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Eshraghi B, Khademi B, Mirmohammadkhani M, Khataminia G, Ghahvehchian H, Kiarudi MY, Nabie R, Parandin M, Ghasemi Boroumand P, Mohammadi R, Zia Z, Karamirad S, Jafarpour S, Fakoor M, Varshochi M, Shahraki K, Memarzadeh M, Janipour M, Mahdian Rad A, Kashkouli MB, Shekarchian F, Manouchehri V, Khosravi A, Abounoori M, Shahir A, Sajjadi SMJ, Etezad Razavi M, Hosseini NS, Ebrahimi F, Noorshargh P, Forouhari A, Pourazizi M. Risk Factors of COVID-19 associated mucormycosis in Iranian patients: a multicenter study. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:852. [PMID: 39174954 PMCID: PMC11340102 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09755-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the demographic, clinical, and prognostic characteristics of patients diagnosed with COVID-19-associated mucormycosis (CAM) in Iranian patients. METHODS This prospective observational study was conducted in 8 tertiary referral ophthalmology centers in different provinces of Iran during the fifth wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. All patients were subjected to complete history taking and comprehensive ophthalmological examination and underwent standard accepted treatment strategy based on the disease stage. RESULTS Two hundred seventy-four CAM patients (most were males (150, 54.7%)) with a mean age of 56.8 ± 12.44 years were enrolled. Patients with a history of cigarette smoking (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 4.36), Intensive Care Unit admission (ICU) (AOR = 16.26), higher stage of CAM (AOR = 2.72), and receiving endoscopic debridement and transcutaneous retrobulbar amphotericin B (AOR = 3.30) had higher odds of mortality. History of taking systemic corticosteroids during COVID-19 was significantly associated with reduced odds of mortality (AOR = 0.16). Generalized Estimating Equations analysis showed that the visual acuity of deceased patients (LogMAR: 3.71, 95% CI: 3.04-4.38) was worse than that of patients who were discharged from the hospital (LogMAR: 2.42, 95% CI: 2.16-2.68) (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study highlights significant risk factors for mortality in patients with CAM, such as cigarette smoking, ICU admission, advanced CAM stages, receiving transcutaneous retrobulbar amphotericin B and worser visual acuity. Conversely, a history of systemic corticosteroid use during COVID-19 was linked to reduced mortality. These findings underscore the critical need for early identification and targeted interventions for high-risk CAM patients to improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahram Eshraghi
- Isfahan Eye Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Behzad Khademi
- Poostchi Ophthalmology Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Majid Mirmohammadkhani
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Khataminia
- Infectious Ophthalmologic Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahwaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hossein Ghahvehchian
- Skull Base Research Center, Eye Research Center, The Five Senses Health Institute, Rassoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Reza Nabie
- Nikookari Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammadmehdi Parandin
- Eye Research Center, Emam Khomeini Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | - Rasoul Mohammadi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zahra Zia
- Poostchi Ophthalmology Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Soroush Karamirad
- Infectious Ophthalmologic Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahwaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Soheyla Jafarpour
- Skull Base Research Center, Eye Research Center, The Five Senses Health Institute, Rassoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Fakoor
- Mashhad Eye Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Varshochi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tabriz Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Kourosh Shahraki
- Noor Ophthalmology Research Center, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Memarzadeh
- Isfahan Eye Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Masoud Janipour
- Department of Otolaryngology, Otolaryngology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Atefe Mahdian Rad
- Infectious Ophthalmologic Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahwaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohsen B Kashkouli
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Farid Shekarchian
- Eye Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vahideh Manouchehri
- Nikookari Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abbas Khosravi
- Eye Research Center, Emam Khomeini Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mahdi Abounoori
- Isfahan Eye Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | | | - S Mohammad Javad Sajjadi
- Poostchi Ophthalmology Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Nastaran-Sadat Hosseini
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ebrahimi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Pegah Noorshargh
- Isfahan Eye Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Forouhari
- Isfahan Eye Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Mohsen Pourazizi
