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Schmahmann JD, Rockland KS. Introduction to the special issue. J Comp Neurol 2023; 531:1869. [PMID: 38159066 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D Schmahmann
- Ataxia Center, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kathleen S Rockland
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Rockland KS. Cellular and laminar architecture: A short history and commentary. J Comp Neurol 2023; 531:1926-1933. [PMID: 37941081 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
The feedforward/feedback classification, as originally stated in relation to early visual areas in the macaque monkey, has had a significant influence on ideas of laminar interactions, area reciprocity, and cortical hierarchical organization. In some contrast with this macroscale "laminar connectomics," a more cellular approach to cortical connections, as briefly surveyed here, points to a still underappreciated heterogeneity of neuronal subtypes and complex microcircuitries. From the perspective of heterogeneities, the question of how brain regions interact and influence each other quickly leads to discussions about concurrent hierarchical and nonhierarchical cortical features, brain organization as a multiscale system forming nested groups and hierarchies, connectomes annotated by multiple biological attributes, and interleaved and overlapping scales of organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen S Rockland
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Rockland KS. A brief sketch across multiscale and comparative neuroanatomical features. Front Neuroanat 2023; 17:1108363. [PMID: 36861111 PMCID: PMC9968756 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2023.1108363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
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Rockland KS, Graves WW. The angular gyrus: a special issue on its complex anatomy and function. Brain Struct Funct 2023; 228:1-5. [PMID: 36369274 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-022-02596-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen S Rockland
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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DeFelipe J, DeFelipe-Oroquieta J, Furcila D, Muñoz-Alegre M, Maestú F, Sola RG, Blázquez-Llorca L, Armañanzas R, Kastanaskaute A, Alonso-Nanclares L, Rockland KS, Arellano JI. Neuroanatomical and psychological considerations in temporal lobe epilepsy. Front Neuroanat 2022; 16:995286. [PMID: 36590377 PMCID: PMC9794593 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2022.995286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common form of focal epilepsy and is associated with a variety of structural and psychological alterations. Recently, there has been renewed interest in using brain tissue resected during epilepsy surgery, in particular 'non-epileptic' brain samples with normal histology that can be found alongside epileptic tissue in the same epileptic patients - with the aim being to study the normal human brain organization using a variety of methods. An important limitation is that different medical characteristics of the patients may modify the brain tissue. Thus, to better determine how 'normal' the resected tissue is, it is fundamental to know certain clinical, anatomical and psychological characteristics of the patients. Unfortunately, this information is frequently not fully available for the patient from which the resected tissue has been obtained - or is not fully appreciated by the neuroscientists analyzing the brain samples, who are not necessarily experts in epilepsy. In order to present the full picture of TLE in a way that would be accessible to multiple communities (e.g., basic researchers in neuroscience, neurologists, neurosurgeons and psychologists), we have reviewed 34 TLE patients, who were selected due to the availability of detailed clinical, anatomical, and psychological information for each of the patients. Our aim was to convey the full complexity of the disorder, its putative anatomical substrates, and the wide range of individual variability, with a view toward: (1) emphasizing the importance of considering critical patient information when using brain samples for basic research and (2) gaining a better understanding of normal and abnormal brain functioning. In agreement with a large number of previous reports, this study (1) reinforces the notion of substantial individual variability among epileptic patients, and (2) highlights the common but overlooked psychopathological alterations that occur even in patients who become "seizure-free" after surgery. The first point is based on pre- and post-surgical comparisons of patients with hippocampal sclerosis and patients with normal-looking hippocampus in neuropsychological evaluations. The second emerges from our extensive battery of personality and projective tests, in a two-way comparison of these two types of patients with regard to pre- and post-surgical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier DeFelipe
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain,Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain,*Correspondence: Javier DeFelipe,
| | - Jesús DeFelipe-Oroquieta
- Gerencia Asistencial de Atención Primaria, Servicio Madrileño de Salud, Madrid, Spain,Facultad de Educación, Universidad Camilo José Cela, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Furcila
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Muñoz-Alegre
- Facultad de Educación y Psicología, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Maestú
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain,Center for Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael G. Sola
- Cátedra UAM de “Innovación en Neurocirugía”, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lidia Blázquez-Llorca
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain,Sección Departamental de Anatomía y Embriología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rubén Armañanzas
- Institute of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,Tecnun School of Engineering, Universidad de Navarra, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Asta Kastanaskaute
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain,Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lidia Alonso-Nanclares
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain,Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kathleen S. Rockland
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jon I. Arellano
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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Abstract
Pyramidal neurons with axons that exit from dendrites rather than the cell body itself are relatively common in non-primates, but rare in monkeys and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen S Rockland
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, United States
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Sakharkar M, Rockland KS, Duque A. Complex Neurochemical Microstructure of the Stria Terminalis in Infant and Adult Macaque Monkey. Front Neuroanat 2022; 16:891608. [PMID: 35692258 PMCID: PMC9174467 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2022.891608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The stria terminalis (ST) is a major bidirectional fiber tract anchored in the amygdala and bed nucleus (BNST). Extensive investigations in rodents report a complex arrangement of neurochemically diverse neurons within the ST, but fewer data are available for non-human primates. Given the functional importance of the ST, we investigated its microarchitecture in one newborn, four infant, and two adult macaque brains, by parallel immunocytochemical series for cells or fibers. Main results are as follows: (1) The pan-neuronal marker NeuN shows scattered neurons and small neuronal clusters in both the dorsal and ventral ST, but more numerous dorsally; (2) smaller neuronal subpopulations are labeled by calretinin (CR), neuropeptide Y (NPY), calbindin (CB), and somatostatin (SOM), of which the CR + neurons are the most numerous; (3) the infant brains on average have more neurons in the ST than the adult brains, but across our sample, there is notable individual variability; and (4) fiber architectonics have a complex organization, which can be referenced to myelin-poor or myelin-dense zones. Myelin-poor zones coincide with concentrations of fibers positive for CB, CR, or tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Neurons have been reported in other white matter domains (e.g., anterior commissure, corpus callosum, cingulum bundle, and subcortical white matter). Like these, at least some neurons within the ST may give rise to long-distance connections, and/or participate in more local functions, such as vascular regulation or axon guidance/maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathleen S. Rockland
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alvaro Duque
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- *Correspondence: Alvaro Duque,
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Rockland KS. Notes on Visual Cortical Feedback and Feedforward Connections. Front Syst Neurosci 2022; 16:784310. [PMID: 35153685 PMCID: PMC8831541 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2022.784310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Abstract
