401
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Rescigno M. The microbiota revolution: Excitement and caution. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:1406-1413. [PMID: 28675439 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Scientific progress is characterized by important technological advances. Next-generation DNA sequencing has, in the past few years, led to a major scientific revolution: the microbiome revolution. It has become possible to generate a fingerprint of the whole microbiota of any given environment. As it becomes clear that the microbiota affects several aspects of our lives, each new scientific finding should ideally be analyzed in light of these communities. For instance, animal experimentation should consider animal sources and husbandry; human experimentation should include analysis of microenvironmental cues that might affect the microbiota, including diet, antibiotic, and drug use, genetics. When analyzing the activity of a drug, we should remember that, according to the microbiota of the host, different drug activities might be observed, either due to modification or degradation by the microbiota, or because the microbiota changes the immune system of the host in a way that makes that drug more or less effective. This minireview will not be a comprehensive review on the interaction between the host and microbiota, but it will aim at creating awareness on why we should not forget the contribution of the microbiota in any single aspect of biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rescigno
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Universita' di Milano, Milan, Italy
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402
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Abstract
Microbiota research, in particular that of the gut, has recently gained much attention in medical research owing to technological advances in metagenomics and metabolomics. Despite this, much of the research direction has focused on long-term or chronic effects of microbiota manipulation on health and disease. In this addendum, we reflect on our recent publication that reported findings addressing a rather unconventional hypothesis. Bacterial pneumonia is highly prevalent and is one of the leading contributors to stroke morbidity and mortality worldwide. However, microbiological cultures of samples taken from stroke patient with a suspected case of pneumonia often return with a negative result. Therefore, we proposed that post-stroke infection may be due to the presence of anaerobic bacteria, possibly those originated from the host gut microbiota. Supporting this, we showed that stroke promotes intestinal barrier breakdown and robust microbiota changes, and the subsequent translocation of selective bacterial strain from the host gut microbiota to peripheral tissues (i.e. lung) induces post-stroke infections. Our findings were further supported by various elegant studies published in the past 12 months. Here, we discuss and provide an overview of our key findings, supporting studies, and the implications for future advances in stroke research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Wen Wen
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Connie H. Y. Wong
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia,CONTACT Connie H. Y. Wong, PhD. , Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168 Australia
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403
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Mach N, Fuster-Botella D. Endurance exercise and gut microbiota: A review. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2017; 6:179-197. [PMID: 30356594 PMCID: PMC6188999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The physiological and biochemical demands of intense exercise elicit both muscle-based and systemic responses. The main adaptations to endurance exercise include the correction of electrolyte imbalance, a decrease in glycogen storage and the increase of oxidative stress, intestinal permeability, muscle damage, and systemic inflammatory response. Adaptations to exercise might be influenced by the gut microbiota, which plays an important role in the production, storage, and expenditure of energy obtained from the diet as well as in inflammation, redox reactions, and hydration status. METHODS A systematic and comprehensive search of electronic databases, including MEDLINE, Scopus, ClinicalTrials.gov, ScienceDirect, Springer Link, and EMBASE was done. The search process was completed using the keywords: "endurance", "exercise", "immune response", "microbiota", "nutrition", and "probiotics". RESULTS Reviewed literature supports the hypothesis that intestinal microbiota might be able to provide a measureable, effective marker of an athlete's immune function and that microbial composition analysis might also be sensitive enough to detect exercise-induced stress and metabolic disorders. The review also supports the hypothesis that modifying the microbiota through the use of probiotics could be an important therapeutic tool to improve athletes' overall general health, performance, and energy availability while controlling inflammation and redox levels. CONCLUSION The present review provides a comprehensive overview of how gut microbiota may have a key role in controlling the oxidative stress and inflammatory responses as well as improving metabolism and energy expenditure during intense exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Mach
- Health Science Department, International Graduate Institute of the Open University of Catalonia (UOC), Barcelona 08035, Spain
- Animal Genetics and Integrative Biology unit (GABI), INRA, AgroParis Tech, University of Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas 78350, France
- Corresponding author.
