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Milos RI, Schmidbauer V, Watzenboeck ML, Stuhr F, Gruber GM, Mitter C, Dovjak GO, Milković-Periša M, Kostovic I, Jovanov-Milošević N, Kasprian G, Prayer D. T1-weighted fast fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery sequence (T1-FFLAIR) enables the visualization and quantification of fetal brain myelination in utero. Eur Radiol 2023:10.1007/s00330-023-10401-z. [PMID: 38019312 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-023-10401-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the advantage of T1-weighted fast fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery MRI sequence without (T1-FFLAIR) and with compressed sensing technology (T1-FFLAIR-CS), which shows improved T1-weighted contrast, over standard used T1-weighted fast field echo (T1-FFE) sequence for the assessment of fetal myelination. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective single-center study included 115 consecutive fetal brain MRI examinations (63 axial and 76 coronal, mean gestational age (GA) 28.56 ± 5.23 weeks, range 19-39 weeks). Two raters, blinded to GA, qualitatively assessed a fetal myelin total score (MTS) on each T1-weighted sequence at five brain regions (medulla oblongata, pons, mesencephalon, thalamus, central region). One rater performed region-of-interest quantitative analysis (n = 61) at the same five brain regions. Pearson correlation analysis was applied for correlation of MTS and of the signal intensity ratios (relative to muscle) with GA on each T1-weighted sequence. Fetal MRI-based results were compared with myelination patterns of postmortem fetal human brains (n = 46; GA 18 to 42), processed by histological and immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS MTS positively correlated with GA on all three sequences (all r between 0.802 and 0.908). The signal intensity ratios measured at the five brain regions correlated best with GA on T1-FFLAIR (r between 0.583 and 0.785). T1-FFLAIR demonstrated significantly better correlations with GA than T1-FFE for both qualitative and quantitative analysis (all p < 0.05). Furthermore, T1-FFLAIR enabled the best visualization of myelinated brain structures when compared to histology. CONCLUSION T1-FFLAIR outperforms the standard T1-FFE sequence in the visualization of fetal brain myelination, as demonstrated by qualitative and quantitative methods. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT T1-weighted fast fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery sequence (T1-FFLAIR) provided best visualization and quantification of myelination in utero that, in addition to the relatively short acquisition time, makes feasible its routine application in fetal MRI for the assessment of brain myelination. KEY POINTS • So far, the assessment of fetal myelination in utero was limited due to the insufficient contrast. • T1-weighted fast fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery sequence allows a qualitative and quantitative assessment of fetal brain myelination. • T1-weighted fast fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery sequence outperforms the standard used T1-weighted sequence for visualization and quantification of myelination in utero.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxandra-Iulia Milos
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Victor Schmidbauer
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin L Watzenboeck
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedrich Stuhr
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerlinde Maria Gruber
- Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, 3500, Krems, Austria
| | - Christian Mitter
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor O Dovjak
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marija Milković-Periša
- Department of Pathology and Cytology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Petrova 13, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivica Kostovic
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nataša Jovanov-Milošević
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gregor Kasprian
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Prayer
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Menassa DA, Muntslag TAO, Martin-Estebané M, Barry-Carroll L, Chapman MA, Adorjan I, Tyler T, Turnbull B, Rose-Zerilli MJJ, Nicoll JAR, Krsnik Z, Kostovic I, Gomez-Nicola D. The spatiotemporal dynamics of microglia across the human lifespan. Dev Cell 2022; 57:2127-2139.e6. [PMID: 35977545 PMCID: PMC9616795 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Microglia, the brain’s resident macrophages, shape neural development and are key neuroimmune hubs in the pathological signatures of neurodevelopmental disorders. Despite the importance of microglia, their development has not been carefully examined in the human brain, and most of our knowledge derives from rodents. We aimed to address this gap in knowledge by establishing an extensive collection of 97 post-mortem tissues in order to enable quantitative, sex-matched, detailed analysis of microglia across the human lifespan. We identify the dynamics of these cells in the human telencephalon, describing waves in microglial density across gestation, infancy, and childhood, controlled by a balance of proliferation and apoptosis, which track key neurodevelopmental milestones. These profound changes in microglia are also observed in bulk RNA-seq and single-cell RNA-seq datasets. This study provides a detailed insight into the spatiotemporal dynamics of microglia across the human lifespan and serves as a foundation for elucidating how microglia contribute to shaping neurodevelopment in humans. A roadmap of microglial dynamics across the human lifespan The density of microglial cells follows a wave-like pattern during development Microglial fluctuations are spatiotemporally linked to key neurodevelopmental hallmarks
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Menassa
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Tim A O Muntslag
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Martin-Estebané
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Liam Barry-Carroll
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A Chapman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Istvan Adorjan
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Teadora Tyler
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bethany Turnbull
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | - James A R Nicoll
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Zeljka Krsnik
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb Medical School, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivica Kostovic
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb Medical School, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Diego Gomez-Nicola
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
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Carroll L, Braeutigam S, Dawes JM, Krsnik Z, Kostovic I, Coutinho E, Dewing JM, Horton CA, Gomez-Nicola D, Menassa DA. Autism Spectrum Disorders: Multiple Routes to, and Multiple Consequences of, Abnormal Synaptic Function and Connectivity. Neuroscientist 2020; 27:10-29. [PMID: 32441222 PMCID: PMC7804368 DOI: 10.1177/1073858420921378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a heterogeneous group of
neurodevelopmental disorders of genetic and environmental etiologies.
