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Enright C, Gilbourne C, Kiersey R, Parlour R, Flanagan P, McGowan E, Boland M, Mulholland D. Efficacy of facemasks in preventing transmission of COVID-19 in non-healthcare settings: A scoping review. J Infect Prev 2024; 25:24-32. [PMID: 38362115 PMCID: PMC10866118 DOI: 10.1177/17571774231203387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Background During the COVID-19 pandemic, an abundance of literature relating to the efficacy of face masks on reducing transmission of COVID-19 in non-healthcare settings emerged. Aim/objective The aim of this scoping review was to allow the identification of: types of evidence conducted in this area; knowledge gaps and common concepts relating to mask efficacy in non-healthcare settings. Methods A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, CINAHL, MEDLINE, Embase and the Irish Management Institute bibliographic database on December 15th, 2021. All types of face masks were included. Of 722 records, 16 were included after full text screening. Findings/results Themes from an adapted model of Howard et al. framework were used to group results and identify common concepts. The grouped thematic results were then applied to the socio-ecological model. This illustrated the multifactorial elements determining the efficacy of masks themselves while also illustrating how other factors such as individual behaviours, social interactions, settings and national policy can influence the degree of the protective effect. Discussion The findings from this scoping review indicate that an abundance of experimental literature is available indicating that masks are effective at preventing COVID-19 transmission but their degree of efficacy is impacted by external factors. This review highlights that the quality of the evidence available is low.
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Mohamed-Noriega K, Charles-Cantu DE, Mohamed-Noriega J, Velasco-Sepúlveda BH, Morales-Wong F, Villarreal-Méndez G, Mohamed-Hamsho J. Face Mask and Tear Film Stability: A Pilot Study of the Objective Measurement of Tear Break-Up Time. J Clin Med 2023; 12:7727. [PMID: 38137796 PMCID: PMC10743798 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12247727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Mask-associated dry eye (MADE) has been associated with increased dry eye symptoms, apparently due to reduced tear break-up time (TBUT). This study aimed to determine the short-term impact of surgical face mask (FM) on tear film stability by measuring non-invasive tear break-up time (NIBUT). (2) Methods: Twenty-six healthy participants had NIBUT evaluated without FM, with surgical FM and with a surgical FM secured to the skin with adhesive tape (TFM). NIBUT-first was measured with Keratograph 5M (K5M, Oculus, Wetzlar, Germany). Each participant had NIBUT measured in four sessions on four consecutive days. Session 1: without FM vs. with FM. Session 2: with FM vs. without FM. Session 3: without FM vs. with TFM. Session 4: with TFM vs. without FM (3). The time between each measured setting was 2 min. Results: The mean ± SD NIBUT without FM was 8.9 ± 3.7, with FM 10.2 ± 4.1, and with TFM 8.4 ± 3.8 s. No significant differences were observed in NIBUT in any of the evaluated settings: without FM vs. with FM (p = 0.247), without FM vs. with TFM (p = 0.915), and with FM vs. with TFM (p = 0.11). (4) Conclusions: This study did not find a significant short-term effect of FM on NIBUT. Other variables or longer periods of exposure might trigger the symptoms and ocular surface alterations in MADE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Mohamed-Noriega
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo León (UANL), Avenida Francisco I Madero 3501 y Avenida José Eleuterio González (Gonzalitos) S/N, Colonia Mitras Centro, Monterrey 64460, Nuevo León, Mexico; (D.E.C.-C.); (J.M.-N.); (B.H.V.-S.); (F.M.-W.); (G.V.-M.); (J.M.-H.)