| | - Dolors Fuster-Botella
- Health Science Department, International Graduate Institute of the Open University of Catalonia (UOC), Barcelona 08035, Spain
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404
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Gut microbiota regulate hepatic von Willebrand factor synthesis and arterial thrombus formation via Toll-like receptor-2. Blood 2017; 130:542-553. [PMID: 28572286 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-11-754416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The symbiotic gut microbiota play pivotal roles in host physiology and the development of cardiovascular diseases, but the microbiota-triggered pattern recognition signaling mechanisms that impact thrombosis are poorly defined. In this article, we show that germ-free (GF) and Toll-like receptor-2 (Tlr2)-deficient mice have reduced thrombus growth after carotid artery injury relative to conventionally raised controls. GF Tlr2-/- and wild-type (WT) mice were indistinguishable, but colonization with microbiota restored a significant difference in thrombus growth between the genotypes. We identify reduced plasma levels of von Willebrand factor (VWF) and reduced VWF synthesis, specifically in hepatic endothelial cells, as a critical factor that is regulated by gut microbiota and determines thrombus growth in Tlr2-/- mice. Static platelet aggregate formation on extracellular matrix was similarly reduced in GF WT, Tlr2-/- , and heterozygous Vwf+/- mice that are all characterized by a modest reduction in plasma VWF levels. Defective platelet matrix interaction can be restored by exposure to WT plasma or to purified VWF depending on the VWF integrin binding site. Moreover, administration of VWF rescues defective thrombus growth in Tlr2-/- mice in vivo. These experiments delineate an unexpected pathway in which microbiota-triggered TLR2 signaling alters the synthesis of proadhesive VWF by the liver endothelium and favors platelet integrin-dependent thrombus growth.
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405
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Abstract
The 1st International Conference on Human &Translational Immunology convened in Rhodes, Greece, and provided a venue for stimulating scientific discussions on the human immune system.
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406
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Gut microbiome as a clinical tool in gastrointestinal disease management: are we there yet? Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 14:315-320. [PMID: 28356581 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2017.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Spurred on by ever-evolving developments in analytical methodology, the microbiome, and the gut microbiome in particular, has become the hot topic in biomedical research. Ingenious experiments in animal models have revealed the extent to which the gut microbiota sustains health and how its disruption might contribute to disease pathogenesis. Not surprisingly, associations between the microbiota and disease states in humans have been the subject of considerable interest and many links proposed. However, with rare exceptions, the incrimination of an altered microbiota in disease pathogenesis seems premature at this time given our incomplete understanding of the composition of the gut microbiota in health and the effect of many confounding factors in the interpretation of supposedly abnormal microbial signatures. Future studies must account for these variables and the bidirectionality of host-microorganism interactions in health and disease. In this Perspectives, the status of microbiota signatures in the clinical arena (for facilitating diagnosis or refining prognosis) will be critically assessed and guidance toward future progress provided.
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407
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Yin JS, Govind S, Wiseman D, Inculet R, Kao R. Hepato-bronchial fistula secondary to perforated sigmoid diverticulitis: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2017; 11:106. [PMID: 28403899 PMCID: PMC5390442 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-017-1270-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with diverticulitis are predisposed to hepatic abscesses via seeding through the portal circulation. Hepatic abscesses are well-documented sequelae of diverticulitis, however instances of progression to hepato-bronchial fistulization are rare. We present a case of diverticulitis associated with hepatic abscess leading to hepato-bronchial fistulization, which represents a novel disease course not yet reported in the literature. Case Presentation A 61-year-old Caucasian man presented with a history of unintentional weight loss and dyspnea both at rest and with exertion. He had a significant tobacco and alcohol misuse history. A massive right-sided pleural effusion was found on chest X-ray, which responded partially to chest tube insertion. A computed tomography scan of his thorax confirmed the presence of innumerable lung abscesses as well as a complex pleural effusion. An indeterminate tiny air pocket at the dome of the liver was also noted. A follow-up computed tomography scan of his abdomen revealed a decompressed hepatic abscess extending into the right pleural space and the right lower lobe. A sigmoid-rectal fistula was also revealed with focal colonic thickening, presumed to be the sequelae of remote or chronic diverticulitis. An interventional radiologist inserted a percutaneous drain into the decompressed hepatic abscess and the instillation of contrast revealed immediate filling of the right pleural space, lung parenchyma, and bronchial tree, confirming a hepato-bronchial fistula. After two concurrent chest tube insertions failed to drain the remaining pleural effusion completely, surgical lung decortication was conducted. Markedly thickened pleura were seen and a significant amount of gelatinous inflammatory material was debrided from the lower thoracic cavity. He recovered well and was discharged 10 days post-thoracotomy on oral antibiotics. The percutaneous liver abscess tube was removed 3 weeks post-discharge from hospital after the drain check revealed that the fistula and abscess had entirely resolved. Conclusions Refractory right-sided pleural effusion combined with constitutional symptoms should alert clinicians to search for possible hepatic abscess, especially in the context of diverticulitis. The rupture of an untreated hepatic abscess could lead to death from profound sepsis or rarely, as in this case, a hepato-bronchial fistula. Timely investigation and a multidisciplinary treatment approach can lead to improved patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sunny Yin
- Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Shaylan Govind
- Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Daniele Wiseman
- Department of Medical Imaging, London Health Sciences Centre, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Richard Inculet
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, London Health Sciences Centre, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Raymond Kao
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
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408
