401
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Zhu K, Lv Y, Cheng Q, Hua J, Zeng Q. Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Fields Do Not Induce DNA Damage in Human Lens Epithelial Cells In Vitro. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2016; 299:688-97. [PMID: 27079842 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Non-ionizing radiations, e.g., radiofrequency electromagnetic fields, could induce DNA damage and oxidative stress in human lens epithelial cells (LECs) which can be early events in cataractogenesis. Extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF MF) as another common form of man-made electromagnetic fields has been considered as suspected human carcinogen by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and become a focus that people play more and more attentions to. This study aimed to determine whether ELF MF can induce DNA damage in cultured human LECs at a relatively low intensity. Human LECs were exposed or sham-exposed to a 50 Hz ELF MF which produced by a well-designed exposure system at the intensity of 0.4 mT. DNA damage in human LECs was examined by the phosphorylated form of histone variant H2AX (γH2AX) foci formation assay and further explored with western blot, flow cytometry, and alkaline comet assay. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that 0.4 mT ELF MF did not significantly increase γH2AX foci formation in human LECs after 2, 6, 12, 24, or 48 hr exposure. No significant differences had been detected in γH2AX expression level between the ELF MF- and sham-exposure groups, while no obvious chromosomal DNA fragmentation was detected by alkaline comet assay after ELF MF exposure. The results indicate an absence of genotoxicity in ELF MF-exposed human epithelial cells and do not support the hypothesis that environmental ELF MF might be causally led to genomic instability via chromosomal damage response processes. Neither short nor long term continuous exposure to 50 Hz ELF MF at 0.4 mT could induce DNA damage in human lens epithelial cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Zhu
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ye Lv
- Department of environmental and occupational health, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qian Cheng
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of health monitoring, Haining Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Haining, China
| | - Jianing Hua
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qunli Zeng
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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402
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Long-term exposure to ELF-MF ameliorates cognitive deficits and attenuates tau hyperphosphorylation in 3xTg AD mice. Neurotoxicology 2016; 53:290-300. [PMID: 26945731 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Although numerous studies have reported the influence of extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF) exposure on human health, its effects on cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD) have remained under debate. Moreover, the influence of ELF-MF on hyperphosphorylated tau, which is one of the most common pathological hallmarks of AD, has not been reported to date. Therefore, transgenic mice (3xTg) were used in the present study. 3xTg mice, which express an APP/PS1 mutation combined with a tau (P301L) mutation and that develop cognitive deficits at 6 months of age, were subjected to ELF-MF (50Hz, 500μT) exposure or sham exposure daily for 3 months. We discovered that ELF-MF exposure ameliorated cognitive deficits and increased synaptic proteins in 3xTg mice. The protective effects of ELF-MF exposure may have also been caused by the inhibition of apoptosis and/or decreased oxidative stress levels that were observed in the hippocampus tissues of treated mice. Furthermore, tau hyperphosphorylation was decreased in vivo because of ELF-MF exposure, and this decrease was induced by the inhibition of GSK3β and CDK5 activities and activation of PP2Ac. We are the first to report that exposure to ELF-MF can attenuate tau phosphorylation. These findings suggest that ELF-MF exposure could act as a valid therapeutic strategy for ameliorating cognitive deficits and attenuating tau hyperphosphorylation in AD.
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403
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Bonutti F, Tecchio M, Maieron M, Trevisan D, Negro C, Calligaris F. Measurement of the weighted peak level for occupational exposure to gradient magnetic fields for 1.5 and 3 Tesla MRI body scanners. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2016; 168:358-364. [PMID: 25987585 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncv308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this work is to give a contribution to the construction of a comprehensive knowledge of the exposure levels to gradient magnetic fields (GMF) in terms of the weighed peak (WP), especially for 3 Tesla scanners for which there are still few works available in the literature. A new generation probe for the measurement of electromagnetic fields in the range of 1 Hz-400 kHz was used to assess the occupational exposure levels to the GMF for 1.5 and 3.0 Tesla MRI body scanners, using the method of the WP according to the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) approach. The probe was placed at a height of 1.1 m, close to the MRI scanners, where operators could stay during some medical procedures with particular issues. The measurements were performed for a set of typical acquisition sequences for body (liver) and head exams. The measured values of WP were in compliance with ICNIRP 2010 reference levels for occupational exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bonutti
- Medical Physics Department, Academic Hospital 'S.Maria della Misericordia', Udine, Italy
| | - M Tecchio
- Faculty of Medicine, School for Radiographers, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - M Maieron
- Medical Physics Department, Academic Hospital 'S.Maria della Misericordia', Udine, Italy
| | - D Trevisan
- Medical Physics Department, S. Chiara Hospital, APSS Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - C Negro
- Occupational Medicine Department, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - F Calligaris
- Department of Physics, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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404
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Romeo S, Sannino A, Scarfì MR, Massa R, d’Angelo R, Zeni O. Lack of effects on key cellular parameters of MRC-5 human lung fibroblasts exposed to 370 mT static magnetic field. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19398. [PMID: 26762783 PMCID: PMC4725921 DOI: 10.1038/srep19398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The last decades have seen increased interest toward possible adverse effects arising from exposure to intense static magnetic fields. This concern is mainly due to the wider and wider applications of such fields in industry and clinical practice; among them, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) facilities are the main sources of exposure to static magnetic fields for both general public (patients) and workers. In recent investigations, exposures to static magnetic fields have been demonstrated to elicit, in different cell models, both permanent and transient modifications in cellular endpoints critical for the carcinogenesis process. The World Health Organization has therefore recommended in vitro investigations as important research need, to be carried out under strictly controlled exposure conditions. Here we report on the absence of effects on cell viability, reactive oxygen species levels and DNA integrity in MRC-5 human foetal lung fibroblasts exposed to 370 mT magnetic induction level, under different exposure regimens. Exposures have been performed by using an experimental apparatus designed and realized for operating with the static magnetic field generated by permanent magnets, and confined in a magnetic circuit, to allow cell cultures exposure in absence of confounding factors like heating or electric field components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Romeo
- CNR – Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of Environment, Via Diocleziano 328, 80124 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Sannino
- CNR – Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of Environment, Via Diocleziano 328, 80124 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Scarfì
- CNR – Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of Environment, Via Diocleziano 328, 80124 Naples, Italy
| | - Rita Massa
- CNR – Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of Environment, Via Diocleziano 328, 80124 Naples, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Naples Federico II, CMSA via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Raffaele d’Angelo
- Italian Workers’ Compensation Authority (INAIL)–Regional Technical Advisory Department Risk and Prevention Assessment (CONTARP) of Campania, via Nuova Poggioreale, 80143 Napoli
| | - Olga Zeni
- CNR – Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of Environment, Via Diocleziano 328, 80124 Naples, Italy
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405
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Yoshie S, Ogasawara Y, Ikehata M, Ishii K, Suzuki Y, Wada K, Wake K, Nakasono S, Taki M, Ohkubo C. Evaluation of biological effects of intermediate frequency magnetic field on differentiation of embryonic stem cell. Toxicol Rep 2016; 3:135-140. [PMID: 28959531 PMCID: PMC5615788 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The embryotoxic effect of intermediate frequency (IF) magnetic field (MF) was evaluated using murine embryonic stem (ES) cells and fibroblast cells based on the embryonic stem cell test (EST). The cells were exposed to 21 kHz IF-MF up to magnetic flux density of 3.9 mT during the cell proliferation process (7 days) or the cell differentiation process (10 days) during which an embryonic body differentiated into myocardial cells. As a result, there was no significant difference in the cell proliferation between sham- and IF-MF-exposed cells for both ES and fibroblast cells. Similarly, the ratio of the number of ES-derived cell aggregates differentiated to myocardial cells to total number of cell aggregates was not changed by IF-MF exposure. In addition, the expressions of a cardiomyocytes-specific gene, Myl2, and an early developmental gene, Hba-x, in the exposed cell aggregate were not altered. Since the magnetic flux density adopted in this study is much higher than that generated by an inverter of the electrical railway, an induction heating (IH) cooktop, etc. in our daily lives, these results suggested that IF-MF in which the public is exposed to in general living environment would not have embryotoxic effect.