- Isfahan Eye Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Gupta RK, Nagarkar NM, Chowhan AK, Mehta R, Singh A, Simon A. Assessment of clinical and histopathological characteristics in COVID-19-associated mucormycosis (CAM) patients correlating with outcome: A hospital-based cross-sectional study. J Family Med Prim Care 2024; 13:3115-3121. [PMID: 39228546 PMCID: PMC11368312 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_18_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic led to a very dreaded complication of mucormycosis. Immunosuppressive action of the COVID-19 virus, co-morbidities, for example, diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension, use of steroids, and humidified oxygen, are among the important factors that make the patients susceptible to developing mucormycosis. Objective The present study was conducted to identify and understand all the significant histological changes including the type and extent of tissue involvement, the pattern of inflammation, the volume of fungal hyphae, hemorrhage, etc., in patients with COVID-19 associated mucormycosis (CAM) and correlate with clinical outcome. Method It was a retrospective cross-sectional observational study involving all the patients of CAM, who underwent debridement or biopsy over a period of 5 months, from April 01, 2021, to August 31, 2021. CAM was classified based on the radiological evaluation, clinical features, and organs involved. Different demographic, clinical, laboratory, and histologic parameters were recorded. The variables were assessed for their association with poor clinical outcomes using multiple logistic regression. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results A total of 146 patients were included in the study with a mean age of 49.4 years and 71.2% were male. Sino-naso-palatal was the most common type of CAM (32.9%), while sino-naso-cerebral was the least common (14.3%). DM was present in 54.1% of patients, out of which 26.6% were recently diagnosed. The death occurred in 21.9% of patients. Maximum mortality was observed in CAM of sino-naso-cerebral involvement (42.9%). Total leucocyte count (TLC) [OR = 0.87; 95%CI: 0.76-0.97; P = 0.02] and C-reactive protein (CRP) [OR = 0.97; 95%CI: 0.96-0.99; P = 0.008] were significantly associated with poor outcomes. Other factors, that is, high prothrombin time, DM, ferritin, and the involvement of muscle, skin, and cartilage, were also associated with poor clinical outcomes but were not statistically significant. Similarly, high fungal volume and the presence of thrombosis were also associated with poor outcomes but were not statistically significant. Conclusion CAM more commonly affects males with co-morbidities. TLC and CRP were significantly associated with poor outcomes. Histologically, the involvement of skin, muscle, and cartilage and the presence of excessive fungal hyphae and thrombosis were also associated with poor outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh K. Gupta
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Nitin M. Nagarkar
- Department of ENT, Head and Neck Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Amit K. Chowhan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Rupa Mehta
- Department of ENT, Head and Neck Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Alok Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Ankita Simon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
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Wang J, Liu L, Li J, Feng X, Yi H, Jiang E, Zheng Y, Zhang F, Zhu X, Mi Y, Han M, Wang J, Feng S. Clinical Characteristics, Prognosis Factors and Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing Diagnosis of Mucormycosis in patients With Hematologic Diseases. Mycopathologia 2024; 189:71. [PMID: 39088077 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-024-00875-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION New diagnostic methods and antifungal strategies may improve prognosis of mucormycosis. We describe the diagnostic value of metagenomic next⁃generation sequencing (mNGS) and identify the prognostic factors of mucormycosis. METHODS We conducted a retrospective study of hematologic patients suffered from mucormycosis and treated with monotherapy [amphotericin B (AmB) or posaconazole] or combination therapy (AmB and posaconazole). The primary outcome was 84-day all-cause mortality after diagnosis. RESULTS Ninety-five patients were included, with "proven" (n = 27), "probable" (n = 16) mucormycosis confirmed by traditional diagnostic methods, and "possible" (n = 52) mucormycosis with positive mNGS results. The mortality rate at 84 days was 44.2%. Possible + mNGS patients and probable patients had similar diagnosis processes, overall survival rates (44.2% vs 50.0%, p = 0.685) and overall response rates to effective drugs (44.0% vs 37.5%, p = 0.647). Furthermore, the median diagnostic time was shorter in possible + mNGS patients than proven and probable patients (14 vs 26 days, p < 0.001). Combination therapy was associated with better survival compared to monotherapy at six weeks after treatment (78.8% vs 53.1%, p = 0.0075). Multivariate analysis showed that combination therapy was the protective factor (HR = 0.338, 95% CI: 0.162-0.703, p = 0.004), though diabetes (HR = 3.864, 95% CI: 1.897-7.874, p < 0.001) and hypoxemia (HR = 3.536, 95% CI: 1.874-6.673, p < 0.001) were risk factors for mortality. CONCLUSIONS Mucormycosis is a life-threatening infection. Early management of diabetes and hypoxemia may improve the prognosis. Exploring effective diagnostic and treatment methods is important, and combination antifungal therapy seems to hold potential benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, Tianjin, China
| | - Jia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaomeng Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, Tianjin, China
| | - Huiming Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, Tianjin, China
| | - Erlie Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, Tianjin, China
| | - Yizhou Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, Tianjin, China
| | - Fengkui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaofan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingchang Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, Tianjin, China
| | - Mingzhe Han
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, Tianjin, China
| | - Sizhou Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.
- Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, Tianjin, China.
