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Brosseau JP, Pichard DC, Legius EH, Wolkenstein P, Lavker RM, Blakeley JO, Riccardi VM, Verma SK, Brownell I, Le LQ. The biology of cutaneous neurofibromas: Consensus recommendations for setting research priorities. Neurology 2019; 91:S14-S20. [PMID: 29987131 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000005788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A group of experts in dermatology, genetics, neuroscience, and regenerative medicine collaborated to summarize current knowledge on the defined factors contributing to cutaneous neurofibroma (cNF) development and to provide consensus recommendations for future research priorities to gain an improved understanding of the biology of cNF. METHODS The group members reviewed published and unpublished data on cNF and related diseases via literature search, defined a set of key topic areas deemed critical in cNF pathogenesis, and developed recommendations in a series of consensus meetings. RESULTS Five specific topic areas were identified as being relevant to providing an enhanced understanding of the biology of cNF: (1) defining the human cells of origin; (2) understanding the role of the microenvironment, focusing on neurons, mast cells, and fibroblasts; (3) defining the genetic and molecular differences between the cNFs, focusing on size and number; (4) understanding if sex hormones are critical for cNF development or progression; and (5) identifying challenges in establishing in vitro and in vivo models representing human cNF. CONCLUSIONS The complexity of cNF biology stems from its heterogeneity at multiple levels including genetic, spatial involvement, temporal development, and cellular composition. We propose a unified working model for cNF that builds a framework to address the key questions about cNF that, when answered, will provide the necessary understanding of cNF biology to allow meaningful development of therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Brosseau
- From the Department of Dermatology (J.P.B., L.Q.L.), UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Dermatology Branch (D.C.P., I.B.), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Human Genetics Department (E.H.L.), University of Leuven, Belgium; Division Cancer Immunity Transplantation Infections (P.W.), Paris Est Créteil University, France; Department of Dermatology (R.M.L.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (J.O.B., S.K.V.), The Neurofibromatosis Therapeutic Acceleration Program, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; and The NF Institute (V.M.R.), La Crescenta, CA
| | - Dominique C Pichard
- From the Department of Dermatology (J.P.B., L.Q.L.), UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Dermatology Branch (D.C.P., I.B.), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Human Genetics Department (E.H.L.), University of Leuven, Belgium; Division Cancer Immunity Transplantation Infections (P.W.), Paris Est Créteil University, France; Department of Dermatology (R.M.L.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (J.O.B., S.K.V.), The Neurofibromatosis Therapeutic Acceleration Program, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; and The NF Institute (V.M.R.), La Crescenta, CA
| | - Eric H Legius
- From the Department of Dermatology (J.P.B., L.Q.L.), UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Dermatology Branch (D.C.P., I.B.), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Human Genetics Department (E.H.L.), University of Leuven, Belgium; Division Cancer Immunity Transplantation Infections (P.W.), Paris Est Créteil University, France; Department of Dermatology (R.M.L.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (J.O.B., S.K.V.), The Neurofibromatosis Therapeutic Acceleration Program, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; and The NF Institute (V.M.R.), La Crescenta, CA
| | - Pierre Wolkenstein
- From the Department of Dermatology (J.P.B., L.Q.L.), UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Dermatology Branch (D.C.P., I.B.), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Human Genetics Department (E.H.L.), University of Leuven, Belgium; Division Cancer Immunity Transplantation Infections (P.W.), Paris Est Créteil University, France; Department of Dermatology (R.M.L.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (J.O.B., S.K.V.), The Neurofibromatosis Therapeutic Acceleration Program, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; and The NF Institute (V.M.R.), La Crescenta, CA
| | - Robert M Lavker
- From the Department of Dermatology (J.P.B., L.Q.L.), UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Dermatology Branch (D.C.P., I.B.), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Human Genetics Department (E.H.L.), University of Leuven, Belgium; Division Cancer Immunity Transplantation Infections (P.W.), Paris Est Créteil University, France; Department of Dermatology (R.M.L.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (J.O.B., S.K.V.), The Neurofibromatosis Therapeutic Acceleration Program, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; and The NF Institute (V.M.R.), La Crescenta, CA
| | - Jaishri O Blakeley
