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King DG, Hunt J. Response to "Comment on: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study Examining an Oxygen Nanobubble Beverage for 16.1-km Time Trial and Repeated Sprint Cycling Performance.". J Diet Suppl 2024:1-4. [PMID: 38263764 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2023.2296109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- David G King
- Department of Biology, School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure, and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Julie Hunt
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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Tiller NB, Jeukendrup AE. Comment On: "A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study Examining an Oxygen Nanobubble Beverage for 16.1-km Time Trial and Repeated Sprint Cycling Performance.". J Diet Suppl 2023; 21:207-209. [PMID: 37766412 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2023.2263563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas B Tiller
- Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Exercise Physiology, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Asker E Jeukendrup
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK
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Effect of Waters Enriched in O 2 by Injection or Electrolysis on Performance and the Cardiopulmonary and Acid-Base Response to High Intensity Exercise. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124320. [PMID: 34959872 PMCID: PMC8704091 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several brands of water enriched with O2 (O2-waters) are commercially available and are advertised as wellness and fitness waters with claims of physiological and psychological benefits, including improvement in exercise performance. However, these claims are based, at best, on anecdotal evidence or on a limited number of unreliable studies. The purpose of this double-blind randomized study was to compare the effect of two O2-waters (~110 mg O2·L-1) and a placebo (10 mg O2·L-1, i.e., close to the value at sea level, 9-12 mg O2·L-1) on the cardiopulmonary responses and on performance during high-intensity exercise. One of the two O2-waters and the placebo were prepared by injection of O2. The other O2-water was enriched by an electrolytic process. Twenty male subjects were randomly allocated to drink one of the three waters in a crossover study (2 L·day-1 × 2 days and 15 mL·kg-1 90 min before exercise). During each exercise trial, the subjects exercised at 95.9 ± 4.7% of maximal workload to volitional fatigue. Exercise time to exhaustion and the cardiopulmonary responses, arterial lactate concentration and pH were measured. Oxidative damage to proteins, lipids and DNA in blood was assessed at rest before exercise. Time to exhaustion (one-way ANOVA) and the responses to exercise (two-way ANOVA [Time; Waters] with repeated measurements) were not significantly different among the three waters. There was only a trend (p = 0.060) for a reduction in the time constant of the rapid component of VO2 kinetics with the water enriched in O2 by electrolysis. No difference in oxidative damage in blood was observed between the three waters. These results suggest that O2-water does not speed up cardiopulmonary response to exercise, does not increase performance and does not trigger oxidative stress measured at rest.
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Desmond KL, Chavez SE. Editorial for "Effect of Drinking Oxygenated Water Assessed by in vivo MRI Relaxometry". J Magn Reson Imaging 2020; 52:729-730. [PMID: 32521071 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.27239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly L Desmond
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sofia E Chavez
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Vatnehol SAS, Hol PK, Bjørnerud A, Amiry-Moghaddam M, Haglerød C, Storås TH. Effect of Drinking Oxygenated Water Assessed by in vivo MRI Relaxometry. J Magn Reson Imaging 2020; 52:720-728. [PMID: 32100358 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.27104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
GRANT SUPPORT This project was funded by the Research Council of Norway. BACKGROUND Oxygen uptake through the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration of oxygenated water in humans is not well studied and is debated in the literature. Due to the paramagnetic properties of oxygen and deoxyhemoglobin, MRI as a technique might be able to detect changes in relaxometry values caused by increased oxygen levels in the blood. PURPOSE To assess whether oxygen dissolved in water is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and transported into the bloodstream after oral administration. STUDY TYPE A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled crossover trial. POPULATION/SUBJECTS Thirty healthy male volunteers age 20-35. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE 3T/Modified Look-Locker inversion recovery (MOLLI) T1 -mapping and multi fast field echo (mFFE) T2 *-mapping. ASSESSMENT Each volunteer was scanned in two separate sessions. T1 and T2 * maps were acquired repeatedly covering the hepatic portal vein (HPV) and vena cava inferior (VCI, control vein) before and after intake of oxygenated or control water. Assessments were done by placing a region of interest in the HPV and VCI. STATISTICAL TEST A mixed linear model was performed to the compare control vs. oxygen group. RESULTS Drinking caused a mean 1.6% 95% CI (1.1-2.0% P < 0.001) increase in T1 of HPV blood and water oxygenation attributed another 0.70% 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.07-1.3% P = 0.028) increase. Oxygenation did not change T1 in VCI blood. Mean T2 * increased 9.6% 95% CI (1.7-17.5% P = 0.017) after ingestion of oxygenated water and 1.2% 95% CI (-4.3-6.8% P = 0.661) after ingestion of control water. The corresponding changes in VCI blood were not significant. DATA CONCLUSION Ingestion of water caused changes in T1 and T2 * of HPV blood compatible with dilution due to water absorption. The effects were enhanced by oxygen. Assessment of oxygen enrichment of HPV blood was not possible due to the dilution effect. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2 TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE: 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;52:720-728.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svein Are Sirirud Vatnehol
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,The Intervention Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Oxy Solutions AS, Oslo, Norway
| | - Per Kristian Hol
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,The Intervention Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Atle Bjørnerud
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Division of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Computational Radiology and Artificial Intelligence, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Fleming N, Vaughan J, Feeback M. Ingestion of oxygenated water enhances lactate clearance kinetics in trained runners. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2017; 14:9. [PMID: 28360825 PMCID: PMC5371271 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-017-0166-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drinks with higher dissolved oxygen concentrations have in recent times gained popularity as a potential ergogenic aid, despite a lack of evidence regarding their efficacy. The aim of this study was to assess effects of ingestion of an oxygen supplement (OS) on exercise performance and post-exercise recovery in a group of trained runners. METHODS Trained male runners (n = 25, mean ± SD; age 23 ± 6 years, mass 70 ± 9 kg, BMI 21.9 ± 2.7 kg.m-2 VO2max 64 ± 6mL.kg-1.min-1), completed a randomised double blinded, crossover study to assess the effect of ingestion of OS solution on exercise performance and recovery. Trials consisted of a 30min rest period, 5min warm-up, a 5000m treadmill time-trial, and a 30min passive recovery. Participants ingested 6x15mL of either OS or a taste matched placebo during the trials (3 during the rest phase, 1 during exercise and 2 during the recovery). Muscle tissue O2 saturation was measured via near infrared spectroscopy. Blood lactate concentrations were measured prior to, mid-way and directly after the finish of the 5000m time trials and every 3-min during the post-exercise recovery. RESULTS Ingestion of OS did not improve exercise performance. No significant differences were observed for muscle tissue O2 saturation at any time-points. However, lactate clearance was significantly improved during recovery in the OS trials. Both AUC (109 ± 32 vs. 123 ± 38 mmol.min, P < 0.05, d = 0.40) and lactate half-life (λ) (1127 ± 272 vs. 1223 ± 334 s, P < 0.05, d = 0.32) were significantly reduced. CONCLUSIONS Despite no evidence of improved exercise performance, ingestion of OS did enhance post-exercise recovery via increased lactate clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Fleming
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jeremiah Vaughan
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio USA
| | - Matthew Feeback
- Movement Science Department, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Michigan USA
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Owen J, McEwan C, Nesbitt H, Bovornchutichai P, Averre R, Borden M, McHale AP, Callan JF, Stride E. Reducing Tumour Hypoxia via Oral Administration of Oxygen Nanobubbles. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168088. [PMID: 28036332 PMCID: PMC5201233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia has been shown to be a key factor inhibiting the successful treatment of solid tumours. Existing strategies for reducing hypoxia, however, have shown limited efficacy and/or adverse side effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential for reducing tumour hypoxia using an orally delivered suspension of surfactant-stabilised oxygen nanobubbles. Experiments were carried out in a mouse xenograft tumour model for human pancreatic cancer (BxPc-3 cells in male SCID mice). A single dose of 100 μL of oxygen saturated water, oxygen nanobubbles or argon nanobubbles was administered via gavage. Animals were sacrificed 30 minutes post-treatment (3 per group) and expression of hypoxia-inducible-factor-1α (HIF1α) protein measured by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis of the excised tumour tissue. Neither the oxygen saturated water nor argon nanobubbles produced a statistically significant change in HIF1α expression at the transcriptional level. In contrast, a reduction of 75% and 25% in the transcriptional and translational expression of HIF1α respectively (p<0.001) was found for the animals receiving the oxygen nanobubbles. This magnitude of reduction has been shown in previous studies to be commensurate with an improvement in outcome with both radiation and drug-based treatments. In addition, there was a significant reduction in the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in this group and corresponding increase in the expression of arrest-defective protein 1 homolog A (ARD1A).