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Das KN, Sharma V, Mohan V, Soni K, Chugh A, Choudhury B, Goyal A. WHO BREF Quality of Life Score as a Prognostic Indicator of Survival in Patients recovered from COVID-19 Associated Rhino-Orbito-Cerebral Mucormycosis. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2024; 76:3441-3450. [PMID: 39130291 PMCID: PMC11306894 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-024-04723-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated mucormycosis (CAM) has emerged as a formidable infection in patients with COVID-19, this study was designed to assess the QOL in patients with and its predictability for survival in CAM victims. This long term prospective observational study of 290 patients with CAM was conducted over 2 years using a standard questionnaire (the abbreviated World Health Organization Quality of Life questionnaire [WHO-BREF]), Karnofsky performance scale (KPS), palliative performance scale (PPS) and patient rated improvement (PRI) ranging from 0 to 9. Cut-off values of ≤ median score was considered to indicate poor QOL or poor improvement. The overall 2 year survival rate was 78.27% with mean survival time of 763.2 ± 1.2 days (Mean ± S.E) (95% CI: 760.76-765.6). The disease specific mortality was 22.1%. The overall mean QOL was 53.5(10.2) with 51% of population exhibiting poor QOL. Spearman rho correlation showed strong positive correlation between the three QOL scales and PRI (ρ-0.72, p < 0.001). On Cox regression analysis the stage, all four domains of WHO BREF, KPS, and PPS were independent predictors of long term survival in CAM patients. Approximately half of the patients with CAM had poor QOL and poor improvement. All 4 domains of WHO BREF score can be used as a predictor of long term survival in CAM patients. Early recognition is the key to optimal treatment, improved outcomes, and improved QOL in patients with CAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Nidhin Das
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Vidhu Sharma
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Vishudh Mohan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Kapil Soni
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Ankita Chugh
- Department of Maxillo-Facial Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Bikram Choudhury
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Amit Goyal
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
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Kim U, Perzia B, Kulkarni P, Rajiniganth M, Sundar B, Robin AL, Garg Shukla A, Maeng MM. COVID-19-associated rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis: a single center prospective study of 264 patients. Orbit 2024:1-10. [PMID: 39051497 DOI: 10.1080/01676830.2024.2377249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Outbreaks of mucormycosis were reported worldwide throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. We report clinical outcomes of a treatment protocol for COVID-19-associated rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM). METHODS Patients with biopsy-proven mucormycosis and COVID-19 were included. All received intravenous amphotericin B deoxycholate 1 mg/kg and surgical endoscopic sinus debridement (FESS). Those with rhino-orbital or cerebral disease limited to the cavernous sinus were eligible for transcutaneous retrobulbar amphotericin B (TRAMB). Patients were followed with weekly imaging, endoscopic examinations, and serial debridement as necessary. Patients were discharged on oral posaconazole for 6 months. RESULTS In total, 264 patients were followed for a mean of 2.5 months. On presentation, 163 patients (174 eyes) had eye involvement. Of these, 141 eyes (81.0%) had light perception or worse vision. By the last follow-up, 163 patients (176 eyes) were affected, and of these, 96 eyes (54.5%) had no light perception. Twenty-one patients (8%) died and 3 orbits (0.5%) were exenterated. There was no change in mortality (p = 0.38) or exenteration (p = 0.38) in the 55 patients who received TRAMB compared to patients with rhino-orbital or cerebral disease limited to the cavernous sinus who did not. Asymptomatic COVID-19 was associated with higher mortality than symptomatic COVID-19 (p = 0.025). Uncontrolled diabetes was a risk factor for death (p = 0.022). New diabetes was associated with increased mortality versus pre-existing diabetes (p = 0.005). CONCLUSION A multidisciplinary approach is crucial to manage COVID-19-ROCM. In our cohort, TRAMB therapy did not increase mortality or exenteration rates. While poor vision on presentation was profound, some vision recovery was noted with treatment. COVID-19 immune dysregulation may predispose patients to ROCM, particularly those with asymptomatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usha Kim
- Department of Orbit, Oculoplasty, Ocular Oncology and Ocular Prosthesis, Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, India
| | - Brittany Perzia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Pooja Kulkarni
- Department of Orbit, Oculoplasty, Ocular Oncology and Ocular Prosthesis, Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, India
| | - Mahalingam Rajiniganth
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, India
| | - Balagiri Sundar
- Department of Biostatistics, Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, India
| | - Alan L Robin
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aakriti Garg Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michelle M Maeng
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Machiavello Roman FJ, Azar MM, Trubin PA. A Patient With Type 1 Diabetes and Acute Rhinosinusitis. JAMA 2024; 331:1586-1587. [PMID: 38630502 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2024.0642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2024]
Abstract
A 41-year-old with type 1 diabetes had generalized weakness, muffled voice, and slurred speech. Neck computed tomography showed soft-tissue gas in the nasopharynx and prevertebral fascia; examination of sinus mucosal samples identified numerous broad, nonseptate right-angled hyphae and fruiting bodies. What is the diagnosis and what would you do next?