Some ASD cases are syndromic: associated with clinically defined
patterns of somatic abnormalities and a neurobehavioral phenotype
(e.g., Fragile X syndrome). Many cases, however, are idiopathic or
non-syndromic. Such disorders present themselves during the early
postnatal period when language, speech, and personality start to
develop. ASDs manifest by deficits in social communication and
interaction, restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior across
multiple contexts, sensory abnormalities across multiple modalities
and comorbidities, such as epilepsy among many others. ASDs are
disorders of connectivity, as synaptic dysfunction is common to both
syndromic and idiopathic forms. While multiple theories have been
proposed, particularly in idiopathic ASDs, none address why certain
brain areas (e.g., frontotemporal) appear more vulnerable than others
or identify factors that may affect phenotypic specificity. In this
hypothesis article, we identify possible routes leading to, and the
consequences of, altered connectivity and review the evidence of
central and peripheral synaptic dysfunction in ASDs. We postulate that
phenotypic specificity could arise from aberrant experience-dependent
plasticity mechanisms in frontal brain areas and peripheral sensory
networks and propose why the vulnerability of these areas could be
part of a model to unify preexisting pathophysiological theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Carroll
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Sven Braeutigam
- Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - John M Dawes
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Zeljka Krsnik
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Centre of Research Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivica Kostovic
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Centre of Research Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ester Coutinho
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jennifer M Dewing
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
| | - Christopher A Horton
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Diego Gomez-Nicola
- Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - David A Menassa
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK.,Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Popovitchenko T, Park Y, Page NF, Luo X, Krsnik Z, Liu Y, Salamon I, Stephenson JD, Kraushar ML, Volk NL, Patel SM, Wijeratne HRS, Li D, Suthar KS, Wach A, Sun M, Arnold SJ, Akamatsu W, Okano H, Paillard L, Zhang H, Buyske S, Kostovic I, De Rubeis S, Hart RP, Rasin MR. Translational derepression of Elavl4 isoforms at their alternative 5' UTRs determines neuronal development. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1674. [PMID: 32245946 PMCID: PMC7125149 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15412-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopment requires precise regulation of gene expression, including post-transcriptional regulatory events such as alternative splicing and mRNA translation. However, translational regulation of specific isoforms during neurodevelopment and the mechanisms behind it remain unknown. Using RNA-seq analysis of mouse neocortical polysomes, here we report translationally repressed and derepressed mRNA isoforms during neocortical neurogenesis whose orthologs include risk genes for neurodevelopmental disorders. We demonstrate that the translation of distinct mRNA isoforms of the RNA binding protein (RBP), Elavl4, in radial glia progenitors and early neurons depends on its alternative 5' UTRs. Furthermore, 5' UTR-driven Elavl4 isoform-specific translation depends on upstream control by another RBP, Celf1. Celf1 regulation of Elavl4 translation dictates development of glutamatergic neurons. Our findings reveal a dynamic interplay between distinct RBPs and alternative 5' UTRs in neuronal development and underscore the risk of post-transcriptional dysregulation in co-occurring neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Popovitchenko
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers University, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Graduate Program in Neurosciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Yongkyu Park
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers University, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Nicholas F Page
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers University, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Xiaobing Luo
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers University, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Zeljka Krsnik
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Center of Research Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers University, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Graduate Program in Neurosciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Iva Salamon
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers University, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Graduate Program in Neurosciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Center of Research Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
| | - Jessica D Stephenson
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers University, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Matthew L Kraushar
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers University, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Graduate Program in Neurosciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Nicole L Volk
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers University, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Sejal M Patel
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers University, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - H R Sagara Wijeratne
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers University, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Diana Li
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers University, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Kandarp S Suthar
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers University, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Aaron Wach
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers University, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Miao Sun
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers University, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Sebastian J Arnold
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, D-79104, Germany
| | - Wado Akamatsu
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Luc Paillard
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes)-UMR 6290, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Huaye Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers University, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Steven Buyske
- Department of Statistics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Ivica Kostovic
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Center of Research Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
| | - Silvia De Rubeis
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Pl, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Seaver Autism Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Ronald P Hart
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Mladen-Roko Rasin
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers University, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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Vasung L, Raguz M, Kostovic I, Takahashi E. Spatiotemporal Relationship of Brain Pathways during Human Fetal Development Using High-Angular Resolution Diffusion MR Imaging and Histology. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:348. [PMID: 28744187 PMCID: PMC5504538 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to identify major fiber pathways and their spatiotemporal relationships within transient fetal zones in the human fetal brain by comparing postmortem high-angular resolution diffusion MR imaging (HARDI) in combination with deterministic streamline tractography and histology. Diffusion weighted imaging was performed on postmortem human fetal brains [N = 9, age = 18–34 post-conceptual weeks (PCW)] that were grossly normal with no pathologic abnormalities. After HARDI was performed, the fibers were reconstructed using Q-ball algorithm and deterministic streamline tractography. The position of major fiber pathways within transient fetal zones was identified both on diffusion weighted images and on histological sections. Our major findings include: (1) the development of massive projection fibers by 18 PCW, as compared to most association fibers (with the exception of limbic fibers) which have only begun to emerge, (2) the characteristic laminar distribution and sagittal plane geometry of reconstructed fibers throughout development, (3) the protracted prenatal development shown of the corpus collosum and its' associated fibers, as well as the association fibers, and (4) the predomination of radial coherence in the telencephalon (i.e., majority of streamlines in the telencephalic wall were radially oriented) during early prenatal period (24 PCW). In conclusion, correlation between histology and HARDI (in combination with Q-ball reconstruction and deterministic streamline tractography) allowed us to detect sequential development of fiber systems (projection, callosal, and association), their spatial relations with transient fetal zones, and their geometric properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Vasung
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, United States
| | - Marina Raguz
- School of Medicine, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of ZagrebZagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivica Kostovic
- School of Medicine, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of ZagrebZagreb, Croatia
| | - Emi Takahashi
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, United States