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Key Words
- 5-FU, 5-fluorouracil
- Differentiation
- EB, embryonic body
- ELF, extremely low frequency
- EMF, electromagnetic field
- ES, embryonic stem
- EST, embryonic stem cell test
- Embryonic stem cell
- Gene expression
- ICNIRP, International Commission of Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection
- IF, intermediate frequency
- IH, induction heating
- Intermediate frequency magnetic field
- MF, magnetic field
- RF, radiofrequency
- WHO, World Health Organization
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Yoshie
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Human Science Division, Railway Technical Research Institute, 2-8-38, Hikari-cho, Kokubunji, Tokyo 185-8540, Japan
| | - Yuki Ogasawara
- Hygienic Chemistry, Health and Environmental Sciences, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1, Noshio, Kiyose-shi, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| | - Masateru Ikehata
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Human Science Division, Railway Technical Research Institute, 2-8-38, Hikari-cho, Kokubunji, Tokyo 185-8540, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Ishii
- Hygienic Chemistry, Health and Environmental Sciences, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1, Noshio, Kiyose-shi, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| | - Yukihisa Suzuki
- Faculty of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Keiji Wada
- Faculty of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Kanako Wake
- Electromagnetic Compatibility Laboratory, Applied Electromagnetic Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 4-2-1, Nukui-Kitamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8795, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakasono
- EMF Environment Sector, Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 1646 Abiko, Abiko-shi, Chiba 270-1194, Japan
| | - Masao Taki
- Faculty of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Chiyoji Ohkubo
- Japan EMF Information Center, 2-9-11 Shiba, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0014, Japan
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406
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Boulant N, Wu X, Adriany G, Schmitter S, Uğurbil K, Van de Moortele PF. Direct control of the temperature rise in parallel transmission by means of temperature virtual observation points: Simulations at 10.5 Tesla. Magn Reson Med 2016; 75:249-56. [PMID: 25754685 PMCID: PMC4561040 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A method using parallel transmission to mitigate B1+ inhomogeneity while explicitly constraining the temperature rise is reported and compared with a more traditional SAR-constrained pulse design. METHODS Finite difference time domain simulations are performed on a numerical human head model and for a 16-channel coil at 10.5 Tesla. Based on a set of presimulations, a virtual observation point compression model for the temperature rise is derived. This compact representation is then used in a nonlinear programming algorithm for pulse design under explicit temperature rise constraints. RESULTS In the example of a time-of-flight sequence, radiofrequency pulse performance in some cases is increased by a factor of two compared with SAR-constrained pulses, while temperature rise is directly and efficiently controlled. Pulse performance can be gained by relaxing the SAR constraints, but at the expense of a loss of direct control on temperature. CONCLUSION Given the importance of accurate safety control at ultrahigh field and the lack of direct correspondence between SAR and temperature, this work motivates the need for thorough thermal studies in normal in vivo conditions. The tools presented here will possibly contribute to safer and more efficient MR exams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Boulant
- CEA, DSV, I2BM, NeuroSpin, Unirs, Gif sur Yvette 91191, France
| | - Xiaoping Wu
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Gregor Adriany
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Sebastian Schmitter
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Kamil Uğurbil
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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407
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Lai J, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Liu X, Ruan G, Chaugai S, Tang J, Wang H, Chen C, Wang DW. Effects of 100-μT extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields exposure on hematograms and blood chemistry in rats. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2016; 57:16-24. [PMID: 26404558 PMCID: PMC4708915 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrv059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to test whether extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF EMFs) affect health or not. Here, we constructed a 100-μT/50 Hz electromagnetic field atmosphere. A total of 128 rats were randomly assigned into two groups: the ELF EMF group and the sham group. The ELF EMF group was exposed to 100-μT/50-Hz ELF EMF for 20 h per day for three months; at the same time the other group was exposed to a sham device without ELF EMF. During the three months, the weight was recorded every 2 weeks, and the water intake and food intake of the animals were recorded weekly. The hematologic parameters were detected before and after the exposure, whereas blood chemistry analysis was performed every 4 weeks. The general condition of the exposed rats was not affected by ELF EMF. Compared with the sham group, the hematograms were not significantly altered in the ELF EMF group. Similarly, the blood chemistry (including lipid profile, blood glucose, liver function and renal function of rats) from the ELF EMF group showed no difference compared with rats from the control group during the three months exposure. The present study indicated that short-term exposure of 100-μT/50-Hz ELF EMF may not affect hematograms and blood chemistry in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsheng Lai
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gene Therapy Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095# Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan,430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yemao Zhang
- High Voltage Research Institute, China Electric Power Research Institute, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangong Zhang
- High Voltage Research Institute, China Electric Power Research Institute, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingfa Liu
- High Voltage Research Institute, China Electric Power Research Institute, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoran Ruan
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gene Therapy Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095# Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan,430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Sandip Chaugai
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gene Therapy Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095# Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan,430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiarong Tang
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gene Therapy Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095# Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan,430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gene Therapy Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095# Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan,430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gene Therapy Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095# Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan,430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Dao Wen Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gene Therapy Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095# Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan,430030, People's Republic of China
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408
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Lewis RC, Hauser R, Maynard AD, Neitzel RL, Wang L, Kavet R, Meeker JD. Exposure to Power-Frequency Magnetic Fields and the Risk of Infertility and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: Update on the Human Evidence and Recommendations for Future Study Designs. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2016; 19:29-45. [PMID: 27030583 PMCID: PMC4848457 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2015.1134370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Infertility and adverse pregnancy outcomes are significant public health concerns with global prevalence. Over the past 35 years, research has addressed whether exposure to power-frequency magnetic fields is one of the etiologic factors attributed to these conditions. However, no apparent authoritative reviews on this topic have been published in the peer-reviewed literature for nearly 15 years. This review provides an overview and critical analysis of human studies that were published in the peer-reviewed literature between 2002 and July 2015. Using PubMed, 13 epidemiology studies published during this time frame that concern exposure to magnetic fields and adverse prenatal (e.g., miscarriage), neonatal (e.g., preterm birth or birth defects), and male fertility (e.g., poor semen quality) outcomes were identified. Some of these studies reported associations whereas others did not, and study design limitations may explain these inconsistencies. Future investigations need to be designed with these limitations in mind to address existing research gaps. In particular, the following issues are discussed: (1) importance of selecting the appropriate study population, (2) need for addressing confounding due to unmeasured physical activity, (3) importance of minimizing information bias from exposure measurement error, (4) consideration of alternative magnetic field exposure metrics, and (5) implications and applications of personal exposure data that are correlated within female-male couples. Further epidemiologic research is needed, given the near ubiquitous exposures to power-frequency magnetic fields in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C. Lewis
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Exponent, Inc., Center for Occupational & Environmental Health Risk Assessment, 475 14 Street, Suite 475, Oakland, California 94612, USA
| | - Russ Hauser
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Departments of Environmental Health and Epidemiology, Building I, 14 Floor, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Vincent Memorial Obstetrics and Gynecology Service, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Andrew D. Maynard
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Richard L. Neitzel
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Lu Wang
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Robert Kavet
- Electric Power Research Institute, 3420 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
| | - John D. Meeker
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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409
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Racuciu M, Miclaus S, Creanga D. On the thermal effect induced in tissue samples exposed to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2015; 13:85. [PMID: 26682060 PMCID: PMC4682274 DOI: 10.1186/s40201-015-0241-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influence of electromagnetic exposure on mammalian tissues was approached as a public health issue aiming to reveal the putative side effect of 50 Hz industrial and domestic supply source (i) during aliments storage near such sources; (ii) in people staying couple of hours in the proximity of conducting wires. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fluorescence emission based thermal sensor was used to emphasize temperature dynamics of fresh meat samples during controlled electromagnetic exposure in Helmholtz coils adjusted to deliver 50 Hz / (4÷10) mT electromagnetic field in their inner volume. Fluoroptic temperature probe with 0.1 °C accuracy measurement and data acquisition software allowed reading temperature every second, in the tissue volume during exposure. RESULTS The temperature dynamics curves of ex-vivo porcine tissues like liver, kidney, brain, muscle, lung, and bone, were comparatively analyzed - the choosing of the mammalian species being justified by metabolic and physiological similarities with human body. The curve slopes appear to be the same for the range of initial temperatures chosen to perform the tests (20.0 ± 0.1 °C), the temperature increase reaching around 2.0 °C for the magnetic flux density of 10 mT. Quantitative dependence was evidenced between the thermal effect and the magnetic flux density. CONCLUSIONS The technical interpretation is based on heating effect, on bioimpedance increasing and on water vaporization during wet sample exposure. The biomedical aspects derive from the degrading effects of food heating as well as from possible in vivo effects of living body exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Racuciu
