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Puri S, Kenyon BM, Hamrah P. Immunomodulatory Role of Neuropeptides in the Cornea. Biomedicines 2022; 10:1985. [PMID: 36009532 PMCID: PMC9406019 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The transparency of the cornea along with its dense sensory innervation and resident leukocyte populations make it an ideal tissue to study interactions between the nervous and immune systems. The cornea is the most densely innervated tissue of the body and possesses both immune and vascular privilege, in part due to its unique repertoire of resident immune cells. Corneal nerves produce various neuropeptides that have a wide range of functions on immune cells. As research in this area expands, further insights are made into the role of neuropeptides and their immunomodulatory functions in the healthy and diseased cornea. Much remains to be known regarding the details of neuropeptide signaling and how it contributes to pathophysiology, which is likely due to complex interactions among neuropeptides, receptor isoform-specific signaling events, and the inflammatory microenvironment in disease. However, progress in this area has led to an increase in studies that have begun modulating neuropeptide activity for the treatment of corneal diseases with promising results, necessitating the need for a comprehensive review of the literature. This review focuses on the role of neuropeptides in maintaining the homeostasis of the ocular surface, alterations in disease settings, and the possible therapeutic potential of targeting these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudan Puri
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Brendan M. Kenyon
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Pedram Hamrah
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Departments of Immunology and Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Cornea Service, Tufts New England Eye Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Lasagni Vitar RM, Bonelli F, Rama P, Ferrari G. Immunity and pain in the eye: focus on the ocular surface. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 207:149-163. [PMID: 35020868 PMCID: PMC8982975 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxab032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Most ocular diseases are associated with pain. While pain has been generally considered a mere (deleterious) additional symptom, it is now emerging that it is a key modulator of innate/adaptive immunity. Because the cornea receives the highest nerve density of the entire body, it is an ideal site to demonstrate interactions between pain and the immune response. Indeed, most neuropeptides involved in pain generation are also potent regulators of innate and adaptive leukocyte physiology. On the other hand, most inflammatory cells can modulate the generation of ocular pain through release of specific mediators (cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and lipid mediators). This review will discuss the reciprocal role(s) of ocular surface (and specifically: corneal) pain on the immune response of the eye. Finally, we will discuss the clinical implications of such reciprocal interactions in the context of highly prevalent corneal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Mayra Lasagni Vitar
- Cornea and Ocular Surface Disease Unit, Eye Repair Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo Bonelli
- Cornea and Ocular Surface Disease Unit, Eye Repair Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Rama
- Cornea and Ocular Surface Disease Unit, Eye Repair Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Ferrari
- Cornea and Ocular Surface Disease Unit, Eye Repair Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy,Correspondence: Giulio Ferrari, Cornea and Ocular Surface Unit, Eye Repair Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy. E-mail:
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Lasagni Vitar RM, Rama P, Ferrari G. The two-faced effects of nerves and neuropeptides in corneal diseases. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 86:100974. [PMID: 34098111 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Corneal nerves are instrumental to maintain cornea integrity through regulation of key physiological functions such as tear secretion, blink reflex, and neuropeptide turnover. Corneal nerve injury/stimulation can follow many insults including mechanical/chemical trauma, infections and surgeries. Nerve disruption initiates a process named neurogenic inflammation which leads to edema, pain, and recruitment and activation of leukocytes. Interestingly, leukocyte influx in the cornea can further damage nerves by releasing inflammatory mediators-including neuropeptides. The clinical outcome of neuroinflammation can be beneficial or detrimental to corneal integrity. On one side, it ensures prompt wound healing and prevents infections. On the other, prolonged and/or deranged neuroinflammation can permanently disrupt corneal integrity and impair vision. The cornea is an ideal site to study peripheral neuroinflammation and neurogenic inflammation since it receives the highest density of sensory nerves of the entire body. We will review the corneal nerve anatomy and neurochemistry, discuss the beneficial and detrimental effects of neurogenic inflammation in corneal wound healing, inflammatory processes, and pain. We will also examine the emerging remote impact of corneal nerve disruption on the trigeminal ganglion and the brain, highlighting the key role of neuropeptide Substance P. Finally, we will discuss the clinical relevance of such neuroinflammatory network in the context of severe and highly prevalent ocular diseases, including potential treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Mayra Lasagni Vitar
- Cornea and Ocular Surface Disease Unit, Eye Repair Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Rama
- Cornea and Ocular Surface Disease Unit, Eye Repair Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Ferrari
- Cornea and Ocular Surface Disease Unit, Eye Repair Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
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Wu M, Downie LE, Grover LM, Moakes RJA, Rauz S, Logan A, Jiao H, Hill LJ, Chinnery HR. The neuroregenerative effects of topical decorin on the injured mouse cornea. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:142. [PMID: 32366307 PMCID: PMC7199348 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01812-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The cornea is innervated with a rich supply of sensory nerves that play important roles in ocular surface health. Any injury or pathology of the corneal nerves increases the risk of dry eye disease and infection. This study aims to evaluate the therapeutic potential of topical decorin to improve corneal nerve regeneration in a mouse model of sterile epithelial abrasion injury. Methods Bilateral central corneal epithelial abrasions (2-mm, Alger Brush) were performed on young C57BL/6 J mice to remove the corneal sensory nerves. Decorin, or vehicle, was applied topically, three times per day for 1 week or every 2 h for 6 h. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography was performed to measure the abrasion area and corneal thickness. Wholemount immunofluorescence staining was used to assess sensory nerve regeneration (β-tubulin III) and immune cell density (CD45, Iba1, CD11c). To investigate the specific role of dendritic cells (DCs), Cx3cr1gfp/gfp mice, which spontaneously lack resident corneal epithelial DCs, were also investigated. The effect of prophylactic topical administration of recombinant human decorin (applied prior to the abrasion) was also investigated. Nerve tracing (NeuronJ software) was performed to compare recovery of basal nerve axons and superficial nerve terminals in the central and peripheral cornea. Results At 6 h after injury, topical decorin application was associated with greater intraepithelial DC recruitment but no change in re-epithelialisation or corneal thickness, compared to the vehicle control. One week after injury, sub-basal nerve plexus and superficial nerve terminal density were significantly higher in the central cornea in the decorin-treated eyes. The density of corneal stromal macrophages in the decorin-treated eyes and their contralateral eyes was significantly lower compared to saline-treated corneas. No significant improvement in corneal nerve regeneration was observed in Cx3cr1gfp/gfp mice treated with decorin. Conclusions Decorin promotes corneal epithelial nerve regeneration after injury. The neuroregenerative effect of topical decorin was associated with a higher corneal DC density during the acute phase, and fewer macrophages at the study endpoint. The corneal neuroregenerative effects of decorin were absent in mice lacking intraepithelial DCs. Together, these findings support a role for decorin in DC-mediated neuroregeneration following corneal abrasion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengliang Wu
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3053, Australia
| | - Laura E Downie
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3053, Australia
| | - Liam M Grover
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Richard J A Moakes
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Saaeha Rauz
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Birmingham, UK.,Neuroscience and Ophthalmology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ann Logan
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Haihan Jiao
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3053, Australia
| | - Lisa J Hill
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Holly R Chinnery
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3053, Australia.
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Pugazhendhi S, Ambati B, Hunter AA. Pathogenesis and Prevention of Worsening Axial Elongation in Pathological Myopia. Clin Ophthalmol 2020; 14:853-873. [PMID: 32256044 PMCID: PMC7092688 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s241435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This review discusses the etiology and pathogenesis of myopia, prevention of disease progression and worsening axial elongation, and emerging myopia treatment modalities. INTRODUCTION Pediatric myopia is a public health concern that impacts young children worldwide and is associated with numerous future ocular diseases such as cataract, glaucoma, retinal detachment and other chorioretinal abnormalities. While the exact mechanism of myopia of the human eye remains obscure, several studies have reported on the role of environmental and genetic factors in the disease development. METHODS A review of literature was conducted. PubMed and Medline were searched for combinations and derivatives of the keywords including, but not limited to, "pediatric myopia", "axial elongation", "scleral remodeling" or "atropine." The PubMed and Medline database search were performed for randomized control trials, systematic reviews and meta-analyses using the same keyword combinations. RESULTS Studies have reported that detection of genetic correlations and modification of environmental influences may have a significant impact in myopia progression, axial elongation and future myopic ocular complications. The conventional pharmacotherapy of pediatric myopia addresses the improvement in visual acuity and prevention of amblyopia but does not affect axial elongation or myopia progression. Several studies have published varying treatments, including optical, pharmacological and surgical management, which show great promise for a more precise control of myopia and preservation of ocular health. DISCUSSION Understanding the role of factors influencing the onset and progression of pediatric myopia will facilitate the development of successful treatments, reduction of disease burden, arrest of progression and improvement in future of the management of myopia.