An ordered relation of structure and function has been a cornerstone in thinking about brain organization. Like the brain itself, however, this is not straightforward and is confounded both by functional intricacy and structural plasticity (many routes to a given outcome). As a striking case of putative structure-function correlation, this mini-review focuses on the relatively well-characterized pattern of cytochrome oxidase (CO) blobs (aka "patches" or "puffs") in the supragranular layers of macaque monkey visual cortex. The pattern is without doubt visually compelling, and the semi-dichotomous array of CO+ blobs and CO- interblobs is consistent with multiple studies reporting compartment-specific preferential connectivity and distinctive physiological response properties. Nevertheless, as briefly reviewed here, the finer anatomical organization of this system is surprisingly under-investigated, and the relation to functional aspects, therefore, unclear. Microcircuitry, cell type, and three-dimensional spatiotemporal level investigations of the CO+ CO- pattern are needed and may open new views to structure-function organization of visual cortex, and to phylogenetic and ontogenetic comparisons across nonhuman primates (NHP), and between NHP and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen S Rockland
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St., Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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Swiegers J, Bhagwandin A, Williams VM, Maseko BC, Sherwood CC, Hård T, Bertelsen MF, Rockland KS, Molnár Z, Manger PR. The distribution, number, and certain neurochemical identities of infracortical white matter neurons in a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) brain. J Comp Neurol 2021; 529:3429-3452. [PMID: 34180538 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We examined the number, distribution, and immunoreactivity of the infracortical white matter neuronal population, also termed white matter interstitial cells (WMICs), throughout the telencephalic white matter of an adult female chimpanzee. Staining for neuronal nuclear marker (NeuN) revealed WMICs throughout the infracortical white matter, these cells being most numerous and dense close to the inner border of cortical layer VI, decreasing significantly in density with depth in the white matter. Stereological analysis of NeuN-immunopositive cells revealed an estimate of approximately 137.2 million WMICs within the infracortical white matter of the chimpanzee brain studied. Immunostaining revealed subpopulations of WMICs containing neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS, approximately 14.4 million in number), calretinin (CR, approximately 16.7 million), very few WMICs containing parvalbumin (PV), and no calbindin-immunopositive neurons. The nNOS, CR, and PV immunopositive WMICs, possibly all inhibitory neurons, represent approximately 22.6% of the total WMIC population. As the white matter is affected in many cognitive conditions, such as schizophrenia, autism, epilepsy, and also in neurodegenerative diseases, understanding these neurons across species is important for the translation of findings of neural dysfunction in animal models to humans. Furthermore, studies of WMICs in species such as apes provide a crucial phylogenetic context for understanding the evolution of these cell types in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Swiegers
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Adhil Bhagwandin
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Victoria M Williams
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Busisiwe C Maseko
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Chet C Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | | | - Mads F Bertelsen
- Centre for Zoo and Wild Animal Health, Copenhagen Zoo, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Kathleen S Rockland
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University, School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul R Manger
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen S Rockland
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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Bhagwandin A, Debipersadh U, Kaswera-Kyamakya C, Gilissen E, Rockland KS, Molnár Z, Manger PR. Distribution, number, and certain neurochemical identities of infracortical white matter neurons in the brains of three megachiropteran bat species. J Comp Neurol 2020; 528:3023-3038. [PMID: 32103488 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A large population of infracortical white matter neurons, or white matter interstitial cells (WMICs), are found within the subcortical white matter of the mammalian telencephalon. We examined WMICs in three species of megachiropterans, Megaloglossus woermanni, Casinycteris argynnis, and Rousettus aegyptiacus, using immunohistochemical and stereological techniques. Immunostaining for neuronal nuclear marker (NeuN) revealed substantial numbers of WMICs in each species-M. woermanni 124,496 WMICs, C. argynnis 138,458 WMICs, and the larger brained R. aegyptiacus having an estimated WMIC population of 360,503. To examine the range of inhibitory neurochemical types we used antibodies against parvalbumin, calbindin, calretinin, and neural nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). The calbindin and nNOS immunostained neurons were the most commonly observed, while those immunoreactive for calretinin and parvalbumin were sparse. The proportion of WMICs exhibiting inhibitory neurochemical profiles was ~26%, similar to that observed in previously studied primates. While for the most part the WMIC population in the megachiropterans studied was similar to that observed in other mammals, the one feature that differed was the high proportion of WMICs immunoreactive to calbindin, whereas in primates (macaque monkey, lar gibbon and human) the highest proportion of inhibitory WMICs contain calretinin. Interestingly, there appears to be an allometric scaling of WMIC numbers with brain mass. Further quantitative comparative work across more mammalian species will reveal the developmental and evolutionary trends associated with this infrequently studied neuronal population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adhil Bhagwandin
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Division of Clinical Anatomy and Biological Anthropology, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ulsana Debipersadh
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Emmanuel Gilissen
- Department of African Zoology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
- Laboratory of Histology and Neuropathology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Kathleen S Rockland
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University, School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul R Manger
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Katona L, Hartwich K, Tomioka R, Somogyi J, Roberts JDB, Wagner K, Joshi A, Klausberger T, Rockland KS, Somogyi P. Synaptic organisation and behaviour-dependent activity of mGluR8a-innervated GABAergic trilaminar cells projecting from the hippocampus to the subiculum. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:705-734. [PMID: 32016558 PMCID: PMC7046583 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02029-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the hippocampal CA1 area, the GABAergic trilaminar cells have their axon distributed locally in three layers and also innervate the subiculum. Trilaminar cells have a high level of somato-dendritic muscarinic M2 acetylcholine receptor, lack somatostatin expression and their presynaptic inputs are enriched in mGluR8a. But the origin of their inputs and their behaviour-dependent activity remain to be characterised. Here we demonstrate that (1) GABAergic neurons with the molecular features of trilaminar cells are present in CA1 and CA3 in both rats and mice. (2) Trilaminar cells receive mGluR8a-enriched GABAergic inputs, e.g. from the medial septum, which are probably susceptible to hetero-synaptic modulation of neurotransmitter release by group III mGluRs. (3) An electron microscopic analysis identifies trilaminar cell output synapses with specialised postsynaptic densities and a strong bias towards interneurons as targets, including parvalbumin-expressing cells in the CA1 area. (4) Recordings in freely moving rats revealed the network state-dependent segregation of trilaminar cell activity, with reduced firing during movement, but substantial increase in activity with prolonged burst firing (> 200 Hz) during slow wave sleep. We predict that the behaviour-dependent temporal dynamics of trilaminar cell firing are regulated by their specialised inhibitory inputs. Trilaminar cells might support glutamatergic principal cells by disinhibition and mediate the binding of neuronal assemblies between the hippocampus and the subiculum via the transient inhibition of local interneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Katona
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK.