- />Environmental Sciences and Physics Department, Faculty of Sciences in “Lucian Blaga” University, Dr. I. Ratiu Street, no. 5-7, Sibiu, 550024 Romania
| | - S. Miclaus
- />Technical Sciences Department, ”Nicolae Balcescu” Land Forces Academy, Revolutiei Street, no. 3-5, Sibiu, 550170 Romania
| | - D. Creanga
- />Biophysics and Medical Physics Laboratory, Faculty of Physics, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University, 11, Blvd. Carol I, Iasi, 700506 Romania
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410
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Huss A, Murbach M, van Moorselaar I, Kuster N, van Strien R, Kromhout H, Vermeulen R, Slottje P. Novel exposure units for at-home personalized testing of electromagnetic sensibility. Bioelectromagnetics 2015; 37:62-8. [PMID: 26661464 DOI: 10.1002/bem.21943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Previous experimental studies on electromagnetic hypersensitivity have been criticized regarding inflexibility of choice of exposure and of study locations. We developed and tested novel portable exposure units that can generate different output levels of various extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF; 50 Hz field plus harmonics) and radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF). Testing was done with a group of healthy volunteers (n = 25 for 5 ELF-MF and n = 25 for 5 RF-EMF signals) to assess if units were indeed able to produce double-blind exposure conditions. Results substantiated that double-blind conditions were met; on average participants scored 50.6% of conditions correct on the ELF-MF, and 50.0% on the RF-EMF unit, which corresponds to guessing probability. No cues as to exposure conditions were reported. We aim to use these units in a future experiment with subjects who wish to test their personal hypothesis of being able to sense or experience when being exposed to EMF. The new units allow for a high degree of flexibility regarding choice of applied electromagnetic signal, output power level and location (at home or another environment of subjects' choosing).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Huss
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Imke van Moorselaar
- Department of Environmental Health, Public Health Service of Amsterdam (GGD), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rob van Strien
- Department of Environmental Health, Public Health Service of Amsterdam (GGD), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Kromhout
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Julius Centre for Public Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pauline Slottje
- Department of General Practice and Elderly Care Medicine, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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411
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Chan KH, Ohta S, Laakso I, Hirata A, Suzuki Y, Kavet R. Computational dosimetry for child and adult human models due to contact current from 10 Hz to 110 MHz. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2015; 167:642-652. [PMID: 25344888 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncu322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study computationally investigates in situ electric field due to low-frequency contact current and specific absorption rate (SAR) due to high-frequency contact currents in a realistic child model and compared with those in the adult model. The in situ electric fields and SAR in the child model are found to exceed the corresponding values in the adult. At the finger tip, the electric field and SAR due to contact currents, both at the ICNIRP reference levels and IEEE Maximum Permissible Exposures, are well beyond the corresponding basic restrictions. In the remaining part, the largest difference was observed in spinal tissue, and the smallest effect was in the heart. With respect to brain and skin conductivities, one needs to strongly consider which values of tissue properties are used to interpret one's results. The in situ electric fields resulting from contact with the metal plane are similar to those for contact with the wire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwok Hung Chan
- Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya-shi 466-8555, Japan City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunya Ohta
- Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya-shi 466-8555, Japan
| | - Ilkka Laakso
- Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya-shi 466-8555, Japan
| | - Akimasa Hirata
- Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya-shi 466-8555, Japan
| | | | - Robert Kavet
- Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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412
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Xiong Z, Feng S, Kautz R, Chandra S, Altunyurt N, Chen J. Multi-GPU Accelerated Admittance Method for High-Resolution Human Exposure Evaluation. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2015; 62:2920-30. [DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2015.2453169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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413
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Christopoulou M, Govari C, Tsaprouni P, Karabetsos E. Evaluation of occupational exposure to ELF magnetic fields at power plants in Greece in the context of European directives. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2015; 167:502-512. [PMID: 25614632 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncu373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The scope of this paper is to comparatively present the extremely low-frequency (ELF) measurements performed at four power plants in Greece, focusing on: (a) the worst-case exposure conditions, (b) the existence of magnetic field harmonic components, (c) the technical similarities among the power plants and (d) comparison of the measured percentages of reference levels at typical working areas in the power plants. A detailed measurement methodology is proposed, including broadband on-site inspection of the working areas, weighted averaged root-mean-square and peak values of magnetic flux density, percentage of reference levels, according to 1998 ICNIRP guidelines and harmonic analysis of the multi-frequency magnetic fields. During the analysis of the occupational exposure in all power plants, the new Directive 2013/35/EU has been taken into account. The study concludes by proposing a mapping procedure of working areas into certain zones, in order to take measures for workers safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Christopoulou
- Greek Atomic Energy Commission (EEAE), Non Ionizing Radiation Office, Patriarxou Grigoriou and Neapoleos, PO Box 60092, Zip Code 15310, Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Chrysa Govari
- Greek Atomic Energy Commission (EEAE), Non Ionizing Radiation Office, Patriarxou Grigoriou and Neapoleos, PO Box 60092, Zip Code 15310, Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiota Tsaprouni
- Greek Atomic Energy Commission (EEAE), Non Ionizing Radiation Office, Patriarxou Grigoriou and Neapoleos, PO Box 60092, Zip Code 15310, Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Efthymios Karabetsos
- Greek Atomic Energy Commission (EEAE), Non Ionizing Radiation Office, Patriarxou Grigoriou and Neapoleos, PO Box 60092, Zip Code 15310, Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
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414
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Kavet R. Dosimetric Uncertainties: Magnetic Field Coupling to Peripheral Nerve. HEALTH PHYSICS 2015; 109:556-565. [PMID: 26509623 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000000351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The International Commission on Non-ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) and the Institute for Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) have established magnetic field exposure limits for the general public between 400 Hz (ICNIRP)/759 Hz (IEEE) and 100 kHz to protect against adverse effects associated with peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS). Despite apparent common purpose and similarly stated principles, the two sets of limits diverge between 3.35-100 kHz by a factor of about 7.7 with respect to PNS. To address the basis for this difference and the more general issue of dosimetric uncertainty, this paper combines experimental data of PNS thresholds derived from human subjects exposed to magnetic fields together with published estimates of induced in situ electric field PNS thresholds to evaluate dosimetric relationships of external magnetic fields to induced fields at the threshold of PNS and the uncertainties inherent to such relationships. The analyses indicate that the logarithmic range of magnetic field thresholds constrains the bounds of uncertainty of in situ electric field PNS thresholds and coupling coefficients related to the peripheral nerve (the coupling coefficients define the dosimetric relationship of external field to induced electric field). The general public magnetic field exposure limit adopted by ICNIRP uses a coupling coefficient that falls above the bounds of dosimetric uncertainty, while IEEE's is within the bounds of uncertainty toward the lower end of the distribution. The analyses illustrate that dosimetric estimates can be derived without reliance on computational dosimetry and the associated values of tissue conductivity. With the limits now in place, investigative efforts would be required if a field measurement were to exceed ICNIRP's magnetic field limit (the reference level), even when there is a virtual certainty that the dose limit (the basic restriction) has not been exceeded. The constraints on the range of coupling coefficients described in this paper could facilitate a re-evaluation of ICNIRP and IEEE dose and exposure limits and possibly lead toward harmonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kavet
- *Electric Power Research Institute, 3420 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304
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415
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Lei H, Xu Y, Guan R, Li M, Hui Y, Gao Z, Yang B, Xin Z. Effect of gyromagnetic fields on human prostatic adenocarcinoma cells. Onco Targets Ther 2015; 8:3489-97. [PMID: 26648740 PMCID: PMC4664505 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s95306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the biological effect of gyromagnetic fields (GMFs) on cell proliferation and apoptosis of human prostatic adenocarcinoma cells and explore the underlying mechanisms. METHODS PC-3 cells were grouped into normal control (NC) and GMF treatment groups. Cell proliferation was analyzed with kit-8 and Ki67 immunofluorescence staining, while cell apoptosis was analyzed with flow cytometry double staining of Annexin V-PE/7-AAD. The Akt and p38 MAPK/Caspase signaling pathways were analyzed by western blotting and immunofluorescence staining, and cell polarization was analyzed with PARD3. RESULTS Cell proliferation and activity of the Akt pathway were significantly decreased by the GMF, while cell apoptosis, activity of p38 MAPK, and PARD3-positive cell number were significantly increased in the GMF group compared to the NC group. CONCLUSION GMFs inhibit cell proliferation, induce apoptosis, and regulate tumor cell polarity conditions, potentially through down-regulating Akt, activating the p38 MAPK/Caspase pathway, and promoting PARD3 expression in PC-3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongen Lei
- Andrology Center, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongde Xu
- Andrology Center, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruili Guan
- Andrology Center, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Urology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Hui
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhezhu Gao
- Andrology Center, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bicheng Yang
- Andrology Center, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongcheng Xin
- Andrology Center, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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416
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Lai J, Zhang Y, Liu X, Zhang J, Ruan G, Chaugai S, Chen C, Wang DW. Effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (100μT) on behaviors in rats. Neurotoxicology 2015; 52:104-13. [PMID: 26593281 PMCID: PMC7127835 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged exposure to ELF-EMF has no effect on the behavior of the adult male rats. Including anxiety/depression like behavior, and spatial/fear learning and memory. Exposure to ELF-EMF might be safe.
