401
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Lüscher TF. From prevention to plaque rupture and infarction. Eur Heart J 2015; 36:1003-4. [PMID: 25934672 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Lüscher
- Editor-in-Chief, Zurich Heart House, Careum Campus, Moussonstrasse 4, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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402
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Rationale and design of the LosmApimod To Inhibit p38 MAP kinase as a TherapeUtic target and moDify outcomes after an acute coronary syndromE trial. Am Heart J 2015; 169:622-630.e6. [PMID: 25965709 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) mediates cytokine production and amplification of the inflammatory cascade. Through inhibition of p38 MAPK, losmapimod appears to attenuate the inflammatory response in the vascular wall and thus may help stabilize plaques. STUDY DESIGN The LATITUDE-TIMI 60 trial is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicenter study planned to be conducted in a 3-stage design. Overall, the trial is designed to include 25,500 patients hospitalized with non-ST-elevation or ST-elevation myocardial infarction (MI) randomized to oral losmapimod (7.5 mg twice daily) versus matching placebo. Part A consists of a leading cohort (n = 3,500) that will provide an initial assessment of safety and exploratory efficacy before progressing to part B. Part B (n = ~22,000) of the study is event driven and will provide the primary assessment of efficacy. An independent safety review will be conducted after 3,500 patients in part B1 to determine whether a more focused schedule of clinic visits and laboratory assessments can be implemented (part B2). All patients are to be treated with study drug until week 12 and followed up until week 24. The primary end point is the composite of cardiovascular death, MI, or severe recurrent ischemia requiring urgent coronary revascularization. The key secondary end point is the composite of cardiovascular death or MI. The trial is designed to provide ≥90% power for the primary end point. CONCLUSIONS The LATITUDE-TIMI 60 trial will determine the efficacy and safety of short-term p38 MAPK inhibition with losmapimod in acute MI. The trial design adopts a stepwise approach to decision making and collection of data.
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403
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Montecucco F, Lenglet S, Carbone F, Boero S, Pelli G, Burger F, Roth A, Bertolotto M, Nencioni A, Cea M, Dallegri F, Fraga-Silva RA, Fougère L, Elfakir C, Gassner AL, Rudaz S, Parissaux X, Wils D, Salomé M, Vuilleumier N, Poggi A, Mach F. Treatment with KLEPTOSE® CRYSMEB reduces mouse atherogenesis by impacting on lipid profile and Th1 lymphocyte response. Vascul Pharmacol 2015; 72:197-208. [PMID: 25921922 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The ability of pharmacological agents to target both "classical" risk factors and inflammation may be key for successful outcomes in the prevention and treatment of atherogenesis. Among the promising drugs interfering with cholesterol metabolism, we investigated whether methyl beta-cyclodextrin (KLEPTOSE® CRYSMEB) could positively impact on atherogenesis, lipid profile and atherosclerotic plaque inflammation in ApoE-/- mice. Eleven-week old ApoE-/- mice were fed either a normal diet (N.D.) or a high-cholesterol diet (H.D.), resulting in different levels of hypercholesterolemia. KLEPTOSE® CRYSMEB (40mg/kg) or vehicle was intraperitoneally administrated 3 times per week in the last 16weeks before euthanasia in mice under N.D. and in the last 11weeks under H.D. Treatment with KLEPTOSE® CRYSMEB reduced triglyceride serum levels in both atherogenesis mouse models. In H.D. mice, treatment with KLEPTOSE® CRYSMEB increased HDL-cholesterol levels and reduced free fatty acids and spleen weight. In both mouse models, treatment with KLEPTOSE® CRYSMEB reduced atherosclerotic plaque size in thoraco-abdominal aortas and intraplaque T lymphocyte content, but did not induce relevant improvements in other histological parameters of vulnerability (macrophage, neutrophil, MMP-9 and collagen content). Conversely and more markedly in H.D. mice, treatment with KLEPTOSE® CRYSMEB was associated with a reduction in genetic markers of Th1-mediated immune response. In vitro, KLEPTOSE® CRYSMEB dose-dependently abrogated Th1 proliferation and IFNγ release. In conclusion, treatment with KLEPTOSE® CRYSMEB reduced atherosclerotic plaque size by improving triglyceride serum levels and Th1-mediated response. These results indicate this drug as a potential tool for blocking atheroprogression associated with different severity degrees of hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Montecucco
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa School of Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, 6 viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy; Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches, Department of Medical Specialties, University of Geneva, 64 avenue de la Roseraie, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, 4 rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Sébastien Lenglet
- Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches, Department of Medical Specialties, University of Geneva, 64 avenue de la Roseraie, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Federico Carbone
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa School of Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, 6 viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy; Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches, Department of Medical Specialties, University of Geneva, 64 avenue de la Roseraie, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Boero
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa School of Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, 6 viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Graziano Pelli
- Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches, Department of Medical Specialties, University of Geneva, 64 avenue de la Roseraie, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Burger
- Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches, Department of Medical Specialties, University of Geneva, 64 avenue de la Roseraie, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aline Roth
- Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches, Department of Medical Specialties, University of Geneva, 64 avenue de la Roseraie, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maria Bertolotto
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa School of Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, 6 viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessio Nencioni
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa School of Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, 6 viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Michele Cea
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa School of Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, 6 viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Franco Dallegri
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa School of Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, 6 viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Rodrigo A Fraga-Silva
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laëtitia Fougère
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique CNRS-UMR 7311, University of Orleans, F-45067 Orléans cedex 02, France
| | - Claire Elfakir
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique CNRS-UMR 7311, University of Orleans, F-45067 Orléans cedex 02, France
| | - Anne-Laure Gassner
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 30, quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Serge Rudaz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 30, quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Daniel Wils
- Roquette Frères, 62080 Lestrem cedex, France
| | - Marc Salomé
- Cabinet d'Etudes et Concepts, Ramonville, France
| | - Nicolas Vuilleumier
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, 4 rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Poggi
- Unit of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST National Institute for Cancer Research, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - François Mach
- Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches, Department of Medical Specialties, University of Geneva, 64 avenue de la Roseraie, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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404
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Hamer M, Smith L, Stamatakis E. Prospective association of TV viewing with acute phase reactants and coagulation markers: English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Atherosclerosis 2015; 239:322-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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405
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Lüscher TF. Mechanisms of disease: paracine effects of adipose tissue, progenitor cell function, and epigenetics of diabetic vascular disease. Eur Heart J 2015; 36:765-7. [PMID: 25834131 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Lüscher
- Editor-in-Chief, Zurich Heart House, Careum Campus, Moussonstrasse 4, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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406
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Cardiometabolic effects of genetic upregulation of the interleukin 1 receptor antagonist: a Mendelian randomisation analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2015; 3:243-53. [PMID: 25726324 PMCID: PMC4648058 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(15)00034-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate potential cardiovascular and other effects of long-term pharmacological interleukin 1 (IL-1) inhibition, we studied genetic variants that produce inhibition of IL-1, a master regulator of inflammation. METHODS We created a genetic score combining the effects of alleles of two common variants (rs6743376 and rs1542176) that are located upstream of IL1RN, the gene encoding the IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra; an endogenous inhibitor of both IL-1α and IL-1β); both alleles increase soluble IL-1Ra protein concentration. We compared effects on inflammation biomarkers of this genetic score with those of anakinra, the recombinant form of IL-1Ra, which has previously been studied in randomised trials of rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory disorders. In primary analyses, we investigated the score in relation to rheumatoid arthritis and four cardiometabolic diseases (type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, ischaemic stroke, and abdominal aortic aneurysm; 453,411 total participants). In exploratory analyses, we studied the relation of the score to many disease traits and to 24 other disorders of proposed relevance to IL-1 signalling (746,171 total participants). FINDINGS For each IL1RN minor allele inherited, serum concentrations of IL-1Ra increased by 0.22 SD (95% CI 0.18-0.25; 12.5%; p = 9.3 × 10(-33)), concentrations of interleukin 6 decreased by 0.02 SD (-0.04 to -0.01; -1.7%; p = 3.5 × 10(-3)), and concentrations of C-reactive protein decreased by 0.03 SD (-0.04 to -0.02; -3.4%; p = 7.7 × 10(-14)). We noted the effects of the genetic score on these inflammation biomarkers to be directionally concordant with those of anakinra. The allele count of the genetic score had roughly log-linear, dose-dependent associations with both IL-1Ra concentration and risk of coronary heart disease. For people who carried four IL-1Ra-raising alleles, the odds ratio for coronary heart disease was 1.15 (1.08-1.22; p = 1.8 × 10(-6)) compared with people who carried no IL-1Ra-raising alleles; the per-allele odds ratio for coronary heart disease was 1.03 (1.02-1.04; p = 3.9 × 10(-10)). Per-allele odds ratios were 0.97 (0.95-0.99; p = 9.9 × 10(-4)) for rheumatoid arthritis, 0.99 (0.97-1.01; p = 0.47) for type 2 diabetes, 1.00 (0.98-1.02; p = 0.92) for ischaemic stroke, and 1.08 (1.04-1.12; p = 1.8 × 10(-5)) for abdominal aortic aneurysm. In exploratory analyses, we observed per-allele increases in concentrations of proatherogenic lipids, including LDL-cholesterol, but no clear evidence of association for blood pressure, glycaemic traits, or any of the 24 other disorders studied. Modelling suggested that the observed increase in LDL-cholesterol could account for about a third of the association observed between the genetic score and increased coronary risk. INTERPRETATION Human genetic data suggest that long-term dual IL-1α/β inhibition could increase cardiovascular risk and, conversely, reduce the risk of development of rheumatoid arthritis. The cardiovascular risk might, in part, be mediated through an increase in proatherogenic lipid concentrations.