| | - Katja Hartwich
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Ryohei Tomioka
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
- Laboratory for Cortical Organization and Systematics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Morphological Neural Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Jozsef Somogyi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - J David B Roberts
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Kristina Wagner
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Abhilasha Joshi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
- Department of Physiology, Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Klausberger
- Center for Brain Research, Division of Cognitive Neurobiology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kathleen S Rockland
- Laboratory for Cortical Organization and Systematics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St., Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Peter Somogyi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK.
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Rockland KS. What we can learn from the complex architecture of single axons. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:1327-1347. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-02023-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Borra E, Luppino G, Gerbella M, Rozzi S, Rockland KS. Projections to the putamen from neurons located in the white matter and the claustrum in the macaque. J Comp Neurol 2019; 528:453-467. [PMID: 31483857 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Continuing investigations of corticostriatal connections in rodents emphasize an intricate architecture where striatal projections originate from different combinations of cortical layers, include an inhibitory component, and form terminal arborizations which are cell-type dependent, extensive, or compact. Here, we report that in macaque monkeys, deep and superficial cortical white matter neurons (WMNs), peri-claustral WMNs, and the claustrum proper project to the putamen. WMNs retrogradely labeled by injections in the putamen (four injections in three macaques) were widely distributed, up to 10 mm antero-posterior from the injection site, mainly dorsal to the putamen in the external capsule, and below the premotor cortex. Striatally projecting labeled WMNs (WMNsST) were heterogeneous in size and shape, including a small GABAergic component. We compared the number of WMNsST with labeled claustral and cortical neurons and also estimated their proportion in relation to total WMNs. Since some WMNsST were located adjoining the claustrum, we wanted to compare results for density and distribution of striatally projecting claustral neurons (ClaST). ClaST neurons were morphologically heterogeneous and mainly located in the dorsal and anterior claustrum, in regions known to project to frontal, motor, and cingulate cortical areas. The ratio of ClaST to WMNsST was about 4:1 averaged across the four injections. These results provide new specifics on the connectional networks of WMNs in nonhuman primates, and delineate additional loops in the corticostriatal architecture, consisting of interconnections across cortex, claustralstriatal and striatally projecting WMNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Borra
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Neuroscience Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Luppino
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Neuroscience Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Marzio Gerbella
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Neuroscience Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Stefano Rozzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Neuroscience Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Kathleen S Rockland
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
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Swiegers J, Bhagwandin A, Sherwood CC, Bertelsen MF, Maseko BC, Hemingway J, Rockland KS, Molnár Z, Manger PR. The distribution, number, and certain neurochemical identities of infracortical white matter neurons in a lar gibbon (Hylobates lar) brain. J Comp Neurol 2018; 527:1633-1653. [PMID: 30378128 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We examined the number, distribution, and immunoreactivity of the infracortical white matter neuronal population, also termed white matter interstitial cells (WMICs), in the brain of a lesser ape, the lar gibbon. Staining for neuronal nuclear marker (NeuN) revealed WMICs throughout the infracortical white matter, these cells being most numerous and dense close to cortical layer VI, decreasing significantly in density with depth in the white matter. Stereological analysis of NeuN-immunopositive cells revealed a global estimate of ~67.5 million WMICs within the infracortical white matter of the gibbon brain, indicating that the WMICs are a numerically significant population, ~2.5% of the total cortical gray matter neurons that would be estimated for a primate brain the mass of that of the lar gibbon. Immunostaining revealed subpopulations of WMICs containing neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS, ~7 million in number, with both small and large soma volumes), calretinin (~8.6 million in number, all of similar soma volume), very few WMICs containing parvalbumin, and no calbindin-immunopositive neurons. These nNOS, calretinin, and parvalbumin immunopositive WMICs, presumably all inhibitory neurons, represent ~23.1% of the total WMIC population. As the white matter is affected in many cognitive conditions, such as schizophrenia, autism and also in neurodegenerative diseases, understanding these neurons across species is important for the translation of findings of neural dysfunction in animal models to humans. Furthermore, studies of WMICs in species such as apes provide a crucial phylogenetic context for understanding the evolution of these cell types in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Swiegers
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Adhil Bhagwandin
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Chet C Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Mads F Bertelsen
- Centre for Zoo and Wild Animal Health, Copenhagen Zoo, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Busisiwe C Maseko
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Jason Hemingway
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Kathleen S Rockland
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
| | - Paul R Manger
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
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18
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Rockland KS, DeFelipe J. Editorial: Why Have Cortical Layers? What Is the Function of Layering? Do Neurons in Cortex Integrate Information Across Different Layers? Front Neuroanat 2018; 12:78. [PMID: 30356892 PMCID: PMC6190879 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen S Rockland
- Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Javier DeFelipe
- Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Cajal, Madrid, Spain
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19
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Abstract
Multiple mechanisms have been identified as relevant to plasticity, functional stability, and reliable processing across brain states. In the context of stability under "ever-changing conditions" (this Topic), the role of axons has been relatively under-investigated. The highly branched topologies of many axons, however, seem well designed to differentially recruit and regulate distributed postsynaptic groups, possibly in a state-dependent fashion. In this Perspective, I briefly discuss several examples of axon collateralization, and then some of the branch-specific features that might subserve differential recruitment and whole brain activation. An emerging principle is that the number of collaterals and number of target structures are not stereotyped. Rather, axons originating from one defined source typically send branches to diversified subsets of target areas. This could achieve heterogeneous inputs, with different degrees of synchronicity. Variability of neuronal responses has been suggested as inversely proportional to the degree of temporally correlated input. Increased input homogeneity, driven by sensory stimulation or behavioral conditions, is reported to reduce neuronal variability, with axon collateralization potentially having an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen S Rockland
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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20
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Abstract
Recent commentaries on the role of the thalamus consider a wide sphere of influence beyond sensory-motor transformation, to include task-relevant cognitive processes. In this short review, I reconsider known anatomic features of corticothalamic connectivity, primarily for macaque monkey, and discuss these as part of an intricate network architecture consistent with multiple connectional recombinations and a diversity of functional tasks. Drawing mainly on results from single axon analysis for the two broad classes of corticothalamic (CT) connections, I review the strikingly complementary spatial parameters of their extrinsic CT arbors in relation to intrinsic cortical collaterals. That is, CT neurons in layer 5 (class II) have spatially compact (low divergent) thalamic fields, but highly spatially divergent cortical collaterals. In contrast, CT neurons in layer 6 (class I) have highly divergent thalamic fields, but delimited, low divergent cortical collaterals. CT convergence in the thalamus is technically more difficult to analyze, but one can infer a low convergence of terminations from layer 5, in contrast with CT terminations from layer 6, which are highly convergent. Reciprocating thalamocortical (TC) axons have multiple clustered and divergent arbors. What to conclude from these relationships requires further investigation of activity patterns and networks under different conditions. Specific parameters are suggestive of selective recruitment of distributed postsynaptic networks and ordered activity sequences; but are these separable systems, operating cooperatively or in parallel (L.5 low divergent/low convergent vs. L. 6 high divergent/high convergent)?
