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Compatibility of Personalized Formulations in Cleoderm™, A Skin Rebalancing Cream Base for Oily and Sensitive Skin. COSMETICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics9050092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory skin conditions are prevalent in the general population and are a source of much concern for those who suffer from them. Acne is an extremely common condition and can significantly impact the quality of life of affected patients. Rosacea is another common dermatological disorder that often affects the face and can present with flushing, irritated skin, and pimples. In addition to being key for acne and rosacea, inflammation can also play a role in prematurely aging skin and contributes to the formation of wrinkles. Given the prevalence and patient impact of dermatological conditions on the face, such as those previously described, there is a demand for personalized medicines to manage these conditions when commercially available options are unsuitable, unavailable, or insufficient to fully resolve the condition. When designing an appropriate personalized therapy for a patient, both the vehicle and the active pharmaceutical ingredient choices are key to the success of the treatment. Cleoderm™ is a topical cream designed for use as a vehicle for the preparation of dermatological treatments by compounding pharmacies. Its ingredient profile was specifically curated to be gentle on the skin, allowing its use as a vehicle for compounded preparations that may be applied to sensitive and affected skin. In this bracketed study, benzoyl peroxide, cyproterone acetate, estriol, metronidazole, niacinamide, progesterone, retinoic acid, spironolactone, and tranexamic acid were selected, due to their known applications for dermatological skin conditions. To evaluate the compatibility and stability of Cleoderm™ in these formulations, high-performance liquid chromatography, followed by antimicrobial effectiveness testing, were performed for 180 days. For most formulations, a beyond-use date of 180 days was observed when stored at room temperature, except for retinoic acid, which had a beyond-use date of 30 days. Through the outcomes of this study, we concluded that Cleoderm™ presents increased convenience for both the compounding pharmacist and the patient, suggesting that it is an adequate candidate vehicle for compounding different dermatological formulations with adequate stability, presenting itself as a good alternative to commercially available treatments that cannot be personalized.
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2
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Ramos-e-Silva M, Ramos-e-Silva S, Carneiro S. Acne in women. Br J Dermatol 2015; 172 Suppl 1:20-6. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Ramos-e-Silva
- Sector of Dermatology and Post-graduate Course; University Hospital and School of Medicine; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Rua Dona Mariana 143/C-32 22280-020 Botafogo Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - S. Ramos-e-Silva
- Sector of Dermatology and Post-graduate Course; University Hospital and School of Medicine; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Rua Dona Mariana 143/C-32 22280-020 Botafogo Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - S. Carneiro
- Sector of Dermatology and Post-graduate Course; University Hospital and School of Medicine; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Rua Dona Mariana 143/C-32 22280-020 Botafogo Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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3
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Koo EB, Petersen TD, Kimball AB. Meta-analysis comparing efficacy of antibiotics versus oral contraceptives in acne vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014; 71:450-9. [PMID: 24880665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2014.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tyler Daniel Petersen
- Western University of Health Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Lebanon, Oregon
| | - Alexandra Boer Kimball
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Sinha P, Srivastava S, Mishra N, Yadav NP. New perspectives on antiacne plant drugs: contribution to modern therapeutics. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:301304. [PMID: 25147793 PMCID: PMC4132408 DOI: 10.1155/2014/301304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Acne is a common but serious skin disease, which affects approximately 80% adolescents and young adults in 11-30 age group. 42.5% of men and 50.9% of women continue to suffer from this disease into their twenties. Bacterial resistance is now at the alarming stage due to the irrational use of antibiotics. Hence, search for new lead molecule/bioactive and rational delivery of the existing drug (for better therapeutic effect) to the site of action is the need of the hour. Plants and plant-derived products have been an integral part of health care system since time immemorial. Therefore, plants that are currently used for the treatment of acne and those with a high potential are summarized in the present review. Most active plant extracts, namely, P. granatum, M. alba, A. anomala, and M. aquifolium exhibit minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in the range of 4-50 µg/mL against P. acnes, while aromatic oils of C. obovoides, C. natsudaidai, C. japonica, and C. nardus possess MICs 0.005-0.6 μL/mL and phytomolecules such as rhodomyrtone, pulsaquinone, hydropulsaquinone, honokiol, magnolol, xanthohumol lupulones, chebulagic acid and rhinacanthin-C show MIC in the range of 0.5-12.5 μg/mL. Novel drug delivery strategies of important plant leads in the treatment of acne have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyam Sinha
- Herbal Medicinal Products Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Shruti Srivastava
- Herbal Medicinal Products Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Nidhi Mishra