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407
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Yang BR, Yu N, Deng YH, Hoi PM, Yang B, Liu GY, Cong WH, Lee SMY. L-tetrahydropalamatine inhibits tumor necrosis factor-α-induced monocyte-endothelial cell adhesion through downregulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 involving suppression of nuclear factor-κ B signaling pathway. Chin J Integr Med 2015; 21:361-8. [PMID: 25776841 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-015-2165-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether I-tetrahydropalmatine (I-THP), an alkaloid mainly present in Corydalis family, could ameliorate early vascular inflammatory responses in atherosclerotic processes. METHODS Fluorescently labeled monocytes were co-incubated with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), which were pretreated with I-THP and then simulated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in absence of I-THP to determine if I-THP could reduce thecytokine-induced adhesion of monocytes to HUVECs. Then I-THP were further studied the underlying mechanisms through observing the transcriptional and translational level of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor (NF)-κ B in HUVECs. RESULTS L-THP could block TNF-α-induced adhesion of monocytes to HUVECs and could significantly inhibited the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 on cell surface by 31% and 36% at 30 μ mol/L. L-THP pretreatment could also markedly reduce transcriptional and translational level of VCAM-1 as well as mildly reduce the total protein and mRNA expression levels of ICAM-1. Furthermore, I-THP attenuated TNF-α-stimulated NF-κ B nuclear translocation. CONCLUSION These results provide evidences supporting that I-THP could be a promising compound in the prevention and treatment of the early vascular inflammatory reaction in atherosclerosis by inhibiting monocyte adhesion to vascular endothelial cell through downregulating ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in vascular endothelial cell based on suppressing NF-κ B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-rui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
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408
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Lüscher
- Editor-in-Chief, Zurich Heart House, Careum Campus, Moussonstrasse 4, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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409
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410
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Lüscher
- Editor-in-Chief, Zurich Heart House, Careum Campus, Moussonstrasse 4, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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411
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Lubrano V, Balzan S. Consolidated and emerging inflammatory markers in coronary artery disease. World J Exp Med 2015; 5:21-32. [PMID: 25699231 PMCID: PMC4308529 DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v5.i1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease is an event of atherosclerosis characterized by a chronic vascular inflammation. Risk factors like obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, smoking, hypercholesterolemia and positive family history sometimes are not sufficiently adequate to the enhancement of cardiovascular risk assessment. In the past years numerous biomarkers, like C reactive protein, cytokines and adhesion molecules, have been observed to be related to adverse cardiovascular prognosis. Recently, several studies found an association among inflammatory biomarkers and cardiovascular diseases suggesting their utility to identify the risk of an acute ischemic event and the detection of vulnerable plaques. The emerging inflammatory markers are well divided for diagnosis and prognosis and plaque instability of coronary artery disease. Some of them, the lectin-like oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor-1 can be important both in diagnosis and in the evaluation of plaque instability, other are inserted in the above reported classification. The emerging inflammatory markers in acute-phase include amyloid A, fibrinogen and pentraxin 3 while myeloperoxidase, myeloid-related protein 8/14 and pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A are recognize markers of plaque instability. Lastly, some studies demonstrated that circulating miRNAs are involved in coronary artery disease, acute myocardial infarction and heart failure.
