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Nemiroff S, Blanco I, Burton W, Fishman A, Joo P, Meholli M, Karasz A. Moral injury and the hidden curriculum in medical school: comparing the experiences of students underrepresented in medicine (URMs) and non-URMs. ADVANCES IN HEALTH SCIENCES EDUCATION : THEORY AND PRACTICE 2024; 29:371-387. [PMID: 37382857 DOI: 10.1007/s10459-023-10259-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Underrepresented students in medicine (URM) have more negative perceptions of the medical school learning environment (LE), a phenomenon that can contribute to higher rates of burnout and attrition in these populations. The hidden curriculum (HC)-defined as a set of values informally conveyed to learners through clinical role-modeling-is a LE socialization construct that has been critically examined for its role in shaping students' professional identities. Yet differences in how URMs and non-URMs experience the HC remain underexplored. The study used a pragmatic approach that drew on elements of grounded theory and employed both deductive and inductive reasoning. Investigators conducted qualitative, semi-structured interviews with a purposive sample of 13 URM and 21 non-URM participants at a Bronx, NY medical school. Interviews examined student experiences and reactions to the HC. Both cohorts witnessed patient disparagement and mistreatment. However, from these encounters, URM participants expressed more moral injury-the adverse emotional consequence of feeling pressured to accept ideologically incongruent values. URMs were also more likely to describe resisting the HC. Differences in group reactions appeared to arise from URMs' identity resonance with patients' lived experiences. Participants across cohorts emphasized increasing URM recruitment as one step toward mitigating these circumstances. URM participants experienced more distress and offered more resistance to the HC relative to non-URMs. The etiology of these differential reactions may stem from relative barriers in negotiating personal and professional identities. As such, URMs' perceptions of the LE may be adversely impacted given their more negative interactions with the HC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Nemiroff
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA.
- Mount Sinai Morningside-West, New York City, USA.
| | - Irene Blanco
- Medicine-Rheumatology, Clinical Research Ethics & Equity Consultative Service (CREEC), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - William Burton
- Assessment, Evaluation and Quality Improvement in the Office of Medical Education, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Ariel Fishman
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Pablo Joo
- Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Mimoza Meholli
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Alison Karasz
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Chan Medical School, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA, USA
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Sivananthajothy P, Adel A, Afhami S, Castrogiovanni N, Osei-Tutu K, Brown A. Equity, diversity, and…exclusion? A national mixed methods study of "belonging" in Canadian undergraduate medical education. ADVANCES IN HEALTH SCIENCES EDUCATION : THEORY AND PRACTICE 2024; 29:611-639. [PMID: 37563338 DOI: 10.1007/s10459-023-10265-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Equity, diversity, and inclusion remain a prominent focus in medical schools, yet the phenomenon of "belonging" has arguably been overlooked. Little is known regarding how belonging is experienced by medical students from groups that face systemic oppression and exclusion. We employed a sequential explanatory mixed methods design to explore how students from equity-deserving groups (EDGs) experience belonging during medical school, including those who are women, racialized, Indigenous, disabled, and 2SLGBTQIA+. First, we conducted a national cross-sectional survey of medical students (N = 480) measuring four constructs: belonging, imposter syndrome, burnout, and depression. Belonging scores were overall lower for students from EDGs and, more specifically, significantly lowest amongst racialized students. Structural equation models show that poor sense of belonging precedes imposter syndrome and further exacerbates burnout and depression. Next, we sampled and interviewed students (N = 16) from the EDG whose belonging scores were significantly lowest. Participants described the essence of belonging as being able to exist as one's "true self" while emphasizing feelings of acceptance, comfort, and safety as well as being valued and seen as an equal - yet described how routine experiences of "othering" inhibited a sense of belonging, often due to differences in social identity and structural privilege. Poor sense of belonging negatively affected learners' well-being and career trajectory. We illuminate the range of psychological and professional consequences associated with diminished sense of belonging and highlight the need to expand traditional notions of equity, diversity, and inclusion to consider structural barriers to belonging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adibba Adel