Recently, extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) have received considerable attentions for their potential pathogenicity. In the present study, we explored the effects of ELF-EMF on behaviors of adult male rats. Sixty adult male rats were randomly divided into two groups, the sham exposure group and the 50 Hz/100 μT ELF-EMF exposure group. During the 24 weeks exposure, body weight, as well as food and water intake were recorded. Results showed that food and water intake and the body weight of the rats were not affected by the exposure. After 24 weeks exposure, open field test and elevated plus maze were conducted to evaluate the anxiety-like behavior, the tail suspension test and forced swim test were conducted to evaluate depression-like behavior and Morris water maze and fear conditioning tests were used to evaluate the cognitive and memory ability. Exposure to ELF-EMF did not induce any anxiety-like or depression-like behaviors compared with the sham exposure. Moreover, the cognitive and memory ability was not impaired by the ELF-EMF exposure. Furthermore, ELF-EMF exposure did not affect the morphology and histology of the brain. In conclusion, 24 weeks exposure to 50 Hz/100 μT ELF-EMF had no effect on the behaviors of the adult male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsheng Lai
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gene Therapy Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yemao Zhang
- High Voltage Research Institute, China Electric Power Research Institute, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingfa Liu
- High Voltage Research Institute, China Electric Power Research Institute, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangong Zhang
- High Voltage Research Institute, China Electric Power Research Institute, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoran Ruan
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gene Therapy Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Sandip Chaugai
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gene Therapy Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gene Therapy Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dao Wen Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gene Therapy Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
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417
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In VitroDevelopmental Neurotoxicity Following Chronic Exposure to 50 Hz Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields in Primary Rat Cortical Cultures. Toxicol Sci 2015; 149:433-40. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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418
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Zilberti L, Bottauscio O, Chiampi M. Assessment of exposure to MRI motion-induced fields based on the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) guidelines. Magn Reson Med 2015; 76:1291-300. [PMID: 26525160 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The goal of this study was to conduct an exposure assessment for workers moving through the stray stationary field of common MRI scanners, performed according to the recent International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) Guidelines, which aim at avoiding annoying sensory effects. THEORY AND METHODS The analysis was performed through numerical simulations, using a high-resolution anatomical model that moved along realistic trajectories in proximity to a tubular and open MRI scanner. Both dosimetric indexes indicated by ICNIRP (maximum variation of the magnetic flux density vector and exposure index for the motion-induced electric field) were computed for three statures of the human model. RESULTS A total of 51 exposure situations were analyzed. None of them exceeded the limit for the maximum variation of the magnetic flux density, whereas some critical cases were found when computing the induced electric field. In the latter case, the exposure indexes computed via Fourier transform and through an equivalent filter result to be consistent. CONCLUSION The results suggest the adoption of some simple precautionary rules, useful when sensory effects experienced by an operator could reflect upon the patient's safety. Moreover, some open issues regarding the quantification of motion-induced fields are highlighted, putting in evidence the need for clarification at standardization level. Magn Reson Med 76:1291-1300, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Zilberti
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Torino, Italy.
| | | | - Mario Chiampi
- Politecnico di Torino, Dipartimento Energia, Torino, Italy
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419
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Kottou S, Nikolopoulos D, Yannakopoulos PH, Vogiannis E, Petraki E, Panagiotaras D, Koulougliotis D. Preliminary background indoor EMF measurements in Greece. Phys Med 2015; 31:808-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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420
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Gourzoulidis G, Karabetsos E, Skamnakis Ν, Xrtistodoulou A, Kappas C, Theodorou K, Tsougos I, Maris T. Occupational Electromagnetic Fields exposure in Magnetic Resonance Imaging systems – Preliminary results for the RF harmonic content. Phys Med 2015; 31:757-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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421
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Expression of Heat Shock Proteins in Human Fibroblast Cells under Magnetic Resonant Coupling Wireless Power Transfer. ENERGIES 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/en81012020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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422
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Sunohara T, Hirata A, Laakso I, De Santis V, Onishi T. Evaluation of nonuniform field exposures with coupling factors. Phys Med Biol 2015; 60:8129-40. [PMID: 26439390 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/60/20/8129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the safety compliance for nonuniform field exposures is discussed using coupling factor concepts. The coupling factor, which is defined in the International Electrotechnical Commission 62311 standard, is extended to consider the effects of harmonics and also to apply to the specific absorption rate (for frequencies up to 30 MHz). The proposed compliance procedure is applied to and demonstrated for a prototype wireless power transfer (WPT) system with induction coupling operating at the fundamental frequency in 140 kHz band. First, measurements confirm that the perturbation of the external magnetic field strength and S11 parameter of a one-loop antenna by a human-equivalent phantom are sufficiently small, suggesting the applicability of the magneto-quasi-static approximation to frequencies up to 30 MHz. Then, the frequency characteristics of the coupling factor are derived for the WPT system. For the prototype system that is not optimized for commercial usage, the maximum allowable transmitting power is relaxed by a factor of 23 with the proposed procedure. The contribution of the harmonics decreased the allowable transmitting power by 39%, indicating their importance for safety compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsu Sunohara
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Showa-ku, Gokiso-cho, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
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423
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Zradziński P. Difficulties in applying numerical simulations to an evaluation of occupational hazards caused by electromagnetic fields. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS 2015; 21:213-20. [PMID: 26323781 PMCID: PMC4566884 DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2015.1028233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Due to the various physical mechanisms of interaction between a worker's body and the electromagnetic field at various frequencies, the principles of numerical simulations have been discussed for three areas of worker exposure: to low frequency magnetic field, to low and intermediate frequency electric field and to radiofrequency electromagnetic field. This paper presents the identified difficulties in applying numerical simulations to evaluate physical estimators of direct and indirect effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields at various frequencies. Exposure of workers operating a plastic sealer have been taken as an example scenario of electromagnetic field exposure at the workplace for discussion of those difficulties in applying numerical simulations. The following difficulties in reliable numerical simulations of workers' exposure to the electromagnetic field have been considered: workers' body models (posture, dimensions, shape and grounding conditions), working environment models (objects most influencing electromagnetic field distribution) and an analysis of parameters for which exposure limitations are specified in international guidelines and standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Zradziński
- a Central Institute for Labour Protection - National Research Institute (CIOP-PIB) , Poland
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424
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Sliker L, Ciuti G, Rentschler M, Menciassi A. Magnetically driven medical devices: a review. Expert Rev Med Devices 2015; 12:737-52. [PMID: 26295303 DOI: 10.1586/17434440.2015.1080120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A widely accepted definition of a medical device is an instrument or apparatus that is used to diagnose, prevent or treat disease. Medical devices take a broad range of forms and utilize various methods to operate, such as physical, mechanical or thermal. Of particular interest in this paper are the medical devices that utilize magnetic field sources to operate. The exploitation of magnetic fields to operate or drive medical devices has become increasingly popular due to interesting characteristics of magnetic fields that are not offered by other phenomena, such as mechanical contact, hydrodynamics and thermodynamics. Today, there is a wide range of magnetically driven medical devices purposed for different anatomical regions of the body. A review of these devices is presented and organized into two groups: permanent magnetically driven devices and electromagnetically driven devices. Within each category, the discussion will be further segregated into anatomical regions (e.g., gastrointestinal, ocular, abdominal, thoracic, etc.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Levin Sliker
- a 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0427, USA
| | - Gastone Ciuti
- b 2 The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna , 56025 Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mark Rentschler
- a 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0427, USA
| | - Arianna Menciassi
- b 2 The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna , 56025 Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
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425
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Quasi-Static Magnetic Field Shielding Using Longitudinal Mu-Near-Zero Metamaterials. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12764. [PMID: 26234929 PMCID: PMC4522651 DOI: 10.1038/srep12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of quasi-static magnetic fields is of considerable interest in applications including the reduction of electromagnetic interference (EMI), wireless power transfer (WPT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The shielding of static or quasi-static magnetic fields is typically accomplished through the use of inherently magnetic materials with large magnetic permeability, such as ferrites, used sometimes in combination with metallic sheets and/or active field cancellation. Ferrite materials, however, can be expensive, heavy and brittle. Inspired by recent demonstrations of epsilon-, mu- and index-near-zero metamaterials, here we show how a longitudinal mu-near-zero (LMNZ) layer can serve as a strong frequency-selective reflector of magnetic fields when operating in the near-field region of dipole-like sources. Experimental measurements with a fabricated LMNZ sheet constructed from an artificial magnetic conductor – formed from non-magnetic, conducting, metamaterial elements – confirm that the artificial structure provides significantly improved shielding as compared with a commercially available ferrite of the same size. Furthermore, we design a structure to shield simultaneously at the fundamental and first harmonic frequencies. Such frequency-selective behavior can be potentially useful for shielding electromagnetic sources that may also generate higher order harmonics, while leaving the transmission of other frequencies unaffected.