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412
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The epigenetic memory of monocytes and macrophages as a novel drug target in atherosclerosis. Clin Ther 2015; 37:914-23. [PMID: 25704108 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Atherosclerosis is characterized by a persistent inflammation of the arterial wall. Monocyte-derived macrophages are the most abundant immune cells in atherosclerotic plaques. After stimulation, monocytes can adopt a long-term proinflammatory phenotype. This nonspecific memory of innate immune cells is mediated by epigenetic reprogramming and has recently been termed "trained innate immunity." The goal of this study was to describe the potential role of trained immunity in the development of atherosclerosis and to discuss the potential clinical implications of this concept. METHODS We performed a comprehensive literature search (PubMed) on the role of epigenetic programming of histones, and of trained immunity in particular, in atherogenesis. FINDINGS In vitro studies demonstrate that modified LDL particles can induce a long-term proinflammatory phenotype in monocytes/macrophages by epigenetic reprogramming at the level of histone methylation. This scenario is associated with increased production of proatherogenic cytokines and chemokines and increased formation of foam cells. IMPLICATIONS Preclinical evidence suggests that trained innate immunity may contribute to vascular wall inflammation in patients with risk factors for atherosclerosis. Epigenetic reprogramming is regulated by enzymes that are amenable to pharmacologic modulation. Therefore, this mechanism could be used to develop novel pharmacologic targets for the prevention or treatment of atherosclerotic vascular disease.
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413
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Luscher TF. Acute coronary syndromes and coronary intervention. Eur Heart J 2015; 36:323-4. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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414
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Brown WV, Remaley AT, Ridker PM. JCL Roundtable: is inflammation a future target in preventing arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease. J Clin Lipidol 2015; 9:119-28. [PMID: 25911071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
It has been a long developing concept that inflammatory infiltration by white blood cells from the blood plasma is an important part of the atherosclerotic process. However, we have thought of this as a secondary phenomenon resulting from the causative insults of high concentrations of apolipoprotein B (apoB)-containing lipoproteins, toxins such as those from cigarette smoke, high blood pressure, and high blood glucose. Much research has provided evidence as to how the invading cells interact with the basic components of the arterial structure to produce the damage observed throughout the vessel wall. We have focused our preventive efforts on the clinical risk factors with significant but partial success in patients with active disease. It is a relatively new concept that suppressing the inflammation itself, as an adjunct to risk factor modification, could help reduce the clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis. This concept is now being tested in randomized clinical trials. Our discussants in this Roundtable are Dr Alan Remaley, a Senior Investigator in the Lipoprotein Metabolism Section of the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute and Dr Paul Ridker, a cardiologist at the Brigham and Women's Hospital and a Professor at the Harvard Medical School. Both have made very significant contributions to our understanding of the signaling process that drives this inflammatory aspect of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan T Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paul M Ridker
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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415
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Arnold KM, Opdenaker LM, Flynn D, Sims-Mourtada J. Wound healing and cancer stem cells: inflammation as a driver of treatment resistance in breast cancer. CANCER GROWTH AND METASTASIS 2015; 8:1-13. [PMID: 25674014 PMCID: PMC4315129 DOI: 10.4137/cgm.s11286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between wound healing and cancer has long been recognized. The mechanisms that regulate wound healing have been shown to promote transformation and growth of malignant cells. In addition, chronic inflammation has been associated with malignant transformation in many tissues. Recently, pathways involved in inflammation and wound healing have been reported to enhance cancer stem cell (CSC) populations. These cells, which are highly resistant to current treatments, are capable of repopulating the tumor after treatment, causing local and systemic recurrences. In this review, we highlight proinflammatory cytokines and developmental pathways involved in tissue repair, whose deregulation in the tumor microenvironment may promote growth and survival of CSCs. We propose that the addition of anti-inflammatory agents to current treatment regimens may slow the growth of CSCs and improve therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M Arnold