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen S Rockland
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St. 1004, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
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21
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Abstract
Background The claustrum (CLA) has been discussed as central to integrated conscious percepts, although recent evidence has emphasized a role in detecting sensory novelty or in amplifying correlated cortical inputs. Objective We report that many neurons in the macaque CLA are ensheathed in perineuronal nets (PNNs), which contribute to synaptic stability and enhance neuronal excitability, among other properties. Design We visualized PNNs by wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA) immunohistochemistry, and quantified these in comparison these to parvalbumin+ (PV) subsets and total neurons. Results PNNs ensheath about 11% of the total neurons. These are a range of large, medium, and small neurons, likely corresponding to PV+ and/or other inhibitory interneurons. The PNNs were themselves heterogeneous, consisting of lattice-like, weakly labeled, and diffuse subtypes, and showed some regional preference for the medial CLA. Conclusion The abundant neuronal labeling by PNNs in the CLA suggests an important and nuanced role for inhibition, consistent with recent physiological studies of claustrocortical circuitry. For comparison, diversified inhibition in the reticular nucleus of the thalamus (a pan-inhibitory nucleus, with extensive cortical input) exerts a spectrum of control at different local and global spatiotemporal scales. Further investigation of PNN+ neurons in the macaque CLA offers a potentially important new approach to CLA function, relevant to the human brain both in normal and diseased conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihovil Pletikos
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St., Boston, MA. 02118
| | - Kathleen S Rockland
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St., Boston, MA. 02118
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22
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Mortazavi F, Romano SE, Rosene DL, Rockland KS. A Survey of White Matter Neurons at the Gyral Crowns and Sulcal Depths in the Rhesus Monkey. Front Neuroanat 2017; 11:69. [PMID: 28860975 PMCID: PMC5559435 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gyrencephalic brains exhibit deformations of the six neocortical laminae at gyral crowns and sulcal depths, where the deeper layers are, respectively, expanded and compressed. The present study addresses: (1) the degree to which the underlying white matter neurons (WMNs) observe the same changes at gyral crowns and sulcal depths; and (2) whether these changes are consistent or variable across different cortical regions. WMNs were visualized by immunohistochemistry using the pan-neuronal label NeuN, and their density was quantified in eight rhesus monkey brains for four regions; namely, frontal (FR), superior frontal gyrus (SFG), parietal (Par) and temporal (TE). In all four regions, there were about 50% fewer WMNs in the sulcal depth, but there was also distinct variability from region to region. For the gyral crown, we observed an average density per 0.21 mm2 of 82 WMNs for the FR, 51 WMNs for SFG, 80 WMNs for Par and 93 WMNs for TE regions. By contrast, for the sulcal depth, the average number of WMNs per 0.21 mm2 was 41 for FR, 31 for cingulate sulcus (underlying the SFG), 54 for Par and 63 for TE cortical regions. Since at least some WMNs participate in cortical circuitry, these results raise the possibility of their differential influence on cortical circuitry in the overlying gyral and sulcal locations. The results also point to a possible role of WMNs in the differential vulnerability of gyral vs. sulcal regions in disease processes, and reinforce the increasing awareness of the WMNs as part of a complex, heterogeneous and structured microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Mortazavi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of MedicineBoston, MA, United States
| | - Samantha E. Romano
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of MedicineBoston, MA, United States
| | - Douglas L. Rosene
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of MedicineBoston, MA, United States
| | - Kathleen S. Rockland
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of MedicineBoston, MA, United States
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23
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Abstract
In this brief review, I attempt an overview of the main components of anatomical laminar-level connectivity. These are: extrinsic outputs, excitatory and inhibitory intrinsic connectivity, and intrinsic inputs. Supporting data are biased from the visual system of nonhuman primates (NHPs), but I have drawn as much as possible from a broader span in order to treat the important issue of area-specific variability. In a second part, I briefly discuss laminar connectivity in the context of network organization (feedforward/feedback cortical connections, and the major types of corticothalamic connections). I also point out anatomical issues in need of clarification, including more systematic, whole brain coverage of tracer injections; more data on anterogradely labeled terminations; more complete, area-specific quantitative data about projection neurons, and quantitative data on terminal density and convergence. Postsynaptic targets are largely unknown, but their identification is essential for understanding the finer analysis and principles of laminar patterns. Laminar resolution MRI offers a promising new tool for exploring laminar connectivity: it is potentially fast and macro-scale, and allows for repeated investigation under different stimulus conditions. Conversely, anatomical resolution, although detailed beyond the current level of MRI visualization, offers a rich trove for experimental design and interpretation of fMRI activation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen S Rockland
- Department of Anatomy&Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St., Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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24
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Rockland KS. Lighting up Neuroanatomy. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:293. [PMID: 27444725 PMCID: PMC4917544 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen S Rockland
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School Medicine Boston, MA, USA
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen S Rockland
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of MedicineBoston, MA, USA; Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryNew York, NY, USA
| | - Javier DeFelipe
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Instituto Cajal (CSIC)Madrid, Spain; Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de MadridMadrid, Spain
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26
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DeFelipe J, Douglas RJ, Hill SL, Lein ES, Martin KAC, Rockland KS, Segev I, Shepherd GM, Tamás G. Comments and General Discussion on "The Anatomical Problem Posed by Brain Complexity and Size: A Potential Solution". Front Neuroanat 2016; 10:60. [PMID: 27375436 PMCID: PMC4901047 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2016.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Javier DeFelipe
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de MadridMadrid, Spain; Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMadrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)Madrid, Spain
| | - Rodney J Douglas
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETH) and University of Zurich (UZH) Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sean L Hill
- Blue Brain Project, Campus Biotech Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ed S Lein
- Human Cell Types Department, Allen Institute for Brain Science Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kevan A C Martin
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETH) and University of Zurich (UZH) Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kathleen S Rockland
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of MedicineBoston, MA, USA; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring HarborNY, USA
| | - Idan Segev
- Departments of Neurobiology, The Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalem, Israel; The Interdisciplinary Center for Neural Computation, The Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalem, Israel; Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalem, Israel
| | - Gordon M Shepherd