- From the Department of Dermatology (J.P.B., L.Q.L.), UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Dermatology Branch (D.C.P., I.B.), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Human Genetics Department (E.H.L.), University of Leuven, Belgium; Division Cancer Immunity Transplantation Infections (P.W.), Paris Est Créteil University, France; Department of Dermatology (R.M.L.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (J.O.B., S.K.V.), The Neurofibromatosis Therapeutic Acceleration Program, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; and The NF Institute (V.M.R.), La Crescenta, CA
| | - Vincent M Riccardi
- From the Department of Dermatology (J.P.B., L.Q.L.), UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Dermatology Branch (D.C.P., I.B.), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Human Genetics Department (E.H.L.), University of Leuven, Belgium; Division Cancer Immunity Transplantation Infections (P.W.), Paris Est Créteil University, France; Department of Dermatology (R.M.L.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (J.O.B., S.K.V.), The Neurofibromatosis Therapeutic Acceleration Program, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; and The NF Institute (V.M.R.), La Crescenta, CA
| | - Sharad K Verma
- From the Department of Dermatology (J.P.B., L.Q.L.), UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Dermatology Branch (D.C.P., I.B.), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Human Genetics Department (E.H.L.), University of Leuven, Belgium; Division Cancer Immunity Transplantation Infections (P.W.), Paris Est Créteil University, France; Department of Dermatology (R.M.L.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (J.O.B., S.K.V.), The Neurofibromatosis Therapeutic Acceleration Program, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; and The NF Institute (V.M.R.), La Crescenta, CA
| | - Isaac Brownell
- From the Department of Dermatology (J.P.B., L.Q.L.), UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Dermatology Branch (D.C.P., I.B.), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Human Genetics Department (E.H.L.), University of Leuven, Belgium; Division Cancer Immunity Transplantation Infections (P.W.), Paris Est Créteil University, France; Department of Dermatology (R.M.L.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (J.O.B., S.K.V.), The Neurofibromatosis Therapeutic Acceleration Program, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; and The NF Institute (V.M.R.), La Crescenta, CA
| | - Lu Q Le
- From the Department of Dermatology (J.P.B., L.Q.L.), UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Dermatology Branch (D.C.P., I.B.), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Human Genetics Department (E.H.L.), University of Leuven, Belgium; Division Cancer Immunity Transplantation Infections (P.W.), Paris Est Créteil University, France; Department of Dermatology (R.M.L.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (J.O.B., S.K.V.), The Neurofibromatosis Therapeutic Acceleration Program, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; and The NF Institute (V.M.R.), La Crescenta, CA.
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The evolution and multi-molecular properties of NF1 cutaneous neurofibromas originating from C-fiber sensory endings and terminal Schwann cells at normal sites of sensory terminations in the skin. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216527. [PMID: 31107888 PMCID: PMC6527217 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to large plexiform neurofibromas (pNF), NF1 patients are frequently disfigured by cutaneous neurofibromas (cNF) and are often afflicted with chronic pain and itch even from seemingly normal skin areas. Both pNFs and cNF consist primarily of benign hyperproliferating nonmyelinating Schwann cells (nSC). While pNF clearly arise within deep nerves and plexuses, the role of cutaneous innervation in the origin of cNF and in chronic itch and pain is unknown. First, we conducted a comprehensive, multi-molecular, immunofluorescence (IF) analyses on 3mm punch biopsies from three separate locations in normal appearing, cNF-free skin in 19 NF1 patients and skin of 16 normal subjects. At least one biopsy in 17 NF1 patients had previously undescribed micro-lesions consisting of a small, dense cluster of nonpeptidergic C-fiber endings and the affiliated nSC consistently adjoining adnexal structures—dermal papillae, hair follicles, sweat glands, sweat ducts, and arterioles—where C-fiber endings normally terminate. Similar micro-lesions were detected in hind paw skin of mice with conditionally-induced SC Nf1-/- mutations. Hypothesizing that these microlesions were pre-cNF origins of cNF, we subsequently analyzed numerous overt, small cNF (s-cNF, 3–6 mm) and discovered that each had an adnexal structure at the epicenter of vastly increased nonpeptidergic C-fiber terminals, accompanied by excessive nSC. The IF and functional genomics assays indicated that neurturin (NTRN) and artemin (ARTN) signaling through cRET kinase and GFRα2 and GFRα3 co-receptors on the aberrant C-fiber endings and nSC may mutually promote the onset of pre-cNF and their evolution to s-cNF. Moreover, TrpA1 and TrpV1 receptors may, respectively, mediate symptoms of chronic itch and pain. These newly discovered molecular characteristics might be targeted to suppress the development of cNF and to treat chronic itch and pain symptoms in NF1 patients.