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marwan M Azar
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Paul A Trubin
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Zuniga-Moya JC, Papadopoulos B, Mansoor AER, Mazi PB, Rauseo AM, Spec A. Incidence and Mortality of COVID-19-Associated Invasive Fungal Infections Among Critically Ill Intubated Patients: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Analysis. Open Forum Infect Dis 2024; 11:ofae108. [PMID: 38567199 PMCID: PMC10986750 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofae108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background An association between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated invasive fungal infections (CAIFIs) and high mortality among intubated patients has been suggested in previous research. However, some of the current evidence was derived from small case series and multicenter studies conducted during different waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. We examined the incidence of CAIFIs and their associated mortality using a large, multicenter COVID-19 database built throughout the pandemic. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of the National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C) database collected from 76 medical centers in the United States between January 2020 and August 2022. Patients were 18 years or older and intubated after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. The primary outcomes were incidence and all-cause mortality at 90 days. To assess all-cause mortality, we fitted Cox proportional hazard models after adjusting for confounders via inverse probability weighting. Results Out of the 4 916 229 patients with COVID-19 diagnosed during the study period, 68 383 (1.4%) met our cohort definition. The overall incidence of CAIFI was 2.80% (n = 1934/68 383). Aspergillus (48.2%; n = 933/1934) and Candida (41.0%; n = 793/1934) were the most common causative organisms. The incidence of CAIFIs associated with Aspergillus among patients who underwent BAL was 6.2% (n = 83/1328). Following inverse probability weighting, CAIFIs caused by Aspergillus (hazard ratio [HR], 2.0; 95% CI, 1.8-2.2) and Candida (HR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.5-1.9) were associated with increased all-cause mortality. Systemic antifungals reduced mortality in 17% of patients with CAIFI with Aspergillus and 24% of patients with CAIFI with Candida. Conclusions The incidence of CAIFI was modest but associated with higher 90-day all-cause mortality among intubated patients. Systemic antifungals modified mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Patrick B Mazi
- St Louis School of Medicine, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Adriana M Rauseo
- St Louis School of Medicine, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Andrej Spec
- St Louis School of Medicine, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
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Ajdari A, Zolfagharypoor A, Firouzifar M, Akbarpour M. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis in immunocompetent patients: a case report and review of literature. Infection 2024; 52:673-684. [PMID: 38153685 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-023-02147-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mucormycosis of the head and neck region is a rare but aggressive fungal infection that usually involves immunocompromised patients. More infrequently, this infection can also occur in people with no otherwise known underlying immunological deficit. This rarity usually causes a delay in diagnosis and may severely decrease the chance of survival in these patients. In this study, we present an extreme case of mucormycosis in an immunocompetent patient. By conducting a thorough review of the literature, we aim to increase our knowledge on this matter. Our goal is to improve diagnosis and start treatment at an earlier stage. CASE PRESENTATION AND METHODS Our patient was a 31-year-old man who presented with bilateral face numbness, neck pain, headache, and a necrotic palatal lesion 45 days after a dental root canal procedure. There was extensive involvement of facial and skull base bony and soft tissues. Through two debridement sessions and intravenous antifungal treatment, the patient was discharged with near-complete disease resolution. We identified 48 cases in the literature that matched our study criteria. We searched the current literature for proven cases of mucormycosis in the head and neck region who didn't have any underlying disease. We extracted their data and added the data of our patient. Then, we re-analyzed them using descriptive analysis, chi-square, and binary logistic regression to better understand the different factors for survival and disease burden in these patients. RESULTS 49 patients were analyzed in this study. The mean age was 46.93 ± 15.75 (min 16 and max78 years old). The most prevalent subsite to be involved was the sino-nasal mucosa, followed by the surrounding soft tissues and the orbit. While both orbit and intracranial tissue involvement differed significantly between surviving and deceased patients, only intracranial tissue involvement could be used to predict survival. The overall survival rate was 91.8%. CONCLUSION Although very rare, mucormycosis can occur in immunocompetent patients. Physicians should consider mucormycosis when faced with refractory conditions and unusual symptoms such as exposed bones, facial numbness, headaches, and intractable pain. Complementary imaging (CT scan with or without MRI) and histopathological examination are critical for timely diagnosis or exclusion of this potentially fatal yet treatable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atra Ajdari
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azin Zolfagharypoor
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Firouzifar
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Otorhinolaryngology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maliheh Akbarpour
- Otorhinolaryngology Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Amiralmomenin Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