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426
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Shiba K. Electrically induced energy transmission used for implantable medical devices deep inside the body: Measurement of received voltage in consideration of biological effect. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2015; 2015:2681-2684. [PMID: 26736844 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2015.7318944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We proposed an electrically induced energy transmission method for implantable medical devices deep inside the body. This method makes it possible to transmit energy deep inside the body using only a couple of titanium electrodes attached to the surface of the implantable medical device. In this study, electromagnetic simulations in which the area and distance of the receiving electrodes were changed were conducted. Then, experimental measurements of the received voltage were conducted in which electric energy was transmitted from the surface of the human phantom to an implantable device inside it (transmitting distance: 12 cm). As a result of the electromagnetic simulation, the area and distance of the receiving electrodes were roughly proportional to the received voltage, respectively. As a result of the experimental measurement, a received voltage of 2460 mV could be obtained with a load resistance of 100 Ω. We confirmed that our energy transmission method could be a powerful method for transmitting energy to a deeply implanted medical device.
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427
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Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Field (ELF-MF) Exposure Sensitizes SH-SY5Y Cells to the Pro-Parkinson's Disease Toxin MPP(.). Mol Neurobiol 2015. [PMID: 26223801 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9354-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by dopaminergic neuron loss, with an etiopathogenesis involving both genetic and environmental factors. The occupational/residential exposure to the electromagnetic fields has been recently associated with an increased risk of neurodegenerative diseases; it has been thus proposed that the extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF) may contribute to neurodegenerative etiopathogenesis, as its interaction with biological systems directly impairs redox homeostasis in specific areas of the brain. The molecular mechanisms elicited by ELF-MF, and their potential involvement in PD onset, still remain unclear. To this end, we set up a generator of ELF-MF able to stably and homogeneously reproduce environmental prolonged exposure to ELF-MF (50 Hz, 1 mT). Results obtained indicate that ELF-MF exposure alters cell response of SH-SY5Y cells to MPP(+). We demonstrate that ELF-MF does not affect per se survival, shape, and morphology of both proliferating and differentiated SH-SY5Y cells but significantly impairs redox homeostasis and thiol content, triggering an increase in protein carbonylation. As a result, toxicity of MPP(+), even at low doses, is highly enhanced in ELF-MF-exposed cells due to a significant increase in ROS levels, potentiation of oxidative damage, and induction of a caspase-dependent apoptosis. Pre-incubation with the thiol antioxidants N-acetyl-L-cysteine and GSH ethyl-ester significantly reduces the extent of oxidative damage and protects cells from death induced by the combined treatment ELF-MF/MPP(+). Taken overall, our results demonstrate the redox-based molecular interaction between ELF-MF and PD neurotoxins in vitro, and open a new scenario for defining the synergy of environmental factors in PD onset.
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428
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Legros A, Modolo J, Brown S, Roberston J, Thomas AW. Effects of a 60 Hz Magnetic Field Exposure Up to 3000 μT on Human Brain Activation as Measured by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26214312 PMCID: PMC4516358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Several aspects of the human nervous system and associated motor and cognitive processes have been reported to be modulated by extremely low-frequency (ELF, < 300 Hz) time-varying Magnetic Fields (MF). Due do their worldwide prevalence; power-line frequencies (60 Hz in North America) are of particular interest. Despite intense research efforts over the last few decades, the potential effects of 60 Hz MF still need to be elucidated, and the underlying mechanisms to be understood. In this study, we have used functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) to characterize potential changes in functional brain activation following human exposure to a 60 Hz MF through motor and cognitive tasks. First, pilot results acquired in a first set of subjects (N=9) were used to demonstrate the technical feasibility of using fMRI to detect subtle changes in functional brain activation with 60 Hz MF exposure at 1800 μT. Second, a full study involving a larger cohort of subjects tested brain activation during 1) a finger tapping task (N=20), and 2) a mental rotation task (N=21); before and after a one-hour, 60 Hz, 3000 μT MF exposure. The results indicate significant changes in task-induced functional brain activation as a consequence of MF exposure. However, no impact on task performance was found. These results illustrate the potential of using fMRI to identify MF-induced changes in functional brain activation, suggesting that a one-hour 60 Hz, 3000 μT MF exposure can modulate activity in specific brain regions after the end of the exposure period (i.e., residual effects). We discuss the possibility that MF exposure at 60 Hz, 3000 μT may be capable of modulating cortical excitability via a modulation of synaptic plasticity processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Legros
- Human Threshold Research Group, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Imaging, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Julien Modolo
- Human Threshold Research Group, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Imaging, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samantha Brown
- Human Threshold Research Group, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Roberston
- Human Threshold Research Group, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alex W. Thomas
- Human Threshold Research Group, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Imaging, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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429
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Park JS, Chung JW, Choi SB, Kim DW, Kim YT, Kim SW, Nam EJ, Cho HY. Exposure of Surgeons to Magnetic Fields during Laparoscopic and Robotic Gynecologic Surgeries. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2015. [PMID: 26205574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To measure and compare levels of extremely-low-frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF) exposure to surgeons during laparoscopic and robotic gynecologic surgeries. DESIGN Prospective case-control study. DESIGN CLASSIFICATION Canadian Task Force I. SETTING Gynecologic surgeries at the Yonsei University Health System in Seoul, Korea from July to October in 2014. PATIENTS Ten laparoscopic gynecologic surgeries and 10 robotic gynecologic surgeries. INTERVENTION The intensity of ELF-MF exposure to surgeons was measured every 4 seconds during 10 laparoscopic gynecologic surgeries and 10 robotic gynecologic surgeries using portable ELF-MF measuring devices with logging capability. MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS The mean ELF-MF exposures were .1 ± .1 mG for laparoscopic gynecologic surgeries and .3 ± .1 mG for robotic gynecologic surgeries. ELF-MF exposure levels to surgeons during robotic gynecologic surgery were significantly higher than those during laparoscopic gynecologic surgery (p < .001) after adjustment for duration of measurement. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated low levels of ELF-MF exposure to surgeons during robotic gynecologic surgery and conventional laparoscopic surgery, hoping to alleviate concerns regarding the hazards of MF exposure posed to surgeons and hospital staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Soo Park
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jai Won Chung
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Beom Choi
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Deok Won Kim
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Young Tae Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Wun Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Ji Nam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Young Cho
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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430
