled with anti-phospho-S6 ribosomal protein antibody, were spread throughout the cortex without any apparent rule and showed a highly variable LSG expression pattern. Moreover, LSGs did not reveal any differences between Type IIa and IIb FCD. CONCLUSION These findings suggest the existence of hidden cortical lamination involving normal-looking neurons, which retain their ability to migrate correctly in the cortex, unlike DNs which, in addition to their morphological abnormalities and mTOR hyperactivation, show an altered migratory pattern.Taken together these data suggest that an external or environmental hit affecting selected precursor cells during the very early stages of cortical development may disrupt normal cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rossini
- Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, Istituto Neurologico “C. Besta”, Via Amadeo 42, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Valentina Medici
- Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, Istituto Neurologico “C. Besta”, Via Amadeo 42, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Tassi
- C. Munari Epilepsy Surgery Centre, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Tringali
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Neurologico “C. Besta”, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Flavio Villani
- Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, Istituto Neurologico “C. Besta”, Via Amadeo 42, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Spreafico
- Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, Istituto Neurologico “C. Besta”, Via Amadeo 42, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Rita Garbelli
- Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, Istituto Neurologico “C. Besta”, Via Amadeo 42, 20133 Milano, Italy
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437
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Charvet CJ. Distinct developmental growth patterns account for the disproportionate expansion of the rostral and caudal isocortex in evolution. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:190. [PMID: 24782736 PMCID: PMC3986531 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In adulthood, the isocortex of several species is characterized by a gradient in neurons per unit of cortical surface area with fewer neurons per unit of cortical surface area in the rostral pole relative to the caudal pole. A gradient in neurogenesis timing predicts differences in neurons across the isocortex: neurons per unit of cortical surface area are fewer rostrally, where neurogenesis duration is short, and higher caudally where neurogenesis duration is longer. How species differences in neurogenesis duration impact cortical progenitor cells across its axis is not known. I estimated progenitor cells per unit of ventricular area across the rostro-caudal axis of the isocortex in cats (Felis catus) and in dogs (Canis familiaris) mostly before layers VI-II neurons are generated. I also estimated the ventricular length across the rostro-caudal axis at various stages of development in both species. These two species were chosen because neurogenesis duration in dogs is extended compared with cats. Caudally, cortical progenitors expand more tangentially and in numbers in dogs compared with cats. Rostrally, the cortical proliferative zone expands more tangentially in dogs compared with cats. However, the tangential expansion in the rostral cortical proliferative zone occurs without a concomitant increase in progenitor cell numbers. The tangential expansion of the ventricular surface in the rostral cortex is mediated by a reduction in cell density. These different developmental growth patterns account for the disproportionate expansion of the rostral (i.e., frontal cortex) and caudal cortex (e.g., primary visual cortex) when neurogenesis duration lengthens in evolution.