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Barlow-Anacker AJ, Fu M, Erickson CS, Bertocchini F, Gosain A. Neural Crest Cells Contribute an Astrocyte-like Glial Population to the Spleen. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45645. [PMID: 28349968 PMCID: PMC5368681 DOI: 10.1038/srep45645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural crest cells (NCC) are multi-potent cells of ectodermal origin that colonize diverse organs, including the gastrointestinal tract to form the enteric nervous system (ENS) and hematopoietic organs (bone marrow, thymus) where they participate in lymphocyte trafficking. Recent studies have implicated the spleen as an anatomic site for integration of inflammatory signals from the intestine with efferent neural inputs. We have previously observed alterations in splenic lymphocyte subsets in animals with defective migration of NCC that model Hirschsprung's disease, leading us to hypothesize that there may be a direct cellular contribution of NCC to the spleen. Here, we demonstrate that NCC colonize the spleen during embryogenesis and persist into adulthood. Splenic NCC display markers indicating a glial lineage and are arranged anatomically adjacent to blood vessels, pericytes and nerves, suggesting an astrocyte-like phenotype. Finally, we identify similar neural-crest derived cells in both the avian and non-human primate spleen, showing evolutionary conservation of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J. Barlow-Anacker
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ming Fu
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Christopher S. Erickson
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | | | - Ankush Gosain
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
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409
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Leheste JR, Ruvolo KE, Chrostowski JE, Rivera K, Husko C, Miceli A, Selig MK, Brüggemann H, Torres G. P. acnes-Driven Disease Pathology: Current Knowledge and Future Directions. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:81. [PMID: 28352613 PMCID: PMC5348501 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This review discusses the biology and behavior of Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes), a dominant bacterium species of the skin biogeography thought to be associated with transmission, recurrence and severity of disease. More specifically, we discuss the ability of P. acnes to invade and persist in epithelial cells and circulating macrophages to subsequently induce bouts of sarcoidosis, low-grade inflammation and metastatic cell growth in the prostate gland. Finally, we discuss the possibility of P. acnes infiltrating the brain parenchyma to indirectly contribute to pathogenic processes in neurodegenerative disorders such as those observed in Parkinson's disease (PD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg R Leheste
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine Old Westbury, NY, USA
| | - Kathryn E Ruvolo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine Old Westbury, NY, USA
| | - Joanna E Chrostowski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine Old Westbury, NY, USA
| | - Kristin Rivera
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine Old Westbury, NY, USA
| | - Christopher Husko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine Old Westbury, NY, USA
| | - Alyssa Miceli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine Old Westbury, NY, USA
| | - Martin K Selig
- Molecular Pathology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - German Torres
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine Old Westbury, NY, USA
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410
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Chattopadhyay R, Raghavan S, Rao GN. Resolvin D1 via prevention of ROS-mediated SHP2 inactivation protects endothelial adherens junction integrity and barrier function. Redox Biol 2017; 12:438-455. [PMID: 28319894 PMCID: PMC5357675 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Resolvins are a novel class of lipid mediators that play an important role in the resolution of inflammation, although the underlying mechanisms are not very clear. To explore the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of resolvins, we have studied the effects of resolvin D1 (RvD1) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endothelial barrier disruption as it is linked to propagation of inflammation. We found that LPS induces endothelial cell (EC) barrier disruption via xanthine oxidase (XO)-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 inactivation and Fyn-related kinase (Frk) activation leading to tyrosine phosphorylation of α-catenin and VE-cadherin and their dissociation from each other affecting adherens junction (AJ) integrity and thereby increasing endothelial barrier permeability. RvD1 attenuated LPS-induced AJ disassembly and endothelial barrier permeability by arresting tyrosine phosphorylation of α-catenin and VE-cadherin and their dislocation from AJ via blockade of XO-mediated ROS production and thereby suppression of SHP2 inhibition and Frk activation. We have also found that the protective effects of RvD1 on EC barrier function involve ALX/FPR2 and GPR32 as inhibition or neutralization of these receptors negates its protective effects. LPS also increased XO activity, SHP2 cysteine oxidation and its inactivation, Frk activation, α-catenin and VE-cadherin tyrosine phosphorylation and their dissociation from each other leading to AJ disruption with increased vascular permeability in mice arteries and RvD1 blocked all these effects. Thus, RvD1 protects endothelial AJ and its barrier function from disruption by inflammatory mediators such as LPS via a mechanism involving the suppression of XO-mediated ROS production and blocking SHP2 inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Chattopadhyay
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Somasundaram Raghavan
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Gadiparthi N Rao
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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411
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Ciccia F, Guggino G, Rizzo A, Alessandro R, Luchetti MM, Milling S, Saieva L, Cypers H, Stampone T, Di Benedetto P, Gabrielli A, Fasano A, Elewaut D, Triolo G. Dysbiosis and zonulin upregulation alter gut epithelial and vascular barriers in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2017; 76:1123-1132. [PMID: 28069576 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-210000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysbiosis has been recently demonstrated in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) but its implications in the modulation of intestinal immune responses have never been studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of ileal bacteria in modulating local and systemic immune responses in AS. METHODS Ileal biopsies were obtained from 50 HLA-B27+ patients with AS and 20 normal subjects. Silver stain was used to visualise bacteria. Ileal expression of tight and adherens junction proteins was investigated by TaqMan real-time (RT)-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Serum levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS-binding protein (LPS-BP), intestinal fatty acid-BP (iFABP) and zonulin were assayed by ELISA. Monocyte immunological functions were studied in in vitro experiments. In addition the effects of antibiotics on tight junctions in human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27 transgenic (TG) rats were assessed. RESULTS Adherent and invasive bacteria were observed in the gut of patients with AS with the bacterial scores significantly correlated with gut inflammation. Impairment of the gut vascular barrier (GVB) was also present in AS, accompanied by significant upregulation of zonulin, and associated with high serum levels of LPS, LPS-BP, iFABP and zonulin. In in vitro studies zonulin altered endothelial tight junctions while its epithelial release was modulated by isolated AS ileal bacteria. AS circulating monocytes displayed an anergic phenotype partially restored by ex vivo stimulation with LPS+sCD14 and their stimulation with recombinant zonulin induced a clear M2 phenotype. Antibiotics restored tight junction function in HLA-B27 TG rats. CONCLUSIONS Bacterial ileitis, increased zonulin expression and damaged intestinal mucosal barrier and GVB, characterises the gut of patients with AS and are associated with increased blood levels of zonulin, and bacterial products. Bacterial products and zonulin influence monocyte behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ciccia
- Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica, Sezione di Reumatologia, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuliana Guggino
- Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica, Sezione di Reumatologia, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Aroldo Rizzo
- UOC di Anatomia Patologica, Ospedali riuniti villa Sofia-Cervello, Palermo, Italy
| | - Riccardo Alessandro
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Michele Maria Luchetti
- Istituto di Clinica Medica Generale, Ematologia ed Immunologia Clinica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Simon Milling
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Laura Saieva
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Heleen Cypers
- Unit for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent University, Belgium.,Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tommaso Stampone
- UOC di Anatomia Patologica, Ospedali riuniti villa Sofia-Cervello, Palermo, Italy
| | - Paola Di Benedetto
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Science, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Armando Gabrielli
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessio Fasano
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Center for Celiac Research and Treatment, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dirk Elewaut
- Unit for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent University, Belgium.,Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Giovanni Triolo
- Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica, Sezione di Reumatologia, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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412
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Bluemel S, Williams B, Knight R, Schnabl B. Precision medicine in alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease via modulating the gut microbiota. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 311:G1018-G1036. [PMID: 27686615 PMCID: PMC5206291 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00245.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represent a major health burden in industrialized countries. Although alcohol abuse and nutrition play a central role in disease pathogenesis, preclinical models support a contribution of the gut microbiota to ALD and NAFLD. This review describes changes in the intestinal microbiota compositions related to ALD and NAFLD. Findings from in vitro, animal, and human studies are used to explain how intestinal pathology contributes to disease progression. This review summarizes the effects of untargeted microbiome modifications using antibiotics and probiotics on liver disease in animals and humans. While both affect humoral inflammation, regression of advanced liver disease or mortality has not been demonstrated. This review further describes products secreted by Lactobacillus- and microbiota-derived metabolites, such as fatty acids and antioxidants, that could be used for precision medicine in the treatment of liver disease. A better understanding of host-microbial interactions is allowing discovery of novel therapeutic targets in the gut microbiota, enabling new treatment options that restore the intestinal ecosystem precisely and influence liver disease. The modulation options of the gut microbiota and precision medicine employing the gut microbiota presented in this review have excellent prospects to improve treatment of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sena Bluemel
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Brandon Williams
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Rob Knight
- Departments of Pediatrics and Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California;
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
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413
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Spadoni I, Pietrelli A, Pesole G, Rescigno M. Gene expression profile of endothelial cells during perturbation of the gut vascular barrier. Gut Microbes 2016; 7:540-548. [PMID: 27723418 PMCID: PMC5153614 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2016.1239681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been widely demonstrated that tolerance against gut microbiota is compartmentalized to mucosal sites where microbes mostly reside. How the commensal bacteria are excluded from the entrance into the blood stream via intestinal capillaries that are located beneath the gut epithelium was not clear. We recently described the existence of a new anatomical structure, the 'gut vascular barrier' (GVB), both in murine and human intestines that plays a fundamental role in avoiding indiscriminate trafficking of bacteria from the gut into the blood circulation. The vascular barrier integrity could be altered by Salmonella typhimurium, a pathogen capable of systemic dissemination, through the modulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Here we have analyzed the differences in gut endothelial gene expression profiles during Salmonella infection and have identified some interesting characteristics of endothelial to mesenchymal transition. These findings add new insights in the gut-liver axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Spadoni
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European
Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pietrelli
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare,
Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Bioinformatic Group, Milan,
Italy,Department of Pathophysiology and
Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale
Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Graziano Pesole
- Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics,
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche and Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and
Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Rescigno
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European
Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy,Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology,
University of Milan, Milan, Italy,CONTACT Maria Rescigno, PhD Director of Dendritic cell biology and immunotherapy Unit, Department of
Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Via
Adamello, 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
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414
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Abstract
Anticancer immune responses can be considered a desirable form of autoimmunity that may be profoundly shaped by the microbiome. Here, we discuss evidence for the microbiome's influence on anti-tumor immunosurveillance, including those that are indirect and can act at a distance, and we put forward hypotheses regarding mechanisms of how these effects are implemented. These may involve cross-reactivity between microbial and tumor antigens shaping T cell repertoires and/or microbial products stimulating pattern recognition receptors that influence the type and intensity of immune responses. Understanding how the microbiome impacts natural cancer immunosurveillance as well as treatment-induced immune responses will pave the way for more effective therapies and prophylactics.