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Yang W, Chen T, Wang H, He R. "Simulation of medical goggles to stop airborne transmission of viruses: computational fluid dynamics in ergonomics". ERGONOMICS 2023; 66:350-365. [PMID: 35659495 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2022.2084565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a position statement on combining computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and ergonomics to guide the design of personal protective equipment (PPE). We used CFD to simulate 36 exposure scenarios of an infected patient sneezing at different distances and different angles while facing either the front or the side of a healthcare worker with or without goggles. The results show that medical goggles indeed block most droplets from the outer surface, but many droplets still deposit on the bottom edge (especially at the nose), inside the air holes and on the side edge. However, the edges of medical goggles have fitment problems with people in different regions, and the air holes do not function as filters and cannot prevent fine droplets from entering the interior and contacting the eyes. Our research demonstrates the feasibility of studying the design of PPE for airtightness and protection by means of CFD.Practitioner summary: Computational fluid dynamics can quickly and efficiently reflect the airtightness design problems of PPE. A model was developed using CFD to examine the protective effect of medical goggles in preventing the airborne transmission of viruses. The model demonstrates the feasibility of using CFD to solve ergonomic problems.Abbreviations: CFD: computational fluid dynamics; PPE: personal protective equipment; WHO: the World Health Organisation; COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; SARS-CoV-2: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; OSHA: the Occupational Safety and Health Administration; CDC: the Centres for Disease Control; FEM: finite element method; 3M: Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Corporation; SPH: smoothed particle hydrodynamics; AROM: active range of motion; DPM: discrete phase model; PISO: pressure implicit with splitting of operators; VR: virtual reality; AR: augmented reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiu Yang
- School of Design, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Tingshu Chen
- School of Design, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Haining Wang
- School of Design, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Renke He
- School of Design, Hunan University, Changsha, China
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Manchanda A, Lee K, Poznanski GD, Hassani A. Automated Adjustment of PPE Masks Using IoT Sensor Fusion. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:1711. [PMID: 36772747 PMCID: PMC9921841 DOI: 10.3390/s23031711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a dramatic increase in the use of PPE by the general public as well as health professionals. Scientists and health organizations have developed measures to protect people and minimize the catastrophic outcomes of COVID, including social distancing, frequent and periodic sanitizing, vaccinations, protective coverings, and face masks. During this time, the usage of protective face masks has increased dramatically. A mask only provides full safety to the user if it is a proper fit on their face. The aim of this paper is to automatically analyze and improve the fit of a face mask using IoT sensors. This paper describes the creation of a 3D-printed smart face mask that uses sensors to determine the current mask fit and then automatically tightens mask straps. This is evaluated using adjustment response time and the quality of fit achieved using the automatic adjustment approach with a range of sensor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Manchanda
- School of Information Technology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Kevin Lee
- School of Information Technology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
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Tsuji M, Hori H, Koriyama C, Tanaka R, Isse T, Ishihara Y, Ishizuka T, Hasegawa W, Goto M, Yatera K, Kunugita N, Kuwamura M, Sakuragi T, Yasumura Y, Yamamoto M, Ueno S. The effect of mask fit test on the association between the concentration of metals in biological samples and the results of time-weighted average personal exposure: A study on Japanese male welders. J Occup Health 2023; 65:e12399. [PMID: 37130744 PMCID: PMC10154167 DOI: 10.1002/1348-9585.12399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The mask fit test confirms whether the wearing condition of the wearer's face and the facepiece of the respirators are used appropriately. This study aimed to examine