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438
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Mirzaa G, Parry DA, Fry AE, Giamanco KA, Schwartzentruber J, Vanstone M, Logan CV, Roberts N, Johnson CA, Singh S, Kholmanskikh SS, Adams C, Hodge RD, Hevner RF, Bonthron DT, Braun KPJ, Faivre L, Rivière JB, St-Onge J, Gripp KW, Mancini GM, Pang K, Sweeney E, van Esch H, Verbeek N, Wieczorek D, Steinraths M, Majewski J, Boycot KM, Pilz DT, Ross ME, Dobyns WB, Sheridan EG. De novo CCND2 mutations leading to stabilization of cyclin D2 cause megalencephaly-polymicrogyria-polydactyly-hydrocephalus syndrome. Nat Genet 2014; 46:510-515. [PMID: 24705253 PMCID: PMC4004933 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ghayda Mirzaa
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington; and Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - David A Parry
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Andrew E Fry
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kristin A Giamanco
- Neurogenetics and Development, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | | | - Megan Vanstone
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Clare V Logan
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Nicola Roberts
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Colin A Johnson
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Shawn Singh
- Neurogenetics and Development, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Stanislav S Kholmanskikh
- Neurogenetics and Development, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Carissa Adams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington; and Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Rebecca D Hodge
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington; and Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Robert F Hevner
- Departments of Neurological Surgery and Pathology, University of Washington; and Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle
| | - David T Bonthron
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Kees P J Braun
- Department of Child Neurology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Laurence Faivre
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs, Hôpital d'Enfants, CHU Dijon, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon F-21000, France
| | | | - Judith St-Onge
- Université de Bourgogne Equipe GAD, EA 4271 Dijon F-21000 France
| | - Karen W Gripp
- Division of Medical Genetics, A. I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware
| | - Grazia Ms Mancini
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Expertise Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ki Pang
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Elizabeth Sweeney
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Hilde van Esch
- Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Herestraat, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nienke Verbeek
- Department of Medical Genetics, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dagmar Wieczorek
- Institut fur Humangenetik, Universitatsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Michelle Steinraths
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jacek Majewski
- Mcgill University and Genome Quebec Innovation centre, Montreal, QC H3A 1A4, Canada
| | | | - Kym M Boycot
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniela T Pilz
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - M Elizabeth Ross
- Neurogenetics and Development, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - William B Dobyns
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington; and Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Eamonn G Sheridan
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
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439
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Miller JA, Ding SL, Sunkin SM, Smith KA, Ng L, Szafer A, Ebbert A, Riley ZL, Royall JJ, Aiona K, Arnold JM, Bennet C, Bertagnolli D, Brouner K, Butler S, Caldejon S, Carey A, Cuhaciyan C, Dalley RA, Dee N, Dolbeare TA, Facer BAC, Feng D, Fliss TP, Gee G, Goldy J, Gourley L, Gregor BW, Gu G, Howard RE, Jochim JM, Kuan CL, Lau C, Lee CK, Lee F, Lemon TA, Lesnar P, McMurray B, Mastan N, Mosqueda N, Naluai-Cecchini T, Ngo NK, Nyhus J, Oldre A, Olson E, Parente J, Parker PD, Parry SE, Stevens A, Pletikos M, Reding M, Roll K, Sandman D, Sarreal M, Shapouri S, Shapovalova NV, Shen EH, Sjoquist N, Slaughterbeck CR, Smith M, Sodt AJ, Williams D, Zöllei L, Fischl B, Gerstein MB, Geschwind DH, Glass IA, Hawrylycz MJ, Hevner RF, Huang H, Jones AR, Knowles JA, Levitt P, Phillips JW, Sestan N, Wohnoutka P, Dang C, Bernard A, Hohmann JG, Lein ES. Transcriptional landscape of the prenatal human brain. Nature 2014; 508:199-206. [PMID: 24695229 PMCID: PMC4105188 DOI: 10.1038/nature13185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 864] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The anatomical and functional architecture of the human brain is largely determined by prenatal transcriptional processes. We describe an anatomically comprehensive atlas of mid-gestational human brain, including de novo reference atlases, in situ hybridization, ultra-high resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and microarray analysis on highly discrete laser microdissected brain regions. In developing cerebral cortex, transcriptional differences are found between different proliferative and postmitotic layers, wherein laminar signatures reflect cellular composition and developmental processes. Cytoarchitectural differences between human and mouse have molecular correlates, including species differences in gene expression in subplate, although surprisingly we find minimal differences between the inner and human-expanded outer subventricular zones. Both germinal and postmitotic cortical layers exhibit fronto-temporal gradients, with particular enrichment in frontal lobe. Finally, many neurodevelopmental disorder and human evolution-related genes show patterned expression, potentially underlying unique features of human cortical formation. These data provide a rich, freely-accessible resource for understanding human brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A Miller
- 1] Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA [2]
| | - Song-Lin Ding
- 1] Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA [2]
| | - Susan M Sunkin