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gábor Tamás
- MTA-SZTE Research Group for Cortical Microcircuits of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary
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27
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Abstract
In humans and non-human primates (NHP), white matter neurons (WMNs) persist beyond early development. Their functional importance is largely unknown, but they have both corticothalamic and corticocortical connectivity and at least one subpopulation has been implicated in vascular regulation and sleep. Several other studies have reported that the density of WMNs in humans is altered in neuropathological or psychiatric conditions. The present investigation evaluates and compares the density of superficial and deep WMNs in frontal (FR), temporal (TE), and parietal (Par) association regions of four young adult and four aged male rhesus monkeys. A major aim was to determine whether there was age-related neuronal loss, as might be expected given the substantial age-related changes known to occur in the surrounding white matter environment. Neurons were visualized by immunocytochemistry for Neu-N in coronal tissue sections (30 μm thickness), and neuronal density was assessed by systematic random sampling. Per 0.16 mm2 sampling box, this yielded about 40 neurons in the superficial WM and 10 in the deep WM. Consistent with multiple studies of cell density in the cortical gray matter of normal brains, neither the superficial nor deep WM populations showed statistically significant age-related neuronal loss, although we observed a moderate decrease with age for the deep WMNs in the frontal region. Morphometric analyses, in contrast, showed significant age effects in soma size and circularity. In specific, superficial WMNs were larger in FR and Par WM regions of the young monkeys; but in the TE, these were larger in the older monkeys. An age effect was also observed for soma circularity: superficial WMNs were more circular in FR and Par of the older monkeys. This second, morphometric result raises the question of whether other age-related morphological, connectivity, or molecular changes occur in the WMNs. These could have multiple impacts, given the wide range of putative WMN functions and their involvement in both corticothalamic and corticocortical circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Mortazavi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiyue Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine Boston, MA, USA
| | - Douglas L Rosene
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathleen S Rockland
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine Boston, MA, USA
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28
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Abstract
Despite the attention attracted by “connectomics”, one can lose sight of the very real questions concerning “What are connections?” In the neuroimaging community, “structural” connectivity is ground truth and underlying constraint on “functional” or “effective” connectivity. It is referenced to underlying anatomy; but, as increasingly remarked, there is a large gap between the wealth of human brain mapping and the relatively scant data on actual anatomical connectivity. Moreover, connections have typically been discussed as “pairwise”, point x projecting to point y (or: to points y and z), or more recently, in graph theoretical terms, as “nodes” or regions and the interconnecting “edges”. This is a convenient shorthand, but tends not to capture the richness and nuance of basic anatomical properties as identified in the classic tradition of tracer studies. The present short review accordingly revisits connectional weights, heterogeneity, reciprocity, topography, and hierarchical organization, drawing on concrete examples. The emphasis is on presynaptic long-distance connections, motivated by the intention to probe current assumptions and promote discussions about further progress and synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen S Rockland
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine Boston, MA, USA ; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor NY, USA
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29
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Kim Y, Venkataraju KU, Pradhan K, Mende C, Taranda J, Turaga SC, Arganda-Carreras I, Ng L, Hawrylycz MJ, Rockland KS, Seung HS, Osten P. Mapping social behavior-induced brain activation at cellular resolution in the mouse. Cell Rep 2014; 10:292-305. [PMID: 25558063 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how brain activation mediates behaviors is a central goal of systems neuroscience. Here, we apply an automated method for mapping brain activation in the mouse in order to probe how sex-specific social behaviors are represented in the male brain. Our method uses the immediate-early-gene c-fos, a marker of neuronal activation, visualized by serial two-photon tomography: the c-fos-GFP+ neurons are computationally detected, their distribution is registered to a reference brain and a brain atlas, and their numbers are analyzed by statistical tests. Our results reveal distinct and shared female and male interaction-evoked patterns of male brain activation representing sex discrimination and social recognition. We also identify brain regions whose degree of activity correlates to specific features of social behaviors and estimate the total numbers and the densities of activated neurons per brain areas. Our study opens the door to automated screening of behavior-evoked brain activation in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsoo Kim
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | | | - Kith Pradhan
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Carolin Mende
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Julian Taranda
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Srinivas C Turaga
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ignacio Arganda-Carreras
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA 02139, USA
| | - Lydia Ng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | | | - Kathleen S Rockland
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA; Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - H Sebastian Seung
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA 02139, USA
| | - Pavel Osten
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
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30
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Rockland KS. Sengi exceptionalism. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:281. [PMID: 25237293 PMCID: PMC4154386 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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31
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Watakabe A, Ohsawa S, Ichinohe N, Rockland KS, Yamamori T. Characterization of claustral neurons by comparative gene expression profiling and dye-injection analyses. Front Syst Neurosci 2014; 8:98. [PMID: 24904319 PMCID: PMC4033163 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2014.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The identity of the claustrum as a part of cerebral cortex, and in particular of the adjacent insular cortex, has been investigated by connectivity features and patterns of gene expression. In the present paper, we mapped the cortical and claustral expression of several cortical genes in rodent and macaque monkey brains (nurr1, latexin, cux2, and netrinG2) to further assess shared features between cortex and claustrum. In mice, these genes were densely expressed in the claustrum, but very sparsely in the cortex and not present in the striatum. To test whether the cortical vs. claustral cell types can be distinguished by co-expression of these genes, we performed a panel of double ISH in mouse and macaque brain. NetrinG2 and nurr1 genes were co-expressed across entire cortex and claustrum, but cux2 and nurr1 were co-expressed only in the insular cortex and claustrum. Latexin was expressed, in the macaque, only in the claustrum. The nurr1+ claustral neurons expressed VGluT1, a marker for cortical glutamatergic cells and send cortical projections. Taken together, our data suggest a partial commonality between claustral neurons and a subtype of cortical neurons in the monkey brain. Moreover, in the embryonic (E110) macaque brain, many nurr1+ neurons were scattered in the white matter between the claustrum and the insular cortex, possibly representing their migratory history. In a second set of experiments, we injected Lucifer Yellow intracellularly in mouse and rat slices to investigate whether dendrites of insular and claustral neurons can cross the border of the two brain regions. Dendrites of claustral neurons did not invade the overlying insular territory. In summary, gene expression profile of the claustrum is similar to that of the neocortex, in both rodent and macaque brains, but with modifications in density of expression and cellular co-localization of specific genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiya Watakabe