whether the results of the mask fit test affect the association between the concentration of metals related to welding fumes in biological samples and the results of time-weighted average (TWA) personal exposures. METHODS A total of 94 male welders were recruited. Blood and urine samples were obtained from all participants to measure the metal exposure levels. Using personal exposure measurements, the 8-h TWA (8 h-TWA) of respirable dust, TWA of respirable Mn, and 8-h TWA of respirable Mn were calculated. The mask fit test was performed using the quantitative method specified in the Japanese Industrial Standard T8150:2021. RESULTS Fifty-four participants (57%) passed the mask fit test. Only in the Fail group of the mask fit test, it was observed that blood Mn concentrations be positively associated with the results of TWA personal exposure after adjusting for multivariate factors (8-h TWA of respirable dust; coefficient, 0.066; standard error (SE), 0.028; P = 0.018, TWA of respirable Mn: coefficient, 0.048; SE, 0.020; P = 0.019, 8 h-TWA of respirable Mn: coefficient, 0.041; SE, 0.020; P = 0.041). CONCLUSIONS The results clarify that welders with high concentrations of welding fumes in their breathing air zone are exposed to dust and Mn if there is leaking air owing to the lack of fitness between respirators and the wearer's face when using human samples in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Tsuji
- Department of Environmental Health, School of MedicineUniversity of Occupational and Environmental HealthFukuokaJapan
| | - Hajime Hori
- Department of Occupational Hygiene, School of Health SciencesUniversity of Occupational and Environmental HealthFukuokaJapan
| | - Chihaya Koriyama
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive MedicineKagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesKagoshimaJapan
| | - Rie Tanaka
- Department of Environmental Health, School of MedicineUniversity of Occupational and Environmental HealthFukuokaJapan
| | - Toyohi Isse
- Section of Postgraduate Guidance School of MedicineUniversity of Occupational and Environmental HealthFukuokaJapan
| | - Yasuhiro Ishihara
- Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for LifeHiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
| | - Tsunetoshi Ishizuka
- Department of Occupational Toxicology, Institute of Industrial Ecological SciencesUniversity of Occupational and Environmental HealthFukuokaJapan
| | - Wataru Hasegawa
- Department of Occupational Toxicology, Institute of Industrial Ecological SciencesUniversity of Occupational and Environmental HealthFukuokaJapan
| | - Motohide Goto
- Department of Occupational Toxicology, Institute of Industrial Ecological SciencesUniversity of Occupational and Environmental HealthFukuokaJapan
| | - Kazuhiro Yatera
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of MedicineUniversity of Occupational and Environmental HealthFukuokaJapan
| | - Naoki Kunugita
- Department of Occupational and Community Health Nursing, School of Health SciencesUniversity of Occupational and Environmental HealthFukuokaJapan
| | - Mami Kuwamura
- Department of Environmental Health, School of MedicineUniversity of Occupational and Environmental HealthFukuokaJapan
| | - Toshihide Sakuragi
- Department of Environmental Health, School of MedicineUniversity of Occupational and Environmental HealthFukuokaJapan
| | - Yoshiko Yasumura
- Department of Environmental Health, School of MedicineUniversity of Occupational and Environmental HealthFukuokaJapan
| | - Megumi Yamamoto
- Department of Environment and Public HealthNational Institute for Minamata DiseaseKumamotoJapan
| | - Susumu Ueno
- Department of Occupational Toxicology, Institute of Industrial Ecological SciencesUniversity of Occupational and Environmental HealthFukuokaJapan
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Ratnayake Mudiyanselage V, Lee K, Hassani A. Integration of IoT Sensors to Determine Life Expectancy of Face Masks. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:9463. [PMID: 36502164 PMCID: PMC9738429 DOI: 10.3390/s22239463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Personal protective equipment (PPE) is widely used around the world to protect against environmental hazards. With the emergence of the COVID-19 virus, the use of PPE domestically has increased dramatically. People use preventive and protective mechanisms now more than ever, leading to the important question of how protective is the PPE that is being used. Face masks are highly recommended or mandatory during the time of the COVID-19 pandemic due to their protective features against aerosol droplets. However, an issue faced by many users of face masks is that they are entirely manual, with users having to decide for themselves whether their mask is still protective or if they should