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Yamakawa M, Santosa SM, Chawla N, Ivakhnitskaia E, Del Pino M, Giakas S, Nadel A, Bontu S, Tambe A, Guo K, Han KY, Cortina MS, Yu C, Rosenblatt MI, Chang JH, Azar DT. Transgenic models for investigating the nervous system: Currently available neurofluorescent reporters and potential neuronal markers. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129595. [PMID: 32173376 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant DNA technologies have enabled the development of transgenic animal models for use in studying a myriad of diseases and biological states. By placing fluorescent reporters under the direct regulation of the promoter region of specific marker proteins, these models can localize and characterize very specific cell types. One important application of transgenic species is the study of the cytoarchitecture of the nervous system. Neurofluorescent reporters can be used to study the structural patterns of nerves in the central or peripheral nervous system in vivo, as well as phenomena involving embryologic or adult neurogenesis, injury, degeneration, and recovery. Furthermore, crucial molecular factors can also be screened via the transgenic approach, which may eventually play a major role in the development of therapeutic strategies against diseases like Alzheimer's or Parkinson's. This review describes currently available reporters and their uses in the literature as well as potential neural markers that can be leveraged to create additional, robust transgenic models for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Yamakawa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Samuel M Santosa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Neeraj Chawla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Evguenia Ivakhnitskaia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Matthew Del Pino
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Sebastian Giakas
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Arnold Nadel
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Sneha Bontu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Arjun Tambe
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Kai Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Kyu-Yeon Han
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Maria Soledad Cortina
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Charles Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Mark I Rosenblatt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Jin-Hong Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America.
| | - Dimitri T Azar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America.
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Lafreniere J, Kelly M. Potential for endocannabinoid system modulation in ocular pain and inflammation: filling the gaps in current pharmacological options. Neuronal Signal 2018; 2:NS20170144. [PMID: 32714590 PMCID: PMC7373237 DOI: 10.1042/ns20170144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Challenges in the management of ocular pain are an underappreciated topic. Currently available therapeutics lack both efficacy and clear guidelines for their use, with many also possessing unacceptable side effects. Promising novel agents would offer analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and possibly neuroprotective actions; have favorable ocular safety profiles; and show potential in managing neuropathic pain. Growing evidence supports a link between the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and a range of physiological and disease processes, notably those involving inflammation and pain. Both preclinical and clinical data suggest analgesic and anti-inflammatory actions of cannabinoids and ECS-modifying drugs in chronic pain conditions, including those of neuropathic origin. This review will examine existing evidence for the anatomical and physiological basis of ocular pain, specifically, ocular surface disease and the development of chronic ocular pain. The mechanism of action, efficacy, and limitations of currently available treatments will be discussed, and current knowledge related to ECS-modulation of ocular pain and inflammatory disease will be summarized. A perspective will be provided on the future directions of ECS research in terms of developing cannabinoid therapeutics for ocular pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melanie E.M. Kelly
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Reiner A, Fitzgerald MEC, Del Mar N, Li C. Neural control of choroidal blood flow. Prog Retin Eye Res 2018; 64:96-130. [PMID: 29229444 PMCID: PMC5971129 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The choroid is richly innervated by parasympathetic, sympathetic and trigeminal sensory nerve fibers that regulate choroidal blood flow in birds and mammals, and presumably other vertebrate classes as well. The parasympathetic innervation has been shown to vasodilate and increase choroidal blood flow, the sympathetic input has been shown to vasoconstrict and decrease choroidal blood flow, and the sensory input has been shown to both convey pain and thermal information centrally and act locally to vasodilate and increase choroidal blood flow. As the choroid lies behind the retina and cannot respond readily to retinal metabolic signals, its innervation is important for adjustments in flow required by either retinal activity, by fluctuations in the systemic blood pressure driving choroidal perfusion, and possibly by retinal temperature. The former two appear to be mediated by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, via central circuits responsive to retinal activity and systemic blood pressure, but adjustments for ocular perfusion pressure also appear to be influenced by local autoregulatory myogenic mechanisms. Adaptive choroidal responses to temperature may be mediated by trigeminal sensory fibers. Impairments in the neural control of choroidal blood flow occur with aging, and various ocular or systemic diseases such as glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), hypertension, and diabetes, and may contribute to retinal pathology and dysfunction in these conditions, or in the case of AMD be a precondition. The present manuscript reviews findings in birds and mammals that contribute to the above-summarized understanding of the roles of the autonomic and sensory innervation of the choroid in controlling choroidal blood flow, and in the importance of such regulation for maintaining retinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Reiner
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Tennessee, 855 Monroe Ave. Memphis, TN 38163, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee, 855 Monroe Ave. Memphis, TN 38163, United States.
| | - Malinda E C Fitzgerald
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Tennessee, 855 Monroe Ave. Memphis, TN 38163, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee, 855 Monroe Ave. Memphis, TN 38163, United States; Department of Biology, Christian Brothers University, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Nobel Del Mar
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Tennessee, 855 Monroe Ave. Memphis, TN 38163, United States
| | - Chunyan Li
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Tennessee, 855 Monroe Ave. Memphis, TN 38163, United States
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Nishida T, Inui M, Nomizu M. Peptide therapies for ocular surface disturbances based on fibronectin-integrin interactions. Prog Retin Eye Res 2015; 47:38-63. [PMID: 25645519 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The condition of the corneal epithelium is a critical determinant of corneal transparency and clear vision. The corneal epithelium serves as a barrier to protect the eye from external insults, with its smooth surface being essential for its optical properties. Disorders of the corneal epithelium include superficial punctate keratopathy, corneal erosion, and persistent epithelial defects (PEDs). The prompt resolution of these disorders is important for minimization of further damage to the cornea. Currently available treatment modalities for corneal epithelial disorders are based on protection of the ocular surface in order to allow natural healing to proceed. PEDs remain among the most difficult corneal conditions to treat, however. On the basis of characterization of the pathobiology of PEDs at the cell and molecular biological levels, we have strived to develop new modes of treatment for these defects. These treatments rely on two key concepts: provision of a substrate, such as the adhesive glycoprotein fibronectin, for the attachment and migration of corneal epithelial cells, and activation of these cells by biological agents such as the combination of substance P and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Central to both approaches is the role of the fibronectin-integrin system in corneal epithelial wound healing. Determination of the minimum amino acid sequences required for the promotion of corneal epithelial wound closure by fibronectin (PHSRN) and by substance P (FGLM-amide) plus IGF-1 (SSSR) has led to the development of peptide eyedrops for the treatment of PEDs that are free of adverse effects of the parent molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruo Nishida
- Ohshima Hospital of Ophthalmology, 11-8 Kamigofuku, Hakata-ku, Fukuoka 812-0036, Japan; Yamaguchi University, 1-1-1 Minami-kogushi, Ube City, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
| | - Makoto Inui
- Department of Pharmacology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-kogushi, Ube City, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Motoyoshi Nomizu
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
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Abstract