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Kimberly A Smith
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Lydia Ng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Aaron Szafer
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Amanda Ebbert
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Zackery L Riley
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Joshua J Royall
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Kaylynn Aiona
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - James M Arnold
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Crissa Bennet
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | | | - Krissy Brouner
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Stephanie Butler
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Shiella Caldejon
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Anita Carey
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | | | - Rachel A Dalley
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Nick Dee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Tim A Dolbeare
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | | | - David Feng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Tim P Fliss
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Garrett Gee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Jeff Goldy
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Lindsey Gourley
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | | | - Guangyu Gu
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Robert E Howard
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Jayson M Jochim
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Chihchau L Kuan
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Christopher Lau
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Chang-Kyu Lee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Felix Lee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Tracy A Lemon
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Phil Lesnar
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Bergen McMurray
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Naveed Mastan
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Nerick Mosqueda
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Theresa Naluai-Cecchini
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, 1959 North East Pacific Street, Box 356320, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Nhan-Kiet Ngo
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Julie Nyhus
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Aaron Oldre
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Eric Olson
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Jody Parente
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Patrick D Parker
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Sheana E Parry
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Allison Stevens
- 1] Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA [2] Computer Science and AI Lab, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Mihovil Pletikos
- Department of Neurobiology and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Melissa Reding
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Kate Roll
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - David Sandman
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Melaine Sarreal
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Sheila Shapouri
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | | | - Elaine H Shen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Nathan Sjoquist
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | | | - Michael Smith
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Andy J Sodt
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Derric Williams
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Lilla Zöllei
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Bruce Fischl
- 1] Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA [2] Computer Science and AI Lab, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Mark B Gerstein
- 1] Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA [2] Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology and Semel Institute David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Ian A Glass
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, 1959 North East Pacific Street, Box 356320, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | | | - Robert F Hevner
- 1] Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA [2] Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA
| | - Hao Huang
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Allan R Jones
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - James A Knowles
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Pat Levitt
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, California 90027, USA [2] Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - John W Phillips
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Nenad Sestan
- Department of Neurobiology and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Paul Wohnoutka
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Chinh Dang
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Amy Bernard
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - John G Hohmann
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Ed S Lein
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
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440
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Guerra M. Neural stem cells: are they the hope of a better life for patients with fetal-onset hydrocephalus? Fluids Barriers CNS 2014; 11:7. [PMID: 24685106 PMCID: PMC4002203 DOI: 10.1186/2045-8118-11-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
I was honored to be awarded the Casey Holter Essay Prize in 2013 by the Society for Research into Hydrocephalus and Spina Bifida. The purpose of the prize is to encourage original thinking in a way to improve the care of individuals with spina bifida and hydrocephalus. Having kept this purpose in mind, I have chosen the title: Neural stem cells, are they the hope of a better life for patients with fetal-onset hydrocephalus? The aim is to review and discuss some of the most recent and relevant findings regarding mechanisms leading to both hydrocephalus and abnormal neuro/gliogenesis. By looking at these outcome studies, it is hoped that we will recognize the potential use of neural stem cells in the treatment of hydrocephalus, and so prevent the disease or diminish/repair the associated brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Guerra
- Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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441
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Stoner R, Chow ML, Boyle MP, Sunkin SM, Mouton PR, Roy S, Wynshaw-Boris A, Colamarino SA, Lein ES, Courchesne E. Patches of disorganization in the neocortex of children with autism. N Engl J Med 2014; 370:1209-1219. [PMID: 24670167 PMCID: PMC4499461 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1307491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 479] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism involves early brain overgrowth and dysfunction, which is most strongly evident in the prefrontal cortex. As assessed on pathological analysis, an excess of neurons in the prefrontal cortex among children with autism signals a disturbance in prenatal development and may be concomitant with abnormal cell type and laminar development. METHODS To systematically examine neocortical architecture during the early years after the onset of autism, we used RNA in situ hybridization with a panel of layer- and cell-type-specific molecular markers to phenotype cortical microstructure. We assayed markers for neurons and glia, along with genes that have been implicated in the risk of autism, in prefrontal, temporal, and occipital neocortical tissue from postmortem samples obtained from children with autism and unaffected children between the ages of 2 and 15 years. RESULTS We observed focal patches of abnormal laminar cytoarchitecture and cortical disorganization of neurons, but not glia, in prefrontal and temporal cortical tissue from 10 of 11 children with autism and from 1 of 11 unaffected children. We observed heterogeneity between cases with respect to cell types that were most abnormal in the patches and the layers that were most affected by the pathological features. No cortical layer was uniformly spared, with the clearest signs of abnormal expression in layers 4 and 5. Three-dimensional reconstruction of layer markers confirmed the focal geometry and size of patches. CONCLUSIONS In this small, explorative study, we found focal disruption of cortical laminar architecture in the cortexes of a majority of young children with autism. Our data support a probable dysregulation of layer formation and layer-specific neuronal differentiation at prenatal developmental stages. (Funded by the Simons Foundation and others.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rich Stoner
- University of California, San Diego, Autism Center of Excellence (R.S., M.L.C., M.P.B., E.C.), and the Departments of Neuroscience (R.S., M.L.C., M.P.B., S.R., E.C.) and Pathology (S.R.), University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla; Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle (M.P.B., S.M.S., E.S.L.); the Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida School of Medicine and Alzheimer's Institute and Research Center, Tampa (P.R.M.); the Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland (A.W.-B.); and the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (S.A.C.)
| | - Maggie L Chow
- University of California, San Diego, Autism Center of Excellence (R.S., M.L.C., M.P.B., E.C.), and the Departments of Neuroscience (R.S., M.L.C., M.P.B., S.R., E.C.) and Pathology (S.R.), University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla; Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle (M.P.B., S.M.S., E.S.L.); the Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida School of Medicine and Alzheimer's Institute and Research Center, Tampa (P.R.M.); the Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland (A.W.-B.); and the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (S.A.C.)
| | - Maureen P Boyle
- University of California, San Diego, Autism Center of Excellence (R.S., M.L.C., M.P.B., E.C.), and the Departments of Neuroscience (R.S., M.L.C., M.P.B., S.R., E.C.) and Pathology (S.R.), University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla; Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle (M.P.B., S.M.S., E.S.L.); the Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida School of Medicine and Alzheimer's Institute and Research Center, Tampa (P.R.M.); the Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland (A.W.-B.); and the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (S.A.C.)
| | - Susan M Sunkin
- University of California, San Diego, Autism Center of Excellence (R.S., M.L.C., M.P.B., E.C.), and the Departments of Neuroscience (R.S., M.L.C., M.P.B., S.R., E.C.) and Pathology (S.R.), University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla; Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle (M.P.B., S.M.S., E.S.L.); the Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida School of Medicine and Alzheimer's Institute and Research Center, Tampa (P.R.M.); the Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland (A.W.-B.); and the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (S.A.C.)
| | - Peter R Mouton
- University of California, San Diego, Autism Center of Excellence (R.S., M.L.C., M.P.B., E.C.), and the Departments of Neuroscience (R.S., M.L.C., M.P.B., S.R., E.C.) and Pathology (S.R.), University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla; Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle (M.P.B., S.M.S., E.S.L.); the Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida School of Medicine and Alzheimer's Institute and Research Center, Tampa (P.R.M.); the Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland (A.W.-B.); and the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (S.A.C.)
| | - Subhojit Roy
- University of California, San Diego, Autism Center of Excellence (R.S., M.L.C., M.P.B., E.C.), and the Departments of Neuroscience (R.S., M.L.C., M.P.B., S.R., E.C.) and Pathology (S.R.), University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla; Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle (M.P.B., S.M.S., E.S.L.); the Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida School of Medicine and Alzheimer's Institute and Research Center, Tampa (P.R.M.); the Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland (A.W.-B.); and the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (S.A.C.)