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Raj A, Singh P, Sadhukhan K, Chandra B, Kranti B, Kumar S, Sinha U, Kokkayil P, Bhadani PP, Sinha P, Sanepalli S, Tiwari P, Nanda J. Survival benefit of exenteration in COVID-19-associated rhino-orbital mucormycosis. Indian J Ophthalmol 2024; 72:190-194. [PMID: 38099361 PMCID: PMC10941941 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_2543_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE There has been a sudden increase in the number of rhino-orbital mucormycosis cases, primarily affecting patients recovering from COVID-19 infection. The local health authorities have declared the current situation an epidemic. In this study, we assess the role of exenteration in preventing disease progression and improving survival in patients with rhino-orbital mucormycosis. METHODS The patients undergoing exenteration were grouped into the exenteration arm and those denying exenteration were grouped into the nonexenteration arm. The patients were followed at 1 month and 3 months. The 6-month survival data were collected telephonically. Continuous data were presented as Mean ± SD/Median (IQR) depending on the normality distribution of data, whereas the frequency with percentages was used to present the categorical variables. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were created to estimate the difference in survival of patients with exenteration in rhino-orbital mucormycosis versus those without exenteration. RESULTS A total of 14 patients were recruited for our study based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. All the patients were qualified for exenteration; however, only eight patients underwent exenteration and six patients did not consent to exenteration. At the end of 3 months in the exenteration group, four (50%) patients died. Two patients died within a week of exenteration, whereas two patients died after 2 weeks of exenteration. The deaths in the first week were attributed to septic shock and the deaths happening beyond 2 weeks were attributed to severe meningitis. The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed the cumulative probability of being alive at 1 month in the exenteration arm to be 85%, and it decreased to 67% by 53 days and subsequently remained stable until the end of 3 months. CONCLUSION The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis did not show a survival benefit of exenteration at 3 months and 6 months in COVID-associated rhino-orbital mucormycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Raj
- Department of Ophthalmology, AIIMS, Patna, Bihar, India
| | | | | | | | - Bhavana Kranti
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, AIIMS, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Subhash Kumar
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, AIIMS, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Upasna Sinha
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, AIIMS, Patna, Bihar, India
| | | | | | - Prerna Sinha
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, AIIMS, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Sravani Sanepalli
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, AIIMS, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Pragati Tiwari
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, AIIMS, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Jayadev Nanda
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, AIIMS, Patna, Bihar, India
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Kurien R, Varghese L, Cherian LM, Inja RR, Thampi M, Chowdhary S, Bright RR, Abraham L, Panicker R, Rajendran N, Ganesan P, Sahu S, Irodi A, Manesh A, Peter J, Michael JS, Thomas M, Karuppusami R, Varghese GM, Rupa V. A Comparative Study of Acute Invasive Fungal Sinusitis During the First and Second Waves of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2024; 76:611-619. [PMID: 38440599 PMCID: PMC10909060 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-023-04226-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
We aimed to compare the demography, clinical profile, histopathology, fungal culture, radiology, surgery performed, medical therapy and outcomes of patients with acute invasive fungal sinusitis seen during the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic by retrospectively reviewing their case records. Of 238 patients, 43(18.1%) presented during the first wave and 195(81.9%) during the second wave. Patients seen during the first wave were older (p = 0.04) and more likely to have visual impairment (p = 0.004), frozen eye (p = 0.012), altered sensorium (p = 0.007) and stage 3 disease (p = 0.03). Those seen during the second wave were more often COVID-19 positive and had newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus (p = 0.04)and stage 1 disease (p = 0.03). Most patients had a positive culture for Rhizopus species during both waves. Histopathology showed broad aseptate hyphae in all patients but angioinvasion was seen more often during the first wave (p = 0.04). The majority of patients were treated with endoscopic+/- open debridement followed by intravenous amphotericin B and oral posaconazole. While the overall survival rate was similar (first wave 65.1%; second wave 79%; p = 0.106), mortality after discharge was greater during the first wave (11.6% vs 1.5%; p = 0.001). Mortality was higher in patients with stage 3 disease (p = 0.003). Significant differences in clinical presentation, histopathology, radiological stage of disease and post-discharge survival were noted between the two waves of the COVID-19 pandemic, the causes for which were multi-factorial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regi Kurien
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004 Tamilnadu India
| | - Lalee Varghese
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004 Tamilnadu India
| | - Lisa Mary Cherian
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004 Tamilnadu India
| | - Ranjeetha Racheal Inja
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004 Tamilnadu India
| | - Manu Thampi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004 Tamilnadu India
| | - Stuti Chowdhary
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004 Tamilnadu India
| | - Rakesh R Bright
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004 Tamilnadu India
| | - Lisa Abraham
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004 Tamilnadu India
| | - Raga Panicker