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Chung JW, Park JS, Choi SB, Kim DW. Patient exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields during laparoscopic and robotic surgeries. Int J Med Robot 2015; 12:320-5. [PMID: 26183334 DOI: 10.1002/rcs.1686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laparoscopic and robotic surgeries require many electronic devices, and the hazard of extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MFs) from these devices to humans remains uncertain. This study aimed to measure and compare patients' exposure levels to ELF-MFs in laparoscopic and robotic surgeries. METHODS The intensity of ELF-MF exposure to patients was measured every 10 s during 30 laparoscopic surgeries and 30 robotic surgeries using portable ELF-MF measuring devices with logging capabilities. RESULTS The mean ELF-MF exposures were 0.11 ± 0.07 μT for laparoscopic surgeries and 0.12 ± 0.10 μT for robotic surgeries. There were no significant differences between the laparoscopic and robotic surgeries. CONCLUSIONS Patients' mean ELF-MF exposure levels in laparoscopic and robotic surgeries were lower than 0.2 μT, which is considered safe according to previous studies. However, because many medical devices have been implemented for multiple purposes in hospitals, the MF environment in hospitals regarding patient health should not be overlooked. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jai Won Chung
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jee Soo Park
- Department of Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Beom Choi
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Deok Won Kim
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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431
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Becerra-Fajardo L, Ivorra A. In Vivo Demonstration of Addressable Microstimulators Powered by Rectification of Epidermically Applied Currents for Miniaturized Neuroprostheses. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131666. [PMID: 26147771 PMCID: PMC4493086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrical stimulation is used in order to restore nerve mediated functions in patients with neurological disorders, but its applicability is constrained by the invasiveness of the systems required to perform it. As an alternative to implantable systems consisting of central stimulation units wired to the stimulation electrodes, networks of wireless microstimulators have been devised for fine movement restoration. Miniaturization of these microstimulators is currently hampered by the available methods for powering them. Previously, we have proposed and demonstrated a heterodox electrical stimulation method based on electronic rectification of high frequency current bursts. These bursts can be delivered through textile electrodes on the skin. This approach has the potential to result in an unprecedented level of miniaturization as no bulky parts such as coils or batteries are included in the implant. We envision microstimulators designs based on application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) that will be flexible, thread-like (diameters < 0.5 mm) and not only with controlled stimulation capabilities but also with sensing capabilities for artificial proprioception. We in vivo demonstrate that neuroprostheses composed of addressable microstimulators based on this electrical stimulation method are feasible and can perform controlled charge-balanced electrical stimulation of muscles. We developed miniature external circuit prototypes connected to two bipolar probes that were percutaneously implanted in agonist and antagonist muscles of the hindlimb of an anesthetized rabbit. The electronic implant architecture was able to decode commands that were amplitude modulated on the high frequency (1 MHz) auxiliary current bursts. The devices were capable of independently stimulating the target tissues, accomplishing controlled dorsiflexion and plantarflexion joint movements. In addition, we numerically show that the high frequency current bursts comply with safety standards both in terms of tissue heating and unwanted electro-stimulation. We demonstrate that addressable microstimulators powered by rectification of epidermically applied currents are feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Becerra-Fajardo
- Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Antoni Ivorra
- Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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432
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Bottauscio O, Cassarà AM, Hand JW, Giordano D, Zilberti L, Borsero M, Chiampi M, Weidemann G. Assessment of computational tools for MRI RF dosimetry by comparison with measurements on a laboratory phantom. Phys Med Biol 2015; 60:5655-80. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/60/14/5655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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433
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Schaap K, Christopher-De Vries Y, Cambron-Goulet É, Kromhout H. Work-related factors associated with occupational exposure to static magnetic stray fields from MRI scanners. Magn Reson Med 2015; 75:2141-55. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristel Schaap
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University; Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - Yvette Christopher-De Vries
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University; Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - Évelyne Cambron-Goulet
- Département des sciences de la santé communautaire; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Canada
| | - Hans Kromhout
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University; Utrecht the Netherlands
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434
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Callejon MA, Reina-Tosina J, Naranjo-Hernandez D, Roa LM. Measurement Issues in Galvanic Intrabody Communication: Influence of Experimental Setup. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2015; 62:2724-32. [PMID: 26080377 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2015.2444916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The need for increasingly energy-efficient and miniaturized bio-devices for ubiquitous health monitoring has paved the way for considerable advances in the investigation of techniques such as intrabody communication (IBC), which uses human tissues as a transmission medium. However, IBC still poses technical challenges regarding the measurement of the actual gain through the human body. The heterogeneity of experimental setups and conditions used together with the inherent uncertainty caused by the human body make the measurement process even more difficult. GOAL The objective of this study, focused on galvanic coupling IBC, is to study the influence of different measurement equipments and conditions on the IBC channel. METHODS Different experimental setups have been proposed in order to analyze key issues such as grounding, load resistance, type of measurement device and effect of cables. In order to avoid the uncertainty caused by the human body, an IBC electric circuit phantom mimicking both human bioimpedance and gain has been designed. Given the low-frequency operation of galvanic coupling, a frequency range between 10 kHz and 1 MHz has been selected. RESULTS The correspondence between simulated and experimental results obtained with the electric phantom have allowed us to discriminate the effects caused by the measurement equipment. CONCLUSION This study has helped us obtain useful considerations about optimal setups for galvanic-type IBC as well as to identify some of the main causes of discrepancy in the literature.
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435
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Santis VD, Chen XL, Laakso I, Hirata A. An equivalent skin conductivity model for low-frequency magnetic field dosimetry. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/1/1/015201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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436
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Stippick TW, Sheller MR. Combined magnetic fields provide robust coverage for interbody and posterolateral lumbar spinal fusion sites. Med Biol Eng Comput 2015; 54:113-22. [PMID: 26044553 PMCID: PMC4779460 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-015-1319-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electromagnetic fields generated by spinal bone growth stimulation devices have been computationally modelled to determine coverage of the lumbar spinal vertebrae. The underlying assumption of these models was that the electric field, but not the magnetic field, was therapeutically relevant. However, there are no published studies examining the therapeutic coverage of spinal fusion sites by stimulators utilizing combined magnetic fields. To assess the coverage, an anatomical model of the vertebrae and discs of the lumbar spine was developed to represent interbody and posterolateral fusion sites. Computer simulations of the induced electromagnetic fields were analysed to determine coverage of the fusion sites. For both interbody and posterolateral fusion models, combined magnetic fields provided 100 % coverage of the fusion sites for all intervertebral disc spaces and for all posterior planes from L1 to L5, respectively. Within the vertebral column, the magnitude of the electric field reached a maximum value of 3.6 × 10−4 V/m, which is several orders of magnitude less than any reported study demonstrating a biological effect. Given its clinical efficacy, a bone growth stimulator utilizing combined magnetic fields must rely on the action of its magnetic field rather than its electric field for a therapeutic effect.