The autonomic nervous system influences numerous ocular functions. It does this by way of parasympathetic innervation from postganglionic fibers that originate from neurons in the ciliary and pterygopalatine ganglia, and by way of sympathetic innervation from postganglionic fibers that originate from neurons in the superior cervical ganglion. Ciliary ganglion neurons project to the ciliary body and the sphincter pupillae muscle of the iris to control ocular accommodation and pupil constriction, respectively. Superior cervical ganglion neurons project to the dilator pupillae muscle of the iris to control pupil dilation. Ocular blood flow is controlled both via direct autonomic influences on the vasculature of the optic nerve, choroid, ciliary body, and iris, as well as via indirect influences on retinal blood flow. In mammals, this vasculature is innervated by vasodilatory fibers from the pterygopalatine ganglion, and by vasoconstrictive fibers from the superior cervical ganglion. Intraocular pressure is regulated primarily through the balance of aqueous humor formation and outflow. Autonomic regulation of ciliary body blood vessels and the ciliary epithelium is an important determinant of aqueous humor formation; autonomic regulation of the trabecular meshwork and episcleral blood vessels is an important determinant of aqueous humor outflow. These tissues are all innervated by fibers from the pterygopalatine and superior cervical ganglia. In addition to these classical autonomic pathways, trigeminal sensory fibers exert local, intrinsic influences on many of these regions of the eye, as well as on some neurons within the ciliary and pterygopalatine ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H McDougal
- Neurobiology of Metabolic Dysfunction Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, USA Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
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Abstract
The choroid of the eye is primarily a vascular structure supplying the outer retina. It has several unusual features: It contains large membrane-lined lacunae, which, at least in birds, function as part of the lymphatic drainage of the eye and which can change their volume dramatically, thereby changing the thickness of the choroid as much as four-fold over a few days (much less in primates). It contains non-vascular smooth muscle cells, especially behind the fovea, the contraction of which may thin the choroid, thereby opposing the thickening caused by expansion of the lacunae. It has intrinsic choroidal neurons, also mostly behind the central retina, which may control these muscles and may modulate choroidal blood flow as well. These neurons receive sympathetic, parasympathetic and nitrergic innervation. The choroid has several functions: Its vasculature is the major supply for the outer retina; impairment of the flow of oxygen from choroid to retina may cause Age-Related Macular Degeneration. The choroidal blood flow, which is as great as in any other organ, may also cool and warm the retina. In addition to its vascular functions, the choroid contains secretory cells, probably involved in modulation of vascularization and in growth of the sclera. Finally, the dramatic changes in choroidal thickness move the retina forward and back, bringing the photoreceptors into the plane of focus, a function demonstrated by the thinning of the choroid that occurs when the focal plane is moved back by the wearing of negative lenses, and, conversely, by the thickening that occurs when positive lenses are worn. In addition to focusing the eye, more slowly than accommodation and more quickly than emmetropization, we argue that the choroidal thickness changes also are correlated with changes in the growth of the sclera, and hence of the eye. Because transient increases in choroidal thickness are followed by a prolonged decrease in synthesis of extracellular matrix molecules and a slowing of ocular elongation, and attempts to decouple the choroidal and scleral changes have largely failed, it seems that the thickening of the choroid may be mechanistically linked to the scleral synthesis of macromolecules, and thus may play an important role in the homeostatic control of eye growth, and, consequently, in the etiology of myopia and hyperopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora L Nickla
- Department of Biosciences, New England College of Optometry, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Nielsen PJ, Gregersen P, Mortensen KK, Kalstrup N. The effect of indomethacin 1% ophthalmic suspension in preventing surgically induced miosis at extracapsular cataract surgery. Acta Ophthalmol 2009; 182:115-8. [PMID: 2837046 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.1987.tb02606.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
27 patients who underwent extracapsular cataract surgery (ECCE) were randomized in two groups with 12 patients in Group 1 treated with standard preoperative dilation regime and 15 patients in Group 2 receiving in addition Indomethacin 1% ophthalmic solution, one drop the evening before surgery and one drop 45 minutes before surgery. Horizontal pupillary diameter measurements were taken at the beginning of the operation before retrobulbar anesthesia, before capsulotomy, and before lens implantation. A significant decrease in pupillary diameter and area was seen in both groups (P greater than 0.001; t-test) from before capsulotomy until before lens implantation. No significant change was seen from start until before capsulotomy. A significant lesser pupillary constriction expressed as mean calculated pupillary area differences from start until before lens implantation was seen in Group 2 treated with indomethacin (17.70 +/- 6.68(mm)2), than in Group 1 without indomethacin (29.06 +/- 8.82(mm)2); (P greater than 0.05; t-test). It is concluded that local use preoperatively of the antiprostaglandin drug indomethacin in 1% ophthalmic solution (Indocid, MSD) is able to reduce surgically induced miosis during ECCE, thereby facilitating the operative procedure and probably minimizing complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Nielsen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
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Abstract
Neurotrophic keratopathy is an ocular pathological condition that remains difficult to treat. The loss of trigeminal nerve function and corneal sensation that underlies this condition can lead to the development of various disorders of the cornea. Substance P, a sensory neurotransmitter produced by the trigeminal nerve, has been investigated for its effect on corneal epithelial wound healing. Substance P by itself has no direct effect on corneal epithelial migration, but it manifests a synergistic action with insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in both epithelial migration in vitro and corneal wound healing in vivo. The minimal amino acid sequences of both substance P and IGF-1 that are required for such effects have been determined. With use of these minimal amino acid sequences, the potential adverse consequences of treatment with the full-length polypeptides may be avoided. The application of eye drops containing a substance P-derived peptide and IGF-1 has proved clinically effective for the treatment of patients with persistent epithelial defects of the cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruo Nishida
- Department of Biomolecular Recognition and Ophthalmology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube City, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
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14
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Abstract
PURPOSE Evaluation of a new method to visualize distribution and morphology of human corneal nerves (Adelta- and C-fibers) by means of fluorescence staining, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and 3-dimensional (3D) reconstruction. METHODS Trephinates of corneas with a diagnosis of Fuchs corneal dystrophy were sliced into layers of 200 microm thickness using a Draeger microkeratome (Storz, Germany). The anterior lamella was stained with the Life/Dead-Kit (Molecular Probes Inc.), examined by the confocal laser scanning microscope "Odyssey XL," step size between 0.5 and 1 microm, and optical sections were digitally 3D-reconstructed. RESULTS Immediate staining of explanted corneas by the Life/Dead-Kit gave a complete picture of the nerves in the central human cornea. Thin nerves running parallel to the Bowman layer in the subepithelial plexus perforate the Bowman layer orthogonally through tube-like structures. Passing the Bowman layer, Adelta- and C-fibers can be clearly distinguished by fiber diameter, and, while running in the basal epithelial plexus, by their spatial arrangement. Adelta-fibers run straight and parallel to the Bowman layer underneath the basal cell layer. C-fibers, after a short run parallel to the Bowman layer, send off multiple branches penetrating epithelial cell layers orthogonally, ending blindly in invaginations of the superficial cells. In contrast to C-fibers, Adelta-fibers show characteristic bulbous formations when kinking into the basal epithelial plexus. CONCLUSIONS Ex-vivo fluorescence staining of the cornea and 3D reconstructions of confocal scans provide a fast and easily reproducible tool to visualize nerves of the anterior living cornea at high resolution. This may help to clarify gross variations of nerve fiber patterns under various clinical and experimental conditions.
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15
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Selbach JM, Buschnack SH, Steuhl KP, Kremmer S, Muth-Selbach U. Substance P and opioid peptidergic innervation of the anterior eye segment of the rat: an immunohistochemical study. J Anat 2005; 206:237-42. [PMID: 15733295 PMCID: PMC1571471 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00379.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently discovered endogenous opioid peptides such as nociceptin are known to modulate neurotransmitter release of primary afferent neurons (especially substance P, SP) and they have also been demonstrated in peripheral nerve fibres. The aim of this study was to investigate the opioid peptidergic innervation of the anterior eye segment and to compare it with the innervation pattern of SP in order to shed light on the functional relationship between these peptides. Anterior eye segments of 20 rat eyes were cut in a tangential plane and the sections stained with antibodies against SP, nociceptin, nocistatin, endomorphin 1 and 2, leu-enkephalin and met-enkephalin. Sections of the spinal cord or brain were used as positive controls. Numerous SP-immunoreactive nerve fibres were found in the conjunctiva, cornea, episclera, trabecular meshwork, iris and ciliary body. A weak staining for met-enkephalin and leu-enkephalin could only be found in the iris and anteriormost ciliary body. Nerve fibres immunoreactive for nociceptin, nocistatin, and endomorphin 1 or 2 could not be detected in any part of the anterior eye segment. It is tempting to speculate that the opioid peptidergic innervation of the anterior ciliary body may play a role in the modulation of intraocular inflammation.