- Division of Brain Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology Okazaki, Japan ; Department of Basic Biology, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai) Hayama, Japan
| | - Sonoko Ohsawa
- Division of Brain Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology Okazaki, Japan
| | - Noritaka Ichinohe
- Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, National Institute of Neuroscience Kodaira, Japan
| | - Kathleen S Rockland
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tetsuo Yamamori
- Division of Brain Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology Okazaki, Japan ; Department of Basic Biology, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai) Hayama, Japan
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen S Rockland
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School Medicine Boston, MA, USA ; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor NY, USA
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33
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Rockland KS. Collateral branching of long-distance cortical projections in monkey. J Comp Neurol 2013; 521:4112-23. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen S. Rockland
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology; Boston University School of Medicine; Boston Massachusetts 02118
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34
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Watakabe A, Hirokawa J, Ichinohe N, Ohsawa S, Kaneko T, Rockland KS, Yamamori T. Area-specific substratification of deep layer neurons in the rat cortex. J Comp Neurol 2013; 520:3553-73. [PMID: 22678985 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Gene markers are useful tools to identify cell types for fine mapping of neuronal circuits. Here we report area-specific sublamina structure of the rat cerebral cortex using cholecystokinin (cck) and purkinje cell protein4 (pcp4) mRNAs as the markers for excitatory neuron subtypes in layers 5 and 6. We found a segregated expression, especially pronounced in layer 6, where corticothalamic and corticocortical projecting neurons reside. To examine the relationship between gene expression and projection target, we injected retrograde tracers into several thalamic subnuclei, ventral posterior (VP), posterior (PO), mediodorsal (MD), medial and lateral geniculate nuclei (MGN and LGN); as well as into two cortical areas (M1 and V1). This combination of tracer-in situ hybridization (ISH) experiments revealed that corticocortical neurons predominantly express cck and corticothalamic neurons predominantly express pcp4 mRNAs in all areas tested. In general, cck(+) and pcp4(+) cells occupied the upper and lower compartment of layer 6a, respectively. However, the sublaminar distribution and the relative abundance of cck(+) and pcp4(+) cells were quite distinctive across areas. For example, layer 6 of the prelimbic cortex was almost devoid of cck(+) neurons, and was occupied instead by corticothalamic pcp4(+) neurons. In the lateral areas, such as S2, there was an additional layer of cck(+) cells positioned below the pcp4(+) compartment. The claustrum, which has a tight relationship with the cortex, mostly consisted of cck(+)/pcp4(-) cells. In summary, the combination of gene markers and retrograde tracers revealed a distinct sublaminar organization, with conspicuous cross-area variation in the arrangement and relative density of corticothalamic connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiya Watakabe
- Division of Brain Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Japan.
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35
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Abstract
Recent work establishes that Prostriata, a little-studied area of the visual cortex neighboring V1, has distinct but hybrid visual properties which are suggestive of an unsuspected role in the rapid analysis and integration of peripheral visual stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen S Rockland
- RIKEN-MIT Center for Neural Circuit Genetics, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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36
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Watakabe A, Hirokawa J, Ichinohe N, Ohsawa S, Kaneko T, Rockland KS, Yamamori T. Area-specific substratification of deep layer neurons in the rat cortex. J Comp Neurol 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Defelipe
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Madrid, Spain
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen S Rockland
- RIKEN-MIT Center for Neural Circuit Genetics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA
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Laramée ME, Rockland KS, Prince S, Bronchti G, Boire D. Principal component and cluster analysis of layer V pyramidal cells in visual and non-visual cortical areas projecting to the primary visual cortex of the mouse. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 23:714-28. [PMID: 22426333 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The long-distance corticocortical connections between visual and nonvisual sensory areas that arise from pyramidal neurons located within layer V can be considered as a subpopulation of feedback connections. The purpose of the present study is to determine if layer V pyramidal neurons from visual and nonvisual sensory cortical areas that project onto the visual cortex (V1) constitute a homogeneous population of cells. Additionally, we ask whether dendritic arborization relates to the target, the sensory modality, the hierarchical level, or laterality of the source cortical area. Complete 3D reconstructions of dendritic arbors of retrogradely labeled layer V pyramidal neurons were performed for neurons of the primary auditory (A1) and somatosensory (S1) cortices and from the lateral (V2L) and medial (V2M) parts of the secondary visual cortices of both hemispheres. The morphological parameters extracted from these reconstructions were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis. The PCA showed that neurons are distributed within a continuous range of morphologies and do not form discrete groups. Nevertheless, the cluster analysis defines neuronal groups that share similar features. Each cortical area includes neurons belonging to several clusters. We suggest that layer V feedback connections within a single cortical area comprise several cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Laramée
- Groupe de Recherche en Neurosciences, Département de Chimie-Biologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada G9A 5H7
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Rockland KS, Nayyar N. Association of type I neurons positive for NADPH-diaphorase with blood vessels in the adult monkey corpus callosum. Front Neural Circuits 2012; 6:4. [PMID: 22363265 PMCID: PMC3282256 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2012.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sagittal sections through the corpus callosum of adult macaque monkeys (n = 7) reveal a subpopulation of neurons positive for NADPH-diaphorase (NADPHd). These are sparsely distributed, with 2–12 neurons scored over the anterior two-thirds of the callosum (about 14 mm). Neurons are densely labeled, type 1; but on the basis of soma and dendritic morphology, these neurons exhibit distinct heterogeneity. In one subpopulation, the cell body is narrowly attenuated (7–10 μm in width). These have bipolar dendrites, extending 300–800 μm from the cell body. One or both of the dendrites is often closely associated with blood vessels and tends to be aligned dorso-ventral, perpendicular to the body of the callosum. Another subpopulation of neurons has a larger soma (typically, 15 μm × 20 μm) and more multipolar dendrites, which are not as obviously associated with blood vessels. White matter neurons positive for NADPHd have previously been observed as a transient population, most numerous during development, in the human corpus callosum, as well as in that of other species. Their persistence in the corpus callosum of adult macaques and their close association with blood vessels has not previously been reported and is suggestive of roles other than axon guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen S Rockland
- Laboratory for Cortical Organization and Systematics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen S Rockland