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Shima Afhami
- Undergraduate Medical Education, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Nina Castrogiovanni
- Undergraduate Medical Education, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Kannin Osei-Tutu
- Department of Family Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Allison Brown
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
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Campillo P, de Arellano FR, Gómez IC, Jiménez N, Boada-Grau J, Rojas LV. Addressing medical student burnout through informal peer-assisted learning: a correlational analysis. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2024; 24:460. [PMID: 38671400 PMCID: PMC11055289 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-024-05419-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the recognized advantages of Peer-Assisted Learning (PAL) in academic settings, there is a notable absence of research analyzing its effects on students' Academic Burnout. This study aims to cover this gap by assessing the underlying effectiveness of Informal Peer-Assisted Learning (IPAL) as a cooperative learning method, focusing on its potential to mitigate academic burnout among medical students. METHODS In 2022, a cross-sectional study was conducted at the School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, in Puerto Rico. The research team gathered data from 151 participants, 49.19% of 307 total student body. This cohort included 76 female students, 71 male students, and 4 individuals saying other. The School Burnout Inventory questionnaire (SBI-9) was employed to assess Academic Burnout, along with an added query about self-reported IPAL. The SBI-9 underwent validation processes to ascertain its reliability and validity, incorporating the Exploratory Factor Analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Following this, the investigators conducted an analysis to determine the correlation between academic burnout levels and involvement in IPAL. RESULTS The validation process of the questionnaire affirmed its alignment with an eight-item inventory, encapsulating two principal factors that elucidate academic burnout. The first factor pertains to exhaustion, while the second encompasses the combined subscales of cynicism and inadequacy. The questionnaire shows high reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.829) and good fit indices (Comparative Fit Index = 0.934; Tucker-Lewis Index = 0.902; Standardized Root Mean Squared Residual = 0.0495; Root Mean Squared Error of Approximation = 0.09791; p-value < 0.001). The factors proven in the selected model were used to evaluate the correlation between Academic Burnout and IPAL. Students engaged in IPAL showed significantly lower academic burnout prevalence compared to those who never participated in such practices, with a mean academic burnout score of 44.75% (SD 18.50) for IPAL engaged students versus 54.89% (SD 23.71) for those who never engaged in such practices (p-value < 0.013). Furthermore, within the group engaged in IPAL, students displayed lower levels of cynicism/inadequacy 41.98% (SD 23.41) compared to exhaustion 52.25% (SD 22.42) with a p-value < 0.001. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study underscore a notable issue of academic burnout among medical students within the surveyed cohort. The investigation reveals a significant correlation between Academic Burnout and IPAL, suggesting that incorporating IPAL strategies may be beneficial in addressing burnout in medical education settings. However, further research is needed to explore potential causal mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Campillo
- School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, Puerto Rico, USA
| | | | - Isabel C Gómez
- Cellular-Molecular Biology Dept, University of Puerto Rico (RP), San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Natalia Jiménez
- Interdisciplinary Sciences Dept, University of Puerto Rico (RP), San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Joan Boada-Grau
- Education Sciences and Psychology Dept, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Av. Catalunya, 35, 43002, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Legier V Rojas
- Physiology Dept. School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, 100 Av. Laurel, Bayamón, Puerto Rico, 00956, USA.