- Herbal Medicinal Products Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Narayan Prasad Yadav
- Herbal Medicinal Products Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India
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Lai JJ, Chang P, Lai KP, Chen L, Chang C. The role of androgen and androgen receptor in skin-related disorders. Arch Dermatol Res 2012; 304:499-510. [PMID: 22829074 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-012-1265-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Androgen and androgen receptor (AR) may play important roles in several skin-related diseases, such as androgenetic alopecia and acne vulgaris. Current treatments for these androgen/AR-involved diseases, which target the synthesis of androgens or prevent its binding to AR, can cause significant adverse side effects. Based on the recent studies using AR knockout mice, it has been suggested that AR and androgens play distinct roles in the skin pathogenesis, and AR seems to be a better target than androgens for the treatment of these skin diseases. Here, we review recent studies of androgen/AR roles in several skin-related disorders, including acne vulgaris, androgenetic alopecia and hirsutism, as well as cutaneous wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiann-Jyh Lai
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Box 626, URMC, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Acne is a common skin disorder among women. Although no uniform approach to the management of acne exists, combination oral contraceptives (COCs), which contain an estrogen and a progestin, often are prescribed for women. OBJECTIVES To determine the effectiveness of combined oral contraceptives (COCs) for the treatment of facial acne compared to placebo or other active therapies. SEARCH METHODS In January 2012, we searched for randomized controlled trials of COCs and acne in the computerized databases of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, POPLINE, and LILACS. We also searched for clinical trials in ClinicalTrials.gov and the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) (Aug 2011). For the initial review, we wrote to researchers to seek any unpublished or published trials that we might have missed. SELECTION CRITERIA We considered randomized controlled trials reported in any language that compared the effectiveness of a COC containing an estrogen and a progestin to placebo or another active therapy for acne in women. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We extracted data on facial lesion counts, both total and specific (i.e., open or closed comedones, papules, pustules and nodules); acne severity grades; global assessments by the clinician or the participant, and discontinuation due to adverse events. Data were entered and analyzed in RevMan. For continuous data, we calculated the mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). For dichotomous data, we calculated the Peto odds ratio (OR) and 95% CI. MAIN RESULTS The review includes 31 trials with 12,579 participants. Of 24 comparisons made, 6 compared a COC to placebo, 17 different COCs, and 1 compared a COC to an antibiotic. Of nine placebo-controlled trials with data for analysis, all showed COCs reduced acne lesion counts, severity grades and self-assessed acne compared to placebo. A levonorgestrel-COC group had fewer total lesion counts (MD -9.98; 95% CI -16.51 to -3.45), inflammatory and non-inflammatory lesion counts, and were more likely to have a clinician assessment of clear or almost clear lesions and participant self-assessment of improved acne lesions. A norethindrone acetate COC had better results for clinician global assessment of no acne to mild acne (OR 1.86; 95% CI 1.32 to 2.62). In two combined trials, a norgestimate COC showed reduced total lesion counts (MD-9.32; 95% CI -14.19 to -4.45), reduced inflammatory lesion and comedones counts, and more with clinician assessment of improved acne. For two combined trials of a drospirenone COC, the investigators' assessment of clear or almost clear skin favored the drospirenone group (OR 3.02; 95% CI 1.99 to 4.59). In one trial, the drospirenone-COC group showed greater (more positive) percent changes for total lesion count (MD 29.08; 95% CI 3.13 to 55.03), inflammatory and non-inflammatory lesion counts, and papule and closed comedone counts. A dienogest-COC group had greater percentage decreases in total lesion count (MD -15.30; 95% CI -19.98 to -10.62) and inflammatory lesion count, and more women assessed with overall improvement of facial acne. A CMA-COC group had more 'responders,' those with 50% or greater decrease in facial papules and pustules (OR 2.31; 95% CI 1.50 to 3.55)Differences in the comparative effectiveness of COCs containing varying progestin types and dosages were less clear, and data were limited for any particular comparison. COCs that contained chlormadinone acetate or cyproterone acetate improved acne better than levonorgestrel. A COC with cyproterone acetate showed better acne outcomes than one with desogestrel, but the studies produced conflicting results. Likewise, levonorgestrel showed a slight improvement over desogestrel in acne outcomes, but results were not consistent. A drospirenone COC appeared to be more effective than norgestimate or nomegestrol acetate plus 17β-estradiol but less effective than cyproterone acetate. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS This update yielded six new trials but no change in conclusions. The six COCs evaluated in placebo-controlled trials are effective in reducing inflammatory and non-inflammatory facial acne lesions. Few important and consistent differences were found between COC types in their effectiveness for treating acne. How COCs compare to alternative acne treatments is unknown since only one trial addressed this issue. The use of standardized methods for assessing acne severity would help in synthesizing results across trials as well as aid in interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayodele O Arowojolu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria.
