Determinants of pediatric injuries

Childhood injury after a parental cancer diagnosis

A parental cancer diagnosis is psychologically straining for the whole family. We investigated whether a parental cancer diagnosis is associated with a higher-than-expected risk of injury among children by using a Swedish nationwide register-based cohort study. Compared to children without parental cancer, children with parental cancer had a higher rate of hospital contact for injury during the first year after parental cancer diagnosis (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.27, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.22-1.33), especially when the parent had a comorbid psychiatric disorder after cancer diagnosis (HR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.08-1.85). The rate increment declined during the second and third year after parental cancer diagnosis (HR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.07-1.14) and became null afterwards (HR = 1.01, 95% CI = 0.99-1.03). Children with parental cancer also had a higher rate of repeated injuries than the other children (HR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.12-1.15). Given the high rate of injury among children in the general population, our findings may have important public health implications.

DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08500.001

A diagnosis of cancer can be devastating for both a person and his or her family. Over the past 40 years, the number of individuals in Sweden diagnosed with cancer has more than doubled leaving growing numbers of families coping with the aftermath. Many individuals diagnosed with cancer have young children. Parents with cancer and their spouses often struggle to cope with disease and the demands of parenting simultaneously. In fact, previous research has shown children with a parent who has cancer have a greater risk of behavioral problems or distress than children with two healthy parents.

Whether the stress of having a parent with cancer also affects the children’s physical wellbeing hasn’t been studied much. One concern in particular is whether these children may be at increased risk of injury. Injuries are the most common reason for a child to visit a hospital and in some cases lead to deaths. Children who are not well supervised or whose parents have poor mental health are at increased risk of injury. Coping with cancer and the mental anguish it causes may distract parents and possibly place their children at increased risk of injury.

Based on data from nationwide population and health registers in Sweden, Chen, Regodón Wallin et al. now provide evidence that a child with a parent who has cancer is at a greater risk of injury than a child with two parents who are free of cancer. The analysis also revealed that the risk is particularly great if the parent with cancer also develops mental illness after the cancer diagnosis. The risk of injury is greatest in the first year after the parent’s diagnosis. Fortunately, the elevated risk of injury decreases overtime and is almost non-existing after the third year. The analyses suggest that providing extra support for parents with cancer might help to reduce the risk of injury in their children.

DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08500.002

Qualitative development of the PROMIS(R) pediatric stress response item banks

OBJECTIVE

To describe the qualitative development of the Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS®) Pediatric Stress Response item banks.

METHODS

Stress response concepts were specified through a literature review and interviews with content experts, children, and parents. A library comprising 2,677 items derived from 71 instruments was developed. Items were classified into conceptual categories; new items were written and redundant items were removed. Items were then revised based on cognitive interviews (n = 39 children), readability analyses, and translatability reviews.

RESULTS

2 pediatric Stress Response sub-domains were identified: somatic experiences (43 items) and psychological experiences (64 items). Final item pools cover the full range of children's stress experiences. Items are comprehensible among children aged ≥8 years and ready for translation.

CONCLUSIONS

Child- and parent-report versions of the item banks assess children's somatic and psychological states when demands tax their adaptive capabilities.

Recurrent early childhood injuries among disadvantaged children in primary care settings

OBJECTIVE

To examine differences in social risk factors and health care use between young children with and without recurrent injuries.

DESIGN

Retrospective cohort study using administrative claims and medical records. Children with no, one, or more than one injury were compared.

SETTING

Integrated public healthcare system.

SUBJECTS

All children born at Denver Health Medical Center (DHMC) in 1993 who continued care there beyond 15 months of age. Children were followed to 36 months.

OUTCOME MEASURES

Sociodemographic information, service use, injury episodes, cause of injury, and social risk factors.