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Magura CM, Rubino MS, Bolaji T, Goldberg MB. Increasing Underrepresented Minority Representation in a General Surgery Residency Program Utilizing a 3-Phase Strategy. Am Surg 2024:31348241248687. [PMID: 38631332 DOI: 10.1177/00031348241248687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Underrepresented minority groups (URMs) in surgery are not significantly increasing despite evidence suggesting that diversity in health care providers leads to excellent patient outcomes and care. Efforts to increase URM representation in surgical residency programs are essential for addressing disparities and improving health care delivery. METHODS This retrospective study outlines a three-phase strategy implemented at a large academic-affiliated hospital to increase URM representation in its general surgery residency program. The strategy encompassed interview selection with a holistic review and implicit bias training for interviewers, modification of the interview scoring rubric, and post-interview recruitment efforts, including a virtual second look event for URM applicants. RESULTS Following the implementation of these strategies, the URM match rate improved from 0 to 33.3% in the first year and was sustained at 33.3% in the subsequent year. Consequently, the representation of URMs in the residency program rose from 6.7% before our intervention to 13.3% afterwards. DISCUSSION This structured approach successfully increased URM representation in a surgical residency program, affirming the success of targeted recruitment strategies. By promoting a diverse and inclusive environment, the program better reflects the community it serves, with aims at improved patient care and patient satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor M Magura
- Department of Surgery, ChristianaCare Health System, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Matthew S Rubino
- Department of Surgery, ChristianaCare Health System, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Toba Bolaji
- Department of Surgery, ChristianaCare Health System, Newark, DE, USA
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Peppercorn J. What's Going On?: A Call for Rededication to Addressing Disparities in Oncology Practice. JCO Oncol Pract 2024; 20:305-307. [PMID: 38394606 DOI: 10.1200/op.24.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
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Boatright D, Nguyen M, Hill K, Berg D, Castillo-Page L, Anderson N, Agbelese V, Venkataraman S, Saha S, Schoenbaum SC, Richards R, Jordan A, Asabor E, White MA. Development of a Tool to Measure Student Perceptions of Equity and Inclusion in Medical Schools. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e240001. [PMID: 38381434 PMCID: PMC10882418 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance Creating an inclusive and equitable learning environment is a national priority. Nevertheless, data reflecting medical students' perception of the climate of equity and inclusion are limited. Objective To develop and validate an instrument to measure students' perceptions of the climate of equity and inclusion in medical school using data collected annually by the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC). Design, Setting, and Participants The Promoting Diversity, Group Inclusion, and Equity tool was developed in 3 stages. A Delphi panel of 9 members identified survey items from preexisting AAMC data sources. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was performed on student responses to AAMC surveys to construct the tool, which underwent rigorous psychometric validation. Participants were undergraduate medical students at Liaison Committee on Medical Education-accredited medical schools in the US who completed the 2015 to 2019 AAMC Year 2 Questionnaire (Y2Q), the administrations of 2016 to 2020 AAMC Graduation Questionnaire (GQ), or both. Data were analyzed from August 2020 to November 2023. Exposures Student race and ethnicity, sex, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic status. Main Outcomes and Measures Development and psychometric validation of the tool, including construct validity, internal consistency, and criterion validity. Results Delphi panel members identified 146 survey items from the Y2Q and GQ reflecting students' perception of the climate of equity and inclusion, and responses to these survey items were obtained from 54 906 students for the Y2Q cohort (median [IQR] age, 24 [23-26] years; 29 208 [52.75%] were female, 11 389 [20.57%] were Asian, 4089 [7.39%] were multiracial, and 33 373 [60.28%] were White) and 61 998 for the GQ cohort (median [IQR] age, 27 [26-28] years; 30 793 [49.67%] were female, 13 049 [21.05%] were Asian, 4136 [6.67%] were multiracial, and 38 215 [61.64%] were White). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of student responses identified 8 factors for the Y2Q model (faculty role modeling; student empowerment; student fellowship; cultural humility; faculty support for students; fostering a collaborative and safe environment; discrimination: race, ethnicity, and gender; and discrimination: sexual orientation) and 5 factors for the GQ model (faculty role modeling; student empowerment; faculty support for students; discrimination: race, ethnicity, and gender; and discrimination: sexual orientation). Confirmatory factor analysis indicated acceptable model fit (root mean square error of approximation of 0.05 [Y2Q] and 0.06 [GQ] and comparative fit indices of 0.95 [Y2Q] and 0.94 [GQ]). Cronbach α for individual factors demonstrated internal consistency ranging from 0.69 to 0.92 (Y2Q) and 0.76 to 0.95 (GQ). Conclusions and Relevance This study found that the new tool is a reliable and psychometrically valid measure of medical students' perceptions of equity and inclusion in the learning environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dowin Boatright
- Department of Emergency Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York
| | - Mytien Nguyen
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - David Berg
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Nientara Anderson
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Victoria Agbelese
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Shruthi Venkataraman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York
| | - Somnath Saha