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Owen
- Oxford Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Conor McEwan
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Heather Nesbitt
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Phurit Bovornchutichai
- Oxford Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Raymond Averre
- Avrox Technologies Ltd. Copgrove, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Borden
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, 1111 Engineering Drive, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | - Anthony P. McHale
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - John F. Callan
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Stride
- Oxford Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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The effect of superoxygenated water on blood gases, lactate, and aerobic cycling performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2009; 2:377-85. [PMID: 19171956 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2.4.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Recently, superoxygenated-water beverages have emerged as a new purported ergogenic substance. PURPOSE This study aimed to determine the effects of superoxygenated water on submaximal endurance performance. METHODS Eleven active male subjects, VO2max 52.6 +/- 4.8 mL . kg-1 . min-1, height 180.0 +/- 2.0 cm, weight 76.0 +/- 7.0 kg, age 24 +/- 1.0 y (mean +/- SD), completed a 45-min cycle-ergometry exercise test at 70% of their previously predicted maximal power output with a 10-min rest period, followed by a 15-min time trial (TT). Thirty min before the exercise test subjects consumed 15 mL of either superoxygenated water (E) or placebo (P; water mixed with low-chlorine solution). Subjects then completed the test again a week later for the other condition (double-blind, randomized). The physiological variables measured during exercise were VO2, VCO2, respiratory-exchange ratio (RER), VE, PO2, PCO2, blood lactate (bLa-), and heart rate (HR). Mean distance covered and the average power output for the 15-min TT were also measured as performance indicators. RESULTS There were no significant differences in VO2, VCO2, RER, VE, bLa-, PO2, and HR (P > .05) during the exercise tests. Neither were there any significant improvements in the total distance covered (P 9.01 +/- 0.74 km vs E 8.96 +/- 0.68 km, P > .05) or the average power output (P 186.7 +/- 35.8 W vs E 179.0 +/- 25.9 W, P > .05) during the 15-min TT. CONCLUSION Based on these results the authors conclude that consuming 15 mL of superoxygenated water does not enhance submaximal or maximal TT cycling performance.
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Sommer AM, Bogusch C, Lerchl A. Cognitive function in outbred house mice after 22 weeks of drinking oxygenated water. Physiol Behav 2007; 91:173-9. [PMID: 17400260 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2006] [Revised: 02/14/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen-enriched drinking water, which is increasingly sold worldwide, is claimed to "keep both the body and the mind healthy." However, currently there is no scientific evidence for such a statement. Therefore, we assessed the effect of 22 weeks of drinking oxygenated water on cognitive performance in healthy mice, using a spatial learning task and behavioral observations. Thirty-six female mice (age 3 to 6 months) received either hyperoxic or normal tap water (approximately 6.6 vs. 1.8 microg O(2) g(-1) day(-1), respectively) throughout the study period. Mice were weighed one to two times per month, and a blood sample was taken from the tail to determine the hematocrit. In addition, red blood cells were counted microscopically one and two months after the start of the experiment. Four weeks after the last blood sample (21 weeks after the start of the experiment), exploration behavior and locomotor activity were observed on a holeboard, and learning ability tests were performed using an elevated open maze. No significant differences were seen between groups for any of the parameters investigated. Thus, the study does not support the hypothesis that drinking oxygenated water improves cognitive function or hematological parameters in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Sommer
- School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University Bremen, D-28759 Bremen, Germany
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