| | - Anthony Wynshaw-Boris
- University of California, San Diego, Autism Center of Excellence (R.S., M.L.C., M.P.B., E.C.), and the Departments of Neuroscience (R.S., M.L.C., M.P.B., S.R., E.C.) and Pathology (S.R.), University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla; Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle (M.P.B., S.M.S., E.S.L.); the Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida School of Medicine and Alzheimer's Institute and Research Center, Tampa (P.R.M.); the Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland (A.W.-B.); and the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (S.A.C.)
| | - Sophia A Colamarino
- University of California, San Diego, Autism Center of Excellence (R.S., M.L.C., M.P.B., E.C.), and the Departments of Neuroscience (R.S., M.L.C., M.P.B., S.R., E.C.) and Pathology (S.R.), University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla; Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle (M.P.B., S.M.S., E.S.L.); the Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida School of Medicine and Alzheimer's Institute and Research Center, Tampa (P.R.M.); the Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland (A.W.-B.); and the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (S.A.C.)
| | - Ed S Lein
- University of California, San Diego, Autism Center of Excellence (R.S., M.L.C., M.P.B., E.C.), and the Departments of Neuroscience (R.S., M.L.C., M.P.B., S.R., E.C.) and Pathology (S.R.), University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla; Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle (M.P.B., S.M.S., E.S.L.); the Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida School of Medicine and Alzheimer's Institute and Research Center, Tampa (P.R.M.); the Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland (A.W.-B.); and the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (S.A.C.)
| | - Eric Courchesne
- University of California, San Diego, Autism Center of Excellence (R.S., M.L.C., M.P.B., E.C.), and the Departments of Neuroscience (R.S., M.L.C., M.P.B., S.R., E.C.) and Pathology (S.R.), University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla; Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle (M.P.B., S.M.S., E.S.L.); the Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida School of Medicine and Alzheimer's Institute and Research Center, Tampa (P.R.M.); the Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland (A.W.-B.); and the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (S.A.C.)
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442
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Kanungo S, Soares N, He M, Steiner RD. Sterol metabolism disorders and neurodevelopment-an update. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 17:197-210. [PMID: 23798009 DOI: 10.1002/ddrr.1114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol has numerous quintessential functions in normal cell physiology, as well as in embryonic and postnatal development. It is a major component of cell membranes and myelin, and is a precursor of steroid hormones and bile acids. The development of the blood brain barrier likely around 12-18 weeks of human gestation makes the developing embryonic/fetal brain dependent on endogenous cholesterol synthesis. Known enzyme defects along the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway result in a host of neurodevelopmental and behavioral findings along with CNS structural anomalies. In this article, we review sterol synthesis disorders in the pre- and post-squalene pathway highlighting neurodevelopmental aspects that underlie the clinical presentations and course of Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome (SLOS), mevalonic aciduria (MVA) or the milder version hyper-immunoglobulinemia D and periodic fever syndrome (HIDS), Antley-Bixler syndrome with genital anomalies and disordered steroidogenesis (ABS1), congenital hemidysplasia with icthyosiform nevus and limb defects (CHILD) syndrome, CK syndrome, sterol C4 methyl oxidase (SC4MOL) deficiency, X-linked dominant chondrodysplasia punctata 2(CDPX2)/ Conradi Hunermann syndrome, lathosterolosis and desmosterolosis, We also discuss current controversies and share thoughts on future directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibani Kanungo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pennsylvania, USA
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Bjørnbak C, Brøchner CB, Larsen LA, Johansen JS, Møllgård K. Brain barriers and a subpopulation of astroglial progenitors of developing human forebrain are immunostained for the glycoprotein YKL-40. J Histochem Cytochem 2014; 62:369-88. [PMID: 24595665 DOI: 10.1369/0022155414528514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