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Verma SK, Riccardi VM, Plotkin SR, Weinberg H, Anderson RR, Blakeley JO, Jarnagin K, Lee J. Considerations for development of therapies for cutaneous neurofibroma. Neurology 2018; 91:S21-S30. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000005791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveThe only therapies currently available for cutaneous neurofibromas (cNF) are procedural. The goals of the Therapies Development Working Group were to (1) summarize currently available treatment options for cNF, (2) define key considerations for drug discovery and development generally, and specifically for cNF, and (3) outline recommendations for the successful development of medical therapies for cNF.MethodsThe subgroup reviewed published and unpublished data on procedural, drug/device, and medical treatment approaches utilized for cNFs via literature search. The team defined disease- and patient-specific factors to consider for therapies development in a series of consensus meetings.ResultsThe team identified 5 approaches entailing procedural and drug/device methods currently under study. There have been 4 clinical studies exploring various interventional therapies, from which outcomes were highly variable. The team identified 4 key factors to prioritize during the development of products for the treatment for cNF: safety, anatomic distribution of cNF, numbers of tumors to be treated, and route of administration.ConclusionsThe number, size, and distribution of cNF is highly variable among patients with NF1 and it is possible that different phenotypes will require different drug development paths. The nonfatal nature of the disease and relatively limited patient numbers suggest that for any product to have a higher likelihood of acceptance, it will have to (1) demonstrate an effect that is clinically meaningful, (2) have a safety profile conducive to long-term dosing, and (3) have a low manufacturing cost.
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Meyerholz DK, Ofori-Amanfo GK, Leidinger MR, Goeken JA, Khanna R, Sieren JC, Darbro BW, Quelle DE, Weimer JM. Immunohistochemical Markers for Prospective Studies in Neurofibromatosis-1 Porcine Models. J Histochem Cytochem 2017; 65:607-618. [PMID: 28846462 DOI: 10.1369/0022155417729357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a common, cancer-predisposing disease caused by mutations in the NF1 tumor gene. Patients with NF1 have an increased risk for benign and malignant tumors of the nervous system (e.g., neurofibromas, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, gliomas) and other tissues (e.g., leukemias, rhabdomyosarcoma, etc.) as well as increased susceptibility to learning disabilities, chronic pain/migraines, hypertension, pigmentary changes, and developmental lesions (e.g., tibial pseudoarthrosis). Pigs are an attractive and upcoming animal model for future NF1 studies, but a potential limitation to porcine model research has been the lack of validated reagents for direct translational study to humans. To address that issue, we used formalin-fixed tissues (human and pigs) to evaluate select immunohistochemical markers (activated caspase-3, allograft inflammatory factor-1, beta-tubulin III, calbindin D, CD13, CD20, desmin, epithelial membrane antigen, glial fibrillary acidic protein, glucose transporter-1, laminin, myelin basic protein, myoglobin, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, S100, vimentin, and von Willebrand factor). The markers were validated by comparing known expression and localization in human and pig tissues. Validation of these markers on fixed tissues will facilitate prospective immunohistochemical studies of NF1 pigs, as well as other pig models, in a more efficient, reproducible, and translationally relevant manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rajesh Khanna
- University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, Departments of Pharmacology and Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,Departments of Pharmacology and Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | | | | | - Dawn E Quelle
- Department of Pathology.,Department of Pediatrics.,Department of Pharmacology
| | - Jill M Weimer
- Pediatrics and Rare Disease Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota.,Department of Pediatrics, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
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5