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415
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Abstract
Hypomorphic Rag mutations in humans cause Omenn Syndrome (OS) a severe immunodeficiency associated with autoimmune-like manifestations mediated by oligoclonal activated T and B cells. The clinical and immunological spectrum of OS presentation is extremely broad. However, the role played by environmental triggers in the disease pathogenesis remains largely unknown. We have recently shown in a murine model that gut microbiota has a substantial role in determining the distinctive immune dysregulation of OS. Here, we describe how dysbiosis and loss of T cell tolerance to commensals influence the expression of autoimmunity at the barrier site and beyond, and the disease hallmark hyper-IgE. We discuss how commensal antigens and gut-derived pathogenic T cells could potentially modulate skin immunity to determine cutaneous degenerations in OS. These mechanisms may have broader implications for a deeper understanding of the role of gut microbes in influencing barriers integrity and host physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosita Rigoni
- Milan Unit, Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e
Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan,
Italy,Humanitas Clinical and Research
Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Grassi
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare,
Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of
Milan, Milan, Italy,Institute for Research in
Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Anna Villa
- Milan Unit, Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e
Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan,
Italy,Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Division
of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a
Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan,
Italy
| | - Barbara Cassani
- Milan Unit, Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e
Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan,
Italy,Humanitas Clinical and Research
Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy,CONTACT Barbara Cassani Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, via Manzoni
56, 20089 Rozzano (Mi), Italy
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416
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Udupa KV, Brayden DJ, Winter DC, Baird AW. Hepatic gateways. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 10:561-3. [PMID: 27003743 DOI: 10.1586/17474124.2016.1166955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal mucosal barrier contributes to homeostasis by limiting systemic dissemination of microbes and toxins while allowing nutrients to pass through to the systemic circulation. In a recent issue of Science, Spadoni et al. demonstrated a novel mechanism to enable this selectivity: the existence of a gut-vascular barrier (GVB) as indicated by a series of studies on the interaction between murine and human intestine with Salmonella typhimurium species . They showed that (i) enteroglial cells and pericytes in contact with endothelial cells (ECs) form the GVB (ii) Salmonella typhimurium can penetrate it by a mechanism dependent on the pathogenicity island (Spi) 2-encoded type III secretion system and on decreased β-catenin dependent signaling in gut endothelial cells. Understanding the GVB may provide new insights into the regulation of the gut-liver axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Venkatesha Udupa
- a Department of HPB Surgery and Liver Transplantation , St Vincent's University Hospital , Dublin , Ireland.,b UCD School of Medicine , University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - David J Brayden
- c Veterinary Science Centre, School of Veterinary Medicine , University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Desmond C Winter
- b UCD School of Medicine , University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland.,d Department of Colorectal Surgery , St Vincent's University Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Alan W Baird
- c Veterinary Science Centre, School of Veterinary Medicine , University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
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417
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Watanabe K, Petri WA. Environmental Enteropathy: Elusive but Significant Subclinical Abnormalities in Developing Countries. EBioMedicine 2016; 10:25-32. [PMID: 27495791 PMCID: PMC5006727 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental enteropathy/Environmental enteric dysfunction (EE/EED) is a chronic disease of small intestine characterized by gut inflammation and barrier disruption, malabsorption and systemic inflammation in the absence of diarrhea. It is predominantly diseases of children in low income countries and is hypothesized to be caused by continuous exposure to fecally contaminated food, water and fomites. It had not been recognized as a priority health issue because it does not cause overt symptoms and was seen in apparently healthy individuals. However, there is a growing concern of EE/EED because of its impact on longitudinal public health issues, such as growth faltering, oral vaccine low efficacy and poor neurocognitive development. Recent works have provided important clues to unravel its complex pathogenesis, and suggest possible strategies for controlling EE/EED. However, effective diagnostic methods and interventions remain unsettled. Here, we review the existing literature, especially about its pathogenesis, and discuss a solution for children living in the developing world. EE/EED is acquired by the close contact with unsanitary condition, and abnormalities of EE/EED are reversible over time. EE/EED should be diagnosed as young as possible because poor growth is often evident within 1-2 years of life. EE/EED should be diagnosed by simple, noninvasive and low-cost methods, such as fecal biomarkers. It is hard to diagnose EE/EED and to predict consequences by a single marker/test due to the complexity in pathogenesis. Interventions for EE/EED other than sanitary reform are under investigation although no reports showed favorable outcomes currently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Watanabe
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - William A Petri
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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418