RESULTS

371 injury episodes occurred among 817 children. In the study cohort, 7% had >1 injury episode, 26% had one injury, and 67% had none. Among children with >1 injury episode, 78% had at least one social risk factor compared with 63% of children with one injury and 52% of children with none (p<0.0001). Risk factors for >1 injury included maternal substance abuse (p = 0.0003), maternal age under 18 years (p = 0.04), a primary caregiver who was single (p<0.0001) or mentally ill (p = 0.03), and a history of family violence (p = 0.01). Multiple injury episodes were associated with increased non-injury service use, including primary care visits (p<0.0001), emergency department visits (p<0.0001), and total non-injury encounters (p<0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

Children with recurrent injury were more likely to have social risk factors, and used DHMC more frequently, than children with one or no injuries. Children with risk factors for recurrent injury can be identified and injury prevention counseling can be delivered to their families at their multiple visits to the system.

Injuries in child care centers: gender-environment interactions

OBJECTIVES

To examine child characteristics (age, gender) and child care center environments (socioemotional quality, physical safety) that jointly predict injuries for preschool children.

METHODS

A two year prospective study of 360 preschool children, ages 2-6 years, was conducted in four urban child care centers. Composite scores for center quality and physical safety were derived from on-site observations, and injury rates were based on teacher reports. Poisson regression analyses examined age, gender, center quality, center safety, and the interactions of gender with quality and safety as predictors of injury incidence over one child year.

RESULTS

Age was significantly associated with injury rates, with younger children sustaining higher rates. An interaction between gender and center quality also significantly predicted injury incidence: girls in low quality centers experienced more injuries, while girls in high quality centers sustained fewer injuries than their male peers. Finally, an interaction between gender and center safety showed that girls in high safety centers sustained more injuries than boys, while girls in low safety centers sustained fewer injuries.

CONCLUSIONS

Injuries occur even in relatively safe environments, suggesting that in child care settings, the socioemotional context may contribute, along with physical safety, to the incidence of injury events. Further, gender specific differences in susceptibility to environmental influences may also affect children's vulnerability and risks of injuries. The prevention of injuries among preschool children may thus require attention to and modifications of both the physical and socioemotional environments of child care.

Accidental injury: risk and preventative interventions

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the relation between risk factors for childhood unintentional injury and requests for injury prevention interventions as part of the Nottingham Safe at Home project, a primary care based controlled intervention study assessing the effectiveness of a package of injury prevention interventions.

SETTING

17 practices in Nottingham randomly selected from 55 practices volunteering to take part in the study.

METHODS

Postal questionnaire to all parents of children aged 3 to 12 months registered with the intervention practices (n = 1124) to assess risk factors for injury and to elicit requests for three injury prevention interventions: free home safety checks, low cost safety equipment, and free first aid training.

RESULTS

73% of parents responded to the questionnaire. The distribution of sociodemographic variables among responders was similar to that for the population of Nottingham. One third of parents (34%) requested one intervention, 21% requested two interventions, and 10% requested three. Receipt of means tested benefits, ethnicity, and residence in a deprived area were independently associated with requesting home safety checks. Non-owner occupation, lack of access to a car, receipt of means tested benefits, ethnicity, and unemployment were independently associated with requesting low cost safety equipment. Non-owner occupants were less likely to request first aid training.

CONCLUSIONS

Families with risk factors for childhood unintentional injury do request home safety checks and low cost safety equipment, but they are less likely to request first aid training. Other methods for providing first aid advice may be needed to reach such families.

A case-control study of pedestrian and bicyclist injuries in childhood

We identified children ages 0 to 14 years injured in traffic as pedestrians or bicyclists in Montreal, Canada. Two hundred children with injuries who received a score of 2 or more on the Maximum Abbreviated Injury Severity scale were considered as cases and compared with 400 uninjured children seen in the same hospitals for non-traumatic reasons. Systematic, blinded interviews and tests were conducted with parents to determine the role of a series of social, familial, personal, and behavioral characteristics. After adjustment for age, gender and socioeconomic area of residence, logistic regression analyses showed higher risks of injury to be related to fewer years of parents' education, a history of accident to a family member, an environment judged as unsafe, and poor parental supervision. Absence of physical health problems, fewer family preventive behaviors and reported lack of cautiousness were also related to a higher risk, whereas neither aggressivity nor behavioral disturbance, whether internalizing or externalizing, showed any such relation. These data suggest that the child's personality and behavior are weaker risk factors for pedestrian and bicyclist injuries than are family and neighborhood characteristics.