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Sharif M, Mohamed A, Reinacher M. Malignant renal schwannoma in a cat. Open Vet J 2017; 7:214-220. [PMID: 28795017 PMCID: PMC5538086 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v7i3.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A nine-year-old male European shorthair cat with rapidly enlarging mass at the left kidney doubted to be malignant was presented. The purpose of this study is to present the clinical, radiological and pathological findings of a primary renal tumor in the cat. Grossly, the mass mostly encapsulated the kidney. Histologically, excisional biopsy showed worrying histological features. A sarcoma-like tumor composed mainly of neoplastic spindle-shaped cells. Neoplastic nodules of aggregations of fusiform cells arranged in multidirectional bundles. Immunohistochemically, several immunohistochemical satins (melan-A, S-100, vimentin, actin, desmin, cytokeratin, neurofilament, melan-A, NSE, synaptophysin, chromogranin, Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein GFAP, Collagen IV and CD99) were used to differentially diagnose the mass. The stained neoplastic sections positively tested to S-100, but negative to the other aforementioned immunohistochemical stains. Immunohistochemistry with S-100 antibody staining showed an unusually strong positive reaction throughout the tumor cells. Based on our comparative diagnosis relative to other tumors, in addition to the progressive clinical signs, histopathological and immunohistochemical results, this case was presumptively diagnosis as a malignant schwannoma. According to our investigation of the relevant literature, this study of malignant renal Schwannoma (malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor) is a highly rare case not previously characterized in a cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monier Sharif
- Department of Pathology and Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Omar Al-Mukhtar, Al-Beida, Libya
| | - Adel Mohamed
- Department of Pathology and Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Omar Al-Mukhtar, Al-Beida, Libya
| | - Manfred Reinacher
- Institute for Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Str. 96, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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6
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Chen SJT, Patel RM, Hans CP, Chan MP, Fullen DR. Superficial papular neuroma: Case series of a new entity. J Cutan Pathol 2017. [PMID: 28627021 DOI: 10.1111/cup.12981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dermal neural lesions arise in various circumstances and may be difficult to classify. METHODS We describe the clinical, histopathologic and immunophenotypic features of a series of terminally differentiated neural lesions not described previously, to our knowledge. RESULTS Four cases from men aged 58 to 66 years were included. Some lesions reportedly bled, but no inciting trauma or prior biopsies were reported. None recurred after biopsy, with follow-up ranging from 19 to 113 months. All lesions were papular, with vertically oriented S100-positive spindled cells and nerve fibers in the papillary dermis. Slight epidermal hyperplasia, dilated superficial thin-walled vessels and minimal to mild inflammation were seen in each. Fibers were uniformly fine in 3 cases, with slightly thicker central fibers in the fourth. Three had parakeratotic scale. None were associated with dermal fibrosis or adnexal proliferation. Neurofilament stained axons in each. EMA was negative in all cases. CD34, melan-A and HMB45 were negative when performed. CONCLUSIONS We report a small series of benign neural lesions and propose the name "superficial papular neuroma" for this distinct entity. Awareness is important to understand the clinical significance of these lesions and avoid misinterpretation that could lead to overtreatment, unnecessary work-up and increased cost.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rajiv M Patel
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Christine P Hans
- Department of Pathology, Methodist Health System, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - May P Chan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Douglas R Fullen
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Ogawa R, Hsu CK. Mechanobiological dysregulation of the epidermis and dermis in skin disorders and in degeneration. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 17:817-22. [PMID: 23672502 PMCID: PMC3822886 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
During growth and development, the skin expands to cover the growing skeleton and soft tissues by constantly responding to the intrinsic forces of underlying skeletal growth as well as to the extrinsic mechanical forces from body movements and external supports. Mechanical forces can be perceived by two types of skin receptors: (1) cellular mechanoreceptors/mechanosensors, such as the cytoskeleton, cell adhesion molecules and mechanosensitive (MS) ion channels, and (2) sensory nerve fibres that produce the somatic sensation of mechanical force. Skin disorders in which there is an abnormality of collagen [e.g. Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (EDS)] or elastic (e.g. cutis laxa) fibres or a malfunction of cutaneous nerve fibres (e.g. neurofibroma, leprosy and diabetes mellitus) are also characterized to some extent by deficiencies in mechanobiological processes. Recent studies have shown that mechanotransduction is crucial for skin development, especially hemidesmosome maturation, which implies that the pathogenesis of skin disorders such as bullous pemphigoid is related to skin mechanobiology. Similarly, autoimmune diseases, including scleroderma and mixed connective tissue disease, and pathological scarring in the form of keloids and hypertrophic scars would seem to be clearly associated with the mechanobiological dysfunction of the skin. Finally, skin ageing can also be considered as a degenerative process associated with mechanobiological dysfunction. Clinically, a therapeutic strategy involving mechanoreceptors or MS nociceptor inhibition or acceleration together with a reduction or augmentation in the relevant mechanical forces is likely to be successful. The development of novel approaches such as these will allow the treatment of a broad range of cutaneous diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei Ogawa