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16
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Cavallotti C, Frati A, Sagnelli P, Pescosolido N. Re-evaluation and quantification of the different sources of nerve fibres supplying the rat eye. J Anat 2005; 206:217-24. [PMID: 15733292 PMCID: PMC1571470 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00390.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The denervation and/or the removal of peripheral nerve ganglia are useful surgical techniques for studying the source and distribution of peripheral nerves in all organs, including the eye. The amount and distribution of the remaining nerve fibres supplying the eye (after sectioning of various types of nervous fibres and/or removal of nerve ganglia) were evaluated in the rat. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were anaesthetized and one or more of the following nervous tissues were removed: superior cervical ganglion, main ciliary ganglion, pterygopalatine ganglion, trigeminal ganglion and the ophthalmic-maxillary nerve. In some animals, chemical sympathectomy was performed by administration of 6-OH dopamine. The eyes were cut in serial sections, but only three regions (cornea, iris and choroid) were harvested and submitted for various nerve fibre staining techniques. The results were quantified and statistically analysed. Superior cervical ganglionectomy and/or chemical sympathectomy induced the destruction of almost all the catecholaminergic nerve fibres in the three examined regions of the rat eye. Removal of the ciliary ganglion (partial parasympathectomy) caused the destruction of about 60% of the cholinergic nerve fibres of the same regions of the rat eye, while subtotal parasympathectomy destroyed about 80% of the cholinergic nerve fibres. Surgical transsection of the ophthalmo-maxillary nerve or the removal of the trigeminal ganglion led to a degeneration of almost all sensitive nerve fibres of the three examined regions of the rat eye. The denervation experiments confirmed the presence of the different types of nerve fibres (sympathetic, parasympathetic and sensitive) in the three studied structures of the rat eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Cavallotti
- Section of Anatomy, Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory SciencesRome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Frati
- Department of Neurosciences (Section of Neurosurgery), University ‘La Sapienza’Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Sagnelli
- Section of Anatomy, Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory SciencesRome, Italy
| | - Nicola Pescosolido
- Section of Anatomy, Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, Department of OphthalmologyRome, Italy
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17
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Chiquet C, Denis P. Bases neuro-anatomiques et physiologiques des variations de la pression intra-oculaire. J Fr Ophtalmol 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0181-5512(04)96299-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Abstract
In addition to their traditional role in centrally mediated analgesia, opiate compounds produce significant effects when administered peripherally. Using a recently characterized model of acute chemical injury to the rat cornea, we assessed the effects of morphine sulphate eye drops on corneal inflammation and hyperalgesia. Topical application of a 5 microM morphine sulphate eye drop preparation attenuated capsaicin-induced blinking in a concentration-dependent manner. However, morphine had no effect on capsaicin-induced blinking when applied to healthy, non-inflamed rat cornea. In addition, 5 microM morphine given every 2 h following cauterization retarded the development of both stromal edema and the infiltration of immune cells. Both the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of morphine were prevented by the opioid receptor antagonists naloxone, CTAP, and naltrindole. We conclude that morphine acts on mu and delta opioid receptors located in the rat cornea to attenuate inflammation and hyperalgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- N H Wenk
- Department of Neuroscience and Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 6-145 Jackson Hall, 312 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455-0329, USA
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19
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Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the structure, neurochemical content, and functions of corneal nerves, with special emphasis on human corneal nerves. A revised interpretation of human corneal nerve architecture is presented based on recent observations obtained by in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM), immunohistochemistry, and ultrastructural analyses of serial-sectioned human corneas. Current data on the neurotransmitter and neuropeptide contents of corneal nerves are discussed, as are the mechanisms by which corneal neurochemicals and associated neurotrophins modulate corneal physiology, homeostasis and wound healing. The results of recent clinical studies of topically applied neuropeptides and neurotrophins to treat neurotrophic keratitis are reviewed. Recommendations for using IVCM to evaluate corneal nerves in health and disease are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J Müller
- The Netherlands Ophthalmic Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Bertinotti L, Pietrini U, Del Rosso A, Casale R, Colangelo N, Zoppi M, Matucci-Cerinic M. The use of pupillometry in joint and connective tissue diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002; 966:446-55. [PMID: 12114303 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04246.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The central and peripheral nervous systems are variably affected in the rheumatic diseases. Automated standardized infrared pupillometry allows the safe, noninvasive assessment of the pupillary innervation. Pupillometry has already been used in studying the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in various rheumatic diseases. In systemic lupus erythematosus, the irideal parasympathetic branch of ANS was more affected then the sympathetic branch. In Sjögren's syndrome, signs of pupillary parasympathetic denervation have been reported. In rheumatoid arthritis, pupil parasympathetic dysfunction has been shown to correlate with ocular dryness. In systemic sclerosis (SSc), both sympathetic and parasympathetic irideal impairment have been demonstrated. Beside providing autonomic innervation, sensory nerves fibers are able to control iris diameter. Exogenous ocular instillation of substance P (SP), a sensory neuropeptide, can determine an omathropine-resistant, non-cholinergic myosis, acting on specific receptors present on the iris sphincter muscle. We first studied pupillary SP-ergic responsiveness in SSc, evaluating substance P (SP)-stimulated pupillary diameters by pupillometry. A higher basal and SP-stimulated myosis was found in lSSc versus both dSSc and controls, whereas no differences existed between dSSc and controls. From the literature, the pupillary parasympathetic nervous system seems to be more affected than the sympathetic branch of ANS in the rheumatic diseases characterized by an inflammatory status. However, we found in SSc both sympathetic and parasympathetic pupil control to be equally impaired. From our experience, we conclude that pupillary nervous control is differently affected in the two subsets of SSc, and that the SP-ergic system seems to be impaired only in lSSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Bertinotti
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Headache, and Nephrology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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21
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Schrödl F, Schweigert M, Brehmer A, Neuhuber WL. Intrinsic neurons in the duck choroid are contacted by CGRP-immunoreactive nerve fibres: evidence for a local pre-central reflex arc in the eye. Exp Eye Res 2001; 72:137-46. [PMID: 11161729 DOI: 10.1006/exer.2000.0940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsic choroidal neurons represent peripherally displaced autonomic nerve cells supposed to work as a local integrative network similar to the enteric nervous system, to control choroidal vasculature and stromal smooth muscle. A typical feature of such intramural neuronal networks is the innervation by primary afferent collaterals expressing peptides, e.g. CGRP. The present study was aimed at determining primary afferent contacts on nitrergic intrinsic choroidal neurons (ICN) in the duck eye. In addition, a sympathetic innervation of ICN was assessed. Choroids were immunohistochemically processed for the following markers: neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), galanin (GAL), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). For evaluation, fluorescence as well as confocal laser scanning microscopy were used. For electron microscopy, immunoperoxidase staining for CGRP in combination with NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry was applied. ICN immunoreactive for nNOS or GAL spread over the entire choroid, although they were concentrated in an equatorial zone passing obliquely from naso-cranial to temporo-caudal. About 40% of ICN showed close relationships with CGRP-immunoreactive nerve fibres, originating most likely in the trigeminal ganglion, as seen in the fluorescence and confocal laserscanning microscope. These appositions could be ultrastructurally defined as both synapses and close contacts without synaptic specialization. Some ICN endowed with CGRP-positive fibres also received TH-immunoreactive boutons. CGRP-immunoreactive profiles were also detected in close relationship to choroidal non-vascular smooth muscle cells and collagen fibres connected to them. In many instances, they were intercalated between smooth muscle cells and processes of ICN forming triads. These results suggest that ICN, similar to other intramural autonomic systems integrate signals from trigeminal primary afferent collaterals. The 'sensory' terminals of these primary afferents may be located in the anterior eye segment but also within the smooth muscle stroma of the choroid itself. Thus, ocular homeostasis may be regulated via intraocular pre-central reflexes which are probably subject to sympathetic modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Schrödl
- Anatomisches Institut I, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 9, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Kim
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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23
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Shih YF, Fitzgerald ME, Cuthbertson SL, Reiner A. Influence of ophthalmic nerve fibers on choroidal blood flow and myopic eye growth in chicks. Exp Eye Res 1999; 69:9-20. [PMID: 10375445 DOI: 10.1006/exer.1999.0692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ophthalmic sensory nerve fibers containing substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide' innervate the choroid in mammals and are known to vasodilate choroidal blood vessels. The avian choroid is also innervated by ophthalmic nerve fibers containing substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide. The present studies were carried out to determine the influence of these sensory fibers on choroidal blood flow in birds and characterize their interaction with manipulations affecting eye growth. In these studies, ChBF was measured using laser Doppler flowmetry in both eyes in the following groups of birds: (1) normal chicks; (2) chicks with right optic nerve transected for 2 weeks; (3) chicks with right optic nerve transected and a goggle over the right eye for 2 weeks; and (4) chicks with right optic and ophthalmic nerves transected and a goggle over the right eye for 2 weeks. The eyes were refracted and various ocular dimensions measured after the blood-flow measurements. It was found that optic nerve transection reduced ChBF to 30% of normal. Placing a goggle (which increases ocular temperature by 4 degrees C) over an optic nerve transected eye nearly doubled choroidal blood flow over that in an optic nerve transected eye without a goggle. Additional transection of the ophthalmic nerve in a goggled optic nerve-transected eye, yielded choroidal blood flow that was indistinguishable from that in a nongoggled optic nerve-transected eye. Optic nerve transection had a slight stunting effect on axial growth of the eye. While myopic axial elongation was observed in goggled eyes with the optic nerve cut, the extent of myopia was less than in normal goggled eyes. Ophthalmic nerve transection further reduced the myopia induced by goggling in an optic nerve cut eye. These results suggest that ophthalmic nerve input to the choroid exerts a vasodilatory influence, which is activated in a goggled eye. This increased choroidal blood flow may be in response to elevated ocular temperatures caused by the goggling and this increase appears to be masked in goggled eyes with an intact optic nerve by the reduction in choroidal blood flow normally accompanying myopic eye growth. Our results thus show that the induction of myopic eye growth (as in our optic nerve cut eyes with a goggle) need not be accompanied by a decrease in choroidal blood flow from the baseline no-goggle condition (in this case, with the optic nerve cut).