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Munford RS. Endotoxemia-menace, marker, or mistake? J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:687-698. [PMID: 27418356 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3ru0316-151r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Endotoxemia is in its scientific ascendancy. Never has blood-borne, Gram-negative bacterial endotoxin (LPS) been invoked in the pathogenesis of so many diseases-not only as a trigger for septic shock, once its most cited role, but also as a contributor to atherosclerosis, obesity, chronic fatigue, metabolic syndrome, and many other conditions. Finding elevated plasma endotoxin levels has been essential supporting evidence for each of these links, yet the assays used to detect and quantitate endotoxin have important limitations. This article describes several assays for endotoxin in plasma, reviews what they do and do not measure, and discusses why LPS heterogeneity, LPS trafficking pathways, and host LPS inactivation mechanisms should be considered when interpreting endotoxin assay results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Munford
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, USA
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419
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Buscarinu MC, Cerasoli B, Annibali V, Policano C, Lionetto L, Capi M, Mechelli R, Romano S, Fornasiero A, Mattei G, Piras E, Angelini DF, Battistini L, Simmaco M, Umeton R, Salvetti M, Ristori G. Altered intestinal permeability in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: A pilot study. Mult Scler 2016; 23:442-446. [PMID: 27270497 DOI: 10.1177/1352458516652498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alterations of intestinal permeability (IP) may contribute to the pathophysiology of immune-mediated diseases. OBJECTIVE We investigated the possible association between IP changes and multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS We studied 22 patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) and 18 age- and sex-matched healthy donors (HDs), including five twin pairs (one concordant, and four discordant for disease). Measurement of lactulose (L) and mannitol (M; two non-metabolized sugars) levels in urine samples, after an oral load, allowed to quantify gut dysfunction. RESULTS The proportion of participants with increased IP was significantly higher in patients than in HDs (16/22 (73%) versus 5/18 (28%); p = 0.001). Accordingly, the L/M urinary ratio showed significantly higher values in patients than in controls ( p = 0.0284). Urinary mannitol concentration was significantly lower in patients than in controls ( p = 0.022), suggesting a deficit of absorption from intestinal lumen. Such changes did not appear related to patients' clinical-radiological features. CONCLUSION The relatively high proportion of IP changes in RR-MS patients seems to confirm our work hypothesis and warrants more work to confirm the result on a larger sample, and to understand the implications for related immunological disturbances and intestinal microbiota alterations. Our finding may also have relevance for oral treatments, recently introduced in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Buscarinu
- Center for Experimental Neurological Therapies, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Benedetta Cerasoli
- Center for Experimental Neurological Therapies, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Annibali
- Center for Experimental Neurological Therapies, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Policano
- Center for Experimental Neurological Therapies, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luana Lionetto
- Advanced Molecular Diagnostics Unit, IDI-IRCCS, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, Rome, Italy
| | - Matilde Capi
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosella Mechelli
- Center for Experimental Neurological Therapies, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Romano
- Center for Experimental Neurological Therapies, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Arianna Fornasiero
- Center for Experimental Neurological Therapies, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Mattei
- Center for Experimental Neurological Therapies, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Piras
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Maurizio Simmaco
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Renato Umeton
- Center for Experimental Neurological Therapies, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Salvetti
- Center for Experimental Neurological Therapies, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ristori
- Center for Experimental Neurological Therapies, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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420
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Briskey D, Heritage M, Jaskowski LA, Peake J, Gobe G, Subramaniam VN, Crawford D, Campbell C, Vitetta L. Probiotics modify tight-junction proteins in an animal model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2016; 9:463-72. [PMID: 27366215 PMCID: PMC4913342 DOI: 10.1177/1756283x16645055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have investigated the effects of a multispecies probiotic preparation containing a combination of probiotic bacterial genera that included Bifidobacteria, Lactobacilli and a Streptococcus in a mouse model of high-fat diet or obesity-induced liver steatosis. METHODS Three groups of C57B1/6J mice were fed either a standard chow or a high-fat diet for 20 weeks, while a third group was fed a high-fat diet for 10 weeks and then concomitantly administered probiotics for a further 10 weeks. Serum, liver and large bowel samples were collected for analysis. RESULTS The expression of the tight-junction proteins ZO-1 and ZO-2 was reduced (p < 0.05) in high-fat diet-fed mice compared to chow-fed mice. Probiotic supplementation helped to maintain tight ZO-1 and ZO-2 expression compared with the high-fat diet group (p < 0.05), but did not restore ZO-1 or ZO-2 expression compared with chow-fed mice. Mice fed a high-fat diet ± probiotics had significant steatosis development compared with chow-fed mice (p < 0.05); steatosis was less severe in the probiotics group compared with the high-fat diet group. Hepatic triglyceride concentration was higher in mice fed a high-fat diet ± probiotics compared with the chow group (p < 0.05), and was lower in the probiotics group compared with the high-fat diet group (p < 0.05). Compared with chow-fed mice, serum glucose, cholesterol concentration and the activity of alanine transaminase were higher (p < 0.05), whereas serum triglyceride concentration was lower (p < 0.05) in mice fed a high-fat diet ± probiotics. CONCLUSIONS Supplementation with a multispecies probiotic formulation helped to maintain tight-junction proteins ZO-1 and ZO-2, and reduced hepatic triglyceride concentration compared with a high-fat diet alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Briskey