YKL-40, a glycoprotein involved in cell differentiation, has been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders, angiogenesis, neuroinflammation and glioblastomas. We evaluated YKL-40 protein distribution in the early human forebrain using double-labeling immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry. Immunoreactivity was detected in neuroepithelial cells, radial glial end feet, leptomeningeal cells and choroid plexus epithelial cells. The subpial marginal zone was YKL-40-positive, particularly in the hippocampus, from an early beginning stage in its development. Blood vessels in the intermediate and subventricular zones showed specific YKL-40 reactivity confined to pericytes. Furthermore, a population of YKL-40-positive, small, rounded cells was identified in the ventricular and subventricular zones. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed strong YKL-40 mRNA expression in the leptomeninges and the choroid plexuses, and weaker expression in the telencephalic wall. Immunohistochemistry revealed a differential distribution of YKL-40 across the zones of the developing telencephalic wall. We show that YKL-40 is associated with sites of the brain barrier systems and propose that it is involved in controlling local angiogenesis and access of peripheral cells to the forebrain via secretion from leptomeningeal cells, choroid plexus epithelium and pericytes. Furthermore, we suggest that the small, rounded, YKL-40-positive cells represent a subpopulation of astroglial progenitors, and that YKL-40 could be involved in the differentiation of a particular astrocytic lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Bjørnbak
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (CB,CBB,LAL,KM), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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444
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Site- and stage-dependent differences in vascular density of the human fetal brain. Childs Nerv Syst 2014; 30:399-409. [PMID: 24005801 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-013-2272-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Less information is available about site-dependent differences in fetal intrabrain angiogenesis. Quantitative evaluation is especially limited, with the measured area limited to the cerebral gray and white matters and the periventricular germinal matrix. PATIENTS AND METHODS We measured vascular density (number of vessels per square millimeter) and percent vascular area (percentage of areas occupied by vessels) of CD34-positive microvessels in 14 human fetal brains, including 4 fetuses at 14-16 weeks of gestation, 5 at 25-28 weeks, and 5 at 35-37 weeks. Site-dependent differences were examined among the cerebral cortex, thalamus, internal capsule, corpus callosum, ganglionic eminence, midbrain, and cerebellar cortex and nuclei. RESULTS The parameters examined tended to be high in the cerebral germinal matrix, thalamus, midbrain, and cerebellum. Significant site-dependent differences were observed: lower vascular densities were observed in the internal capsule and corpus callosum than in other parts of the brain (p < 0.05) and a larger percent area was observed in the cerebellar nuclei than in other areas. Vascular density was higher during the early than late stage because of the larger numbers of CD34-positive islands of cells in the early stage, although there were several exceptions. Percent area was not stage dependent but was almost constant at many sites. CONCLUSION Consequently, except for developing nuclei, the prenatal development of intrabrain vessels after 15 weeks may proceed without any significant changes in density.
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445
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Pogledic I, Kostovic I, Fallet-Bianco C, Adle-Biassette H, Gressens P, Verney C. Involvement of the subplate zone in preterm infants with periventricular white matter injury. Brain Pathol 2014; 24:128-41. [PMID: 25003178 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of periventricular white matter injury (PWMI) in preterm infants suggest the involvement of the transient cortical subplate zone. We studied the cortical wall of noncystic and cystic PWMI cases and controls. Non-cystic PWMI corresponded to diffuse white matter lesions, the predominant injury currently detected by imaging. Glial cell populations were analyzed in post-mortem human frontal lobes from very preterm [24–29 postconceptional weeks (pcw)] and preterm infants (30–34 pcw) using immunohistochemistry for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), monocarboxylate transporter 1(MCT1), ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1), CD68 and oligodendrocyte lineage (Olig2). Glial activation extended into the subplate in non-cystic PWMI but was restricted to the white matter in cystic PWMI. Two major age-related and laminar differences were observed in non-cystic PWMI: in very preterm cases, activated microglial cells were increased and extended into the subplate adjacent to the lesion, whereas in preterm cases, an astroglial reaction was seen not only in the subplate but throughout the cortical plate. There were no differences in Olig2-positive pre-oligodendrocytes in the subplate inPWMI cases compared with controls. The involvement of gliosis in the deep subplate supports the concept of the complex cellular vulnerability of the subplate zone during the preterm period and may explain widespread changes in magnetic resonance signal intensity in early PWMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Pogledic
- Inserm U676, Paris; Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Medical School, University of Zagreb, Zagreb
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446