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7
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Nast A, Dréno B, Bettoli V, Degitz K, Erdmann R, Finlay AY, Ganceviciene R, Haedersdal M, Layton A, López-Estebaranz JL, Ochsendorf F, Oprica C, Rosumeck S, Rzany B, Sammain A, Simonart T, Veien NK, Zivković MV, Zouboulis CC, Gollnick H. European evidence-based (S3) guidelines for the treatment of acne. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2012; 26 Suppl 1:1-29. [PMID: 22356611 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2011.04374.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Nast
- Division of Evidence-Based Medicine, Klinik für Dermatologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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8
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Acne is a common skin disorder among women. Although no uniform approach to the management of acne exists, combination oral contraceptives (COCs), which contain an estrogen and a progestin, often are prescribed for women. OBJECTIVES To determine the effectiveness of combined oral contraceptives (COCs) for the treatment of facial acne compared to placebo or other active therapies. SEARCH METHODS In January 2012, we searched for randomized controlled trials of COCs and acne in the computerized databases of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, POPLINE, and LILACS. We also searched for clinical trials in ClinicalTrials.gov and the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) (Aug 2011). For the initial review, we wrote to researchers to seek any unpublished or published trials that we might have missed. SELECTION CRITERIA We considered randomized controlled trials reported in any language that compared the effectiveness of a COC containing an estrogen and a progestin to placebo or another active therapy for acne in women. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We extracted data on facial lesion counts, both total and specific (i.e., open or closed comedones, papules, pustules and nodules); acne severity grades; global assessments by the clinician or the participant, and discontinuation due to adverse events. Data were entered and analyzed in RevMan. For continuous data, we calculated the mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). For dichotomous data, we calculated the Peto odds ratio (OR) and 95% CI. MAIN RESULTS The review includes 31 trials with 12,579 participants. Of 24 comparisons made, 6 compared a COC to placebo, 17 different COCs, and 1 compared a COC to an antibiotic. Of nine placebo-controlled trials with data for analysis, all showed COCs reduced acne lesion counts, severity grades and self-assessed acne compared to placebo. A levonorgestrel-COC group had fewer total lesion counts (MD -9.98; 95% CI -16.51 to -3.45), inflammatory and non-inflammatory lesion counts, and were more likely to have a clinician assessment of clear or almost clear lesions and participant self-assessment of improved acne lesions. A norethindrone acetate COC had better results for clinician global assessment of no acne to mild acne (OR 1.86; 95% CI 1.32 to 2.62). In two combined trials, a norgestimate COC showed reduced total lesion counts (MD-9.32; 95% CI -14.19 to -4.45), reduced inflammatory lesion and comedones counts, and more with clinician assessment of improved acne. For two combined trials of a drospirenone COC, the investigators' assessment of clear or almost clear skin favored the drospirenone group (OR 3.02; 95% CI 1.99 to 4.59). In one trial, the drospirenone-COC group showed greater (more positive) percent changes for total lesion count (MD 29.08; 95% CI 3.13 to 55.03), inflammatory and non-inflammatory lesion counts, and papule and closed comedone counts. A dienogest-COC group had greater percentage decreases in total lesion count (MD -15.30; 95% CI -19.98 to -10.62) and inflammatory lesion count, and more women assessed with overall improvement of facial acne. A CMA-COC group had more 'responders,' those with 50% or greater decrease in facial papules and pustules (OR 2.31; 95% CI 1.50 to 3.55)Differences in the comparative effectiveness of COCs containing varying progestin types and dosages were less clear, and data were limited for any particular comparison. COCs that contained chlormadinone acetate or cyproterone acetate improved acne better than levonorgestrel. A COC with cyproterone acetate showed better acne outcomes than one with desogestrel, but the studies produced conflicting results. Likewise, levonorgestrel showed a slight improvement over desogestrel in acne outcomes, but results were not consistent. A drospirenone COC appeared to be more effective than norgestimate or nomegestrol acetate plus 17β-estradiol but less effective than cyproterone acetate. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS This update yielded six new trials but no change in conclusions. The six COCs evaluated in placebo-controlled trials are effective in reducing inflammatory and non-inflammatory facial acne lesions. Few important and consistent differences were found between COC types in their effectiveness for treating acne. How COCs compare to alternative acne treatments is unknown since only one trial addressed this issue. The use of standardized methods for assessing acne severity would help in synthesizing results across trials as well as aid in interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayodele O Arowojolu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan,
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9
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Arowojolu AO, Gallo MF, Lopez LM, Grimes DA, Garner SE. Cochrane Review: Combined oral contraceptive pills for treatment of acne. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ebch.841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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10
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Sexton KE, Barrett S, Bridgwood K, Carroll M, Dettling D, Du D, Fakhoury S, Fedij V, Hu LY, Kostlan C, Pocalyko D, Raheja N, Smith Y, Shanmugasundaram V, Wade K. Pantolactams as androgen receptor antagonists for the topical suppression of sebum production. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:5230-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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11
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Mitchell LH, Johnson TR, Lu GW, Du D, Datta K, Grzemski F, Shanmugasundaram V, Spence J, Wade K, Wang Z, Sun K, Lin K, Hu LY, Sexton K, Raheja N, Kostlan C, Pocalyko D. Rational design of a topical androgen receptor antagonist for the suppression of sebum production with properties suitable for follicular delivery. J Med Chem 2010; 53:4422-7. [PMID: 20462217 DOI: 10.1021/jm9018004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel nonsteroidal androgen receptor antagonist, (R)-4-(1-benzyl-4,4-dimethyl-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yloxy)-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile (1), for the topical control of sebum production is reported. This compound, which is potent, selective, and efficacious in the clinically validated golden Syrian hamster ear animal model, was designed to be delivered to the pilosebaceous unit, the site of action, preferentially by the follicular route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna H Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research & Development, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA.