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Regina Richards
- Office of Diversity, Equity, Inclusion and Community Engagement, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
| | - Ayana Jordan
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine
| | - Emmanuella Asabor
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Marney A. White
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
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Geiger G, Kiel L, Horiguchi M, Martinez-Aceves C, Meza K, Christophers B, Orellana P, Pinzon MM, Lubner SJ, Florez N. Latinas in medicine: evaluating and understanding the experience of Latinas in medical education: a cross sectional survey. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2024; 24:4. [PMID: 38172800 PMCID: PMC10765906 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-023-04982-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The percentage of physicians identifying as Latina has not improved despite improvements in recruitment of Latina medical students, suggesting barriers to retention and career advancement. Discriminatory experiences and mental health inflictions throughout training may contribute to difficulties in recruitment, retainment, and advancement of Hispanic/Latinx trainees, a notably understudied population. METHODS An anonymous, online survey was distributed to Latinas in the continental U.S. between June 22 to August 12, 2022. Eligibility criteria included: self-identifying as Hispanic/Latina, female/woman, and completing or have completed medical school, residency, or fellowship in the continental U.S. in the past 10 years. Recruitment was done via the Twitter account @LatinasInMed and outreach to Latino Medical Student Association chapters. Descriptive statistics summarized the self-reported experiences. RESULTS The survey included 230 Hispanic/Latinx women, mostly medical students (46.9%). A majority (54.5%) reported negative ethnicity-based interactions from patients and/or patients' families; 71.8%, from others in the medical field. High rates of depression (76.2%) and anxiety (92.6%) during training were reported by Latinas, especially medical students. Feelings of imposter syndrome and burnout were high at 90.7% and 87.4%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study evaluating the unique experiences of Latinas in medicine, who reported discrimination and mental health struggles, specifically during medical school, at alarmingly high rates. Our findings could aid in creating the needed interventions to support Latinas in medical training to reduce the existing exodus of Latinas from medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Geiger
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lauren Kiel
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Miki Horiguchi
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Kelly Meza
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Briana Christophers
- Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Memorial Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York City, NY, USA
| | | | - Maria Mora Pinzon
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sam J Lubner
- Division of Hematology, Medical Oncology and Palliative Care, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Narjust Florez
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave - DA1230, 02215, Boston, MA, USA.
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Kudaibergenova T, Dzhusupov K, Jain N. Fostering public health ethics awareness among medical students through interactive web-based values exchange learning: A cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e35808. [PMID: 37904361 PMCID: PMC10615508 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Medical ethics have traditionally encountered resistance in medical education, with doubts regarding their necessity during preclinical years. Concerns include the practical application of theoretical ethics and favoring the learning of ethics through observation and imitation. Furthermore, ethics courses often focus on codes and regulations and neglect the promotion of moral reasoning and decision-making skills. Therefore, enhancing ethical researcher-training modules is essential for advancing instructional methods and promoting a unified and interactive learning atmosphere. A 3-week course was conducted using the values exchange (VX) online platform to assess the effectiveness of the VX system in involving students and its impact on their perceptions of the importance of research ethics. Accordingly, a blended course was provided as an optional course to the students, and a qualitative course evaluation survey was administered at the end of the course. Sixty-one medical students participated in a pilot-blended research ethics program and the majority (93%) reported a positive learning experience. The course was preferred over traditional classroom-based courses by 80% of the respondents, with 77% reporting increased interest and motivation to study Research Ethics. Over half of the students (57%) reported that the course stimulated their thinking and changed their perspectives on handling medical research issues. Some students (20%) reported improvements in their social and information technology skills. The VX platform was able to meet the expectations of both faculty and students, and fulfilled all dimensions of the Health Professions Learning Environment Conceptual Framework. The VX platform provides an interactive and effective simulated learning environment that promotes ethical research aligned with the Health Professions Learning Environment Framework and fosters core competencies, such as ethical reasoning, decision-making, and cultural respect. Medical schools are encouraged to implement VX to enhance the teaching of research ethics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Kudaibergenova
- Department of Public Health and Healthcare, I.K. Akhunbaev Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic
| | - Kenesh Dzhusupov
- Department of Public Health, International Higher School of Medicine, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic
| | - Nityanand Jain
- Statistics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Riga Stradinš University, Riga, Latvia