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Vasung L, Lepage C, Radoš M, Pletikos M, Goldman JS, Richiardi J, Raguž M, Fischi-Gómez E, Karama S, Huppi PS, Evans AC, Kostovic I. Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Transient Fetal Compartments during Prenatal Human Brain Development. Front Neuroanat 2016; 10:11. [PMID: 26941612 PMCID: PMC4764715 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2016.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebral wall of the human fetal brain is composed of transient cellular compartments, which show characteristic spatiotemporal relationships with intensity of major neurogenic events (cell proliferation, migration, axonal growth, dendritic differentiation, synaptogenesis, cell death, and myelination). The aim of the present study was to obtain new quantitative data describing volume, surface area, and thickness of transient compartments in the human fetal cerebrum. Forty-four postmortem fetal brains aged 13–40 postconceptional weeks (PCW) were included in this study. High-resolution T1 weighted MR images were acquired on 19 fetal brain hemispheres. MR images were processed using in-house software (MNI-ACE toolbox). Delineation of fetal compartments was performed semi-automatically by co-registration of MRI with histological sections of the same brains, or with the age-matched brains from Zagreb Neuroembryological Collection. Growth trajectories of transient fetal compartments were reconstructed. The composition of telencephalic wall was quantitatively assessed. Between 13 and 25 PCW, when the intensity of neuronal proliferation decreases drastically, the relative volume of proliferative (ventricular and subventricular) compartments showed pronounced decline. In contrast, synapse- and extracellular matrix-rich subplate compartment continued to grow during the first two trimesters, occupying up to 45% of telencephalon and reaching its maximum volume and thickness around 30 PCW. This developmental maximum coincides with a period of intensive growth of long cortico-cortical fibers, which enter and wait in subplate before approaching the cortical plate. Although we did not find significant age related changes in mean thickness of the cortical plate, the volume, gyrification index, and surface area of the cortical plate continued to exponentially grow during the last phases of prenatal development. This cortical expansion coincides developmentally with the transformation of embryonic cortical columns, dendritic differentiation, and ingrowth of axons. These results provide a quantitative description of transient human fetal brain compartments observable with MRI. Moreover, they will improve understanding of structural-functional relationships during brain development, will enable correlation between in vitro/in vivo imaging and fine structural histological studies, and will serve as a reference for study of perinatal brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Vasung
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of ZagrebZagreb, Croatia; Division of Development and Growth, Department of Pediatrics, University of GenevaGeneva, Switzerland
| | - Claude Lepage
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics, McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Milan Radoš
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mihovil Pletikos
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of ZagrebZagreb, Croatia; Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of MedicineNew Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jennifer S Goldman
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics, McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jonas Richiardi
- Laboratory of Neurology and Imaging of Cognition, Department of Neuroscience, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marina Raguž
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Elda Fischi-Gómez
- Division of Development and Growth, Department of Pediatrics, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sherif Karama
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics, McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Petra S Huppi
- Division of Development and Growth, Department of Pediatrics, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alan C Evans
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics, McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ivica Kostovic
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb Zagreb, Croatia
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Pogledic I, Kostovic I, Fallet-Bianco C, Adle-Biassette H, Gressens P, Verney C. Involvement of the subplate zone in preterm infants with periventricular white matter injury. Brain Pathol 2014; 24:128-41. [PMID: 25003178 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of periventricular white matter injury (PWMI) in preterm infants suggest the involvement of the transient cortical subplate zone. We studied the cortical wall of noncystic and cystic PWMI cases and controls. Non-cystic PWMI corresponded to diffuse white matter lesions, the predominant injury currently detected by imaging. Glial cell populations were analyzed in post-mortem human frontal lobes from very preterm [24–29 postconceptional weeks (pcw)] and preterm infants (30–34 pcw) using immunohistochemistry for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), monocarboxylate transporter 1(MCT1), ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1), CD68 and oligodendrocyte lineage (Olig2). Glial activation extended into the subplate in non-cystic PWMI but was restricted to the white matter in cystic PWMI. Two major age-related and laminar differences were observed in non-cystic PWMI: in very preterm cases, activated microglial cells were increased and extended into the subplate adjacent to the lesion, whereas in preterm cases, an astroglial reaction was seen not only in the subplate but throughout the cortical plate. There were no differences in Olig2-positive pre-oligodendrocytes in the subplate inPWMI cases compared with controls. The involvement of gliosis in the deep subplate supports the concept of the complex cellular vulnerability of the subplate zone during the preterm period and may explain widespread changes in magnetic resonance signal intensity in early PWMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Pogledic
- Inserm U676, Paris; Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Medical School, University of Zagreb, Zagreb
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Jovanov Milošević N, Judaš M, Aronica E, Kostovic I. Neural ECM in laminar organization and connectivity development in healthy and diseased human brain. Progress in Brain Research 2014; 214:159-78. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63486-3.00007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Bregant T, Rados M, Vasung L, Derganc M, Evans AC, Neubauer D, Kostovic I. Region-specific reduction in brain volume in young adults with perinatal hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2013; 17:608-14. [PMID: 23746926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A severe form of perinatal hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) carries a high risk of perinatal death and severe neurological sequelae while in mild HIE only discrete cognitive disorders may occur. AIM To compare total brain volumes and region-specific cortical measurements between young adults with mild-moderate perinatal HIE and a healthy control group of the same age. METHODS MR imaging was performed in a cohort of 14 young adults (9 males, 5 females) with a history of mild or moderate perinatal HIE. The control group consisted of healthy participants, matched with HIE group by age and gender. Volumetric analysis was done after the processing of MR images using a fully automated CIVET pipeline. We measured gyrification indexes, total brain volume, volume of grey and white matter, and of cerebrospinal fluid. We also measured volume, thickness and area of the cerebral cortex in the parietal, occipital, frontal, and temporal lobe, and of the isthmus cinguli, parahippocampal and cingulated gyrus, and insula. RESULTS The HIE patient group showed smaller absolute volumetric data. Statistically significant (p < 0.05) reductions of gyrification index in the right hemisphere, of cortical areas in the right temporal lobe and parahippocampal gyrus, of cortical volumes in the right temporal lobe and of cortical thickness in the right isthmus of the cingulate gyrus were found. Comparison between the healthy group and the HIE group of the same gender showed statistically significant changes in the male HIE patients, where a significant reduction was found in whole brain volume; left parietal, bilateral temporal, and right parahippocampal gyrus cortical areas; and bilateral temporal lobe cortical volume. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis of total brain volumes and region-specific corticometric parameters suggests that mild-moderate forms of perinatal HIE lead to reductions in whole brain volumes. In the study reductions were most pronounced in temporal lobe and parahippocampal gyrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Bregant
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Bohoriceva 20, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Huang H, Jeon T, Sedmak G, Pletikos M, Vasung L, Xu X, Yarowsky P, Richards LJ, Kostovic I, Sestan N, Mori S. Coupling diffusion imaging with histological and gene expression analysis to examine the dynamics of cortical areas across the fetal period of human brain development. Cereb Cortex 2012; 23:2620-31. [PMID: 22933464 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As a prominent component of the human fetal brain, the structure of the cerebral wall is characterized by its laminar organization which includes the radial glial scaffold during fetal development. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is useful to quantitatively delineate the microstructure of the developing brain and to clearly identify transient fetal layers in the cerebral wall. In our study, the spatio-temporal microstructural changes in the developing human fetal cerebral wall were quantitatively characterized with high-resolution DTI data of postmortem fetal brains from 13 to 21 gestational weeks. Eleven regions of interest for each layer in the entire cerebral wall were included. Distinctive time courses of microstructural changes were revealed for 11 regions of the neocortical plate. A histological analysis was also integrated to elucidate the relationship between DTI fractional anisotropy (FA) and histology. High FA values correlated with organized radial architecture in histological image. Expression levels of 17565 genes were quantified for each of 11 regions of human fetal neocortex from 13 to 21 gestational weeks to identify transcripts showing significant correlation with FA change. These correlations suggest that the heterogeneous and regionally specific microstructural changes of the human neocortex are related to different gene expression patterns.