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437
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Kumar G, McIntosh RL, Anderson V, McKenzie RJ, Wood AW. A genotoxic analysis of the hematopoietic system after mobile phone type radiation exposure in rats. Int J Radiat Biol 2015; 91:664-72. [PMID: 25955504 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2015.1047988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In our earlier study we reported that 900 MHz continuous wave (CW) radiofrequency radiation (RFR) exposure (2 W/kg specific absorption rate [SAR]) had no significant effect on the hematopoietic system of rats. In this paper we extend the scope of the previous study by testing for possible effects at: (i) different SAR levels; (ii) both 900 and 1800 MHz, and; (iii) both CW and pulse modulated (PM) RFR. MATERIALS AND METHODS Excised long bones from rats were placed in medium and RFR exposed in (i) a Transverse Electromagnetic (TEM) cell or (ii) a waveguide. Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) numerical analyses were used to estimate forward power needed to produce nominal SAR levels of 2/10 and 2.5/12.4 W/kg in the bone marrow. After exposure, the lymphoblasts were extracted and assayed for proliferation rate, and genotoxicity. RESULTS Our data did not indicate any significant change in these end points for any combination of CW/PM exposure at 900/1800 MHz at SAR levels of nominally 2/10 W/kg or 2.5/12.4 W/kg. CONCLUSIONS No significant changes were observed in the hematopoietic system of rats after the exposure of CW/PM wave 900 MHz/1800 MHz RF radiations at different SAR values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Kumar
- a Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre, Swinburne University of Technology , Hawthorn, Victoria , Australia
| | - Robert L McIntosh
- a Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre, Swinburne University of Technology , Hawthorn, Victoria , Australia
| | - Vitas Anderson
- a Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre, Swinburne University of Technology , Hawthorn, Victoria , Australia
| | - Ray J McKenzie
- a Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre, Swinburne University of Technology , Hawthorn, Victoria , Australia
| | - Andrew W Wood
- a Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre, Swinburne University of Technology , Hawthorn, Victoria , Australia
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438
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Hareuveny R, Kavet R, Shachar A, Margaliot M, Kheifets L. Occupational exposures to radiofrequency fields: results of an Israeli national survey. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2015; 35:429-445. [PMID: 25978146 DOI: 10.1088/0952-4746/35/2/429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Relatively high exposures to radiofrequency (RF) fields can occur in the broadcast, medical, and communications industries, as well in occupations that use RF emitting equipment (e.g. law enforcement). Information on exposure to workers employed in these industries and occupations is limited. We present results of an Israeli National Survey of occupational RF field levels at frequencies between ~100 kHz and 40 GHz, representing Industrial Heating, Communications, Radar, Research, and Medicine. Almost 4300 measurements from 900 sources across 25 occupations were recorded and categorised as 'routine', 'incidental', or 'unintended'. The occupation-specific geometric means (GMs) of the percentage of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) threshold limit values (TLVs) for each of the three exposure scenarios are presented together with the geometric standard deviation (GSD). Additionally, we present estimates of occupation-specific annual personal exposures and collective exposures. The vast majority of the GM of routine exposures ranged from a fraction to less than 1% of ACGIH TLVs, except for Walkie-Talkie (GM 94% of ACGIH), Induction Heating (17%), Plastic Welding (11%), Industrial Heating (6%) and Diathermy (6%). The GM of incidental and unintended exposures exceeded the TLV for one and 14 occupations, respectively. In many cases, the within-occupation GSD was very large, and though the medians remained below TLV, variable fractions of these occupations were projected to exceed the TLV. In rank order, Walkie-Talkie, Plastic Welding, and Induction Heating workers had the highest annual cumulative personal exposure. For cumulative collective exposures within an occupation, Walkie-Talkie dominated with 96.3% of the total, reflecting both large population and high personal exposure. A brief exceedance of the TLV does not automatically translate to hazard as RF exposure limits (issued by various bodies, including ACGIH) include a 10-fold safety factor relative to thermal thresholds and are based on a 6 min averaging period.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hareuveny
- Soreq Nuclear Research Center, Yavne, Israel
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439
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Liorni I, Parazzini M, Fiocchi S, Ravazzani P. Study of the influence of the orientation of a 50-Hz magnetic field on fetal exposure using polynomial chaos decomposition. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:5934-53. [PMID: 26024363 PMCID: PMC4483680 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120605934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human exposure modelling is a complex topic, because in a realistic exposure scenario, several parameters (e.g., the source, the orientation of incident fields, the morphology of subjects) vary and influence the dose. Deterministic dosimetry, so far used to analyze human exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF), is highly time consuming if the previously-mentioned variations are considered. Stochastic dosimetry is an alternative method to build analytical approximations of exposure at a lower computational cost. In this study, it was used to assess the influence of magnetic flux density (B) orientation on fetal exposure at 50 Hz by polynomial chaos (PC). A PC expansion of induced electric field (E) in each fetal tissue at different gestational ages (GA) was built as a function of B orientation. Maximum E in each fetal tissue and at each GA was estimated for different exposure configurations and compared with the limits of the International Commission of Non-Ionising Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) Guidelines 2010. PC theory resulted in an efficient tool to build accurate approximations of E in each fetal tissue. B orientation strongly influenced E, with a variability across tissues from 10% to 43% with respect to the mean value. However, varying B orientation, maximum E in each fetal tissue was below the limits of ICNIRP 2010 at all GAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Liorni
- CNR Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni IEIIT, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan 20133, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria DEIB, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan 20133, Italy.
| | - Marta Parazzini
- CNR Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni IEIIT, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan 20133, Italy.
| | - Serena Fiocchi
- CNR Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni IEIIT, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan 20133, Italy.
| | - Paolo Ravazzani
- CNR Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni IEIIT, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan 20133, Italy.
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440
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Seckler T, Jagielski K, Stunder D. Assessment of Electromagnetic Interference with Active Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Devices (CIEDs) Caused by the Qi A13 Design Wireless Charging Board. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:5886-904. [PMID: 26024360 PMCID: PMC4483677 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120605886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Electromagnetic interference is a concern for people wearing cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIEDs). The aim of this study was to assess the electromagnetic compatibility between CIEDs and the magnetic field of a common wireless charging technology. To do so the voltage induced in CIEDs by Qi A13 design magnetic fields were measured and compared with the performance limits set by ISO 14117. In order to carry this out a measuring circuit was developed which can be connected with unipolar or bipolar pacemaker leads. The measuring system was positioned at the four most common implantation sites in a torso phantom filled with physiological saline solution. The phantom was exposed by using Helmholtz coils from 5 µT to 27 µT with 111 kHz sine-bursts or by using a Qi A13 design wireless charging board (Qi-A13-Board) in two operating modes “power transfer” and “pinging”. With the Helmholtz coils the lowest magnetic flux density at which the performance limit was exceeded is 11 µT. With the Qi-A13-Board in power transfer mode 10.8% and in pinging mode 45.7% (2.2% at 10 cm distance) of the performance limit were reached at maximum. In neither of the scrutinized cases, did the voltage induced by the Qi-A13-Board exceed the performance limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Seckler
- The Research Center for Bioelectromagnetic Interaction (FEMU), Institute and Out-patient Clinic of Occupational Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Kai Jagielski
- The Research Center for Bioelectromagnetic Interaction (FEMU), Institute and Out-patient Clinic of Occupational Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Dominik Stunder
- The Research Center for Bioelectromagnetic Interaction (FEMU), Institute and Out-patient Clinic of Occupational Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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441
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Nishimura I, Oshima A, Shibuya K, Mitani T, Negishi T. Acute and subchronic toxicity of 20 kHz and 60 kHz magnetic fields in rats. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 36:199-210. [PMID: 25982482 PMCID: PMC5029766 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Despite increasing use of intermediate frequency (IF) magnetic fields (MFs) in occupational and domestic settings, scientific evidence necessary for health risk assessments of IF MF is insufficient. Male and female Crl:CD(SD) rats (12 per sex per group) were exposed to 20 kHz, 0.20 mT(root mean square, rms) or 60 kHz, 0.10 mT(rms) sinusoidal MFs for 22 h day−1 for 14 days (acute) or 13 weeks (subchronic). Experiments were duplicated for each frequency to ensure outcome reproducibility, and examinations were blinded for quality assurance. All rats survived without significant clinical signs until the end of experiments. Some changes in body weight between the MF‐exposed and control groups were observed over the course of exposure, although the directions of the changes were inconsistent and not statistically significant after subchronic exposure. There were significant differences between MF‐exposed and control groups in some organ weights and parameters in hematology and clinical chemistry, but these were minor in magnitude and not repeated in duplicate experiments. Histopathological findings reflecting toxicity were sporadic. Frequencies of other findings were similar to historic data in this rat strain, and findings had no specific relationship to changes in organ weight or parameters of hematology and clinical chemistry in each animal. The changes observed throughout this study were considered biologically isolated and were attributable to chance associations rather than to MF exposure. The results, in particular the histopathological evidence, indicate an absence of toxicity in IF MF‐exposed rats and do not support the hypothesis that IF MF exposure produces significant toxicity. Copyright © 2015. The Authors. Journal of Applied Toxicology Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Despite increasing use of intermediate frequency (IF) magnetic fields (MFs) in occupational and domestic settings, scientific evidence is insufficient for IF MF health risk assessments. Rats were exposed to 20 kHz or 60 kHz sinusoidal MFs for 22 h day−1 for 14 days (acute) or 13 weeks (subchronic). MF‐exposed rats did not exhibit significant and reproducible changes in body and organ weights, hematology, clinical chemistry and histopathology. Our results indicate that IF MF exposure does not carry a significant health risk to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Nishimura
- Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Oshima
- Contract Testing Department, Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazumoto Shibuya