replace their mask. Due to the difficulty in determining this, people tend to overuse masks beyond their optimal usage. The research presented in this paper is an investigation of the viability of integrating IoT sensors into masks that are capable of collecting data to determine its usage. This paper demonstrates the usage of humidity and temperature sensors for the purpose of determining a mask's usage status based on changes in these variables when a mask is put on and taken off. An evaluation was made on the usage of the two sensors, with the conclusion that a humidity sensor provides more accurate results. From this, we present a framework that takes into consideration the factors that affect a mask's performance, such as time, humidity and temperature, to calculate the life expectancy of a mask.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin Lee
- School of Information Technology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
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Diurnal changes of noninvasive parameters of ocular surface in healthy subjects before and after continuous face mask wearing during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12998. [PMID: 35906320 PMCID: PMC9334741 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17486-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate whether diurnal changes in noninvasive ocular surface parameters and subjective symptoms occur in healthy subjects wearing face mask who were analyzed before and after 8 h of continuous use. In this prospective cross-sectional study, healthy volunteers attending the same workplace environment underwent a noninvasive ocular surface workup by means of Keratograph 5 M (Oculus, Wetzlar, Germany) in the same day at 2 different time points: (i) in the early morning before wearing face mask (T0); (ii) after 8 h of continuous face mask use (T1). Noninvasive break-up time (NIBUT), tear meniscus height (TMH), ocular redness and meibomian gland dropout were measured. All subjects were asked to complete the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire before and after 8 h of face mask wearing. Data from 20 healthy subjects (10 males and 10 females, mean age 25.1 ± 3.9 years) were included. Mean value of TMH decreased significantly from 0.29 ± 0.07 at T0 to 0.23 ± 0.07 mm at T1 (P < 0.001); conversely, mean values of NIBUT, redness score and meibomian gland dropout did not change significantly after continuous face mask wearing (always P > 0.532). Concerning ocular discomfort symptoms, mean value of OSDI score worsened significantly at T1 compared to T0 (from 12.9 ± 12.6 to 19.4 ± 12.0; P = 0.017). Continuous face mask wearing for 8 h led to decreased TMH associated with the onset of ocular discomfort symptoms in young healthy subjects.
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Lee SJ, Kang MS, Park YM, Lim JY. Reliability of Acoustic Measures in Dysphonic Patients With Glottic Insufficiency and Healthy Population: A COVID-19 Perspective. J Voice 2022:S0892-1997(22)00168-0. [PMID: 35835646 PMCID: PMC9273473 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2022.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the voice assessment protocols for dysphonic patients. In this study, we compared the changes in acoustic measures of the healthy population as well as dysphonic patients due to glottic insufficiency between the pandemic period requiring face masks and the prepandemic period when the masks were not essential. The clinical reliability of the acoustic measures with and without face masks was explored. METHODS A total of 120 patients (age = 42.3 ± 11.9 yrs) with glottic insufficiencies such as UVFP and sulcus vocalis and 40 healthy population (age = 40.5 ± 11.2 yrs) cohorts were enrolled during the pandemic period. Age- and gender-matched 120 patients and 40 healthy population cohorts who underwent voice assessment without face masks before the pandemic were enrolled as prepandemic controls. Acoustic measures and overall severity estimates of vowel and speech samples were compared, which included cepstral peak prominence (CPP), L/H spectral ratio (SR), their standard deviations, F0, jitter percent (Jitt), shimmer percent (Shim), noise-to-harmonic ratio (NHR), Cepstral Spectral Index of Dysphonia (CSID), and Acoustic Psychometric Severity Index of Dysphonia. RESULTS Both patients and healthy cohorts showed higher SRv and SRs but lower CSIDv during the pandemic compared to the prepandemic period. F0 of the healthy male controls during the pandemic was higher than during the prepandemic periods, while the CSIDs was lower for the pandemic period. The pandemic patient cohort showed lower σSRs compared to the prepandemic patient cohort. When the acoustic measures of patients were compared to the healthy population cohort, the patient cohort showed lower CPP and σCPPs, while higher σCPPv, Jitt, Shim, and NHR during both pandemic and prepandemic period. Overall, the area under the curve of the acoustic measures and overall severity estimates was similar between the mask and non-mask groups, although the AUC of the SR measures was poor. CONCLUSIONS Wearing face masks during the pandemic did not compromise the overall reliability of the acoustic analysis in patients with glottic insufficiency, suggesting the current protocol of acoustic analysis can be carried out reliably while wearing a mask to ensure safety in the pandemic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Jin Lee