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Bregant T, Rados M, Derganc M, Neubauer D, Kostovic I. Pineal cysts - a benign consequence of mild hypoxia in a near-term brain? Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2011; 32:663-666. [PMID: 22167146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pineal cysts are benign glial uniloculated or multiloculated fluid-filled sacs located in the pineal gland region. Small pineal cysts are often found incidentally in healthy adults in 1.5-10.8%. Large cysts may cause neurological problems due to pressure exertion on adjacent structures. METHODS We have used prospective, observational study of an inception cohort of 16 adolescents of mean age 21.69 years (SD=±0.87) with mild (68.7%) to moderate (31.3%) HIE: 7 girls (43.8%) and 9 (56.3%) boys, born with mean gestational age of 35.75 weeks (SD=±3.80) and mean birthweight of 2 644 g (SD=±815). HIE was confirmed by presence of abnormal CTG and/or meconium and/or Apgar scores less than 7 at 5 minutes and/or need for resuscitation and/or cord pH less than 7.2 and /or BE more than -15. The clinical assessment of HIE was done according to the Sarnat-Sarnat scoring. Neonatal data, including EEG and imaging data, were collected. Adolescents were scanned with 3T Magnetom Trio Tim, Siemens, head coil 12 channels, regular sequences and sagittal 3D magnetization-prepared rapid acquisition gradient echo (MPRAGE) sequence with voxel size 1 mm3. Neurological outcome was determined. RESULTS In 1 patient we found cortical dysplasia and 1 had a panic attack hence their data were omitted. In the group of 14 we have incidentally found in 5 patients a larger, asymptomatic pineal cysts with the overall incidence of 36%. Other MR findings in the group were in 50% white matter injury, in 50% thinner corpus callosum. No statistically significant difference between neonatal cUS and late follow-up MRI (p=0.881) was found. Correlation was not significant with Spearman correlation coefficient 0.201. Presence of pineal cysts was linked to thinner corpus callosum (p=0.005). CONCLUSIONS We propose that larger pineal cyst, in the absence of other imaging findings except for thinner corpus callosum, is a benign consequence of mild hypoxia in a near-term brain. Our findings warrant a larger study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Bregant
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Defelipe J, Fields RD, Hof PR, Höistad M, Kostovic I, Meyer G, Rockland KS. Cortical white matter: beyond the pale remarks, main conclusions and discussion. Front Neuroanat 2010; 4:4. [PMID: 20428509 PMCID: PMC2859874 DOI: 10.3389/neuro.05.004.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Defelipe
- Laboratorio de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid and Instituto Cajal (CSIC) Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Although substantial evidence indicates that the progression of pathological changes of the neuronal cytoskeleton is crucial in determining the severity of dementia in Alzheimer's disease (AD), the exact causes and evolution of these changes, the initial site at which they begin, and the neuronal susceptibility levels for their development are poorly understood. The current clinical criteria for diagnosis of AD are focused mostly on cognitive deficits produced by dysfunction of hippocampal and high-order neocortical areas, whereas noncognitive, behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia such as disturbances in mood, emotion, appetite, and wake-sleep cycle, confusion, agitation and depression have been less considered. The early occurrence of these symptoms suggests brainstem involvement, and more specifically of the serotonergic nuclei. In spite of the fact that the Braak and Braak staging system and National Institutes of Aging - Reagan Institute (NIA-RI) criteria do not include their evaluation, several recent reports drew attention to the possibility of selective and early involvement of raphe nuclei, particularly the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), in the pathogenesis of AD. Based on these findings of differential susceptibility and anatomical connectivity, a novel pathogenetic scheme of AD progression was proposed. Although the precise mechanisms of neurofibrillary degeneration still await elucidation, we speculated that cumulative oxidative damage may be the main cause of DRN alterations, as the age is the main risk factor for sporadic AD. Within such a framework, beta-amyloid production is considered only as one of the factors (although a significant one in familial cases) that promotes molecular series of events underlying AD-related neuropathological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Simic
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Medical School Zagreb, Croatia.
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14
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Abstract
The development of the cerebral cortex, white matter microstructure, and the basal ganglia can be well characterized using structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this review, we analyzed structural in vitro MRI studies of transient cellular cerebral zones that are sites of neurogenetic events (proliferation, migration, cell aggregation, growth of axonal pathways, myelinization, and synaptogenesis). During early fetal life, from 9-13 postconceptional weeks, a thick, densely packed cellular ventricular/subventricular zone and ganglionic eminence indicate intensive proliferation of neuroepithelial stem cells. During the mid and late fetal phase, other cellular zones also became discernable: (1) the intermediate zone as a migratory and axonal growth zone; (2) the subplate zone as a synaptic, extracellular matrix-rich "waiting" compartment; and (3) the cell-dense cortical plate with postmigratory neurons. The preterm phase is characterized by the growth of cortical, thalamic, and striatal pathways; formation of white matter segments; and stratification within the subplate. Thalamocortical fibers cause lamination in the cortical plate, which leads to the formation of a substrate of sensory input. Preterm cerebral immaturity is characterized by considerable extracellular space at sites of axonal growth and a delineable subplate. The intensity of axonal growth, together with a high, gradient-dependent requirement for axonal guidance, forms a substrate for selective vulnerability of specific segments of cerebral white matter in the preterm brain. In summary, the combination of in vitro MRI, histologic analysis, and in vivo MRI is a promising new approach for studying the etiology and treatment of developmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivica Kostovic
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
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16
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Abstract
Transitional neuronal layers are a hallmark of the prenatal and neonatal brain yet their contribution to the development of higher functions is not clear. Evidence accumulated over the last 3 decades shows that early connectivity and functional activity start in a transitional layer called the subplate zone (SPZ). The SPZ is host to a heterogeneous population of neurons and its evolutionary complexity peaked in the human brain. In this issue of Cerebral Cortex, three reports (Hoerder-Suabedissen et al., 2008; McKellar and Shatz, 2008; Moore et al., 2008) present new data and evidence in three species (mouse, rat, human) as to the function of the SPZ, to the heterogeneity of its cellular composition, and to the genetic basis of its development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert E Ayoub