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Affiliation(s)
- Y F Shih
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Tennessee-Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
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24
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Nakamura M, Chikama TI, Nishida T. Synergistic effect with Phe-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2 of the C-terminal of substance P and insulin-like growth factor-1 on epithelial wound healing of rabbit cornea. Br J Pharmacol 1999; 127:489-97. [PMID: 10385250 PMCID: PMC1566023 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0702550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1. We previously reported that substance P and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) synergistically stimulate corneal epithelial wound healing in vitro and in vivo. We wished to identify which portion of the amino acid sequence of substance P might be responsible for this synergism. 2. Corneal epithelial migration was not affected by the addition of any one of the following factors: substance P; Phe-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2 (C-terminal of substance P); Val-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2 (C-terminal of neurokinin A, neurokinin B, and kassinin); Tyr-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2 (C-terminal of physalaemin); Ile-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2 (C-terminal of eledoisin); or Gly-Leu-Met-NH2 (common C-terminal of tachykinins). 3. In the presence of IGF-1, only substance P and Phe-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2 were synergistic in stimulating corneal epithelial migration in a dose-dependent fashion. 4. The combination of Phe-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2 and IGF-1 did not affect the incorporation of [3H]-thymidine into corneal epithelial cells. 5. Treatment with Phe-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2 and IGF-1, but not with Phe-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2 or IGF-1 alone, increased attachment of corneal epithelial cells to a fibronectin matrix. 6. The levels of alpha5 and beta1 integrin were not affected by Phe-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2 or IGF-1 alone, but they were significantly increased by the combination of Phe-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2 and IGF-1. 7. Topical application of the same combination facilitated corneal epithelial wound closure in vivo. 8. These results demonstrated that Phe-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2, a sequence of 4 amino-acids of the C-terminal of substance P, is the minimum sequence necessary to produce the synergistic effects of substance P and IGF-1 on corneal epithelial wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatsugu Nakamura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, 1144 Kogushi, Ube City, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
- Nara Research and Development Center, Santen Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 8916-16 Takayama-cho, Ikoma-shi, Nara 630-0101, Japan
| | - Tai-ichiro Chikama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, 1144 Kogushi, Ube City, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Teruo Nishida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, 1144 Kogushi, Ube City, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
- Author for correspondence:
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Tsuji F, Hamada M, Shirasawa E. Tachykinins as enhancers of prostaglandin E2-induced intraocular inflammation. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 1998; 6:19-25. [PMID: 9798190 DOI: 10.1076/ocii.6.1.19.8080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The effects of tachykinins on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-induced intraocular inflammation were investigated. PGE2 (0.01% or 0.1%) instillation induced iridal hyperemia and protein leakage into the aqueous humor in rabbits, but caused minimal miosis. Intravitreally injected substance P (SP) or neurokinin A (NKA), on the other hand, did not induce protein leakage into the aqueous humor in normal rabbits, but they (SP 10 micrograms/eye or NKA 50 micrograms/eye) did induce long-lasting miosis. The miotic activity of SP was about fivefold stronger than that of NKA. Intravitreally injected SP (10 micrograms/eye) but not NKA (50 micrograms/eye) increased PGE2 concentration in the aqueous humor in normal rabbits. In addition, SP (10 micrograms/eye) or NKA (50 micrograms/eye) markedly enhanced protein leakage into the aqueous humor induced by PGE2 instillation. Pretreatment with indomethacin partially blocked the enhancing effect of SP on protein leakage, while it did not block that of NKA. These results suggest that SP or NKA may enhance intraocular inflammation in vivo. However, the mechanisms of these effects of SP and NKA may be different. The enhancing effect of SP in eye inflammation may be partially due to an increased turnover of arachidonic acid into PGE2 caused by activation of the enzyme cyclooxygenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Tsuji
- Discovery Research Division, Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
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26
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Nakamura M, Nishida T, Ofuji K, Reid TW, Mannis MJ, Murphy CJ. Synergistic effect of substance P with epidermal growth factor on epithelial migration in rabbit cornea. Exp Eye Res 1997; 65:321-9. [PMID: 9299169 DOI: 10.1006/exer.1997.0345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the role of neural regulation in corneal epithelial healing, we examined the effect of substance P (SP) on corneal epithelial migration using an organ culture system of rabbit corneas. We investigated the synergistic effects of SP with (1) growth factors: epidermal growth factor (EGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and transforming growth factor-beta(TGF-beta); (2) extracellular matrix proteins: fibronectin, vitronectin, laminin, and collagen type IV; and (3) cytokines: interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha), IL-1beta, and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Rabbit corneal blocks were cultured in the absence or presence of various reagents for 24 hr. The corneal blocks were then fixed, dehydrated, embedded in paraffin and stained by hematoxylin-eosin, and the length of the path of epithelial migration was measured. The addition of SP alone, at concentrations up to 50 microg ml-1, did not affect epithelial migration. EGF, fibronectin, vitronectin, collagen type IV, and IL-6 stimulated epithelial migration, but bFGF, TGF-beta, laminin, IL-1alpha, and IL-1betadid not. The stimulatory effect of EGF on the epithelial migration was enhanced by the presence of SP. This synergistic effect of SP and EGF on corneal epithelial migration was abolished by the addition of an SP antagonist or enkephalinase. Other neurotransmitters (vasoactive intestinal peptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide, acetylcholine chloride, norepinephrine, serotonin) and tachykinins (neurokinin A, neurokinin B, kassinin, eledoisin, physalaemin) were examined, but none exhibited a synergistic effect with EGF. Interestingly, EGF alone stimulated the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into corneal epithelial cells, but the addition of SP with EGF did not enhance this effect. These results demonstrate that SP enhanced the EGF stimulation of corneal epithelial migration in vitro in a specific manner, suggesting a possible role of SP as a modulator of epithelial wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nakamura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube City, Yamaguchi, Japan
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Tamm
- Department of Anatomy II, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
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28
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Yoshimura N, Tanabe-Ohuchi T, Takagi H, Honda Y. Drug-dependent Ca2+ mobilization in organ-cultured rabbit ciliary processes. Curr Eye Res 1995; 14:629-35. [PMID: 8529397 DOI: 10.3109/02713689508998489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine whether drug-dependent changes in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration take place in the ciliary nonpigment epithelial cells of rabbits under more physiological conditions. Iris-ciliary body from pigmented rabbits in organ-culture was loaded with a Ca(2+)-sensitive fluorescent dye, fura-2, and a video-imaging system with an image analyzer was employed. Using this method fluorescence from nonpigmented epithelial cells can be analyzed without interference from fluorescence from pigmented ciliary epithelial cells. Among the drugs studied, norepinephrine and carbachol induced Ca2+ transients in the nonpigmented epithelial cells of organ-cultured ciliary processes. Epinephrine, isoproterenol, dopamine, neuropeptide Y, and substance P at the concentration of 10(-6) to 10(-3) M failed to elicit a response. The cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration of the cells in the resting state, as determined by an in vitro calibration curve, was 166 nM. The peak free cytosolic Ca2+ concentration induced by norepinephrine was about 263 nM, and that induced by carbachol was more than 1,000 nM. The carbachol-induced response was larger in magnitude and longer in duration than that induced by norepinephrine. Not uncommonly, the carbachol-induced response lasted more than 15 min. The response was diminished in both peak height and duration by chelation of extracellular Ca2+. Atropine abolished the response showing the response being mediated by a muscarinic receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Yoshimura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
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29
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Fujishima H, Yagi Y, Toda I, Shimazaki J, Tsubota K. Increased comfort and decreased inflammation of the eye by cooling after cataract surgery. Am J Ophthalmol 1995; 119:301-6. [PMID: 7872390 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(14)71171-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cooling can reduce clinical symptoms and pain caused by traumatic swelling or fracture of extremities. We obtained subjective and objective measures of the effects of cooling of the eyes after cataract surgery. METHODS Twenty patients with bilateral cataracts were enrolled in this study. For each patient, an ice-cold eye mask was applied over gauze to one operated-on eye for two hours after the operation and was not applied after operation on the other eye. After each operation, the patient rated comfort on a five-point scale. The severity of inflammation associated with each procedure was evaluated by using an infrared radiation thermometer to determine the central corneal temperature and a laser flare-cell meter to determine the cell and flare count, at intervals up to 28 days after surgery. RESULTS Cooling, applied after the first operation in ten patients and after the second operation in ten patients, statistically significantly increased the patients' comfort level and was associated with a significant decrease in central corneal temperature on days 0, 1, and 3; in cell counts on days 1, 3, 7, and 14; and in flare counts on days 1, 14, and 28. CONCLUSIONS Cooling increased the comfort level and reduced inflammation after cataract surgery, with no adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Fujishima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiba, Japan