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Meeks LM, Pereira-Lima K, Plegue M, Jain NR, Stergiopoulos E, Stauffer C, Sheets Z, Swenor BK, Taylor N, Addams AN, Moreland CJ. Disability, program access, empathy and burnout in US medical students: A national study. MEDICAL EDUCATION 2023; 57:523-534. [PMID: 36456473 DOI: 10.1111/medu.14995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to investigate whether self-disclosed disability and self-reported program access are associated with measures of empathy and burnout in a national sample of US medical students. METHODS The authors obtained data from students who responded to the Association of Medical Colleges (AAMC) Year 2 Questionnaire (Y2Q) in 2019 and 2020. Data included demographic characteristics, personal variables, learning environment indicators, measures of burnout (Oldenburg Burnout Inventory for Medical Students), empathy (Interpersonal Reactivity Index) and disability-related questions, including self-reported disability, disability category and program access. Associations between disability status, program access, empathy and burnout were assessed using multivariable logistic regression models accounting for YQ2 demographic, personal-related and learning environment measures. RESULTS Overall, 23 898 (54.2%) provided disability data and were included. Of those, 2438 (10.2%) self-reported a disability. Most medical students with disabilities (SWD) self-reported having program access through accommodations (1215 [49.8%]) or that accommodations were not required for access (824 [33.8%]). Multivariable models identified that compared with students without disabilities, SWD with and without program access presented higher odds of high exhaustion (1.50 [95% CI, 1.34-1.69] and 2.59 [95% CI, 1.93-3.49], respectively) and lower odds of low empathy (0.75 [95% CI, 0.67-.85] and 0.68 [95% CI, 0.52-0.90], respectively). In contrast, multivariable models for disengagement identified that SWD reporting lack of program access presented higher odds of high disengagement compared to students without disabilities (1.43 [95% CI, 1.09-1.87], whereas SWD with program access did not (1.09 [95% CI, 0.97-1.22]). CONCLUSIONS Despite higher odds of high exhaustion, SWD were less likely to present low empathy regardless of program access, and SWD with program access did not differ from students without disabilities in terms of disengagement. These findings add to our understanding of the characteristics and experiences of SWD including their contributions as empathic future physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Meeks
- Department of Learning Health Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Karina Pereira-Lima
- Department of Neurology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Melissa Plegue
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Neera R Jain
- Centre for Health Education Scholarship, University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Catherine Stauffer
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Zoie Sheets
- University of Illinois College of Medicine at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Bonnelin K Swenor
- Johns Hopkins Disability Health Research Center, Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nichole Taylor
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amy N Addams
- Association of American Medical Colleges, Washington DC, USA
| | - Christopher J Moreland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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Yang L, Shi Da Q, Xiang Rui J. Mediating effects of future time perspective on the relationship between mindfulness and learning burnout in college students: A cross-sectional descriptive study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e33740. [PMID: 37171321 PMCID: PMC10174366 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000033740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
With the rise of positive psychology, educators gradually pay attention to the construction of psychological capital of college students. Mindfulness is linked to learning burnout; however, little research has examined how mindfulness is associated with learning burnout via future time perspective. The aims of this study were to investigate the relationship between mindfulness state, future time perspective and learning burnout of college students, and explore the mediating effect of future time perspective on mindfulness and learning burnout. A cross-sectional design was used. A total of 358 college students were enrolled from Harbin Medical university. General information questionnaire, the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), the learning burnout scale and The Future Time Perspective Scale were used for investigation. Calculations were performed using SPSS Statistics, version 25. There was negative correlation between positive mindfulness and learning burnout (r = -0.41, P < .01), and positive correlation between future time perspective and mindfulness (r = 0.38, P < .01), and negative correlation with learning burnout (r = -0.37, P < .01). Furthermore, future time perspective (β = -0.40, P < .01) had a significant mediating effect on the relationship between mindfulness and learning burnout. Educators should improve the mindfulness of college students by developing and implementing future time perspective, in order to improve their learning burnout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Department of Nursing, Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing city, China
| | - Qin Shi Da
- Department of Administration, Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing city, China
| | - Jia Xiang Rui
- Department of Administration, Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing city, China