- Department of Neurobiology and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Kostovic I, Judas M. Prolonged coexistence of transient and permanent circuitry elements in the developing cerebral cortex of fetuses and preterm infants. Dev Med Child Neurol 2006; 48:388-93. [PMID: 16608549 DOI: 10.1017/s0012162206000831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2006] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to evaluate correlative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histological parameters of development of cortical afferents during pathfinding and target selection in transient fetal cerebral laminas in human fetuses and preterm infants. The transient fetal subplate zone, situated between the fetal white matter (i.e. intermediate zone) and the cortical plate, is the crucial laminar compartment for development of thalamocortical and corticocortical afferents. The prolonged coexistence of transient (endogenously active) and permanent (sensory-driven) circuitry within the transient fetal zones is a salient feature of the fetal and preterm cortex; this transient circuitry is the substrate of cerebral functions in preterm infants. Another transient aspect of organization of developing fibre pathways is the abundance of extracellular matrix and guidance molecules in periventricular crossroads of projection and corticocortical pathways. Both the subplate zone and periventricular crossroads are visible on MRI in vivo and in vitro. Hypoxic-ischaemic lesions of periventricular crossroads are the substrate for motor, sensory, and cognitive deficits after focal periventricular leukomalacia (PVL). Lesions of distal portions of the white matter and the subplate zone are the substrate for diffuse PVL. The neuronal elements in transient fetal zones form a developmental potential for plasticity after perinatal cerebral lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivica Kostovic
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
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19
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Judas M, Rados M, Jovanov-Milosevic N, Hrabac P, Stern-Padovan R, Kostovic I. Structural, immunocytochemical, and mr imaging properties of periventricular crossroads of growing cortical pathways in preterm infants. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2005; 26:2671-84. [PMID: 16286422 PMCID: PMC7976217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Periventricular white matter (WM) areas are widely recognized as predilection sites for complex cellular damage after ischemia/reperfusion or inflammatory injury of the perinatal cerebrum. We analyzed histochemical and MR imaging properties of fiber architectonics and extracellular matrix (ECM) of periventricular areas to disclose the potential significance of topographically specific WM lesions for the neurodevelopmental outcome. METHODS We combined histochemical methods for demonstration of fibers, axonal guidance molecules, and ECM with T1-weighted MR images on postmortem specimens aged 15 to 36 postovulatory weeks (POW) and T2-weighted MR images on in vivo fetuses aged 14 to 26 POW. RESULTS The fiber architectonics of the fetal cerebrum display tangential axon strata in frontopolar and occipitopolar regions, whereas the central periventricular region contains crossroads of intersecting callosal (transverse), associative (sagittal), and thalamocortical/corticofugal (radial) fiber bundles. In early preterms, crossroads contain hydrophylic ECM with axonal guidance molecules, and they are easily recognized as hypointensities on T1-weighted MR images or hyperintensities on T2-weighted MR images. After the 28 POW, tangential fetal fiber-architectonic stratification transforms into the corona radiata system; however, the growth of cortical pathways continues in crossroad areas, as indicated by the presence of ECM and their distinct MR imaging signal intensities. CONCLUSIONS The correlation of MR imaging with histochemical findings demonstrated the presence of periventricular fiber crossroads rich in ECM and axonal guidance molecules. We propose that, in perinatal WM lesions, periventricular WM crossroads represent a hitherto unrecognized and vulnerable cellular and topographic target in which combined damage of association-commissural and projection fibers may explain the complexity of cognitive, sensory, and motor deficit in survivors of periventricular WM lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Judas
- Section for Developmental Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Zagreb, Croatia
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Simic G, Bexheti S, Kelovic Z, Kos M, Grbic K, Hof PR, Kostovic I. Hemispheric asymmetry, modular variability and age-related changes in the human entorhinal cortex. Neuroscience 2005; 130:911-25. [PMID: 15652989 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The verrucae areae entorhinalis (VAE) are a characteristic feature of the human brain that occupy the anterior and posterolateral parts of the parahippocampal gyri and correspond to the islands of layer II neurons. We analyzed VAE in 60 neurologically normal subjects ranging from 23 to 85 years of age using a casting method. In 10 of these subjects the total number of neurons in the entorhinal islands was estimated stereologically using the optical fractionator. The number and surface area of VAE were higher in the left hemisphere compared with the right, and this leftward asymmetry was highly significant. Regression analysis showed a negative correlation between average VAE area and age in both hemispheres, representing a rate loss of about 800 microm2 per year. The estimated number of neurons obtained with the optical fractionator showed no significant difference between the left and the right hemisphere (468,000+/-144,000 vs. 405,000+/-117,000). There was a highly significant negative correlation between neuron numbers and age in both sides. In addition, clusters of small, undifferentiated layer II neurons ('heterotopias') were frequently observed in the rostral part of the entorhinal cortex in young and elderly adults. Layer II entorhinal neurons are among the first to show neurofibrillary changes during normal aging. The present data confirm the occurrence of age-related neuron loss in the entorhinal cortex. Considering the consistent projections from ipsilateral auditory association areas that, together with Broca's motor-speech area (Brodmann areas 44 and 45), show leftward asymmetry from early infancy (such as Brodmann area 22, planum temporale, and area 52 in the long insular gyrus), we speculate that functional lateralization of the human entorhinal cortex may be associated with specialization for memory processing related to language. Due to the dependence of hippocampal formation on entorhinal projections, this finding is also consistent with the greater capacity of the left hippocampus for verbal episodic memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Simic
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Zagreb University Medical School, Salata 12, Zagreb 10000, Croatia.