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center, Christiana Care Health Services, Inc., Newark, DE, USA. ; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Lynn M Opdenaker
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center, Christiana Care Health Services, Inc., Newark, DE, USA. ; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Daniel Flynn
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center, Christiana Care Health Services, Inc., Newark, DE, USA. ; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Jennifer Sims-Mourtada
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center, Christiana Care Health Services, Inc., Newark, DE, USA. ; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
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416
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Carbone F, Montecucco F. Inflammation in arterial diseases. IUBMB Life 2015; 67:18-28. [PMID: 25631520 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Carbone
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine; University of Genoa School of Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro; Genoa Italy
- Division of Cardiology; Foundation for Medical Researches; Department of Medical Specialties; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine; University of Genoa School of Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro; Genoa Italy
- Division of Cardiology; Foundation for Medical Researches; Department of Medical Specialties; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
- Division of Laboratory Medicine; Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine; Geneva University Hospitals; Geneva Switzerland
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417
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Randomization to plant-based dietary approaches leads to larger short-term improvements in Dietary Inflammatory Index scores and macronutrient intake compared with diets that contain meat. Nutr Res 2014; 35:97-106. [PMID: 25532675 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Studies have examined nutrient differences among people following different plant-based diets. However, all of these studies have been observational. The aim of the present study was to examine differences in nutrient intake and Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) scores among overweight and obese (body mass index 25.0-49.9 kg/m(2)) adults randomized to receive dietary instruction on a vegan (n = 12), vegetarian (n = 13), pescovegetarian (n = 13), semivegetarian (n = 13), or omnivorous (n = 12) diet during a 6-month randomized controlled trial. Nutrient intake, nutrient adequacy, and DII score were assessed via two 24-hour dietary recalls (Automated Self-Administered 24-Hour Dietary Recall) at baseline and at 2 and 6 months. Differences in nutrient intake and the DII were examined using general linear models with follow-up tests at each time point. We hypothesized that individuals randomized to the vegan diet would have lower DII scores and greater improvements in fiber, carbohydrate, fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol at both 2 and 6 months as compared with the other 4 diets. Participants randomized to the vegan diet had significantly greater changes in most macronutrients at both time points, including fat and saturated fat, as well as cholesterol and, at 2 months, fiber, as compared with most of the other diet groups (Ps < .05). Vegan, vegetarian, and pescovegetarian participants all saw significant improvements in the DII score as compared with semivegetarian participants at 2 months (Ps < .05) with no differences at 6 months. Given the greater impact on macronutrients and the DII during the short term, finding ways to provide support for adoption and maintenance of plant-based dietary approaches, such as vegan and vegetarian diets, should be given consideration.
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418
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Putko BN, Yogasundaram H, Oudit GY. Cardiovascular Pathophysiology: Is It a Tumour Necrosis Factor Superfamily Affair? Can J Cardiol 2014; 30:1492-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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419
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Lui GK, Fernandes S, McElhinney DB. Management of cardiovascular risk factors in adults with congenital heart disease. J Am Heart Assoc 2014; 3:e001076. [PMID: 25359401 PMCID: PMC4338694 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.114.001076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- George K Lui
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Pediatric Cardiology, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (G.K.L., S.F.)
| | - Susan Fernandes
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Pediatric Cardiology, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (G.K.L., S.F.)
| | - Doff B McElhinney
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (D.B.M.E.)