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Esguerra S, Chiu FT, Espinoza A, Williams D, Clithero-Eridon A. Are medical students happy despite unhappy conditions: a qualitative exploration of medical student cohorts during disruptive conditions. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2023; 23:214. [PMID: 37020246 PMCID: PMC10073778 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-023-04203-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shortly after the World Health Organization declared the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak a worldwide pandemic, medical school governing bodies issued guidance recommending pausing clinical rotations. Prior to the availability of COVD-19 vaccines, many schools implemented exclusively online curriculums in the didactic and clinical years. These unprecedented events and paradigm changes in medical education could contribute to trainee burnout, wellness, and mental health. METHODS This single-institution study interviewed first, second, and third-year medical students from a medical school in the southwestern United States. A semi-structured interview was conducted with paper-based Likert scale questions rating perceived happiness were administered both at the time of the interview and one year later in order to understand how their student experience and happiness were impacted. In addition, we asked participants to describe any major life events they experienced since the first interview. RESULTS Twenty-seven volunteers participated in the original interview. Twenty-four from the original cohort participated in the one-year follow-up. Happiness as a sense of self and who you "should be" was challenged during the pandemic and changes in happiness over time were not systematic across classes. Stress was caused not only by the pandemic which was experienced by all, but by a tripartite state of individual circumstances, academic workload requirements, and the world at large. Primary themes from the interviews were clustered around the individual, learner, and future professional levels and focused on the primacy of relationships, emotional wellness, stress management, professional identity, and impacts of educational disruptions. These themes created risk factors for developing imposter syndrome. Students demonstrated resiliency across cohorts and were able to utilize a variety of strategies to achieve and maintain both physical and mental health, but the primacy of relationships both personally and professionally was noted. CONCLUSION Medical students' identities as individual persons, a learner, and future medical professionals were all impacted by the pandemic. The results from this study suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic and changes in the learning format and environment may create a new risk factor in the development of imposter syndrome. There is also an opportunity to re-consider resources to achieve and maintain wellness during a disrupted academic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dan Williams
- Family & Community Medicine, University of New Mexico, PhD University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 1 UNM, Albuquerque, NM, MSC09-5040, 87131, USA
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Wang S, Li H, Chen X, Yan N, Wen D. Learning burnout and its association with perceived stress, social support, and the Big Five personality traits in Chinese medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:785. [PMID: 36514030 PMCID: PMC9745702 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-04453-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Owing to the coronavirus disease 2019, medical learning burnout has attracted increasing attention in educational research. It has a serious negative impact on medical students and their service quality. This could impair the professional development of medical students; weaken their personal and professional quality; and lead to problems such as increased medical errors and reduced patient care quality and satisfaction. This study aimed to examine the effects of perceived stress, social support, and the Big Five personality traits on learning burnout among medical students. METHODS In November 2021, a cross-sectional survey was conducted at three medical universities in China. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to 616 third- year students. Learning burnout, perceived stress, social support, and the Big Five personality traits (neuroticism, extroversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness) were anonymously measured. A total of 583 students were included in the final sample. Hierarchical linear regression was performed to explore the effects of perceived stress, social support, and Big Five personality traits on medical students' learning burnout. RESULTS Perceived stress was positively associated with learning burnout (emotional exhaustion: ß = 0.577, p < 0.001; cynicism: ß = 0.543, p < 0.001; low professional efficacy: ß = 0.455, p < 0.001) whereas social support was negatively related with it (low professional efficacy: ß = -0.319, p < 0.001). Neuroticism had a positive effect on emotional burnout (ß = 0.152, p = 0.009). Extraversion (ß = -0.116, p = 0.006) and conscientiousness (ß = -0.363, p < 0.001) had a negative effect on low professional efficacy. Agreeableness negatively affected emotional exhaustion (ß = -0.181, p < 0.001) and cynicism (ß = -0.245, p < 0.001) and positively affected low professional efficacy (ß = 0.098, p = 0.008). The associated factors together accounted for an additional variance of learning burnout (emotional exhaustion: 39.0%; cynicism: 36.8%; low professional efficacy: 48.7%). CONCLUSIONS Social support is a positive resource for fighting medical students' burnout. Perceived stress was the strongest indicator of learning burnout. In addition to reducing perceived stress, developing extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness should be included in burnout prevention and treatment strategies, particularly for medical students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeng Wang
- grid.412449.e0000 0000 9678 1884Institute for International Health Professions Education and Research, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122 People’s Republic of China
| | - Honghe Li
- grid.412449.e0000 0000 9678 1884Institute for International Health Professions Education and Research, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Chen
- grid.411971.b0000 0000 9558 1426Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 West Section of Lvshun South Road, Lvshunkou District, Dalian, Liaoning 116044 People’s Republic of China
| | - Nan Yan
- grid.415680.e0000 0000 9549 5392School of Medical Applied Technology, Shenyang Medical College, No.146 Huanghe Street, Yuhong District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110034 People’s Republic of China
| | - Deliang Wen
- Institute for International Health Professions Education and Research, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, People's Republic of China.