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Chan WY, Kostovic I, Takashima S, Feldhaus C, Stoltenburg-Didinger G, Verney C, Yew D, Ulfig N. Normal and Abnormal Development of the Human Cerebral Cortex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1159/000054267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Simic G, Lucassen PJ, Krsnik Z, Kruslin B, Kostovic I, Winblad B. nNOS expression in reactive astrocytes correlates with increased cell death related DNA damage in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex in Alzheimer's disease. Exp Neurol 2000; 165:12-26. [PMID: 10964481 DOI: 10.1006/exnr.2000.7448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The immunocytochemical distribution of the neuronal form of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) was compared with neuropathological changes and with cell death related DNA damage (as revealed by in situ end labeling, ISEL) in the hippocampal formation and entorhinal cortex of 12 age-matched control subjects and 12 Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Unlike controls, numerous nNOS-positive reactive astrocytes were found in AD patients around beta-amyloid plaques in CA1 and subiculum and at the places of clear and overt neuron loss, particularly in the entorhinal cortex layer II and CA4. This is the first evidence of nNOS-like immunoreactivity in reactive astrocytes in AD. In contrast to controls, in all but one AD subject, large numbers of ISEL-positive neuronal nuclei and microglial cells were found in the CA1 and CA4 regions and subiculum. Semiquantitative analysis showed that neuronal DNA fragmentation in AD match with the distribution of nNOS-expressing reactive astroglial cells in CA1 (r = 0.74, P < 0.01) and CA4 (r = 0.58, P < 0.05). A portion of the nNOS-positive CA2/CA3 pyramidal neurons was found to be spared even in the most affected hippocampi. A significant inverse correlation between nNOS expression and immunoreactivity to abnormally phosphorylated tau proteins (as revealed by AT8 monoclonal antibody) in perikarya of these CA2/3 neurons (r = -0.85, P < 0.01) suggests that nNOS expression may provide selective resistance to neuronal degeneration in AD. In conclusion, our results imply that an upregulated production of NO by reactive astrocytes may play a key role in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Simic
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
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23
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Simic G, Seso-Simic D, Lucassen PJ, Islam A, Krsnik Z, Cviko A, Jelasic D, Barisic N, Winblad B, Kostovic I, Kruslin B. Ultrastructural analysis and TUNEL demonstrate motor neuron apoptosis in Werdnig-Hoffmann disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2000; 59:398-407. [PMID: 10888370 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/59.5.398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Werdnig-Hoffmann disease (WHD) is the most severe clinical type of spinal muscular atrophy characterized by loss of lower motor neurons and paralysis. We examined the hypothesis that disease pathogenesis is based on an inappropriate persistence of normally occurring motor neuron programmed cell death. The diagnosis of WHD was made on the basis of clinical findings, electromyoneurography, and biopsy, and further confirmed by mutation analysis of the survival motor neuron (SMN) and neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein (NAIP) genes using PCR. We used ultrastructural analysis as well as TUNEL and ISEL methods to assess DNA fragmentation, and immunocytochemistry to identify expression of the apoptosis-related proteins bcl-2 and p53. A significant number of motor neurons in the spinal cord of children with WHD were shown to die by apoptosis. As revealed by TUNEL, dying neurons in WHD patients comprised 0.2%-6.4% of the neuron numbers counted. This finding contradicts earlier studies that failed to find such evidence and suggests that early blockade of prolonged motor neuron apoptosis may be a potential therapeutic strategy for WHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Simic
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Department of Neuroanatomy, Medical School Zagreb
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Abstract
In adult primate visual cortex, the calcium-binding proteins calbindin (CB) and parvalbumin (PV) are localized in different subsets of GABAergic neurons with a characteristic laminar distribution. However, the emergence and development of CB and PV in relation to the periods of functional maturation of the human visual cortex are not known. Therefore, we examined (i) postnatal changes in the distribution of immunoreactivity (ir) for CB and PV in the visual cortex; (ii) the pattern of changes in immunoreactivity in relation to the synaptic maturation; and (iii) differences in the maturation of CB and PV immunoreactivity between areas 17 and 18. We found a consistently high expression of CB in neonatal visual cortex, particularly in layer IV and infragranular layers. However, despite an early appearance of PV, its peak in development occurred only after 2 months of age, characterized by a transient overexpression in the thalamo-recipient layer IV and a continuous inside-out maturation in supragranular layers. The neonatal pattern of high CB-ir in layers IV-VI was transformed during infancy and childhood into an adult pattern of high CB-ir in layer II, but low CB-ir in layer IV and infragranular layers. There was no difference in pattern and tempo of maturation of calcium-binding proteins between area 17 and 18, indicating simultaneous development of cortical inhibitory circuits among cytoarchitectonically and functionally distinct cortical areas. In addition, the reorganization of CB/PV expression temporally and spatially coincides with the course of cortical synaptogenesis, and delineates the major stages of maturation of the human visual cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Letinic
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Republic of Croatia.
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Kostovic I, Judas M. Transient patterns of organization of the human fetal brain. Croat Med J 1998; 39:107-14. [PMID: 9575264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fetal development of the human brain is characterized by continuous transformations and reorganization of the fetal telencephalic wall which consists of transient, cytoarchitectonically defined cellular compartments, the so-called embryonic/fetal zones. The cellular and fiber content of these zones is permanently changing, so that fetal neuronal circuitry elements (afferent fibers, synapses, and postsynaptic neurons) display transient patterns of areal, laminar, and modular organization. In the late human fetus and preterm infant, transient patterns of structural and physiological organization form the basis of transient behavioral states and patterns of activity. The transient subplate zone is a key compartment for transient fetal neuronal circuitry, and competitive cellular interactions within the subplate zone are crucial for the areal specification of the cerebral cortex and the formation of cortical connectivity. The subplate zone may also have a key role in cortical repair and plasticity after perinatal brain lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kostovic
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Zagreb University School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
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Abstract
A Rehabilitation Information System was created in July 1993 in order to register war victims in need of physical rehabilitation all over Croatia. The system is currently operating and presented data covers the period from July 1991 to July 1995. Approximately 15,000 questionnaires had been completed and returned from medical institutions on in total 8589 disabled war victims in need of rehabilitation. People with severe disabilities comprised about 20% of all in need of rehabilitation. Those reported injured were 3.5 times more than those in need of physical rehabilitation. Most common types of injuries were fractures with a permanent disabling condition (3109 persons), peripheral nerve injuries (1213 persons) and amputations (956 persons). Traumatic brain injuries were registered for 594 and spinal cord injuries for 262 persons. Causes of injuries were explosive devices (such as mines, mortar shell shrapnel, etc.) in 37% of cases, bullets in 22%, accidents in 7%, other (such as fire, blast injuries, etc.) and unknown causes in 34%.