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Parikshak NN, Luo R, Zhang A, Won H, Lowe JK, Chandran V, Horvath S, Geschwind DH. Integrative functional genomic analyses implicate specific molecular pathways and circuits in autism. Cell 2014; 155:1008-21. [PMID: 24267887 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 717] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Genetic studies have identified dozens of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) susceptibility genes, raising two critical questions: (1) do these genetic loci converge on specific biological processes, and (2) where does the phenotypic specificity of ASD arise, given its genetic overlap with intellectual disability (ID)? To address this, we mapped ASD and ID risk genes onto coexpression networks representing developmental trajectories and transcriptional profiles representing fetal and adult cortical laminae. ASD genes tightly coalesce in modules that implicate distinct biological functions during human cortical development, including early transcriptional regulation and synaptic development. Bioinformatic analyses suggest that translational regulation by FMRP and transcriptional coregulation by common transcription factors connect these processes. At a circuit level, ASD genes are enriched in superficial cortical layers and glutamatergic projection neurons. Furthermore, we show that the patterns of ASD and ID risk genes are distinct, providing a biological framework for further investigating the pathophysiology of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelroop N Parikshak
- Program in Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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447
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Studholme C, Rousseau F. Quantifying and modelling tissue maturation in the living human fetal brain. Int J Dev Neurosci 2014; 32:3-10. [PMID: 23831076 PMCID: PMC4396985 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in medical imaging are beginning to allow us to quantify brain tissue maturation in the growing human brain prior to normal term age, and are beginning to shed new light on early human brain growth. These advances compliment the work already done in cellular level imaging in animal and post mortem studies of brain development. The opportunities for collaborative research that bridges the gap between macroscopic and microscopic windows on the developing brain are significant. The aim of this paper is to provide a review of the current research into MR imaging of the living fetal brain with the aim of motivating improved interfaces between the two fields. The review begins with a description of faster MRI techniques that are capable of freezing motion of the fetal head during the acquisition of a slice, and how these have been combined with advanced post-processing algorithms to build 3D images from motion scattered slices. Such rich data has motivated the development of techniques to automatically label developing tissue zones within MRI data allowing their quantification in 3D and 4D within the normally growing fetal brain. These methods have provided the basis for later work that has created the first maps of tissue growth rate and cortical folding in normally developing brains in-utero. These measurements provide valuable findings that compliment those derived from post-mortem anatomy, and additionally allow for the possibility of larger population studies of the influence of maternal environmental and genes on early brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Studholme
- BICG, Departments of Pediatrics, Bioengineering, Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
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448
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Reduced brain cortical folding in schizophrenia revealed in two independent samples. Schizophr Res 2014; 152:333-8. [PMID: 24365403 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The cerebral cortex is highly convoluted, and principal folding patterns are determined early in life. Degree of cortical folding in adult life may index aberrations in brain development. Results from previous studies of cortical folding in schizophrenia are inconsistent. Here we investigated cortical folding patterns in the hitherto largest sample of patients with schizophrenia drawn from two independent cohorts. Magnetic resonance imaging scans were acquired from 207 patients and 206 healthy subjects recruited to two separate research projects in Sweden and Norway. Local gyrification index (lGI) was estimated continuously across the cortex using automated methods. Group differences in lGI were analyzed using general linear models. Patients had lower lGI in three large clusters of the cortex with peak differences found in the left precentral gyrus, right middle temporal gyrus, and right precuneus. Similar, although not completely overlapping results were found when the two cohorts were analyzed separately. There were no significant interaction effects between age and diagnosis and gender and diagnosis. The finding of reduced degree of folding in large regions of the cerebral cortex across two independent samples indicates that reduced gyrification is an inherent feature of the brain pathology in schizophrenia.