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30
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Nakanome Y, Karita K, Izumi H, Tamai M. Two types of vasodilatation in cat choroid elicited by electrical stimulation of the short ciliary nerve. Exp Eye Res 1995; 60:37-42. [PMID: 7720803 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-4835(05)80081-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Choroidal blood vessels are innervated by three types of vasoactive nerve fibers: sympathetic, parasympathetic and sensory fibers in the short ciliary nerve. We investigated whether or not stimulation of the short ciliary nerve elicits vasodilatation. In 30 cats (2-4 kg) anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (30 mg kg-1, i.v.) and artificially ventilated (pancuronium bromide; 0.2 mg kg-1 hr-1, i.v.), choroidal blood flow was continuously measured trans-sclerally with a laser Doppler flowmeter. The lateral short ciliary nerve was stimulated electrically (0-50 V, 2 msec, 20 Hz, for 10 sec) at two sites, one close to the eyeball (site P) and the other between the main and accessory ciliary ganglia (site Q). Choroidal vasodilatation occurred with a high incidence (80%) in response to electrical stimulation of the short ciliary nerve at site P or Q, when cats had been treated with the alpha-adrenergic blocking agent phentolamine (3 mg kg-1) to eliminate sympathetic vasoconstrictor effects. A long-lasting vasodilatation was observed during 1% capsaicin application to the nerve bundle at site P, but not at site Q and capsaicin nearly abolished the vasodilatation evoked by stimulation at site P, but not that evoked from site Q. Vasodilatation elicited by electrical stimulation at site P or Q was not sensitive to the ganglion-blocking agent hexamethonium (3 mg kg-1, i.v.).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Nakanome
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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32
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Zhang YL, Tan CK, Wong WC. Localisation of substance P-like immunoreactivity in the ciliary ganglia of monkey (Macaca fascicularis) and cat: a light- and electron-microscopic study. Cell Tissue Res 1994; 276:163-71. [PMID: 7514500 DOI: 10.1007/bf00354796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The present study describes substance P-like immunoreactivity in the ciliary ganglia of monkey (Macaca fascicularis) and cat. About 60% of neurons in the monkey ciliary ganglion and 40% in the cat ciliary ganglion were substance P-like immunoreactive, ranging from faint to moderate staining. Substance P-like immunoreactivity was located in cell bodies, dendritic profiles and axons. In the monkey, substance P-like immunoreactive pericellular arborisations were associated with about 0.5%-3% of the ganglion cells, which were either negatively, faintly or moderately stained. An electron-microscopic study demonstrated the presence of either substance P-like immunoreactive positive or negative axon terminals synapsing or closely associated with positive dendritic profiles in both the monkey and cat ciliary ganglia. The results suggest that substance P plays an important role in the ciliary ganglion, perhaps as a modulator or transmitter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y L Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge
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33
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Fuder H. Functional consequences of prejunctional receptor activation or blockade in the iris. JOURNAL OF OCULAR PHARMACOLOGY 1994; 10:109-23. [PMID: 8207319 DOI: 10.1089/jop.1994.10.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The iris is innervated by nerves of the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and sensory nervous systems. The terminal nerve fibres are endowed with prejunctional receptors which modulate neurotransmitter release. Activation or blockade of prejunctional receptors by drugs may have an influence on iris smooth muscle tone. Several findings are in favour of the hypothesis that prejunctional receptors may be involved in regulation of iris smooth muscle tone and/or pathophysiological events. (i). Release of acetylcholine from parasympathetic nerves of guinea-pig iris sphincter evoked by electrical stimulation is subject to autoinhibition via prejunctional M2 muscarinic receptors, and the release can be enhanced by M2 selective antagonists such as methoctramine or gallamine. Concomitantly with the increased neurotransmitter release, the sphincter contraction is enhanced in the presence of M2 antagonists, since the postjunctional muscarinic receptors (presumably M3, or at least not M2) are not simultaneously blocked. Unlike the non-selective blocker atropine, M2 antagonists are not expected to cause mydriasis but rather miosis. (ii). Sensory nerves are involved in pathophysiological events following ocular irritation. Release of substance P and/or neurokinin A from sensory nerves of rabbit iris is followed by a non-adrenergic-non-cholinergic iris sphincter contraction (mediated by NK1 and NK3 receptors) which can be used to estimate sensory neurotransmitter release. Exocytotic release of the sensory neurotransmitters is inhibited by activation of alpha 2B-adrenoceptors and probably also via putative prejunctional imidazoline receptors. Alpha-adrenoceptors are stimulated by oxymetazoline and other imidazoline derivatives (which are agonists at imidazoline receptors) leading to a reduction of sensory neurotransmitter release, as evident from a decrease in evoked sphincter contraction. Imidazolines in eye drops may not only cause relief in ocular inflammation due to postjunctional vasoconstriction but also possibly due to a prejunctional effect, a reduction of sensory neurotransmitter release. Reinforcement of inflammation due to release of sensory neurotransmitters may thus be prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Fuder
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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34
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Shih YF, Fitzgerald ME, Norton TT, Gamlin PD, Hodos W, Reiner A. Reduction in choroidal blood flow occurs in chicks wearing goggles that induce eye growth toward myopia. Curr Eye Res 1993; 12:219-27. [PMID: 8482110 PMCID: PMC4460565 DOI: 10.3109/02713689308999467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Goggles that degrade the retinal image produce axial enlargement of the ocular globe and large myopic refractive errors. Many authors have assumed that visual image degradation itself leads to myopia. Hodos and co-authors have shown, however, that goggled eyes in chicks are considerably warmer than normal. Such temperature changes may either underlie or be a consequence of alterations in choroidal blood flow (CBF). Since alterations in CBF could affect eye growth, we explored the effect of monocular goggling on CBF in chicks. Plastic goggles were glued over one eye in four-day old chicks and the goggles were left in place for 12 or 14 days. Fourteen days after the goggling, CBF was measured using laser Doppler velocimetry. Three groups of chicks were studied: 1) chicks with goggles for 14 days; 2) chicks with goggles for 12 days followed by no goggles for the two days; 3) age matched non-goggled chicks. A -scan ultrasonography confirmed that the visual deprivation produced vitreous chamber elongation in the goggled eye and that the degree of elongation for the goggled eye was the same for the two goggled groups. The results were: 1) blood flow in non-goggled chicks was similar in both eyes; 2) blood flow was significantly reduced in the goggled eye in chicks wearing goggles for 14 days- 37% of control; and 3) blood flow was still significantly reduced in the goggled eye in chicks whose goggles were removed two days before measurement- 51% of control. These results show that CBF is reduced by goggles that result in myopic eye growth.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- Y F Shih
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee-Memphis 38163
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35
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Gregersen PL, Nielsen PJ, Mortensen KK. The effect of indomethacin 1% ophthalmic suspension on the pupil during extracapsular cataract surgery. Acta Ophthalmol 1992; 70:522-4. [PMID: 1414299 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.1992.tb02124.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Fifty-six patients who underwent extracapsular cataract surgery were randomized in two groups with 28 patients in each group. Group 1 was treated with standard preoperative dilation regime and group 2 received in addition indomethacin 1% ophthalmic solution. Horizontal and vertical pupil diameter measurements were taken before capsulotomy, before exprimation of the lens nucleus and before lens implantation. The size of the pupil at the time of capsulotomy and at the time just before lens exprimation was greatest in the non-indomethacin treated group, but at the time of lens implantation the pupil of the indomethacin treated group was greatest. It is concluded that even though indomethacin seems to be able to inhibit surgically induced miosis, probably through its inhibitory effect on prostaglandin synthesis, the effect is only marginal and from a clinical point of view it cannot be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Gregersen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sønderborg Hospital, Denmark
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36