- Division of Speech Pathology and Audiology, Research Institute of Audiology and Speech Pathology, College of Natural Sciences, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Seok Kang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Min Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Yol Lim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Letter to the Editor on Effect of Face Mask on Tear Film Stability in Eyes With Moderate-To-Severe Dry Eye Disease. Cornea 2022; 41:e7. [DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000002948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Okrasa M, Leszczyńska M, Sałasińska K, Szczepkowski L, Kozikowski P, Nowak A, Szulc J, Adamus-Włodarczyk A, Gloc M, Majchrzycka K, Ryszkowska J. Viscoelastic Polyurethane Foams with Reduced Flammability and Cytotoxicity. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 15:151. [PMID: 35009298 PMCID: PMC8746040 DOI: 10.3390/ma15010151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Consistent and proper use of respiratory protective devices (RPD) is one of the essential actions that can be taken to reduce the risk of exposure to airborne hazards, i.e., biological and nonbiological aerosols, vapours, and gases. Proper fit of the facepiece and comfort properties of RPDs play a crucial role in effective protection and acceptance of RPDs by workers. The objective of the present paper was to develop viscoelastic polyurethane foams for use in RPD seals characterised by proper elasticity, allowing for the enhancement of the device fit to the face and the capability of removing moisture from the skin in order to improve the comfort of RPD use. Moreover, it was pivotal to ensure the non-flammability of the foams, as well as a simultaneous reduction in their cytotoxicity. The obtained foams were characterised using scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, and differential scanning calorimetry. Measurements also involved gel fraction, apparent density, compression set, rebound resilience, wettability, flammability, and cytotoxicity. The results are discussed in the context of the impact of modifications to the foam formulation (i.e., flame-retardant type and content) on the desired foam properties. The test results set directions for future works aimed to develop viscoelastic polyurethane foams that could be applied in the design of respiratory protective devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Okrasa
- Department of Personal Protective Equipment, Central Institute for Labour Protection—National Research Institute, Wierzbowa 48, 90-133 Lodz, Poland; (A.A.-W.); (K.M.)
| | - Milena Leszczyńska
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warszawa, Poland; (M.L.); (K.S.); (M.G.); (J.R.)
| | - Kamila Sałasińska
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warszawa, Poland; (M.L.); (K.S.); (M.G.); (J.R.)
- Department of Chemical, Aerosol and Biological Hazards, Central Institute for Labour Protection—National Research Institute, Czerniakowska 16, 00-701 Warszawa, Poland;
| | | | - Paweł Kozikowski
- Department of Chemical, Aerosol and Biological Hazards, Central Institute for Labour Protection—National Research Institute, Czerniakowska 16, 00-701 Warszawa, Poland;
| | - Adriana Nowak
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-530 Lodz, Poland; (A.N.); (J.S.)
| | - Justyna Szulc
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-530 Lodz, Poland; (A.N.); (J.S.)
| | - Agnieszka Adamus-Włodarczyk
- Department of Personal Protective Equipment, Central Institute for Labour Protection—National Research Institute, Wierzbowa 48, 90-133 Lodz, Poland; (A.A.-W.); (K.M.)
| | - Michał Gloc
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warszawa, Poland; (M.L.); (K.S.); (M.G.); (J.R.)
| | - Katarzyna Majchrzycka
- Department of Personal Protective Equipment, Central Institute for Labour Protection—National Research Institute, Wierzbowa 48, 90-133 Lodz, Poland; (A.A.-W.); (K.M.)
| | - Joanna Ryszkowska
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warszawa, Poland; (M.L.); (K.S.); (M.G.); (J.R.)
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