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449
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Chan SY, Hancox LA, Martín-Santos A, Loubière LS, Walter MNM, González AM, Cox PM, Logan A, McCabe CJ, Franklyn JA, Kilby MD. MCT8 expression in human fetal cerebral cortex is reduced in severe intrauterine growth restriction. J Endocrinol 2014; 220:85-95. [PMID: 24204008 PMCID: PMC3921694 DOI: 10.1530/joe-13-0400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The importance of the thyroid hormone (TH) transporter, monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8), to human neurodevelopment is highlighted by findings of severe global neurological impairment in subjects with MCT8 (SLC16A2) mutations. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), usually due to uteroplacental failure, is associated with milder neurodevelopmental deficits, which have been partly attributed to dysregulated TH action in utero secondary to reduced circulating fetal TH concentrations and decreased cerebral thyroid hormone receptor expression. We postulate that altered MCT8 expression is implicated in this pathophysiology; therefore, in this study, we sought to quantify changes in cortical MCT8 expression with IUGR. First, MCT8 immunohistochemistry was performed on occipital and parietal cerebral cortex sections obtained from appropriately grown for gestational age (AGA) human fetuses between 19 weeks of gestation and term. Secondly, MCT8 immunostaining in the occipital cortex of stillborn IUGR human fetuses at 24-28 weeks of gestation was objectively compared with that in the occipital cortex of gestationally matched AGA fetuses. Fetuses demonstrated widespread MCT8 expression in neurons within the cortical plate and subplate, in the ventricular and subventricular zones, in the epithelium of the choroid plexus and ependyma, and in microvessel wall. When complicated by IUGR, fetuses showed a significant fivefold reduction in the percentage area of cortical plate immunostained for MCT8 compared with AGA fetuses (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in the proportion of subplate microvessels immunostained. Cortical MCT8 expression was negatively correlated with the severity of IUGR indicated by the brain:liver weight ratios (r(2)=0.28; P<0.05) at post-mortem. Our results support the hypothesis that a reduction in MCT8 expression in the IUGR fetal brain could further compromise TH-dependent brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiao Y Chan
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of BirminghamEdgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TTUK
- Correspondence should be addressed to S Y Chan;
| | - Laura A Hancox
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of BirminghamEdgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TTUK
| | - Azucena Martín-Santos
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of BirminghamEdgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TTUK
| | - Laurence S Loubière
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of BirminghamEdgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TTUK
| | - Merlin N M Walter
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of BirminghamEdgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TTUK
| | - Ana-Maria González
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of BirminghamEdgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TTUK
| | - Phillip M Cox
- Department of PathologyBirmingham Women's NHS Foundation TrustEdgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TGUK
| | - Ann Logan
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of BirminghamEdgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TTUK
| | - Christopher J McCabe
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of BirminghamEdgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TTUK
| | - Jayne A Franklyn
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of BirminghamEdgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TTUK
| | - Mark D Kilby
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of BirminghamEdgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TTUK
- Fetal Medicine Centre, Birmingham Women's NHS Foundation TrustEdgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TGUK
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450
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Luhmann HJ, Kirischuk S, Sinning A, Kilb W. Early GABAergic circuitry in the cerebral cortex. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2014; 26:72-8. [PMID: 24434608 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2013.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In the cerebral cortex GABAergic signaling plays an important role in regulating early developmental processes, for example, neurogenesis, migration and differentiation. Transient cell populations, namely Cajal-Retzius in the marginal zone and thalamic input receiving subplate neurons, are integrated as active elements in transitory GABAergic circuits. Although immature pyramidal neurons receive GABAergic synaptic inputs already at fetal stages, they are integrated into functional GABAergic circuits only several days later. In consequence, GABAergic synaptic transmission has only a minor influence on spontaneous network activity during early corticogenesis. Concurrent with the gradual developmental shift of GABA action from excitatory to inhibitory and the maturation of cortical synaptic connections, GABA becomes more important in synchronizing neuronal network activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko J Luhmann
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Sergei Kirischuk
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Anne Sinning
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Werner Kilb
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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