- RIKEN-MIT Center for Neural Circuit Genetics, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA
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Kurotani T, Sakai K, Ichinohe N, Okanoya K, Rockland KS. Morphometric analysis of late-spiking pyramidal neurons in layer 2 of the rat retrosplenial cortex. Neurosci Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2011.07.575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Borra E, Rockland KS. Projections to early visual areas v1 and v2 in the calcarine fissure from parietal association areas in the macaque. Front Neuroanat 2011; 5:35. [PMID: 21734867 PMCID: PMC3123769 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2011.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-extrastriate projections to area V1 in monkeys, now demonstrated by several anatomical studies, are potential substrates of physiologically documented multisensory effects in primary sensory areas. The full network of projections among association and primary areas, however, is likely to be complex and is still only partially understood. In the present report, we used the anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine to investigate projections to areas V1 and V2 from subdivisions of the parietal association cortex in macaque. Parietal cortex was chosen to allow comparisons between projections from this higher association area and from other previously reported areas. In addition, we were interested in further elucidating pathways to areas V1 and V2 from parietal areas, as potentially contributing to attention and active vision. Of eight cases, three brains had projections only to area V2, and the five others projected to both areas V1 and V2. Terminations in area V1 were sparse. These were located in supragranular layers I, II, upper III; occasionally in IVB; and in layer VI. Terminations in V2 were denser, and slightly more prevalent in the supragranular layers. For both areas, terminations were in the calcarine region, corresponding to the representation of the peripheral visual field. By reconstructions of single axons, we demonstrated that four of nine axons had collaterals, either to V1 and V2 (n = 1) or to area V1 and a ventral area likely to be TEO (n = 3). In area V1, axons extended divergently in layer VI as well as layer I. Overall, these and previous results suggest a nested connectivity architecture, consisting of multiple direct and indirect recurrent projections from association areas to area V1. Terminations in area V1 are not abundant, but could be potentiated by the network of indirect connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Borra
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisiologia, Università di Parma, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, (IIT; Unità di Parma) Parma, Italy
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Laramée ME, Kurotani T, Rockland KS, Bronchti G, Boire D. Indirect pathway between the primary auditory and visual cortices through layer V pyramidal neurons in V2L in mouse and the effects of bilateral enucleation. Eur J Neurosci 2011; 34:65-78. [PMID: 21676038 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07732.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Visual cortical areas are activated by auditory stimuli in blind mice. Direct heteromodal cortical connections have been shown between the primary auditory cortex (A1) and primary visual cortex (V1), and between A1 and secondary visual cortex (V2). Auditory afferents to V2 terminate in close proximity to neurons that project to V1, and potentially constitute an effective indirect pathway between A1 and V1. In this study, we injected a retrograde adenoviral vector that expresses enhanced green fluorescent protein under a synapsin promotor in V1 and biotinylated dextran amine as an anterograde tracer in A1 to determine: (i) whether A1 axon terminals establish synaptic contacts onto the lateral part of V2 (V2L) neurons that project to V1; and (ii) if this indirect cortical pathway is altered by a neonatal enucleation in mice. Complete dendritic arbors of layer V pyramidal neurons were reconstructed in 3D, and putative contacts between pre-synaptic auditory inputs and postsynaptic visual neurons were analysed using a laser-scanning confocal microscope. Putative synaptic contacts were classified as high-confidence and low-confidence contacts, and charted onto dendritic trees. As all reconstructed layer V pyramidal neurons received auditory inputs by these criteria, we conclude that V2L acts as an important relay between A1 and V1. Auditory inputs are preferentially located onto lower branch order dendrites in enucleated mice. Also, V2L neurons are subject to morphological reorganizations in both apical and basal dendrites after the loss of vision. The A1-V2L-V1 pathway could be involved in multisensory processing and contribute to the auditory activation of the occipital cortex in the blind rodent.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Laramée
- Groupe de Recherche en Neurosciences, Département de Chimie-Biologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
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Banno T, Ichinohe N, Rockland KS, Komatsu H. Reciprocal connectivity of identified color-processing modules in the monkey inferior temporal cortex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 21:1295-310. [PMID: 21060111 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhq211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The inferior temporal (IT) cortex is the last unimodal visual area in the ventral visual pathway and is essential for color discrimination. Recent imaging and electrophysiological studies have revealed the presence of several distinct patches of color-selective cells in the anterior IT cortex (AIT) and posterior IT cortex (PIT). To understand the neural machinery for color processing in the IT cortex, in the present study, we combined anatomical tracing methods with electrophysiological unit recordings to investigate the anatomical connections of identified clusters of color-selective cells in monkey IT cortex. We found that a color cluster in AIT received projections from a color cluster in PIT as well as from discrete clusters of cells in other occipitotemporal areas, in the superior temporal sulcus, and in prefrontal and parietal cortices. The distribution of the labeled cells in PIT closely corresponded with that of the physiologically identified color-selective cells in this region. Furthermore, retrograde tracer injections in the posterior color cluster resulted in labeled cells in the anterior cluster. Thus, temporal lobe color-processing modules form a reciprocally interconnected loop within a distributed network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Banno
- Division of Sensory and Cognitive Information, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Japan
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Miyashita T, Wintzer M, Kurotani T, Konishi T, Ichinohe N, Rockland KS. Neurotrophin-3 is involved in the formation of apical dendritic bundles in cortical layer 2 of the rat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 20:229-40. [PMID: 19447860 PMCID: PMC2792193 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhp093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Apical dendritic bundles from pyramidal neurons are a prominent feature of cortical neuropil but with significant area specializations. Here, we investigate mechanisms of bundle formation, focusing on layer (L) 2 bundles in rat granular retrosplenial cortex (GRS), a limbic area implicated in spatial memory. By using microarrays, we first searched for genes highly and specifically expressed in GRS L2 at postnatal day (P) 3 versus GRS L2 at P12 (respectively, before and after bundle formation), versus GRS L5 (at P3), and versus L2 in barrel field cortex (BF) (at P3). Several genes, including neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), were identified as transiently and specifically expressed in GRS L2. Three of these were cloned and confirmed by in situ hybridization. To test that NT-3-mediated events are causally involved in bundle formation, we used in utero electroporation to overexpress NT-3 in other cortical areas. This produced prominent bundles of dendrites originating from L2 neurons in BF, where L2 bundles are normally absent. Intracellular biocytin fills, after physiological recording in vitro, revealed increased dendritic branching in L1 of BF. The controlled ectopic induction of dendritic bundles identifies a new role for NT-3 and a new in vivo model for investigating dendritic bundles and their formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Miyashita
- Laboratory for Cortical Organization and Systematics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan.