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004 Tamilnadu India
| | - Nithya Rajendran
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004 Tamilnadu India
| | - Priya Ganesan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004 India
| | - Shalini Sahu
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004 India
| | - Aparna Irodi
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004 India
| | - Abi Manesh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004 India
| | - Jayanthi Peter
- Department of Ophthalmology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004 India
| | | | - Meera Thomas
- Department of Pathology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004 India
| | - Reka Karuppusami
- Department of Biostatistics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632002 India
| | - George M. Varghese
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004 India
| | - Vedantam Rupa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004 Tamilnadu India
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11
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Nidhin Das K, Sharma V, Gupta D, Tiwari S, Elhence P, Jain V, Soni K, Goyal A. Predicting intracranial involvement: Unveiling perineural spread in COVID-19-associated mucormycosis, a novel phenomenon. Med Mycol 2024; 62:myad135. [PMID: 38130212 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myad135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the risk factors associated with intracranial involvement in COVID-19-associated mucormycosis (CAM) and to develop a nomogram model for predicting the risk of intracranial involvement, with a specific focus on perineural spread. An ambispective analysis was conducted on 275 CAM patients who received comprehensive treatment. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify independent risk factors, and a nomogram was created based on the results of the multivariable analysis. The performance of the nomogram was evaluated using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and the discriminatory capacity was assessed using the area under the curve (AUC). The model's calibration was assessed through a calibration curve and the Hosmer Lemeshow test. In the results, the multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that age (OR: 1.23, 95% CI 1.06-3.79), HbA1c (OR: 7.168, 95% CI 1.724-25.788), perineural spread (OR: 6.3, 95% CI 1.281-19.874), and the disease stage were independent risk factors for intracranial involvement in CAM. The developed nomogram demonstrated good discriminative capacity with an AUC of 0.821 (95% CI 0.713-0.909) as indicated by the ROC curve. The calibration curve showed that the nomogram was well-calibrated, and the Hosmer Lemeshow test yielded a P-value of 0.992, indicating a good fit for the model. In conclusion, this study found that CAM particularly exhibits perineural spread, which is a predictive factor for intracranial involvement. A nomogram model incorporating age, HbA1c, disease stage, and perineural spread was successfully developed for predicting intracranial involvement in CAM patients in both in-patient and out-patient settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nidhin Das
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur 342005, India
| | - Vidhu Sharma
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur 342005, India
| | - Diksha Gupta
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur 342005, India
| | - Sarbesh Tiwari
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur 342005, India
| | - Poonam Elhence
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur 342005, India
| | - Vidhi Jain
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur 342005, India
| | - Kapil Soni
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur 342005, India
| | - Amit Goyal
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur 342005, India
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12
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Patiño-Medina JA, Alejandre-Castañeda V, Valle-Maldonado MI, Martínez-Pacheco MM, Ruiz-Herrera LF, Ramírez-Emiliano J, Ramírez-Marroquín OA, Castro-Cerritos KV, Campos-García J, Ramírez-Díaz MI, Garre V, Binder U, Meza-Carmen V. Blood Serum Stimulates the Virulence Potential of Mucorales through Enhancement in Mitochondrial Oxidative Metabolism and Rhizoferrin Production. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1127. [PMID: 38132728 PMCID: PMC10744254 DOI: 10.3390/jof9121127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This study analyzed the role of blood serum in enhancing the mitochondrial metabolism and virulence of Mucorales through rhizoferrin secretion. We observed that the spores of clinically relevant Mucorales produced in the presence of serum exhibited higher virulence in a heterologous infection model of Galleria mellonella. Cell-free supernatants of the culture broth obtained from spores produced in serum showed increased toxicity against Caenorhabditis elegans, which was linked with the enhanced secretion of rhizoferrin. Spores from Mucoralean species produced or germinated in serum showed increased respiration rates and reactive oxygen species levels. The addition of non-lethal concentrations of potassium cyanide and N-acetylcysteine during the aerobic or anaerobic growth of Mucorales decreased the toxicity of the cell-free supernatants of the culture broth, suggesting that mitochondrial metabolism is important for serum-induced virulence. In support of this hypothesis, a mutant strain of Mucor lusitanicus that lacks fermentation and solely relies on oxidative metabolism exhibited virulence levels comparable to those of the wild-type strain under serum-induced conditions. Contrary to the lower virulence observed, even in the serum, the ADP-ribosylation factor-like 2 deletion strain exhibited decreased mitochondrial activity. Moreover, spores produced in the serum of M. lusitanicus and Rhizopus arrhizus that grew in the presence of a mitophagy inducer showed low virulence. These results suggest that serum-induced mitochondrial activity increases rhizoferrin levels, making Mucorales more virulent.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Alberto Patiño-Medina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia 58030, Mexico; (J.A.P.-M.); (V.A.-C.); (M.M.M.-P.); (L.F.R.-H.); (J.C.-G.); (M.I.R.-D.)