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
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Gutiérrez-Rivera A, Iribar H, Tuneu A, Izeta A. Skin-derived precursor cells as an in vitro modelling tool for the study of type 1 neurofibromatosis. Stem Cells Int 2012; 2012:646725. [PMID: 22550514 PMCID: PMC3329859 DOI: 10.1155/2012/646725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The most characteristic feature of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is the development of neurofibromas. It has been suggested that these tumors are caused by somatic inactivation of the wild-type NF1 allele, but the cell that originally suffers this mutation remains controversial. Several lines of evidence support the clonal origin of these tumors, and it has been recently suggested that skin-derived precursor cells (SKPs) could be the cell of origin of dermal neurofibromas. Nullizygous (NF1(-/-)) SKPs do give rise to neurofibromas when transplanted to heterozygous mice. Moreover, a nullizygous population of cells that is S100β negative is present in human neurofibromas, and NF1(+/-) multipotent progenitor cells are seemingly recruited to the tumor. This evidence supports the neurofibroma stem cell hypothesis and a putative involvement of SKPs in the aetiopathogenesis of the disease, suggesting that SKPs could become a valuable tool for the in vitro study of NF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araika Gutiérrez-Rivera
- Tissue Engineering Lab, Bioengineering Area, Instituto Biodonostia, Hospital Universitario Donostia, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Haizea Iribar
- Tissue Engineering Lab, Bioengineering Area, Instituto Biodonostia, Hospital Universitario Donostia, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Anna Tuneu
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario Donostia, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ander Izeta
- Tissue Engineering Lab, Bioengineering Area, Instituto Biodonostia, Hospital Universitario Donostia, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain
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Clinico-pathological and biomolecular findings in Italian patients with multiple cutaneous neurofibromas. Hered Cancer Clin Pract 2011; 9:6. [PMID: 21838856 PMCID: PMC3199899 DOI: 10.1186/1897-4287-9-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neurofibroma occurs as isolated or multiple lesions frequently associated with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), a common autosomal dominant disorder affecting 1 in 3500 individuals. It is caused by mutations in the NF1 gene, which comprises 60 exons and is located on chromosome 17q11.2. NF1 is a fully penetrant gene exhibiting a mutation rate some 10-fold higher compared with most other disease genes. As a consequence, a high number of cases (up to 50%) are sporadic. Mutation detection is complex due to the large size of the NF1 gene, the presence of pseudogenes and the great variety of lesions. Methods 110 patients with at least two neurofibroma lesions recorded in the files of the Pathology Department of the University of Modena during the period 1999-2010, were included in this study. Through interviews and examination of clinical charts, pedigrees were drawn for all patients who were affected by at least two neurofibromas. We attempted to delineate the clinical features of NF1 and the mutational spectrum in the cohort of 11 NF1 families identified. For each proband, the whole coding sequence and all splice sites were studied for mutations, either by the protein truncation test (PTT), or, more frequently, by denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC). Two GIST tumors of NF1 patients were tested for somatic NF1 mutations. Results NF1 germline mutations were identified in 7 (68%) patients. A novel mutation, c.3457_3460delCTCA in exon 20, was detected in two unrelated patients and was associated with different clinical features. No NF1 somatic mutations were detected in the GIST tumors. A wide phenotypic and genotypic variability was registered, both in the spectrum of skin lesions and visceral neoplasms, even among members of the same family who had different clinical manifestations. A proclivity to multiple tumors arising in the same subject, and a higher tumor burden per family were the most relevant findings observed in patients affected with the NF1 mutation. Conclusions We report a novel NF1 mutation and we contribute data for the refinement of the NF1 genotype-phenotype spectrum.