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Konkwo C, Fitzsousa E, Chan SM, Muhammad M, Anderson N, Reisman A. Revisiting the Exhibits-Medical Student Reflections on Changes to the Institutional Portraiture at a US Medical School. J Gen Intern Med 2022; 37:4209-4215. [PMID: 36131052 PMCID: PMC9708960 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-022-07803-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yale School of Medicine's (YSM) Sterling Hall of Medicine (SHM) has historically been lined with large oil paintings of mostly White men, despite over a century of Black and female enrollment. These spaces can be seen as exclusionary to students underrepresented in medicine, and may result in decreased well-being and adversely affect academic performance. Student-led activism has resulted in recent changes to these walls, including the addition of images of women faculty, and artwork by students, faculty, and staff. OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate how recent changes to longstanding historical portraiture in SHM affected students' reflections on being in that space. DESIGN This was a qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews conducted virtually. PARTICIPANTS Second- to fourth-year YSM medical students were interviewed. APPROACH Qualitative interviews were used to gauge students' impressions of how they perceived both the original and updated artwork and portraiture, as well as the overall physical environment. KEY RESULTS Nine interviews were conducted, with interviewees describing the portraiture as reflective of YSM's institutional values. They related this to other aspects of an exclusionary environment, and noted that they created belonging at YSM within smaller communities. Students recognized and expressed appreciation for the changes to the portraiture, particularly the increase in diverse representation, and they noted stark contrasts to the prior space. While they describe positive attitudes regarding changes in SHM's exhibited portraiture and art, they also expressed skepticism about whether these changes were performative or whether they reflected true commitment to reform. CONCLUSIONS This study depicts how the portraiture and physical environment of a medical school affects medical students, and that interventions to reform institutional portraiture can have considerable impact on students' attitudes regarding their medical school experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chigoziri Konkwo
- Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Fitzsousa
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shin Mei Chan
- Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | | | - Nientara Anderson
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anna Reisman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Turner D, Akhter M. Racial and Ethnic Differences in Resident Selection. JAMA 2022; 328:1871. [PMID: 36346417 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2022.16536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daryl Turner
- Department of Emergency Medicine, HCA Florida Kendall Hospital, Miami
| | - Murtaza Akhter
- Department of Emergency Medicine, HCA Florida Kendall Hospital, Miami
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Nguyen M, Chaudhry SI, Desai MM, Chen C, Mason HRC, McDade WA, Fancher TL, Boatright D. Association of Sociodemographic Characteristics With US Medical Student Attrition. JAMA Intern Med 2022; 182:917-924. [PMID: 35816334 PMCID: PMC9274446 DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.2194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Importance Diversity in the medical workforce is critical to improve health care access and achieve equity for resource-limited communities. Despite increased efforts to recruit diverse medical trainees, there remains a large chasm between the racial and ethnic and socioeconomic composition of the patient population and that of the physician workforce. Objective To analyze student attrition from medical school by sociodemographic identities. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cohort study included allopathic doctor of medicine (MD)-only US medical school matriculants in academic years 2014-2015 and 2015-2016. The analysis was performed from July to September 2021. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcome was attrition, defined as withdrawal or dismissal from medical school for any reason. Attrition rate was explored across 3 self-reported marginalized identities: underrepresented in medicine (URiM) race and ethnicity, low income, and underresourced neighborhood status. Logistic regression was assessed for each marginalized identity and intersections across the 3 identities. Results Among 33 389 allopathic MD-only medical school matriculants (51.8% male), 938 (2.8%) experienced attrition from medical school within 5 years. Compared with non-Hispanic White students (423 of 18 213 [2.3%]), those without low income (593 of 25 205 [2.3%]), and those who did not grow up in an underresourced neighborhood (661 of 27 487 [2.4%]), students who were URiM (Hispanic [110 of 2096 (5.2%); adjusted odds ratio (aOR), 1.41; 95% CI, 1.13-1.77], non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Native/Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander [13 of 118 (11.0%); aOR, 3.20; 95% CI, 1.76-5.80], and non-Hispanic Black/African American [120 of 2104 (5.7%); aOR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.13-1.77]), those who had low income (345 of 8184 [4.2%]; aOR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.15-1.54), and those from an underresourced neighborhood (277 of 5902 [4.6%]; aOR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.16-1.58) were more likely to experience attrition from medical school. The rate of attrition from medical school was greatest among students with all 3 marginalized identities (ie, URiM, low income, and from an underresourced neighborhood), with an attrition rate 3.7 times higher than that among students who were not URiM, did not have low income, and were not from an underresourced neighborhood (7.3% [79 of 1086] vs 1.9% [397 of 20 353]; P < .001). Conclusions and Relevance This retrospective cohort study demonstrated a significant association of medical student attrition with individual (race and ethnicity and family income) and structural (growing up in an underresourced neighborhood) measures of marginalization. The findings highlight a need to retain students from marginalized groups in medical school.