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Abstract
The intention of this paper is to describe the organizational principles and indicate the results already achieved in the identification of war victims in Croatia. By 25 February 1993, 6,493 victims had been identified. A model is proposed that could be used in the course of identification processes, examining the methods and principles of identification which have been complicated by the time interval of more than a year from the time of death, for a presumed number of several thousand (up to 14,000) unidentified victims, possibly in mass graves. Identification is further complicated by the lack of ante-mortem medical and dental records and the incapacity to utilize more expensive methods of identification. Attention is drawn to a group of more complex cases examined at the Institute of Forensic Medicine and Criminology.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Strinovic
- Institute for Forensic Medicine & Criminology, Medical School, Zagreb, Croatia
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Mrzljak L, Uylings HB, Kostovic I, van Eden CG. Prenatal development of neurons in the human prefrontal cortex. II. A quantitative Golgi study. J Comp Neurol 1992; 316:485-96. [PMID: 1577996 DOI: 10.1002/cne.903160408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The quantitative development of neurons in the human dorsolateral and lateral prefrontal cortex was studied in Golgi-impregnated tissue from postmortem brains ranging from 13.5 weeks of gestation up to the second postnatal month. Pyramidal neurons in the future layers III and V of the cortical plate, as well as different types of neurons in the transient subplate zone, were studied. The basal dendrites of the future layer III and V pyramidal neurons show a slow increase during the first two-thirds of the period of gestation. From 27-32 weeks of gestation on, there is a rapid increase in the length of basal dendrites of layer III and V pyramidal neurons, while the number of basal dendrites per pyramidal neuron appears to stabilize at 26/27 weeks of gestation. The increase in total length of basal dendrites per pyramidal neuron is mainly due to an increase in the number of bifurcations and the growth of terminal segments. Throughout the whole period studied, the size of the layer III pyramidal basal dendritic tree was smaller than that of layer V pyramidal neurons. Thus, not until postnatal life do the layer III pyramidal basal dendrites become larger than those of layer V. No statistically significant differences were found for data of the pyramidal neurons between the superior and middle frontal gyri. The dendritic size of subplate neurons, except for the subplate inverted pyramidal neurons, significantly exceeds the size of the basal dendrites of the pyramidal neurons up to the seventh gestational month, which indicates an earlier maturation of these subplate neurons. During the period examined, no clear decrease in the size of the subplate neurons was observed. The present study shows that the dendritic parameters of either subplate or cortical plate pyramidal neurons rapidly increase during the periods of ingrowth of afferent fibers into the subplate zone and cortical plate, respectively. In the Golgi preparations of the prefrontal cortex, the size of the subplate neurons does not show any clearly regressive changes at the end of the prenatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mrzljak
- Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, Amsterdam
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Kostovic I, Judas M, Kostovic-Knezevic L, Simic G, Delalle I, Chudy D, Sajin B, Petanjek Z. Zagreb research collection of human brains for developmental neurobiologists and clinical neuroscientists. Int J Dev Biol 1991; 35:215-30. [PMID: 1687658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to offer for the first time a selective and systematic description of the "Zabreb Neuroembryological Collection" of human brains and to illustrate the major results of our research team. Throughout these 16 years of continuous and systematic research, we have applied different techniques for demonstrating the cytoarchitectonics (Nissl staining), neuronal morphology (Golgi impregnation), synaptogenesis (EM analysis), growing pathways (acetylcholinesterase histochemistry) and transmitter-related properties of developing neuronal populations (immunocytochemistry and acetylcholinesterase histochemistry) on several hundred human brains ranging in age from the 5th week post-conception to 90 years. The combination of classical and modern research techniques applied to the constantly growing developmental collection, as well as the continuous evaluation of our data in the light of experimental work in non-human primates, has led to the discovery of an early synaptogenesis within the human cortical anlage and hitherto undescribed transient subplate zone; our results also provided the first comprehensive evidence concerning the timing and pattern of development of afferent fiber systems in the human cortex. All this enabled us to offer a well-documented and coherent reconstruction of major histogenetic events in the human brain. We concluded that structural remodeling and reorganization of the brain, from the transient patterns of the fetal organization through the postnatal phase of transient overproduction of circuitry elements to the final maturation, is the crucial principle of development. Fetal neuronal elements (afferents, synapses and postsynaptic neurons) display transient patterns of laminar, vertical and modular organization and transient cellular interactions and competition in the subplate zone are crucial for the formation of cortical connections. The elucidation of the nature and timing of these histogenetic reorganizational events in the human brain represents the first step towards determining the neurobiological basis of the emergence of behavior, neural functions and cognition in human fetuses, infants and children, which takes place during perinatal and early postnatal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kostovic
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Republic of Croatia, Yugoslavia
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Kostovic I, Rakic P. Developmental history of the transient subplate zone in the visual and somatosensory cortex of the macaque monkey and human brain. J Comp Neurol 1990; 297:441-70. [PMID: 2398142 DOI: 10.1002/cne.902970309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 615] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The cytological organization and the timetable of emergence and dissolution of the transient subplate zone subjacent to the developing visual and somatosensory cortex were studied in a series of human and monkey fetal brains. Cerebral walls processed with Nissl, Golgi, electron-microscopic, and histochemical methods show that this zone consists of migratory and postmigratory neurons, growth cones, loosely arranged axons, dendrites, synapses, and glial cells. In both species the subplate zone becomes visible at the beginning of the mid-third of gestation as a cell-poor/fiber-rich layer situated between the intermediate zone and the developing cortical plate. The subplate zone appears earlier in the somatosensory than in the visual area and reaches maximal width at the beginning of the last third of gestation in both regions. At the peak of its size the ratio between the width of the subplate zone and cortical plate in the somatosensory cortex is 2:1 in monkey and 4:1 in man while in the occipital lobe these structures have about equal width in both species. The dissolution of the subplate zone begins during the last third of gestation with degeneration of some subplate neurons and the relocation of fiber terminals into the cortex. The subplate zone disappears faster in the visual than in the somatosensory area. The present results together with our previous findings support the hypothesis that the subplate zone may serve as a "waiting" compartment for transient cellular interactions and a substrate for competition, segregation, and growth of afferents originated sequentially from the brain stem, basal forebrain, thalamus, and from the ipsi- and contralateral cerebral hemisphere. After a variable and partially overlapping time period, these fibers enter the cortical plate while the subplate zone disappears leaving only a vestige of cells scattered throughout the subcortical white matter. A comparison between species indicates that the size and duration of the subplate zone increases during mammalian evolution and culminates in human fetuses concomitantly with an enlargement of cortico-cortical fiber systems. The regional difference in the size, pattern, and resolution of the subplate zone correlates also with the pattern of cerebral convolutions. Our findings indicate that, contrary to prevailing notions, the subplate may not be a vestige of the phylogenetically old network but a transient embryonic structure that expanded during evolution to subserve the increasing number of its connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kostovic
- Department of Anatomy, University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Yugoslavia
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Abstract