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mandy Heritage
- Gallipoli Medical Research Centre, Greenslopes Hospital, Brisbane, Australia School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lesley-Anne Jaskowski
- Gallipoli Medical Research Centre, Greenslopes Hospital, Brisbane, Australia School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jonathan Peake
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Glenda Gobe
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - V. Nathan Subramaniam
- Gallipoli Medical Research Centre, Greenslopes Hospital, Brisbane, Australia Queensland Institute of Medical Research Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia Envoi Specialist Pathologists, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Darrell Crawford
- Gallipoli Medical Research Centre, Greenslopes Hospital, Brisbane, Australia School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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421
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Ktsoyan ZA, Mkrtchyan MS, Zakharyan MK, Mnatsakanyan AA, Arakelova KA, Gevorgyan ZU, Sedrakyan AM, Hovhannisyan AI, Arakelyan AA, Aminov RI. Systemic Concentrations of Short Chain Fatty Acids Are Elevated in Salmonellosis and Exacerbation of Familial Mediterranean Fever. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:776. [PMID: 27252692 PMCID: PMC4877380 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota-produced short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) play an important role in the normal human metabolism and physiology. Although the gradients of SCFAs from the large intestine, where they are largely produced, to the peripheral blood as well as the main routes of SCFA metabolism by different organs are known well for the healthy state, there is a paucity of information regarding how these are affected in disease. In particular, how the inflammation caused by infection or autoinflammatory disease affect the concentration of SCFAs in the peripheral venous blood. In this work, we revealed that diseases caused either by infectious agents (two Salmonella enterica serovars, S. Enteritidis, and S. Typhimurium) or by the exacerbation of an autoinflammatory disease, familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), both result in a significantly elevated systemic concentration of SCFAs. In the case of salmonellosis the concentration of SCFAs in peripheral blood was significantly and consistently higher, from 5- to 20-fold, compared to control. In the case of FMF, however, a significant increase of SCFAs in the peripheral venous blood was detected only in the acute phase of the disease, with a lesser impact in remission. It seems counterintuitive that the dysbiotic conditions, with a reduced number of gut microorganisms, produce such an effect. This phenomenon, however, must be appraised within the context of how the inflammatory diseases affect the normal physiology. We discuss a number of factors that may contribute to the “leak” and persistence of gut-produced SCFAs into the systemic circulation in infectious and autoinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanna A Ktsoyan
- Institute of Molecular Biology of National Academy of Sciences of Republic of Armenia Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Mkhitar S Mkrtchyan
- Institute of Molecular Biology of National Academy of Sciences of Republic of Armenia Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Magdalina K Zakharyan
- Institute of Molecular Biology of National Academy of Sciences of Republic of Armenia Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Armine A Mnatsakanyan
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases Nork, Ministry of Health of Republic of Armenia Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Karine A Arakelova
- Institute of Molecular Biology of National Academy of Sciences of Republic of Armenia Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Zaruhi U Gevorgyan
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases Nork, Ministry of Health of Republic of Armenia Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Anahit M Sedrakyan
- Institute of Molecular Biology of National Academy of Sciences of Republic of Armenia Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Alvard I Hovhannisyan
- Institute of Molecular Biology of National Academy of Sciences of Republic of Armenia Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Arsen A Arakelyan
- Institute of Molecular Biology of National Academy of Sciences of Republic of Armenia Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Rustam I Aminov
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen Aberdeen, UK
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422
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Liu L, Liu W, Yan H, Cui J, Zhou J, Wang T, Tang L. Abdominal Paracentesis Drainage Does Not Bring Extra Risk to Patients With Severe Acute Pancreatitis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2016; 50:439. [PMID: 26890331 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0000000000000488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liye Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu Sichuan Province, China
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423