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12
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Arowojolu AO, Gallo MF, Lopez LM, Grimes DA, Garner SE. Combined oral contraceptive pills for treatment of acne. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009:CD004425. [PMID: 19588355 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd004425.pub4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acne is a common skin disorder among women. Although no uniform approach to the management of acne exists, combination oral contraceptives (COCs), which contain an estrogen and a progestin, often are prescribed for women. OBJECTIVES To determine the effectiveness of combined oral contraceptives (COCs) for the treatment of facial acne compared to placebo or other active therapies. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched for randomized controlled trials of COCs and acne in the computerized databases of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, POPLINE, and LILACS. We also searched for clinical trials in ClinicalTrials.gov and the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP). We wrote to authors of identified trials to seek any unpublished or published trials that we might have missed. SELECTION CRITERIA All randomized controlled trials reported in any language that compared the effectiveness of a COC containing an estrogen and a progestin to placebo or another active therapy for acne in women were eligible. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We extracted data on total and specific (i.e., open or closed comedones, papules, pustules and nodules) facial lesion counts; acne severity grades; global assessments by the clinician or the participant and discontinuation due to adverse events. Data were entered and analyzed in RevMan. MAIN RESULTS The search yielded 25 trials: 7 placebo-controlled trials made 4 different comparisons, 17 trials made 13 comparisons between 2 different COC regimens, and 1 additional trial compared a COC to an antibiotic. COCs reduced acne lesion counts, severity grades and self-assessed acne compared to placebo. Differences in the comparative effectiveness of COCs containing varying progestin types and dosages, though, were less clear. COCs that contained chlormadinone acetate or cyproterone acetate improved acne better than levonorgestrel, although this apparent advantage was based on limited data. A COC with cyproterone acetate might result in better acne outcomes than one with desogestrel; however, the three studies comparing these COCs produced conflicting results. Likewise, levonorgestrel showed a slight improvement over desogestrel in acne outcomes in one trial, but a second trial found the COC groups were similar. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The four COCs evaluated in placebo-controlled trials are effective in reducing inflammatory and non-inflammatory facial acne lesions. Few important differences were found between COC types in their effectiveness for treating acne. How COCs compare to alternative acne treatments is unknown since limited data were available regarding this question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayodele O Arowojolu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
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Mitchell LH, Hu LY, Nguyen M, Fakhoury S, Smith Y, Iula D, Kostlan C, Carroll M, Dettling D, Du D, Pocalyko D, Wade K, Lefker B. Diphenyl ethers as androgen receptor antagonists for the topical suppression of sebum production. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:2176-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.02.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2009] [Revised: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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14
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4-(Alkylthio)- and 4-(arylthio)-benzonitrile derivatives as androgen receptor antagonists for the topical suppression of sebum production. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:1310-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2008] [Revised: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Li JJ, Iula DM, Nguyen MN, Hu LY, Dettling D, Johnson TR, Du DY, Shanmugasundaram V, Van Camp JA, Wang Z, Harter WG, Yue WS, Boys ML, Wade KJ, Drummond EM, Samas BM, Lefker BA, Hoge GS, Lovdahl MJ, Asbill J, Carroll M, Meade MA, Ciotti SM, Krieger-Burke T. Rational design and synthesis of 4-((1R,2R)-2-hydroxycyclohexyl)-2(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile (PF-998425), a novel, nonsteroidal androgen receptor antagonist devoid of phototoxicity for dermatological indications. J Med Chem 2008; 51:7010-4. [PMID: 18921992 DOI: 10.1021/jm8009316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
4-((1 R,2 R)-2-Hydroxycyclohexyl)-2(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile [PF-0998425, (-)- 6a] is a novel, nonsteroidal androgen receptor antagonist for sebum control and treatment of androgenetic alopecia. It is potent, selective, and active in vivo. The compound is rapidly metabolized systemically, thereby reducing the risk of unwanted systemic side effects due to its primary pharmacology. (-)- 6a was tested negative in the 3T3 NRU assay, validating our rationale that reduction of conjugation might reduce potential phototoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Jack Li
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research & Development, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA.
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16
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Castro GA, Ferreira LAM. Novel vesicular and particulate drug delivery systems for topical treatment of acne. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2008; 5:665-79. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.5.6.665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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17
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Hu LY, Du D, Hoffman J, Smith Y, Fedij V, Kostlan C, Johnson TR, Huang Y, Kesten S, Harter W, Yue WS, Li JJ, Barvian N, Mitchell L, Lei HJ, Lefker B, Carroll M, Dettling D, Krieger-Burke T, Samas B, Yalamanchili R, Lapham K, Pocalyko D, Sliskovic D, Ciotti S, Stoller B, Hena MA, Ding Q, Maiti SN, Stier M, Welgus H. (1R,2S)-4-(2-Cyano-cyclohexyl-oxy)-2-trifluoromethyl-benzonitrile, a potent androgen receptor antagonist for stimulating hair growth and reducing sebum production. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:5983-8. [PMID: 17827000 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2007] [Revised: 07/14/2007] [Accepted: 07/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis, pharmacology, and pharmacokinetic profiles of (1R, 2S)-4-(2-cyano-cyclohexyl-oxy)-2-trifluoromethyl-benzonitrile are reported. This compound demonstrated remarkable potency for stimulating hair growth in a male C3H mouse model as well as reducing sebum production in the male Syrian hamster ear model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lain-Yen Hu