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Kuriyama S, Yoshimura N, Ohuchi T, Tanihara H, Ito S, Honda Y. Neuropeptide-induced cytosolic Ca2+ transients and phosphatidylinositol turnover in cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Brain Res 1992; 579:227-33. [PMID: 1628211 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(92)90055-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide-induced mobilization of cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and phosphatidylinositol (PI) turnover in cultured human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells were studied and their temporal relationship was compared. After RPE cells were loaded with fura-2/AM, [Ca2+]i was analyzed using a digital imaging microscopy system. Bombesin-related peptides which include bombesin, neuromedin B, and neuromedin C induced significant [Ca2+]i transients in RPE cells, whereas other neuropeptides, neuropeptide Y, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and substance P were not effective to produce [Ca2+]i transients. The percentage of reactive cells which showed positive [Ca2+]i transients induced by bombesin-related peptides was around 50%. Bombesin (1 microM) showed a peak concentration of 663 +/- 27.0 nM (mean +/- S.E.M., n = 61), neuromedin B (1 microM), 327 +/- 28.7 nM (mean +/- S.E.M., n = 38), and neuromedin C (1 microM), 357 +/- 22.7 nM (mean +/- S.E.M., n = 32). Ca2+ transients occurred within 30 s and lasted less than 5 min after the application of the neuropeptides. Chelation of the extracellular Ca2+ by EGTA significantly shortened the total time of [Ca2+]i transients induced by the above. The measurements of phosphoinositides in RPE cells revealed that neuropeptide-induced PI turnover was as quick as [Ca2+]i transients. Inositol biphosphate (IP2) and inositol triphosphate (IP3) in RPE cells showed transient increases at 15 s after the stimulation by bombesin-related peptides. These data show that changes in [Ca2+]i and PI turnover are directly linked and both are important in the signal transduction system of bombesin-related peptides in RPE cells. The data also suggest that bombesin-related peptides may play some possible roles in RPE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kuriyama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Unger
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Manchester Medical School, United Kingdom
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38
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Dutriez I, Salès N, Fournié-Zaluski MC, Roques BP. Pre- and post-natal ontogeny of neutral endopeptidase 24-11 ('enkephalinase') studied by in vitro autoradiography in the rat. EXPERIENTIA 1992; 48:290-300. [PMID: 1547865 DOI: 10.1007/bf01930479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Neutral endopeptidase (NEP, enkephalinase, CALLA) which is present in various neural and non-neural tissues, is able to cleave a variety of regulatory peptides. The distribution of NEP has been studied during rat pre- and post-natal development by autoradiography after in vitro binding of the tritiated inhibitor [3H]HACBO-Gly to whole-body and organ sections. In the central nervous system (CNS), where the presence of NEP has been related to the termination of the action of enkephalins, the external layer of the olfactory bulbs is the only structure prominently labeled before birth. Other CNS structures rich in NEP in the adult, such as the nigrostriatal tract, are progressively labeled after birth. Outside the CNS, the progressive appearance of NEP in the kidney, the lungs and the salivary glands suggests its concomitant involvement in adult physiological functions, including fluid balance control, possibly by cleaving the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and other peptides. On the other hand, transient or enhanced expression of NEP is observed during the development of several organs such as the sensory organs, the heart and the major blood vessels, the intestine, the bones and the genital tubercle. In addition to the still incompletely known physiological functions of the enzyme, the developmental pattern of its expression in several tissues strongly suggests a modulatory role for NEP in the ontogeny of a large number of organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Dutriez
- INSERM U 334, DRIPP, Service hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France
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39
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Jones MA, Marfurt CF. Calcitonin gene-related peptide and corneal innervation: a developmental study in the rat. J Comp Neurol 1991; 313:132-50. [PMID: 1761750 DOI: 10.1002/cne.903130110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactive (CGRP-LI) nerves was studied in neonatal and adult rat corneas stained immunohistochemically according to an avidin biotin peroxidase procedure. At birth, rat corneas already contained dense plexuses of CGRP-LI nerve fibers. Most of the nerves entered the cornea in 12-15 prominent stromal nerve bundles located at regular intervals around the circumference of the cornea. Fibers in these bundles entered the epithelium approximately midway between the limbus and the center of the cornea and supplied extensive central and pericentral areas of the tissue. In addition, smaller numbers of axons entered the cornea individually and in small fascicles located in between the larger bundles and supplied mainly peripheral territory. In the epithelium, the CGRP-LI nerves formed a complex, highly anastomotic meshwork that ramified uniformly throughout central and peripheral areas of the tissues. Fibers in the plexus gave origin to numerous short, stout terminal axons that extended into the adjacent epithelium in all directions with no preferred orientation. During the first week of neonatal life, several changes in CGRP-LI innervation occurred: 1) the innervation density of the central and pericentral cornea increased relative to the peripheral cornea; 2) intraepithelial axons became progressively longer, increased in branching complexity, and oriented preferentially towards the center of the cornea; and 3) a dense innervation of the corneoscleral limbus and, in particular, the branches of the marginal artery, developed. Midway through the second week of life, immature versions of corneal epithelial "leashes," the dominant feature of the adult corneal innervation, were first observed. Over the next 10 days, the leash formations in the central and pericentral cornea gradually became more complex and gave rise to greater numbers of terminal axons, compared to developing leashes in the peripheral cornea. The mature pattern of corneal CGRP-LI innervation was reached on day 21 and remained constant (except for compensatory growth-related elongation of axons) for at least the first 6 months of life. Transection of the ophthalmomaxillary nerve or neonatal administration of the sensory neurotoxin capsaicin resulted in the total loss of CGRP-LI staining from the cornea. In contrast, removal of the superior cervical ganglion had no effect on corneal CGRP-LI staining. The extraordinary density and complexity of the CGRP-LI innervation of the rat cornea demonstrated at all stages of development in this study suggests that these nerves may play important roles in corneal sensory, reflex, and trophic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Jones
- Northwest Center for Medical Education, Indiana University School of Medicine, Gary 46408
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40
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Ohashi Y, Yamamoto S, Nishida K, Okamoto S, Kinoshita S, Hayashi K, Manabe R. Demonstration of herpes simplex virus DNA in idiopathic corneal endotheliopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 1991; 112:419-23. [PMID: 1656756 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(14)76251-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A 56-year-old man developed idiopathic corneal endotheliopathy. The lesion consisted of severe stromal edema at the lower half of the cornea along with a number of associated keratic precipitates and steadily progressed to the upper half of the cornea. By polymerase chain reaction, herpes simplex virus DNA was demonstrated in the aqueous humor of this patient. Corneal stromal edema was resolved in response to treatment with topically applied and systemic acyclovir. Herpes simplex virus DNA was repeatedly demonstrated in the aqueous humor when the endothelial lesion recurred later. This evidence strongly indicates that this unique endothelial disorder is of viral origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ohashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Medical School, Japan
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41
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Alessandri M, Fusco BM, Maggi CA, Fanciullacci M. In vivo pupillary constrictor effects of substance P in man. Life Sci 1991; 48:2301-8. [PMID: 1710751 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(91)90266-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The ocular effects of substance P (SP) were studied in 13 normal volunteers. Various concentrations of SP (0.135, 1.35 and 135 micrograms per 100 microliters) were instilled into the conjunctival sac and pupillary area changes were evaluated by means of an electronic pupillometer. The ability of SP to modify the mydriasis induced by pretreatment with 1% homatropine eyedrops was also studied. The instillation of SP produced miosis in a dose-dependent manner without provoking any ocular disturbances. Furthermore, the highest concentration tested was unable to reduce the homatropine-induced mydriasis. These findings indicate that SP exerts a pupillokinetic action in humans which probably occurs via a receptor mechanism. Since muscarinic blockade is not overcome by the peptide instillation, the results do not clarify whether SP causes miosis acting on iris muscles and/or cholinergic fibres.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alessandri
- Institute of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics IV, University of Florence, Italy
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42
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Anderson JA, Malfroy B, Richard NR, Kullerstrand L, Lucas C, Binder PS. Substance P contracts the human iris sphincter: possible modulation by endogenous enkephalinase. REGULATORY PEPTIDES 1990; 29:49-58. [PMID: 1697082 DOI: 10.1016/0167-0115(90)90108-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Substance P-immunoreactive neurons have been found in the irides of many species including humans. In several species, substance P has been shown to induce contraction of the sphincter muscle but this action of substance P has not been previously demonstrated in the human eye. Using an eye cup model in which the sensitivity of the iris muscle to substance P is increased compared to the isolated sphincter muscle, we have observed that nanomolar amounts of substance P induced contraction of the sphincter in the human iris. This contractile response was enhanced in eyes pretreated with thiorphan, an enkephalinase inhibitor, suggesting that endogenous enkephalinase (E.C. 3.4.24.11) may modulate the substance P contraction in the human iris. Further support for this hypothesis was the finding of enkephalinase-like immunoreactivity and enzyme activity in the human iris sphincter muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Anderson
- Sharp Cabrillo Hospital San Diego, CA 92110-5067
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43
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Del Fiacco M, Quartu M, Floris A, Diaz G. Substance P-like immunoreactivity in the human trigeminal ganglion. Neurosci Lett 1990; 110:16-21. [PMID: 1691470 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(90)90780-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Presence of substance P-like immunoreactive neurons and nerve fibers is demonstrated in the trigeminal ganglion of newborn and adult human subjects by the indirect immunofluorescence technique. Two populations of neurons containing high and low densities of immunoreactive material, respectively, are identified. Morphometric analyses indicate that (i) most of positive neurons are medium and small sized; (ii) immunoreactive perikarya grow in size from newborns to adults, with up to a 50% increase in diameter. Percent frequency of positive perikarya, on the other hand, is higher in newborns (23.6%) and decreases in adults (16.7%).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Del Fiacco