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420
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Esser N, Paquot N, Scheen AJ. Anti-inflammatory agents to treat or prevent type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014; 24:283-307. [PMID: 25345753 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2015.974804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is a growing body of evidence to suggest that chronic silent inflammation is a key feature in abdominal obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). These observations suggest that pharmacological strategies, which reduce inflammation, may be therapeutically useful in treating obesity, type 2 diabetes and associated CVD. AREA COVERED The article covers novel strategies, using either small molecules or monoclonal antibodies. These strategies include: approaches targeting IKK-b-NF-kB (salicylates, salsalate), TNF-α (etanercept, infliximab, adalimumab), IL-1β (anakinra, canakinumab) and IL-6 (tocilizumab), AMP-activated protein kinase activators, sirtuin-1 activators, mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors and C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 antagonists. EXPERT OPINION The available data supports the concept that targeting inflammation improves insulin sensitivity and β-cell function; it also ameliorates glucose control in insulin-resistant patients with inflammatory rheumatoid diseases as well in patients with metabolic syndrome or T2DM. Although promising, the observed metabolic effects remain rather modest in most clinical trials. The potential use of combined anti-inflammatory agents targeting both insulin resistance and insulin secretion appears appealing but remains unexplored. Large-scale prospective clinical trials are underway to investigate the safety and efficacy of different anti-inflammatory drugs. Further evidence is needed to support the concept that targeting inflammation pathways may represent a valuable option to tackle the cardiometabolic complications of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Esser
- University of Liege and Division of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Disorders, Department of Medicine, Virology and Immunology Unit, GIGA-ST , CHU Liège, Liège , Belgium
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421
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Bonda TA, Kożuch M, Litvinovich S, Bialuk I, Taranta A, Lipiec P, Szymczyk E, Musiał WJ, Winnicka MM, Kamiński KA. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of CCN genes in failing heart. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 67:204-8. [PMID: 25712640 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2014.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CCN family of proteins has been implicated in various processes in cardiovascular physiology and pathology, including angiogenesis, regeneration and fibrosis. In this study we assessed long term changes of CCN1 and CCN2 gene products abundance in the failing ventricular myocardium. METHODS Male, 12-14-weeks-old C57BL6/J and C57BL6/J (IL-6-/-) mice were used. To assess short term changes, a transient reversible ischemia model was utilized. Heart failure was caused by ligation of anterior descending coronary artery. The presence of systolic dysfunction was confirmed by echocardiography and left ventricular ANP RNA expression. Molecular analysis was performed on left ventricular samples from animals sacrificed 12-14 weeks after infarction. Western blotting and QT-PCR were used to investigate abundance of CCN proteins and RNAs, respectively. RESULTS Short ischemia resulted in marked increase of CCN1 transcript. However, three months after myocardial infarction (MI), remote myocardium showed a markedly increased expression of CCN1 protein, but not RNA. In the case of CCN2, the RNA was distinctly up-regulated, whereas the protein presented only modest, non-significant increase in failing myocardium. Expression of CCN2 RNA closely correlated with expression of ANP. Long-term telmisartan administration after infarction decreased the expression of CCN1 protein. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) deficiency caused increased CCN2 protein abundance in control animals, but the difference was absent after MI. Infarction did not increase CCN1 protein in the hearts of IL-6 deficient mice. CONCLUSION CCN genes are activated in heart failure. Their regulation is multidimensional both transcriptional and posttranscriptional. The involved pathways include angiotensin II and IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz A Bonda
- Department of General and Experimental Pathology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Marcin Kożuch
- Department of Invasive Cardiology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Sergei Litvinovich
- Department of General and Experimental Pathology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland; Department of Medical Therapy, Grodno State University, Grodno, Belarus
| | - Izabela Bialuk
- Department of General and Experimental Pathology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Andrzej Taranta
- Department of General and Experimental Pathology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Piotr Lipiec
- Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Łodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Ewa Szymczyk
- Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Łodz, Łódź, Poland
| | | | - Maria M Winnicka
- Department of General and Experimental Pathology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Karol A Kamiński
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland.
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Abstract
Lifelong exposure to raised concentrations of LDL cholesterol increases cardiovascular event rates, and the use of statin therapy as an adjunct to diet, exercise, and smoking cessation has proven highly effective in reducing the population burden associated with hyperlipidaemia. Yet, despite consistent biological, genetic, and epidemiological data, and evidence from randomised trials, there is controversy among national guidelines and clinical practice with regard to LDL cholesterol, its measurement, the usefulness of population-based screening, the net benefit-to-risk ratio for different LDL-lowering drugs, the benefit of treatment targets, and whether aggressive lowering of LDL is safe. Several novel therapies have been introduced for the treatment of people with genetic defects that result in loss of function within the LDL receptor, a major determinant of inherited hyperlipidaemias. Moreover, the usefulness of monoclonal antibodies that extend the LDL-receptor lifecycle (and thus result in substantial lowering of LDL cholesterol below the levels achieved with statins alone) is being assessed in phase 3 trials that will enrol more than 60,000 at-risk patients worldwide. These trials represent an exceptionally rapid translation of genetic observations into clinical practice and will address core questions of how low LDL cholesterol can be safely reduced, whether the mechanism of LDL-cholesterol lowering matters, and whether ever more aggressive lipid-lowering provides a safe, long-term mechanism to prevent atherothrombotic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Ridker
- Harvard Medical School, Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston, MA, USA.
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423
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Eun Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital
| | - Hyo-Soo Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital
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