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Ann Arbor Laboratories, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
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Van Camp JA, Hu LY, Kostlan C, Lefker B, Li J, Mitchell L, Wang Z, Yue WS, Carroll M, Dettling D, Du D, Pocalyko D, Wade K. Preparation of 4-aryl-2-trifluoromethylbenzonitrile derivatives as androgen receptor antagonists for topical suppression of sebum production. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:5529-32. [PMID: 17764935 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2007] [Revised: 08/13/2007] [Accepted: 08/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of substituted 4-aryl-2-trifluoromethylbenzonitrile analogs were evaluated in the human androgen receptor binding and cellular functional assays. Analogs with sufficient in vitro binding and cellular potency (IC(50)<200 nM) were tested in the progesterone receptor binding assay for selectivity and in the Golden Syrian hamster ear model for in vivo efficacy. Within the series, compound 4 e was identified to be the most active analog in vivo (wax ester inhibition=86%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Van Camp
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Michigan Laboratories, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
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Hu LY, Lei HJ, Du D, Johnson TR, Fedij V, Kostlan C, Yue WS, Lovdahl M, Li JJ, Carroll M, Dettling D, Asbill J, Fan C, Wade K, Pocalyko D, Lapham K, Yalamanchili R, Samas B, Vrieze D, Ciotti S, Krieger-Burke T, Sliskovic D, Welgus H. Synthesis and biological evaluation of amino-pyridines as androgen receptor antagonists for stimulating hair growth and reducing sebum production. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:5693-7. [PMID: 17766112 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Revised: 07/13/2007] [Accepted: 07/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of amino-pyridines were synthesized and evaluated for androgen antagonist activities. Among these compounds, (R)-(+)-6-[methyl-(1-phenyl-ethyl)-amino]-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinonitrile was the most active example of this class. This compound displayed potent androgen receptor antagonist activity as well as favorable pharmacokinetic characteristics for a potential topical agent. It also demonstrated remarkable potency for stimulating hair growth in a male C3H mouse model as well as reducing sebum production in the male Syrian hamster ear model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lain-Yen Hu
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Michigan Laboratories, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
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Stecová J, Mehnert W, Blaschke T, Kleuser B, Sivaramakrishnan R, Zouboulis CC, Seltmann H, Korting HC, Kramer KD, Schäfer-Korting M. Cyproterone Acetate Loading to Lipid Nanoparticles for Topical Acne Treatment: Particle Characterisation and Skin Uptake. Pharm Res 2007; 24:991-1000. [PMID: 17372681 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-006-9225-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2006] [Accepted: 12/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Topical cyproterone acetate (CPA) treatment of skin diseases should reduce side effects currently excluding the use in males and demanding contraceptive measures in females. To improve skin penetration of the poorly absorbed drug, we intended to identify the active moiety and to load it to particulate carrier systems. MATERIALS AND METHODS CPA metabolism in human fibroblasts, keratinocytes and a sebocyte cell line as well as androgen receptor affinity of native CPA and the hydrolysis product cyproterone were determined. CPA 0.05% loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC), a nanoemulsion and micropheres were characterized for drug-particle interaction and CPA absorption using human skin ex-vivo. RESULTS Native CPA proved to be the active agent. Application of CPA attached to SLN increased skin penetration at least four-fold over the uptake from cream and nanoemulsion. Incorporation into the lipid matrix of NLC and microspheres resulted in a 2-3-fold increase in CPA absorption. Drug amounts within the dermis were low with all preparations. No difference was seen in the penetration into intact and stripped skin. CONCLUSION With particulate systems topical CPA treatment may be an additional therapeutic option for acne and other diseases of the pilosebaceous unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Stecová
- Institut für Pharmazie, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Strasse 2-4, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
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Arowojolu AO, Gallo MF, Lopez LM, Grimes DA, Garner SE. Combined oral contraceptive pills for treatment of acne. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007:CD004425. [PMID: 17253506 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd004425.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acne is a common skin disorder among women. Although no uniform approach to the management of acne exists, combination oral contraceptives (COCs), which contain an estrogen and a progestin, often are prescribed for women. OBJECTIVES To determine the effectiveness of combined oral contraceptives (COCs) for the treatment of facial acne compared to placebo or other active therapies. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the computerized databases of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, POPLINE, Biological Abstracts and LILACS for randomized controlled trials of COCs and acne. We wrote to authors of identified trials to seek any unpublished or published trials that we might have missed. SELECTION CRITERIA All randomized controlled trials reported in any language that compared the effectiveness of a COC containing an estrogen and a progestin to placebo or another active therapy for acne in women were eligible. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We extracted data on total and specific (i.e., open or closed comedones, papules, pustules and nodules) facial lesion counts; acne severity grades; global assessments by the clinician or the participant and discontinuation due to adverse events. Data were entered and analyzed in RevMan. MAIN RESULTS The search yielded 23 trials: 5 placebo-controlled trials made 3 different comparisons, 17 trials made 13 comparisons between 2 different COC regimens, and 1 additional trial compared a COC to an antibiotic. COCs reduced acne lesion counts, severity grades and self-assessed acne compared to placebo. Differences in the comparative effectiveness of COCs containing varying progestin types and dosages, though, were less clear. COCs that contained chlormadinone acetate or cyproterone acetate improved acne better than levonorgestrel, although this apparent advantage was based on limited data. A COC with cyproterone acetate might result in better acne outcomes than one with desogestrel; however, the three studies comparing these COCs produced conflicting results. Likewise, levonorgestrel showed a slight improvement over desogestrel in acne outcomes in one trial, but a second trial found no difference between the COCs. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The three COCs evaluated in placebo-controlled trials are effective in reducing inflammatory and non-inflammatory facial acne lesions. Few differences were found between COC types in their effectiveness for treating acne. How COCs compare to alternative acne treatments is unknown since limited data were available regarding this question.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Arowojolu
- College of Medicine, University College Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
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Biruss B, Valenta C. Skin permeation of different steroid hormones from polymeric coated liposomal formulations. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2006; 62:210-9. [PMID: 16202573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2005.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2005] [Revised: 08/10/2005] [Accepted: 08/10/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of various polymers (polycarbophil, chitosan-EDTA, polymeric emulsifier and carrageenan) on the permeation, the chemical and microbial stability of 17-beta-estradiol, progesterone, cyproterone acetate (cpa) and finasteride incorporated in DPPC (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) liposomes has been investigated. The liposomes contained 1% (w/w) of the steroid hormones. Standard diffusion experiments were performed. Drug stability was monitored by analysing the steroid hormone content in the different formulations over a time period of 8 weeks and visually inspecting for microbial contamination. In addition, viscosity measurements were performed. The permeation rate could be improved by addition of polymeric agents depending on their type and drug. In all tested formulations, finasteride exhibited the highest diffusion. Both the chemical and the microbial stability of the hormones were significantly improved by the polymers in comparison to the pure liposomes after an observation period of 8 weeks. After that time microbial stability was still evident for all semisolid formulations. In contrast to this in the pure liposomes already after 2 weeks the steroid drugs showed complete insufficient chemical stability and microbial contamination. Additional rheological measurements indicated an influence of the polymers and drugs on the viscosity in all formulations. The elasticity predominated in nearly all polymeric formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babette Biruss
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Kuhl H. Pharmacology of estrogens and progestogens: influence of different routes of administration. Climacteric 2005; 8 Suppl 1:3-63. [PMID: 16112947 DOI: 10.1080/13697130500148875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 469] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review comprises the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of natural and synthetic estrogens and progestogens used in contraception and therapy, with special consideration of hormone replacement therapy. The paper describes the mechanisms of action, the relation between structure and hormonal activity, differences in hormonal pattern and potency, peculiarities in the properties of certain steroids, tissue-specific effects, and the metabolism of the available estrogens and progestogens. The influence of the route of administration on pharmacokinetics, hormonal activity and metabolism is presented, and the effects of oral and transdermal treatment with estrogens on tissues, clinical and serum parameters are compared. The effects of oral, transdermal (patch and gel), intranasal, sublingual, buccal, vaginal, subcutaneous and intramuscular administration of estrogens, as well as of oral, vaginal, transdermal, intranasal, buccal, intramuscular and intrauterine application of progestogens are discussed. The various types of progestogens, their receptor interaction, hormonal pattern and the hormonal activity of certain metabolites are described in detail. The structural formulae, serum concentrations, binding affinities to steroid receptors and serum binding globulins, and the relative potencies of the available estrogens and progestins are presented. Differences in the tissue-specific effects of the various compounds and regimens and their potential implications with the risks and benefits of hormone replacement therapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kuhl
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, J. W. Goethe University of Frankfurt, Germany
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Magin PJ, Adams J, Pond CD, Smith W. Topical and oral CAM in acne: a review of the empirical evidence and a consideration of its context. Complement Ther Med 2005; 14:62-76. [PMID: 16473756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2005.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2004] [Revised: 06/06/2005] [Accepted: 10/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acne is one of the commonest diseases to afflict humanity. Anecdotally, the use of CAM in acne is widespread. In this review the empirical evidence for the efficacy of CAM modalities is examined and the context for their use discussed. METHODS Searches were made of the MEDLINE, EMBASE, AMED (Allied and Complementary Medicines), Cochrane, and DARE databases using the search terms "acne" and "acne vulgaris" together with "alternative" and "complementary". RESULTS The identified studies examined a broad range of CAM modalities but were of generally poor methodological quality. Evidence suggests that many of these therapies are biologically plausible. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Complementary therapies in acne should be viewed in a wider context than that of the very limited empiric evidence base that exists for their use. Further rigorously conducted trials should be conducted to define efficacy and adverse effect profiles of currently used CAM acne therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Magin
- Discipline of General Practice, Newbolds Building, School of Medical Practice and Population Health, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