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Jouhilahti EM, Peltonen S, Heape AM, Peltonen J. The pathoetiology of neurofibromatosis 1. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 178:1932-9. [PMID: 21457932 PMCID: PMC3081157 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Although a mutation in the NF1 gene is the only factor required to initiate the neurocutaneous-skeletal neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) syndrome, the pathoetiology of the multiple manifestations of this disease in different organ systems seems increasingly complex. The wide spectrum of different clinical phenotypes and their development, severity, and prognosis seem to result from the cross talk between numerous cell types, cell signaling networks, and cell-extracellular matrix interactions. The bi-allelic inactivation of the NF1 gene through a "second hit" seems to be of crucial importance to the development of certain manifestations, such as neurofibromas, café-au-lait macules, and glomus tumors. In each case, the second hit involves only one cell type, which is subsequently clonally expanded in a discrete lesion. Neurofibromas, which are emphasized in this review, and cutaneous neurofibromas in particular, are known to contain a subpopulation of NF1-diploinsufficient Schwann cells and a variety of NF1-haploinsufficient cell types. A recent study identified a multipotent precursor cell population with an NF1(+/-) genotype that resides in human cutaneous neurofibromas and that has been suggested to play a role in their pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eeva-Mari Jouhilahti
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sirkku Peltonen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Anthony M. Heape
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha Peltonen
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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Jouhilahti EM, Peltonen S, Callens T, Jokinen E, Heape AM, Messiaen L, Peltonen J. The development of cutaneous neurofibromas. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 178:500-5. [PMID: 21281783 PMCID: PMC3070575 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous neurofibromas are the hallmarks of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). They are composed of multiple cell types, and traditionally they are believed to arise from small nerve tributaries of the skin. A key finding in the context of this view has been that subpopulations of tumor Schwann cells harbor biallelic inactivation of the NF1 gene (NF1(-/-)). In the present study, our aim was to clarify further the pathogenesis of cutaneous neurofibromas. First, we detected cells expressing multipotency-associated biomarkers in cutaneous neurofibromas. Second, we developed a method for isolating and expanding multipotent neurofibroma-derived precursor cells (NFPs) from dissociated human cutaneous neurofibromas and used it to analyze their growth and differentiation potential. In analogy to solitary cells resident in neurofibromas, NFPs were found to express nestin and had the potential to differentiate to, at least, Schwann cells, neurons, epithelial cells, and adipocytes. Mutation analysis of the NFPs revealed that their genotype was NF1(+/-). The results led us to speculate that the development of cutaneous neurofibromas includes the recruitment of multipotent NF1(+/-) precursor cells. These cells may be derived from the multipotent cells of the hair roots, which often are intimately associated with microscopic neurofibromas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eeva-Mari Jouhilahti
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sirkku Peltonen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Tom Callens
- Department of Genetics, Medical Genomics Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Elina Jokinen
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anthony M. Heape
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ludwine Messiaen
- Department of Genetics, Medical Genomics Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Juha Peltonen
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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Roth TM, Petty EM, Barald KF. The role of steroid hormones in the NF1 phenotype: focus on pregnancy. Am J Med Genet A 2008; 146A:1624-33. [PMID: 18481270 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) gene functions as a tumor suppressor gene. Loss of its protein, neurofibromin, in the autosomal dominant disorder NF1 is associated with peripheral nervous system tumors, particularly neurofibromas, benign lesions in which the major cell type is the Schwann Cell (SC). Benign and malignant human tumors found in NF1 patients are heterogeneous with respect to their cellular composition. The number and size of neurofibromas in NF1 patients has been shown to increase during pregnancy, with, in some cases, post-partum regression, which suggests hormonal involvement in this increase. However, in this review, we consider evidence from the literature that both direct hormonal influence on tumor growth and on angiogenesis may contribute to these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese M Roth
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, USA
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13
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Riccardi VM. The genetic predisposition to and histogenesis of neurofibromas and neurofibrosarcoma in neurofibromatosis Type 1. Neurosurg Focus 2007; 22:E3. [PMID: 17613220 DOI: 10.3171/foc.2007.22.6.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The author addresses the issue of neurofibroma classification and implications for treatment. He emphasizes the importance of understanding that not all neurofibromas are the same and that the key differences between the types of neurofibromas involve which portions of the nerve sheath contribute to the distinctive behavior of the different types of lesions.
Endoneurial neurofibromas derive from cellular elements ordinarily restricted to the endoneurium. Perineurial neurofibromas arise within individual fascicles of a nerve and are largely confined thereby, precluding a breach of the epineurium. Epineurial neurofibromas are contained only by the epineurium, and ultimately that portion of the nerve sheath is breached by these lesions.
Whether the perineurium is present or breached becomes the key element for exploiting this approach to neurofibroma origins, behaviors, and treatment, surgical and medical. With respect to surgical treatment, perineurial neurofibromas will have clean planes of dissection about the involved nerve. In contrast, endoneurial and epineurial neurofibromas infiltrate adjacent tissues, leading to surgical challenges. With respect to pharmaceutical approaches, the integrity of the perineurium is likely to prove critical: a specific function of the perineurium is to serve as a barrier to various materials, microbiological or chemical. Thus, drugs that might be effective when the perineurium is absent or rent may be less effective (or not effective at all) if the perineurium is intact, as is expected in cases of perineurial neurofibromas.