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mytien Nguyen
- MD-PhD Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Sarwat I. Chaudhry
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Mayur M. Desai
- Chronic Disease Epidemiology Department, Yale School of Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Candice Chen
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | | | - William A. McDade
- Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Tonya L. Fancher
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Geriatrics and Bioethics, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento
| | - Dowin Boatright
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Ryus CR, Samuels EA, Wong AH, Hill KA, Huot S, Boatright D. Burnout and Perception of Medical School Learning Environments Among Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Medical Students. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5:e229596. [PMID: 35486396 PMCID: PMC9055452 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.9596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The perspectives of gay, lesbian, bisexual (sexual minority [SM]) students about their medical school learning environment and how they relate to burnout is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To understand SM medical students' perceptions of the medical school learning environment and how this is associated with reported burnout. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cross-sectional study included medical students graduating from Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC)-accredited allopathic US medical schools in 2016 and 2017 and responding to the AAMC Graduation Questionnaire. Data analysis was conducted from June 2021 to March 2022. EXPOSURES Sexual orientation, based on self-identification, and categorized as bisexual, gay or lesbian, or heterosexual or straight. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Primary outcomes included burnout as measured by Oldenburg Burnout Inventory for Medical Students (OLBI-MS; two 24-point scales [range, 0-48], with higher scores indicating greater burnout) and student perceptions of the medical school learning environment (0-5-point scales for emotional climate [range, 0-20] and student-faculty interactions [range, 0-15], with higher scores indicating more positive perceptions). Logistic regression was used to model the association between burnout, SM status, and learning environment while controlling for demographic characteristics. RESULTS A total of 25 757 respondents (12 527 [48.6%] women; 5347 [20.8%] Asian; 2255 [8.8%] underrepresented in medicine; 15 651 [60.8%] White; 10 726 [41.6%] aged ≤26 years) were included in the analysis: 568 (2.2%) self-identified as bisexual, 854 (3.3%) as gay or lesbian, and 24 335 (94.5%) as heterosexual or straight. Both bisexual students and gay or lesbian students reported less favorable perceptions of their learning environments than heterosexual students (mean [SD] emotional climate score, bisexual students: 8.56 [3.29]; gay or lesbian students: 9.22 [3.33]; heterosexual or straight students: 9.71 [3.20]; P < .001; mean [SD] faculty-student interaction score, bisexual students: 13.46 [3.69]; gay or lesbian students: 14.07 [3.45]; heterosexual or straight students: 14.32 [3.37]; P < .001). Bisexual and gay or lesbian students were more likely to be in the top quartile for burnout scores (bisexual: odds ratio [OR], 1.71; 95% CI, 1.42-2.07; P < .001; gay or lesbian: OR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.31-1.79; P < .001). This association was attenuated when accounting for student perceptions of the learning environment (bisexual: OR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.11-1.67; P < .001; gay or lesbian: OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.19-1.68; P < .001), with poorer perceptions of the medical school learning environment associated with higher burnout symptoms. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this cross-sectional study, SM students had less favorable perceptions of the medical school learning environment compared with heterosexual students. Results suggest the medical school environment may be associated with higher rates of burnout in SM students. Future research should explore interventions to improve the learning environment for SM students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin R. Ryus
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Elizabeth A. Samuels
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Ambrose H. Wong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Stephen Huot
- Office of Graduate Medical Education, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Dowin Boatright
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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