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Santiago A, Pozuelo M, Poca M, Gely C, Nieto JC, Torras X, Román E, Campos D, Sarrabayrouse G, Vidal S, Alvarado-Tapias E, Guarner F, Soriano G, Manichanh C, Guarner C. Alteration of the serum microbiome composition in cirrhotic patients with ascites. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25001. [PMID: 27112233 PMCID: PMC4845009 DOI: 10.1038/srep25001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The progression of cirrhosis is associated with alterations in the composition of the gut microbiome. To assess microbial translocation, we compared the serum microbial composition of patients with and without ascites and characterized the ascitic fluid microbiome using 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing data. A complex and specific microbial community was detected in the serum and ascitic fluid of patients with cirrhosis but barely detectable in the serum of healthy controls. The serum microbiome of patients with ascites presented higher levels of lipopolysaccharide binding protein, a marker of microbial translocation, associated with higher diversity and relative abundance of Clostridiales and an unknown genus belonging to the Cyanobacteria phylum compared to patients without ascites. The composition of the fecal microbiome was also more altered in patients with than without ascites, confirming previous studies on fecal microbiome. We propose that alteration of the serum and fecal microbiome composition be considered indicators of cirrhosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Santiago
- Department of Gastroenterology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Marta Pozuelo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Maria Poca
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigaciòn Biomédica en Red en el Área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Gely
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Camilo Nieto
- Department of Immunology, Institut de Recerca-IIB Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Torras
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigaciòn Biomédica en Red en el Área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Román
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigaciòn Biomédica en Red en el Área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Escola Universitària d'Infermeria EUI-Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Campos
- Department of Gastroenterology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Guillaume Sarrabayrouse
- Department of Gastroenterology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Silvia Vidal
- Department of Immunology, Institut de Recerca-IIB Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Francisco Guarner
- Department of Gastroenterology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, Barcelona 08035, Spain.,Centro de Investigaciòn Biomédica en Red en el Área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - German Soriano
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigaciòn Biomédica en Red en el Área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Chaysavanh Manichanh
- Department of Gastroenterology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, Barcelona 08035, Spain.,Centro de Investigaciòn Biomédica en Red en el Área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Guarner
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigaciòn Biomédica en Red en el Área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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424
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Zagato E, Mazzini E, Rescigno M. The variegated aspects of Immunoglobulin A. Immunol Lett 2016; 178:45-9. [PMID: 27091478 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Although immunoglobulins (Ig) of the A isotype were discovered more than 50 years ago, their homeostatic function, production and specificity has only lately started to be unravelled. We have recently described that the level of IgAs is genetically determined and contributes to microbiota diversification via establishing a positive feedback loop of IgA production. Here we show that the amount of both fecal and serum IgAs is intermediate in a F1 BALB/c x C57BL/6 mixed background. Naïve mice that have never been exposed to certain bacterial strains but that carry innate IgAs that react towards those bacteria undergo de novo differentiation of antigen-specific responses, indicating that there is not just a recall of a pre-existing innate IgA response. We also demonstrate that, differently from pathogenic bacteria, a commensal does not induce systemic IgG response but only a mucosal IgA response. Thus IgAs come into different flavours and can potentiate their own production, but also drive the development of new specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Zagato
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Mazzini
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Rescigno
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Italy.
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425
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Van Hemert S, Marlicz W, Szachta P, Pekelharing E, Ormel G, Łoniewski I, Ostrowska L, Samochowiec J. The role of the gut microbiota in mood and behaviour. Whether psychobiotics can become an alternative in therapy in psychiatry? Eur Psychiatry 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionNovel research concepts based on therapies aiming to modulate intestinal microbiota are emerging. The evidence is mounting that gut-brain axis plays an important role in the development of mood and depressive disorders [1]. The similarities between blood brain barrier (BBB) and gut vascular barrier (GVB) and their role in chronic diseases have been recently unraveled [2]. Especially convincing data come from animal models, where administration of probiotics and antibiotics in germ and pathogen free mice showed beneficial role in the regulation of behavior, cognition, pain, anxiety and mood.Aims and resultsBased on available data as well as on studies looking at the effect of multispecies probiotics (Ecologic® Barrier containing B.bifidumW23, B.lactisW52, L.acidophilusW37, L.brevisW63, L.caseiW56, L.salivariusW24, L.lactisW19, L.lactisW58) on cognitive reactivity to sad mood in healthy volunteers [3] we designed the human trial aiming to compare microbiome alterations and response to therapy in patients with depression and schizophrenia. Moreover, in vitro and in vivo data support the notion that multispecies probiotics are capable of improving gut barrier function [4] and may alleviate disorders affecting mood and depressive-like behavior. We postulate that therapies modulating the microbiome-gut-brain axis warrant further investigations.ConclusionMultispecies probiotics have the potential to influence the gut-brain axis and alleviate mental disorders. Ongoing clinical study in patients with depression and schizophrenia will help to further unravel the role of gut-brain axis in the treatment of patients with psychiatric disturbances.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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