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Abstract
Neurofibromin is a cytoplasmic protein that is predominantly expressed in neurons, Schwann cells, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and leukocytes. It is encoded by the gene NF1, located on chromosome 17, at q11.2, and has different biochemical functions, including association to microtubules and participation in several signaling pathways. Alterations in this protein are responsible for a phacomatosis named neurofibromatosis type 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Trovó-Marqui
- Departamento de Biologia, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brazil
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15
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Ball NJ, Kho GT. Melanocytic nevi are associated with neurofibromas in neurofibromatosis, type I, but not sporadic neurofibromas: a study of 226 cases. J Cutan Pathol 2005; 32:523-32. [PMID: 16115049 DOI: 10.1111/j.0303-6987.2005.00376.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurofibromatosis, type 1, is associated with cutaneous melanin pigmentation, but an association with ordinary melanocytic nevi has not been described. METHODS This retrospective case-control study was designed to see if neurofibromas in patients with neurofibromatosis, type 1 (NF-1) differ from sporadic neurofibromas (SN) in their incidence of associated melanocytic nevi and other histologic features. Slides from 114 NF-1 were compared with 112 SN and 300 intradermal melanocytic nevi (IDN). RESULTS Small lentiginous melanocytic nevi were identified over 13 NF-1 (11%) but no SN (P=0.0002). Compared with other NF-1, NF-1 with nevi were more frequently associated with melanocytic hyperplasia, giant melanosomes and diffuse neurofibroma (P<0.03). Compared with SN, NF-1 were also more frequently associated with melanocytic hyperplasia, lentigo simplex-like changes, diffuse neurofibroma and plexiform neurofibroma (P<0.001). Sebaceous hyperplasia (14%), dermal elastosis (9%), lipomatous change (8%), epithelial cysts (4%) and keratin granulomas or folliculitis (3%) were not significantly different in prevalence between NF-1, SN and the control group of IDN. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that there is a difference in the potential for melanocytic proliferation in NF-1 compared with SN. NF-1, SN and IDN are associated with a similar range of incidental histologic changes. Ball NJ, Kho GT. Melanocytic nevi are associated with neurofibromas in neurofibromatosis, type 1, but not sporadic neurofibromas. A study of 226 cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel J Ball
- Department of Pathology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Koivunen J, Karvonen SL, Ylä-Outinen H, Aaltonen V, Oikarinen A, Peltonen J. NF1 tumor suppressor in epidermal wound healing with special focus on wound healing in patients with type 1 neurofibromatosis. Arch Dermatol Res 2005; 296:547-54. [PMID: 15856266 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-005-0564-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2004] [Revised: 12/16/2005] [Accepted: 03/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 neurofibromatosis syndrome (NF1) has been linked with mutations of the NF1 gene which encodes tumor suppressor neurofibromin, a regulator of Ras-MAPK signaling. In human epidermis, keratinocytes express NF1 tumor suppressor and it may have a distinctive function in these cells during wound healing, such as regulating Ras activity. NF1 expression was first studied during the epidermal wound healing using suction blister method. NF1 gene expression increased both in hypertrophic and migrating zones of the healing epidermis, and also in dermal fibroblasts underneath the injury. This prompted us to study epidermal wound healing in NF1 patients. Wound healing efficiency was evaluated 4 days after blister induction by clinical, physiological and histological methods. Epidermal wound healing was equally effective in NF1 patients and healthy controls. In addition, dermal wound healing appears to function normally in NF1 patients based on retrospective and follow-up study of biopsy scars. Furthermore, the healing wounds were analyzed immunohistochemically for cell proliferation rate and Ras-MAPK activity. Neither epidermal keratinocytes nor dermal fibroblasts showed difference in the cell proliferation rate or Ras-MAPK activity between NF1 patients and controls. Interestingly, NF1 patients displayed increased cell proliferation rate and Ras-MAPK activity in periarteriolar tissue underneath the wound. The results of the study suggest that epidermal wound healing is not markedly altered in NF1 patients. Furthermore, NF1 protein seems not to have an important function as a Ras-MAPK regulator in epidermal keratinocytes or dermal fibroblasts but instead appears to be regulator of Ras-MAPK signaling in vascular tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi Koivunen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu, PB 5000, 90014, Finland.