- Contract Testing Department, Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Mitani
- Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tadashi Negishi
- Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Chiba, Japan
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442
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Liu X, Zuo H, Wang D, Peng R, Song T, Wang S, Xu X, Gao Y, Li Y, Wang S, Wang L, Zhao L. Improvement of spatial memory disorder and hippocampal damage by exposure to electromagnetic fields in an Alzheimer's disease rat model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126963. [PMID: 25978363 PMCID: PMC4433192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although some epidemiological investigations showed a potential association between long-term exposure of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), no reasonable mechanism can explain this association, and the related animal experiments are rare. In this study, ELF-EMF exposure (50Hz 400µT 60d) combined with D-galactose intraperitoneal (50mg/kg, q.d., 42d) and Aβ25–35 hippocampal (5μl/unilateral, bilateral, single-dose) injection was implemented to establish a complex rat model. Then the effects of ELF-EMF exposure on AD development was studied by using the Morris water maze, pathological analysis, and comparative proteomics. The results showed that ELF-EMF exposure delayed the weight gain of rats, and partially improved cognitive and clinicopathologic symptoms of AD rats. The differential proteomic analysis results suggest that synaptic transmission, oxidative stress, protein degradation, energy metabolism, Tau aggregation, and inflammation involved in the effects mentioned above. Therefore, our findings indicate that certain conditions of ELF-EMF exposure could delay the development of AD in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Zuo
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (HZ); (DW)
| | - Dewen Wang
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (HZ); (DW)
| | - Ruiyun Peng
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetism, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 6 North Second Street, Zhongguancun, Beijing, China
| | - Shuiming Wang
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Xinping Xu
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Yabing Gao
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoxia Wang
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Lifeng Wang
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
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443
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Napp A, Stunder D, Maytin M, Kraus T, Marx N, Driessen S. Are patients with cardiac implants protected against electromagnetic interference in daily life and occupational environment? Eur Heart J 2015; 36:1798-804. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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444
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Golbach LA, Scheer MH, Cuppen JJM, Savelkoul H, Verburg-van Kemenade BML. Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure Enhances Extracellular Trap Formation by Human Neutrophils through the NADPH Pathway. J Innate Immun 2015; 7:459-65. [PMID: 25871408 DOI: 10.1159/000380764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-frequency (LF) electromagnetic fields (EMFs) are abundantly present in modern society, and the potential biological consequences of exposure to these fields are under intense debate. Immune cells are suggested as possible target cells, though a clear mechanism is lacking. Considering their crucial role in innate immune activation, we selected an ex vivo exposure set-up with human neutrophils to investigate a possible correlation between neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation and LF EMF exposure. Our study shows that formation of NETs is enhanced by LF EMF exposure. Enhanced NET formation leads to increased antimicrobial properties as well as damage to surrounding cells. We found that LF-EMF-induced NET formation is dependent on the NADPH oxidase pathway and production of reactive oxygen species. Additionally, LF EMF exposure does not influence autophagy and PAD4 activity. Our study provides a mechanism by which exposure to LF EMFs could influence the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieke A Golbach
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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445
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Mizuno K, Shinohara N, Miyakoshi J. In vitro evaluation of genotoxic effects under magnetic resonant coupling wireless power transfer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:3853-63. [PMID: 25853218 PMCID: PMC4410220 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120403853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Wireless power transfer (WPT) technology using the resonant coupling phenomenon has been widely studied, but there are very few studies concerning the possible relationship between WPT exposure and human health. In this study, we investigated whether exposure to magnetic resonant coupling WPT has genotoxic effects on WI38VA13 subcloned 2RA human fibroblast cells. WPT exposure was performed using a helical coil-based exposure system designed to transfer power with 85.4% efficiency at a 12.5-MHz resonant frequency. The magnetic field at the positions of the cell culture dishes is approximately twice the reference level for occupational exposure as stated in the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) guidelines. The specific absorption rate at the positions of the cell culture dishes matches the respective reference levels stated in the ICNIRP guidelines. For assessment of genotoxicity, we studied cell growth, cell cycle distribution, DNA strand breaks using the comet assay, micronucleus formation, and hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) gene mutation, and did not detect any significant effects between the WPT-exposed cells and control cells. Our results suggest that WPT exposure under the conditions of the ICNIRP guidelines does not cause detectable cellular genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Mizuno
- Laboratory of Applied Radio Engineering for Humanosphere, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.
| | - Naoki Shinohara
- Laboratory of Applied Radio Engineering for Humanosphere, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.
| | - Junji Miyakoshi
- Laboratory of Applied Radio Engineering for Humanosphere, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.
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446
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Fiocchi S, Liorni I, Parazzini M, Ravazzani P. Assessment of foetal exposure to the homogeneous magnetic field harmonic spectrum generated by electricity transmission and distribution networks. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:3667-90. [PMID: 25837346 PMCID: PMC4410209 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120403667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
During the last decades studies addressing the effects of exposure to Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields (ELF-EMF) have pointed out a possible link between those fields emitted by power lines and childhood leukaemia. They have also stressed the importance of also including in the assessment the contribution of frequency components, namely harmonics, other than the fundamental one. Based on the spectrum of supply voltage networks allowed by the European standard for electricity quality assessment, in this study the exposure of high-resolution three-dimensional models of foetuses to the whole harmonic content of a uniform magnetic field with a fundamental frequency of 50 Hz, was assessed. The results show that the main contribution in terms of induced electric fields to the foetal exposure is given by the fundamental frequency component. The harmonic components add some contributions to the overall level of electric fields, however, due to the extremely low permitted amplitude of the harmonic components with respect to the fundamental, their amplitudes are low. The level of the induced electric field is also much lower than the limits suggested by the guidelines for general public exposure, when the amplitude of the incident magnetic field is set at the maximum permitted level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Fiocchi
- Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni IEIIT, CNR Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan 20133, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Liorni
- Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni IEIIT, CNR Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan 20133, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria DEIB, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan 20133, Italy.
| | - Marta Parazzini
- Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni IEIIT, CNR Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan 20133, Italy.
| | - Paolo Ravazzani
- Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni IEIIT, CNR Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan 20133, Italy.
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447
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Van Den Bossche M, Verloock L, Aerts S, Joseph W, Martens L. In situ exposure assessment of intermediate frequency fields of diverse devices. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2015; 164:252-264. [PMID: 25125596 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncu257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, in situ exposure assessment of both electric and magnetic fields of different intermediate frequency (IF) sources is investigated. The authors investigated smart boards and touchscreens, energy-saving bulbs, fluorescent lamps, a portable hearing unit and an electrosurgical unit (ESU). For most of these sources, the electric field is the dominating quantity. International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection reference levels are exceeded for touchscreens (44 kHz: up to 155.7 V m(-1) at 5 cm), energy-saving bulbs (38-52 kHz: up to 117.3 V m(-1)), fluorescent lamps (52 kHz: up to 471 V m(-1) at 5 cm) and ESUs (up to 920 kHz: 792 V m(-1) at 0.5 cm). Magnetic field strengths up to 1.8 and 10.5 A m(-1) were measured close to the ESU and portable hearing unit (69 V m(-1)), respectively. Large differences of measured field values exist among the various operating modes of the IF equipment. Compliance distances for general public range from 15.3 cm (touchscreen) to 25 cm (fluorescent lamps).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Van Den Bossche
- Department of Information Technology, Ghent University/iMinds, Gaston Crommenlaan 8, Box 201, Ghent B-9050, Belgium
| | - Leen Verloock
- Department of Information Technology, Ghent University/iMinds, Gaston Crommenlaan 8, Box 201, Ghent B-9050, Belgium
| | - Sam Aerts
- Department of Information Technology, Ghent University/iMinds, Gaston Crommenlaan 8, Box 201, Ghent B-9050, Belgium
| | - Wout Joseph
- Department of Information Technology, Ghent University/iMinds, Gaston Crommenlaan 8, Box 201, Ghent B-9050, Belgium
| | - Luc Martens
- Department of Information Technology, Ghent University/iMinds, Gaston Crommenlaan 8, Box 201, Ghent B-9050, Belgium
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448
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Szemerszky R, Gubányi M, Árvai D, Dömötör Z, Köteles F. Is There a Connection Between Electrosensitivity and Electrosensibility? A Replication Study. Int J Behav Med 2015; 22:755-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s12529-015-9477-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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449
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Hocking B. Comments on "Dosimetric study of fetal exposure to uniform magnetic fields at 50 Hz" by Liorni et al. Bioelectromagnetics 2015; 36:244. [PMID: 25763806 DOI: 10.1002/bem.21905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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450
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Li C, Wu T. Dosimetry for infant exposures to electronic article surveillance system: Posture, physical dimension and anatomy. Bioelectromagnetics 2015; 36:319-24. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.21901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Congsheng Li
- China Academy of Telecommunication Research of Ministry; Industry and Information Technology; Beijing China
- College of Computer and Communication Engineering; Beijing University of Science and Technology; Beijing China
| | - Tongning Wu
- China Academy of Telecommunication Research of Ministry; Industry and Information Technology; Beijing China
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