Golgi-Stensaas and rapid-Golgi staining techniques are used to study neuronal differentiation in the developing human prefrontal cortex in fetuses, premature infants, and full-term newborns from 10.5 to 40 weeks of gestation. Horizontal neurons (Cajal-Retzius neurons) above the cortical plate (in the marginal zone) and randomly oriented neurons below the cortical plate (in the primordial subplate) are more differentiated than the immature bipolar cortical plate neurons in the 10.5-week fetus. During 13.5-15 weeks of gestation the fetal subplate zone can be clearly distinguished-between the cortical plate and the intermediate zone. This subplate zone contains more mature neurons than the cortical plate, especially polymorphous neurons. The basic features of the apical and basal dendrites of pyramidal neurons develop between 17 and 25 weeks of gestation, before the thalamocortical fibres invade the cortical plate. Intensive differentiation of the subplate neurons occurs in this period, when various types of afferent fibres reside in the subplate zone. At least five neuronal types can be distinguished in the subplate, i.e., polymorphous, fusiform, multipolar, normal, and inverted pyramidal neurons. The ingrowth of afferent fibres into the cortical plate between 26 and 34 weeks of gestation coincides with intensive dendritic differentiation and the appearance of spines on dendrites of the prospective layer III and V pyramidal neurons as well as with the differentiation of the double bouquet interneurons in the prospective supragranular layers and layer IV. Multipolar nonpyramidal neurons with the dendritic features of basket neurons are observed between 32 and 34 weeks of gestation in future layer V. They are less differentiated than the double bouquet neurons. The neurons of the subplate zone continue their dendritic differentiation after 26/27 weeks of gestation and are still observed in the full-term newborn. The axonal pattern of the subplate neurons suggests a possible functional role for them as either interneurons or projection neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mrzljak
- Department of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, University of Zagreb, Yugoslavia
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Kostovic I, Rakic P. Development of prestriate visual projections in the monkey and human fetal cerebrum revealed by transient cholinesterase staining. J Neurosci 1984; 4:25-42. [PMID: 6693940 PMCID: PMC6564757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholinesterase (ChE) staining was used to reveal the timing and pattern of development of afferents to the prestriate visual cortex (areas 18, 19, 20, and 21 of Brodmann) in a series of developing human and monkey fetal brains. This investigation was possible because the nucleus pulvinaris of the thalamus, the main source of subcortical projections to the prestriate cortex, displays positive reactivity after thiocholine incubation during the last three quarters of gestation, while neighboring thalamic nuclei that project to the adjacent neocortical areas are unstained. Staining of the pulvinar and its prestriate projections passes through six broad stages. Stage I begins in both species at the end of the first third of gestation. Positively stained fibers originate from the pulvinar and enter but do not extend beyond the hemispheric stalk. During stage II, pulvinar axons gradually invade the intermediate zone of the occipital lobe, and in stage III they reach the level of the subplate zone. In stage IV, which occurs around mid-gestation in both species, cholinesterase-positive fibers accumulate within the subplate zone subjacent to the developing prestriate cortex. During stage V, ChE-positive fibers penetrate the prospective prestriate cortex but do not yet form the alternating columnar pattern characteristic of pulvinar input to this area in the adults. Rather, ChE activity is concentrated in two continuous bands situated within prospective layers III-IV and VI; also a narrow band is visible in upper layer I. In stage V a clear histochemical border forms between prestriate and striate areas with ChE activity in prospective area 17 limited mostly to the superficial strata of layers I and II. This histochemical differentiation precedes the emergence of cytoarchitectonic landmarks. During stage VI, which begins in the last fifth of gestation in both species, the pulvinar become progressively less stainable and its projections can no longer be traced by ChE histochemistry.
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Kostovic I, Goldman-Rakic PS. Transient cholinesterase staining in the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus and its connections in the developing human and monkey brain. J Comp Neurol 1983; 219:431-47. [PMID: 6196382 DOI: 10.1002/cne.902190405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The histochemical and morphological maturation of the mediodorsal nucleus (MD) and its connections were compared in human and rhesus monkey using acetylthiocholine iodide and Nissl methods. Histochemical analysis in fetuses, neonates, and adults of both primate species revealed that MD passes through three major stages of cholinesterase (ChE) reactivity. In Stage I (up to about 16 fetal weeks in man; 9 fetal weeks in monkey), ChE staining gradually increases in the MD nucleus and is intense in axons directed toward the frontal lobe through the internal and external capsules. In Stage II (about 16-28 fetal weeks in man; about 9-14 weeks in monkey), ChE staining in MD reaches peak intensity so that reaction product in the neurons and neuropil blackens the entire nucleus in both species. In favorable planes of section, ChE-positive fibers appear to connect MD and the basal forebrain both of which stain intensely. ChE-positive fibers can also be traced from the lateral margins of MD to the subplate zone beneath the developing frontal cortical plate where they continue to accumulate before later invading the cortex with heaviest concentration in presumptive layers 3 and 5. In Stage III (after 28 weeks of gestation to 6 postnatal months in man; from about 14 fetal weeks until 2 postnatal months in monkey), except for scattered positive cells, ChE staining gradually disappears in MD and the formerly dense laminar pattern in the cortex begins to lighten. The dramatic but transient increase in ChE staining in MD during fetal development as well as the sequentially related changes in its projections indicate that this early appearing enzyme may play a role in the development of the frontal lobe by influencing the differentiation of thalamoprefrontal connections.
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Kostovic I, Rakic P. Cytology and time of origin of interstitial neurons in the white matter in infant and adult human and monkey telencephalon. J Neurocytol 1980; 9:219-42. [PMID: 7441294 DOI: 10.1007/bf01205159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The fine structure, synaptic relationships, distribution and time of origin of interstitial neurons situated within the white matter subjacent to the visual, somatosensory and motor cortices were studied in the human and monkey telencephalon. The analysis was carried out on Nissl-stained serial sections, rapid Golgi impregnations, by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry, electron microscopy and [3H]thymidine ([3H]TdR) autoradiography. Interstitial neurons have a similar distribution, morphology and histochemistry in both human and monkey telencephalon. Their highest density and the most extensive distribution is found in the neonatal period in both species. The number of interstitial neurons decreases during infancy, but numerous cells remain in the adult. Two types of interstitial neuron can be recognized in Golgi preparations: polymorphic cells, usually situated close to the cortex and fusiform cells, located predominantly in the depths of the white matter. The polymorphic cell type is prevalent during neonatal and infant stages, while fusiform cells are relatively more numerous in the adult. Interstitial cells have ultrastructural features and organelles typical of neurons of the central nervous system with well-defined axosomatic and axodendritic synapses of both symmetrical and asymmetrical types. About 20% fo the interstitial cells show strong specific AChE activity. Autoradiographic analysis of postnatal monkeys exposed to [3H]TdR at various embryonic (E) and early postnatal days indicates that interstitial neurons which lie beneath the visual and somatosensory-motor cortices are generated between E38 and E48. Contrary to the prevailing notion that interstitial neurons are the latest generated cells arreste during migration across the maturing white matter, they prove to be produced at the end of the first third of the 165-day gestation in the rhesus monkey concomitantly with the generation of neurons destined for the deep neocortical layers. These findings raise the possibility that interstitial cells represent a vestige of the transient embryonic subplate layer.
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Krmpotić-Nemanić J, Nemanić G, Kostovic I. [Further contributions to the etiology of presbyacusis]. Acta Otolaryngol 1973; 75:211-5. [PMID: 4692102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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