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Abstract
“Column,” like “gene,” has both conceptual and linguistic shortcomings. The simple question “what is a column” is not easy to answer and the word itself is not easy to replace. In the present article, I have selected five points, in no way comprehensive or canonical, but which may nevertheless serve as a prompt and aid for further discussions and re-evaluation. These are: that anatomical columns are not solid structures, that they are part of locally interdigitating systems, that any delimited column also participates in a widely distributed network, that columns are not an obligatory cortical feature, and that columns (as “modules”) occur widely in the brain in non-cortical structures. I focus on the larger scale macrocolumns, mainly from an anatomical perspective. My position is that cortical organization is inherently dynamic and likely to incorporate multiple processing styles. One can speculate that the distributed mappings within areas like piriform cortex may resemble at least one mode of neocortical processing strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen S Rockland
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, RIKEN-MIT Center for Neural Circuit Genetics, MIT Cambridge, MA, USA
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Atanur SS, Birol I, Guryev V, Hirst M, Hummel O, Morrissey C, Behmoaras J, Fernandez-Suarez XM, Johnson MD, McLaren WM, Patone G, Petretto E, Plessy C, Rockland KS, Rockland C, Saar K, Zhao Y, Carninci P, Flicek P, Kurtz T, Cuppen E, Pravenec M, Hubner N, Jones SJM, Birney E, Aitman TJ. The genome sequence of the spontaneously hypertensive rat: Analysis and functional significance. Genome Res 2010; 20:791-803. [PMID: 20430781 DOI: 10.1101/gr.103499.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) is the most widely studied animal model of hypertension. Scores of SHR quantitative loci (QTLs) have been mapped for hypertension and other phenotypes. We have sequenced the SHR/OlaIpcv genome at 10.7-fold coverage by paired-end sequencing on the Illumina platform. We identified 3.6 million high-quality single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between the SHR/OlaIpcv and Brown Norway (BN) reference genome, with a high rate of validation (sensitivity 96.3%-98.0% and specificity 99%-100%). We also identified 343,243 short indels between the SHR/OlaIpcv and reference genomes. These SNPs and indels resulted in 161 gain or loss of stop codons and 629 frameshifts compared with the BN reference sequence. We also identified 13,438 larger deletions that result in complete or partial absence of 107 genes in the SHR/OlaIpcv genome compared with the BN reference and 588 copy number variants (CNVs) that overlap with the gene regions of 688 genes. Genomic regions containing genes whose expression had been previously mapped as cis-regulated expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) were significantly enriched with SNPs, short indels, and larger deletions, suggesting that some of these variants have functional effects on gene expression. Genes that were affected by major alterations in their coding sequence were highly enriched for genes related to ion transport, transport, and plasma membrane localization, providing insights into the likely molecular and cellular basis of hypertension and other phenotypes specific to the SHR strain. This near complete catalog of genomic differences between two extensively studied rat strains provides the starting point for complete elucidation, at the molecular level, of the physiological and pathophysiological phenotypic differences between individuals from these strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh S Atanur
- Physiological Genomics and Medicine Group, Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
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Defelipe J, Fields RD, Hof PR, Höistad M, Kostovic I, Meyer G, Rockland KS. Cortical white matter: beyond the pale remarks, main conclusions and discussion. Front Neuroanat 2010; 4:4. [PMID: 20428509 PMCID: PMC2859874 DOI: 10.3389/neuro.05.004.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Defelipe
- Laboratorio de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid and Instituto Cajal (CSIC) Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Synaptic zinc is an activity-related neuromodulator, enriched in hippocampal mossy fibers and a subset of glutamatergic cortical projections, exclusive of thalamocortical or corticothalamic. Some degree of pathway specificity in the utilization of synaptic zinc has been reported in rodents. Here, we use focal injections of the retrograde tracer sodium selenite to identify zinc-positive (Zn+) projection neurons in the monkey ventral visual pathway. After injections in V1, V4, and TEO areas, neurons were detected preferentially in several feedback pathways but, unusually, were restricted to deeper layers without involvement of layers 2 or 3. Temporal injections resulted in more extensive labeling of both feedback and intratemporal association pathways. The Zn+ neurons had a broader laminar distribution, similar to results from standard retrograde tracers. After anterograde tracer injection in area posterior TE, electron microscopic analysis substantiated that a proportion of feedback synapses was co-labeled with zinc. Nearby injections, Zn+ intrinsic neurons concentrated in layer 2, but in temporal areas were also abundant in layer 6. These results indicate considerable pathway and laminar specificity as to which cortical neurons use synaptic zinc. Given the hypothesized roles of synaptic zinc, this is likely to result in distinct synaptic properties, possibly including differential synaptic plasticity within or across projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noritaka Ichinohe
- Laboratory for Cortical Organization and Systematics, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan.
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