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Date AA, Naik B, Nagarsenker MS. Novel Drug Delivery Systems: Potential in Improving Topical Delivery of Antiacne Agents. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2005; 19:2-16. [PMID: 16247244 DOI: 10.1159/000089138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2004] [Accepted: 05/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Acne is the most common cutaneous disorder of multifactorial origin with a prevalence of 70-85% in adolescents. The majority of the acne sufferers exhibit mild to moderate acne initially, which progresses to the severe form in certain cases. Topical therapy is employed as first-line treatment in mild acne, whereas for moderate and severe acne, systemic therapy is required in addition to topical therapy. Currently, several topical agents are available that affect at least one of the main pathogenetic factors responsible for the development of acne. Although topical therapy has an important position in acne treatment, side effects associated with various topical antiacne agents and the undesirable physicochemical characteristics of certain important agents like tretinoin and benzoyl peroxide affect their utility and patient compliance. Novel drug delivery strategies can play a pivotal role in improving the topical delivery of antiacne agents by enhancing their dermal localization with a concomitant reduction in their side effects. The current review emphasizes the potential of various novel drug delivery strategies like liposomes, niosomes, aspasomes, microsponges, microemulsions, hydrogels and solid lipid nanoparticles in optimizing and enhancing the topical delivery of antiacne agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Date
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz, Mumbai, India
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Henry de Hassonville S, Chiap P, Liégeois JF, Evrard B, Delattre L, Crommen J, Piel G, Hubert P. Development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of cyproterone acetate in human skin. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2004; 36:133-43. [PMID: 15351057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2004] [Accepted: 05/31/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the framework of a preliminary study on the transdermal penetration of cyproterone acetate (CPA), a simple and rapid procedure involving an extraction step coupled to a HPLC-UV determination has been developed for the separation and quantification of CPA in the two main skin layers-epidermis and dermis-after local application. The separation of epidermis and dermis layers was carefully carried out by means of a sharp spatula after skin immersion in heated water at 65 degrees C. The two skin layers were then treated separately according to the same process: (1) sample homogenization by vibration after freezing with liquid nitrogen in a Mikro-Dismembrator; (2) CPA extraction with methanol after addition of the internal standard (betamethasone dipropionate); (3) centrifugation; (4) evaporation of a supernatant aliquot; (5) dissolution of the dry residue in methanol and addition of water; (6) centrifugation; (7) injection of a supernatant aliquot into the HPLC system. The separation was achieved on octadecylsilica stationary phase using a mobile phase consisting in a mixture of acetonitrile and water (40:60 (v/v)). The method was then validated using a new approach based on accuracy profiles over a CPA concentration range from 33 to 667 ng/ml for each skin layer. Finally, the method was successfully applied to the determination of CPA to several skin samples after topical application of different gel formulations containing CPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Henry de Hassonville
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Liège, CHU, B36, Liège B-4000, Belgium
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Abstract
Acne vulgaris is a common skin disease, affecting about 70-80% of adolescents and young adults. It is a multifactorial disease of the pilosebaceous unit.(1) The influence of androgens at the onset of adolescence leads to an enlargement of the sebaceous gland and a rise in sebum production. Additional increased proliferation and altered differentiation of the follicular epithelium eventually blocks the pilosebaceous duct, leading to development of the microcomedo as the primary acne lesion. Concomitantly and subsequently, colonization with Propionibacterium acnes increases, followed by induction of inflammatory reactions from bacteria, ductal corneocytes, and sebaceous proinflammatory agents (Fig 1).(2-5)
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Krautheim
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Otto von Guericke University, Leipzoger Strasse 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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Application of molecular modeling to the study of cyproterone acetate stability in the presence of cyclodextrin derivatives. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(04)50064-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Sator PG, Schmidt JB, Hönigsmann H. Clinical evidence of the endocrinological influence of a triphasic oral contraceptive containing norgestimate and ethinyl estradiol in treating women with acne vulgaris. A pilot study. Dermatology 2003; 206:241-8. [PMID: 12673082 DOI: 10.1159/000068893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2002] [Accepted: 08/08/2002] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a triphasic combination oral contraceptive (OC) containing norgestimate and ethinyl estradiol in the treatment of women with acne vulgaris. METHODS 12 female patients were included and 10 completed the trial. Over a period of 6 months, efficacy was assessed by means of facial acne lesion counts, by an investigator's global assessment, by patients' self-assessments and by measuring epidermal moisture and skin surface lipids. In addition, a photo documentation was compiled and hormone levels were measured. RESULTS After 6 months of therapy, the number of acne counts improved. The success of treatment was rated positively both by the investigator and by all patients but one who did not report any changes. Skin surface lipids were significantly reduced while skin hydration showed no significant change. Testosterone and progesterone decreased, and sex-hormone-binding globulin increased, significantly. CONCLUSION Our data show that an OC containing norgestimate and ethinyl estradiol is a good therapeutic option for women of fertile age suffering from mild to moderate acne vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- P-G Sator
- Department of Special and Environmental Dermatology, University of Vienna, General Hospital, Vienna, Austria.