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Kim DH, Murovic JA, Tiel RL, Moes G, Kline DG. A series of 397 peripheral neural sheath tumors: 30-year experience at Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center. J Neurosurg 2005; 102:246-55. [PMID: 15739552 DOI: 10.3171/jns.2005.102.2.0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECT This is a retrospective review of 397 benign and malignant peripheral neural sheath tumors (PNSTs) that were surgically treated between 1969 and 1999 at the Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center (LSUHSC). The surgical techniques and adjunctive treatments are presented, the tumors are classified with respect to type and prevalence at each neuroanatomical location, and the management of malignant PNSTs is reviewed. METHODS There were 361 benign PNSTs (91%). One hundred forty-one benign lesions were brachial plexus tumors: 54 schwannomas (38%) and 87 neurofibromas (62%), of which 55 (63%) were solitary neurofibromas and 32 (37%) were neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1)-associated neurofibromas. Among the brachial plexus lesions supraclavicular tumors predominated with 37 (69%) of 54 schwannomas; 34 (62%) of 55 solitary neurofibromas; and 19 (59%) of 32 NF1-associated neurofibromas. One hundred ten upper-extremity benign PNSTs consisted of 32 schwannomas (29%) and 78 neurofibromas (71%), of which 45 (58%) were sporadic neurofibromas and 33 (42%) were NF1-associated neurofibromas. Twenty-five benign PNSTs were removed from the pelvic plexus. Lower-extremity PNSTs included 32 schwannomas (38%) and 53 neurofibromas (62%), of which 31 were solitary neurofibromas and 22 were NF1-associated neurofibromas. There were 36 malignant PNSTs: 28 neurogenic sarcomas and eight other sarcomas (fibro-, spindle cell, synovial, and perineurial sarcomas). CONCLUSIONS The majority of tumors were benign PNSTs from the brachial plexus region. Most of the benign PNSTs in all locations were neurofibromas, with sporadic neurofibromas predominating. Similar numbers of schwannomas were found in the upper and lower extremities, whereas neurofibromas were more prevalent in the upper extremities. Despite aggressive limb-ablation or limb-sparing surgery plus adjunctive therapy, malignant PNSTs continue to be associated with high morbidity and mortality rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California 94305-5327, USA.
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Aisa J, Lahoz M, Serrano P, Pérez-Castejón MC, Junquera C, Martínez-Ciriano MC, Pes N, Vera-Gil A. S-100 protein immunoreactivity in the upper eyelid of the sheep Ovis aries. J Mol Histol 2004; 35:457-62. [PMID: 15571323 DOI: 10.1023/b:hijo.0000045944.07844.bd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to analyse the distribution pattern of S-100-immunoreactive elements in the upper eyelid of the sheep. This pattern may be of importance regarding the diagnosis and prognosis of eyelid tumours that are linked to deregulation of S-100 gene expression. Thirty upper eyelids taken from 15 adult male Ovis aries were studied by means of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method for light microscopy. S-100-immunopositive cells were found in the eyelid edge. S-100-immunopositive steams and thinner fibres were found throughout the eyelid. These nerve processes typically were denser around glands, hair follicles and blood vessels. S-100-immunopositive elements may play a role as neuromodulator and also in the development of the vegetative innervation of the epithelium and its derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Aisa
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, School of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, 50.009 Zaragoza, Spain
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Sánchez-Huerta V, Rodríguez-Reyes AA, Hernández-Quintela E, Ramírez M, Rodríguez-Martínez HA, Naranjo-Tackman R. A corneal diffuse neurofibroma as a manifestation of von recklinghausen disease. Cornea 2003; 22:59-62. [PMID: 12502951 DOI: 10.1097/00003226-200301000-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report a case of a primary corneal diffuse neurofibroma in a patient with von Recklinghausen disease (NF-1). METHODS Case report. A physical examination and histopathology were performed. The immunohistochemical studies were performed using an avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex technique on formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue. Histologic sections from corneal tissue were incubated with primary antibodies against vimentin and S-100 protein. A complementary ultrastructural study of the same formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue was made. RESULTS The ophthalmologic examination revealed a yellowish-white elevated mass that involved the supratemporal cornea but not the limbus. Histologic study showed a tumor of the peripheral nerve sheath, a diffuse neurofibroma in the corneal stroma, and proliferation of spindle cells with markedly elongated nuclei. Cells comprising the tumor reacted with vimentin and S-100 protein, and the ultrastructural studies revealed myelinated nerve fibers confirming the diagnosis. CONCLUSION The development of a primary diffuse neurofibroma in the cornea of patients with von Recklinghausen disease is possible. The present case supports the statement that neurofibromas arising from the peripheral nerve sheath may involve any part of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Sánchez-Huerta
- Asociación Para Evitar la Ceguera en México, I.A.P., Hospital Dr. Luis Sánchez Bulnes, San Lucas Coyoacán 04030, México City, México
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