- Dipartimento di Citomorfologia, University of Cagliari, Italy
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44
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Alessandri M, Pietrini U, Fusco BM, Nicolodi M, Fanciullacci M. Possible non-muscarinic miotic action of echothiophate iodide in humans. Pharmacol Res 1989; 21:285-91. [PMID: 2748511 DOI: 10.1016/s1043-6618(89)80006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The proposed non-muscarinic pupillary action of echothiophate iodide (EI) was investigated in humans. In 10 healthy volunteers the variations of the pupillary area, induced by EI eye drops, were evaluated by using an electronic pupillometer. When instilled alone, as well as after homatropine, EI caused pupillary constriction. The reduction of the homatropine-induced mydriasis by EI was not accompanied by any increase in the almost abolished pupillary response to light, thus excluding that an enhancement of the parasympathetic activity contributes to pupillary constriction. These findings suggest a non-muscarinic component in the EI-induced miosis, the nature of which remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alessandri
- Institute of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics IV, University of Florence, Italy
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45
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Silverman JD, Kruger L. Calcitonin-gene-related-peptide-immunoreactive innervation of the rat head with emphasis on specialized sensory structures. J Comp Neurol 1989; 280:303-30. [PMID: 2784449 DOI: 10.1002/cne.902800211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of calcitonin-gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity (CGRP-IR) was studied in sections of decalcified rat head and selected whole-mount preparations in order to address the complex peptidergic innervation patterns in peripheral cephalic specialized zones and to examine neuronal ganglia in situ. Labeled neuron somata in trigeminal, glossopharyngeal, and vagal ganglia comprised a large proportion of small to medium size type B ganglion cells. Parasympathetic ganglia (ciliary, otic, sphenopalatine, submandibular) revealed a small population of labeled somata and numerous perisomatic IR axons, whereas sympathetic ganglion cells (superior cervical) were devoid of label though richly innervated by perisomatic IR axons. The gustatory geniculate ganglion contained only a few labeled neurons and axons. Coarse peripheral CGRP-IR axons were traced to skeletal muscle motor end plates (e.g., lingual, tensor tympani, etc.), and thin sensory axons most densely innervated the cornea, iris, general integument, all mucosal epithelia lining the tympanic, nasal, sinus and oropharyngeal cavities, and the cerebral meninges. Blood vessels, glands, ducts, and their orifices were often heavily innervated, and specific specializations and exceptions are discussed. Distinctive patterns of IR innervation characterized the various specialized sensory systems, including 1) cochlear and vestibular hair cells; 2) lingual, palatal, oropharyngeal, and laryngoepiglottal taste buds; 3) main olfactory epithelium and axons projecting to glomeruli in specific sectors of main olfactory bulb; 4) septal-olfactory organ; 5) vomeronasal organ; and 6) the nervus terminalis system. Secretory epithelia (ciliary body, choroid plexus, and stria vascularis) were notably lacking in CGRP-IR. Despite the multiplicity of functionally distinct CGRP neuronal and axonal populations, certain generalizations merit consideration. The extensive innervation of chemosensory nasal and oral epithelia may contribute to specific chemical sensitivities (e.g., relating to olfactory and gustatory senses) as well as evoking "nociceptive" responses to chemical irritants as part of a "common chemical sense." An efferent role for some of these peptidergic afferent axons may also be inferred from their specific distributions. Sites involved in regulating access to and sensitivity of sense organs to external stimuli (e.g., cochlear and vestibular hair cells, taste bud orifices, and main olfactory epithelium) are heavily innervated. Other IR axons are in position to exert control over airflow through nasal turbinates, glandular secretion, blood circulation, and duct transport systems.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Silverman
- Department of Anatomy, UCLA Center for the Health Sciences
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46
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Fanciullacci M, Fusco BM, Alessandri M, Campagnolo V, Sicuteri F. Unilateral impairment of pupillary response to trigeminal nerve stimulation in cluster headache. Pain 1989; 36:185-191. [PMID: 2783997 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3959(89)90022-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The pupillary constriction induced ipsilaterally by transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) of the infratrochlear nerve was measured, using an electronic pupillometer, in 26 episodic cluster headache (CH) and 15 migraine sufferers tested during an attack-free period and in 16 healthy controls. In controls, TENS gave rise to a miosis which was slow in onset and long-lasting in duration, and which was comparable to that mediated by tachykinins in animals. A similar miotic response was bilaterally observed in migraine patients and in CH patients examined during the inactive phase. In CH sufferers during the cluster period, TENS only elicited a normal pupillary constriction in the asymptomatic eye, whereas the resulting response in the symptomatic eye was markedly decreased. Although the exact mechanism underlying the dysfunction remains to be clarified, these results seem to indicate that ocular trigeminal pathways are involved in CH.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fanciullacci
- Department of Preclinical and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Florence, FlorenceItaly Institute of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology and Headache Center, University of Florence, FlorenceItaly
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47
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Tinsley PW, Fridland GH, Killmar JT, Desiderio DM. Purification, characterization, and localization of neuropeptides in the cornea. Peptides 1988; 9:1373-9. [PMID: 2470068 DOI: 10.1016/0196-9781(88)90205-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The immunologically detected neuropeptides methionine enkephalin (ME), substance P (SP), beta-endorphin (beta-End), and alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) were purified from bovine corneal extracts by gradient, followed by isocratic, reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and characterized, after both chromatographic steps, by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Immunologically detected ME and SP were purified from canine corneal extracts by gradient RP-HPLC and characterized by RIA. An anatomical study of the bovine cornea separated the cornea into an epithelium-enriched and a stroma-enriched portion. After gradient RP-HPLC, RIA demonstrated that all the ME-like immunoreactivity was located in the corneal epithelium, whereas the SP-like immunoreactivity was distributed between the stroma and epithelium in an approximate two-to-one ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Tinsley
- Charles B. Stout Neuroscience Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Tennessee, Memphis 38163
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48
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Herbort CP, Okumura A, Mochizuki M. Endotoxin-induced uveitis in the rat. A study of the role of inflammation mediators. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1988; 226:553-8. [PMID: 2463214 DOI: 10.1007/bf02169204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraocular inflammation was induced in the rat by footpad injection of salmonella endotoxin in order to study the influence of chemical inflammation mediators in this uveitis model. Ocular inflammation was assessed 1, 6, 18, 24 and 72 h after endotoxin administration as well as in control rats, by measuring aqueous protein concentration, aqueous inflammatory cell content, and pupillary diameter. Thromboxane B2 (TXB2), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2-alpha), leukotriene B4 (LTB4), and substance P were simultaneously measured in the aqueous humor by radioimmunoassay. Inflammation parameters peaked at 18 h. TXB2 was already significantly elevated at 1 h. PGE2 peak values of 2.7 ng/ml were reached at 18 h. PGF2-alpha was never significantly raised over control values. LTB4 peaked at 18 h, together with a polymorphonuclear peak. Substance P was significantly elevated after 6 h. It is concluded that maximal uveitis in this model occurs at 18 h. TXB2 is an early mediator, and PGE2 is probably implicated in blood-ocular barrier disruption for which levels as high as 2.7 ng/ml in aqueous seem necessary. PGF2-alpha does not play a major role in this model, while LTB4 seems to be the main chemotactic factor for polymorphonuclears (PMNs) in the anterior chamber and substance P is clearly related to pupil miosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Herbort
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Japan
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49
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Fanciullacci M, Pietrini U, Geppetti P, Nicolodi M, Curradi C, Sicuteri F. Substance P in the human iris: possible involvement in echothiophate-induced miosis in cluster headache. Cephalalgia 1988; 8:49-53. [PMID: 2452018 DOI: 10.1046/j.1468-2982.1988.0801049.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Substance P-like immunoreactivity (SP-LI) was measured by radioimmunoassay in iris, choroid, and retina obtained from men after death. Although present in different amounts, SP-LI, eluting as authentic SP or SP sulfoxide in the high-performance liquid chromatography system, was found in the three ocular structures. The retina contained higher concentrations of SP-LI than the iris and choroid. The possible functional involvement of iris SP was studied in 22 episodic cluster headache (CH) patients by using the anticholinesterase agent echothiophate iodide (EI), which also induces an atropine-resistant miosis, putatively due to release of SP from trigeminal sensory neurons. In CH patients EI eye drops instilled into both eyes provoked a prolonged miosis with a more marked response in the pupil of the symptomatic eye. It is proposed that the hyperfunction of SP-containing neurons may coexist with the previously documented sympathetic hypofunction in the innervation of the symptomatic pupil of CH.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fanciullacci
- Institute of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Florence, Italy
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