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Zouboulis CC. Therapie der Akne mit Antiandrogenen - Eine evidenzbasierte Ubersicht. Treatment of acne with antiandrogens - an evidence-based review. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2003; 1:535-46. [PMID: 16295039 DOI: 10.1046/j.1610-0387.2003.03011.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased sebaceous gland activity with seborrhea is one of the major pathogenetic factors in acne. Antiandrogen treatment targets the androgen-metabolizing follicular keratinocytes and the sebaceous gland leading to sebostasis, with a reduction of the sebum secretion rate of 12.5-65%. Antiandrogens can be classified based on their mechanism of action as androgen receptor blockers, inhibitors of circulating androgens by affecting ovarian function (oral contraceptives), inhibitors of circulating androgens by affecting the pituitary (gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists and dopamine agonists in hyperprolactinemia), inhibitors of adrenal function, and inhibitors of peripheral androgen metabolism (5alpha-reductase inhibitors, inhibitors of other enzymes). METHODS All original and review publications on antiandrogen treatment of acne as monotherapy or in combination included in the MedLine system were extracted by using the terms "acne", "seborrhea", "polycystic ovary syndrome", "hyperandrog", and "treatment" and classified according to their level of evidence. RESULTS The combinations of cyproterone acetate (2 mg)/ethinyl estradiol (35 microg), drospirenone (3 mg)/ethinyl estradiol (30 microg), and desogestrel (25 microg)/ ethinyl estradiol (40 microg) for 1 week followed by desogestrel (125 microg)/ethinyl estradiol (30 microg) for 2 weeks showed the strongest anti-acne activity. Gestagens or estrogens as monotherapy, spironolactone, flutamide, gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists, and inhibitors of peripheral androgen metabolism cannot be endorsed based on current knowledge. Low dose prednisolone is only effective in late-onset congenital adrenal hyperplasia and dopamine agonists only in hyperprolactinemia. Treatment with antiandrogens should only be considered if none of the contraindications exist. CONCLUSION Antiandrogen treatment should be limited to female patients with additional signs of peripheral hyperandrogenism or hyperandrogenemia. In addition, women with late-onset or recalcitrant acne who also desire contraception can be treated with antiandrogens as can those being treated with systemic isotretinoin. Antiandrogen treatment is not appropriate primary monotherapy for noninflammatory and mild inflammatory acne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos C Zouboulis
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie, Universitätsklinikum Benjamin Franklin, Freie Universität Berlin.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Hirsutism is a distressing and relatively common endocrine problem in women which may prove difficult to manage. Cyproterone acetate, an anti-androgen, is frequently used to treat hirsutism, usually in combination with ethinyl estradiol. OBJECTIVES The objective of this review was to investigate the effectiveness of cyproterone acetate alone, or in combination with ethinyl estradiol, in reducing hair growth in women with hirsutism secondary to ovarian hyperandrogenism. SEARCH STRATEGY The Cochrane Menstrual Disorders and Subfertility Group trials register was searched (last search - 4 June 2002). The Cochrane Menstrual Disorders and Subfertility Group register is based on regular searches of MEDLINE (1966 to 2002), EMBASE (1980 to 2002), CINAHL (1982 to 2002), PsycINFO (1987 to 2002) and CENTRAL (Issue 2, 2002 of the Cochrane Library) the handsearching of several journals and conference proceedings, and searches of several key grey literature sources. All publications of randomised controlled trials of cyproterone acetate with or without estrogen versus placebo or other drug therapies for hirsutism were identified. SELECTION CRITERIA All randomised controlled studies comparing:- cyproterone acetate to placebo- cyproterone acetate with ethinyl estradiol to placebo- cyproterone acetate with ethinyl estradiol to cyproterone acetate alone- cyproterone acetate (with or without estradiol) to other medical therapies for treatment of hirsutism. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Eleven studies were identified which fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Nine randomised studies were included in the review, and two were excluded because of insufficient information. Only one study had more than 100 women included in the analysis. The major outcomes included: subjective improvement in hirsutism, changes in Ferriman Gallwey scores, changes in linear hair growth and hair shaft diameter, alterations in endocrine parameters, side effects to treatment, withdrawals during therapy MAIN RESULTS There were no clinical trials comparing cyproterone acetate alone with placebo. There was one small study comparing cyproterone acetate in combination with ethinyl estradiol to placebo. In this study there was a significant subjective reduction in hair growth with cyproterone acetate therapy, although the confidence limits were large. There were no studies comparing cyproterone acetate alone with cyproterone acetate in combination with ethinyl estradiol to treat hirsutism. In studies where cyproterone acetate was compared to other drug modalities (ketoconazole, spironolactone, flutamide, finasteride, GnRH analogues) no difference in clinical outcome was noted. There were, however, endocrinological differences in androgen and estrogen levels between different drug therapies. There were insufficient data to assess differences in side effects between women treated with cyproterone acetate and other medical therapy. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS Cyproterone acetate combined with estradiol results in a subjective improvement in hirsutism compared to placebo. Clinical differences in outcome between cyproterone acetate and other medical therapies were not demonstrated in the studies included in this review. This may be because of the small size of the studies, lack of standardized assessment and lack of objective determinants of improvement in hirsutism. The endocrinological effects of the different drug therapies reflect the mode of action. Larger carefully designed studies are needed to compare efficacy and safety profiles between drug therapies for hirsutism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z M Van der Spuy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa.
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Ramos-e-Silva M, de Moura Castro Jacques C, Pereira ALC. Dermatoses of the facial skin: unapproved treatments. Clin Dermatol 2002; 20:679-88. [PMID: 12490363 DOI: 10.1016/s0738-081x(02)00290-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Ramos-e-Silva
- Department of Dermatology and Post-Graduation Course, HUCFF-UFRJ and School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Abstract
Hormones, in particular androgen hormones, are the main cause of acne in men, women, children and adults, in both normal states and endocrine disorders. Therefore, the use of hormonal therapies in acne is rational in concept and gratifying in practice. Although non-hormonal therapies enjoy wide usage and continue to be developed, there is a solid place for hormonal approaches in women with acne, especially adult women with persistent acne. This review covers the physiological basis for hormonal influence in acne, the treatments that are in use today and those that show promise for the future. The main treatments to be discussed are oral contraceptives androgen receptor blockers like spironolactone and flutamide, inhibitors of the enzyme 5 alpha-reductase and topical hormonal treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Shaw
- Division of Dermatology, Toronto Western Hospital, East Wing 8-517, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 2S8, Canada.
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Katsambas AD, Nicolaidou E. Acne, perioral dermatitis, flushing, and rosacea: unapproved treatments or indications. Clin Dermatol 2000; 18:171-6. [PMID: 10742625 DOI: 10.1016/s0738-081x(99)00107-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A D Katsambas
- "A. Syggros" Hospital Department of Dermatology, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
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