| | - Viridiana Alejandre-Castañeda
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia 58030, Mexico; (J.A.P.-M.); (V.A.-C.); (M.M.M.-P.); (L.F.R.-H.); (J.C.-G.); (M.I.R.-D.)
| | | | - Mauro Manuel Martínez-Pacheco
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia 58030, Mexico; (J.A.P.-M.); (V.A.-C.); (M.M.M.-P.); (L.F.R.-H.); (J.C.-G.); (M.I.R.-D.)
| | - León Francisco Ruiz-Herrera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia 58030, Mexico; (J.A.P.-M.); (V.A.-C.); (M.M.M.-P.); (L.F.R.-H.); (J.C.-G.); (M.I.R.-D.)
| | | | | | | | - Jesús Campos-García
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia 58030, Mexico; (J.A.P.-M.); (V.A.-C.); (M.M.M.-P.); (L.F.R.-H.); (J.C.-G.); (M.I.R.-D.)
| | - Martha Isela Ramírez-Díaz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia 58030, Mexico; (J.A.P.-M.); (V.A.-C.); (M.M.M.-P.); (L.F.R.-H.); (J.C.-G.); (M.I.R.-D.)
| | - Victoriano Garre
- Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Ulrike Binder
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Víctor Meza-Carmen
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia 58030, Mexico; (J.A.P.-M.); (V.A.-C.); (M.M.M.-P.); (L.F.R.-H.); (J.C.-G.); (M.I.R.-D.)
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13
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Kumar S, Anita, Dev A, Kumar A, Kumar Nayan S, Singh S. The Study of Clinical Profile of Patients With Mucormycosis During COVID-19 Pandemic in Tertiary Care Hospital. Cureus 2023; 15:e47065. [PMID: 38021649 PMCID: PMC10651161 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.47065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mucormycosis has gained a huge number of cases in the second wave of post COVID-19 infection, which may be attributed to increased awareness, advancement in diagnostic techniques, and an increase in the prevalence of predisposing factors. This study evaluated the pattern, risk factors, and clinical profile of patients with mucormycosis during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS A prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Emergency Medicine of a dedicated tertiary care hospital for COVID-19. The Institutional Ethics Committee approved the study. One hundred five patients diagnosed with mucormycosis were included from June 2021 to December 2021. Informed consent was obtained from the patients. Data on demography, clinical features, predisposing factors, co-morbid conditions, and microbiological samples were obtained and analyzed. RESULTS Out of 105 patients, 71 were male, and 34 were female. The patient presented with mucormycosis between the 2nd and 3rd week of post COVID-19 infection. Incidence was mainly seen in patients in their fifties, mostly associated with diabetes mellitus (DM) (53.30%), oxygen administration (80%), and previous use of steroids (45.71%). Predominantly, males were more affected. The most common presentation was headache (50.47%), orbital pain with restricted ocular movement (47.67%), proptosis (42.85%), and diminished vision (41.90%). Rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM) was the most common presentation of mucormycosis, while only five cases of pulmonary mucormycosis were found. CONCLUSION ROCM was the most common presentation of mucormycosis between the second and third week of post COVID-19 infection. Diabetes mellitus and inadvertent use of steroids were major predisposing factors. Therefore, a high degree of suspicion and early diagnosis with initiation of treatment is warranted in cases of mucormycosis in post COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar
- Emergency Medicine, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, IND
| | - Anita
- Microbiology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, IND
| | - Anand Dev
- Emergency Medicine, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, IND
| | - Abhay Kumar
- Emergency Medicine, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, IND
| | | | - Siddharth Singh
- Emergency Medicine, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, IND
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14
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Satija A, Anand T, Mukherjee A, Velamuri PS, Singh KJ, Das M, Josten K, Keche AY, Nagarkar NM, Gupta P, Himanshu D, Mistry SN, Patel JD, Rao P, Rohatgi S, Ghosh S, Hazra A, Kindo AJ, Annamalai R, Rudramurthy SM, Singh MP, Shameem M, Fatima N, Khambholja JR, Parikh S, Madkaikar M, Pradhan VD, Bhargava A, Mehata R, Arora RD, Tigga R, Banerjee G, Sonkar V, Malhotra HS, Kumar N, Patil R, Raut CG, Bhattacharyya K, Arthur P, Somu L, Srikanth P, Shah PB, Panda NK, Sharma D, Hasan W, Ahmed A, Bathla M, Solanki S, Doshi H, Kanani Y, Patel N, Shah Z, Tembhurne AK, Rajguru C, Sankhe LR, Chavan SS, Yadav RM, Panda S. Satellite Epidemic of Covid-19 Associated Mucormycosis in India: A Multi-Site Observational Study. Mycopathologia 2023; 188:745-753. [PMID: 37490256 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-023-00770-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sudden upsurge in cases of COVID-19 Associated Mucormycosis (CAM) following the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic was recorded in India. This study describes the clinical characteristics, management and outcomes of CAM cases, and factors associated with mortality. METHODS Microbiologically confirmed CAM cases were enrolled from April 2021 to September 2021 from ten diverse geographical locations in India. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and entered into a web portal designed specifically for this investigation. Bivariate analyses and logistic regression were conducted using R version 4.0.2. RESULTS A total of 336 CAM patients were enrolled; the majority were male (n = 232, 69.1%), literate (n = 261, 77.7%), and employed (n = 224, 66.7%). The commonest presenting symptoms in our cohort of patients were oro-facial and ophthalmological in nature. The median (Interquartile Range; IQR) interval between COVID diagnosis and admission due to mucormycosis was 31 (18, 47) days, whereas the median duration of symptoms of CAM before hospitalization was 10 (5, 20) days. All CAM cases received antifungal treatment, and debridement (either surgical or endoscopic or both) was carried out in the majority of them (326, 97.02%). Twenty-three (6.9%) of the enrolled CAM cases expired. The odds of death in CAM patients increased with an increase in HbA1c level (aOR: 1.34, 95%CI: 1.05, 1.72) following adjustment for age, gender, education and employment status. CONCLUSION A longer vigil of around 4-6 weeks post-COVID-19 diagnosis is suggested for earlier diagnosis of CAM. Better glycemic control may avert mortality in admitted CAM cases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tanu Anand
- Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Kripa Josten
- Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | - D Himanshu
- King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Sejal N Mistry
- Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay Medical College, Rajkot, India
| | - Jimy D Patel
- Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay Medical College, Rajkot, India
| | - Prajwal Rao
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Pune, India
| | - Shalesh Rohatgi
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Pune, India
| | - Soumitra Ghosh
- Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Avijit Hazra
- Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Radha Annamalai
- Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, India
| | | | - Mini P Singh
- Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mohammad Shameem
- Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Nazish Fatima
- Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rupa Mehata
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, India
| | | | - Richa Tigga
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, India
| | | | - Vijay Sonkar
- King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Neeraj Kumar
- King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Rajashri Patil
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Pune, India
| | | | | | - Preetam Arthur
- Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, India
| | - L Somu
- Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, India
| | - Padma Srikanth
- Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, India
| | - Pankaj B Shah
- Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, India
| | - Naresh K Panda
- Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Dipti Sharma
- Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Wasil Hasan
- Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Aftab Ahmed
- Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | | | | | | | - Yash Kanani
- Smt. NHL Municipal Medical College, Ahmedabad, India
| | | | | | | | - Chhaya Rajguru
- Grant Government Medical College and Sir JJ Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, India
| | - Lalitkumar R Sankhe
- Grant Government Medical College and Sir JJ Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, India
| | - Shrinivas S Chavan
- Grant Government Medical College and Sir JJ Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Samiran Panda
- Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India.
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15
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Kumari R, Talawar P, Tripaty DK, Singla D, Kaushal A, Sharma S, Malhotra M, Boruah P, Sangadala P, Kumar KS. A Retrospective Study to Evaluate the Perioperative Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Rhino-Orbital Cerebral Mucormycosis in COVID-19 Patients at a Tertiary Care Hospital in India. Cureus 2023; 15:e41613. [PMID: 37565105 PMCID: PMC10410089 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.41613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims A descriptive analysis of patients who underwent surgical debridement for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) related mucormycosis was described, which aimed at the evaluation of perioperative clinical characteristics, perioperative complications, and outcomes. Methods We conducted a retrospective study on patients who underwent surgical intervention for mucormycosis during the COVID-19 pandemic at a tertiary care institute in India from March 1, 2021, to June 30, 2021. The medical records of 92 patients were reviewed and analyzed. Results There was a male predominance with a mean age of 50.86 years. The most common comorbidity was diabetes mellitus (DM) (98.9%). Intra-operative complications included hypotension, hyperglycemia, and hypokalemia. Most of the patients (88%) were extubated inside the operation theater, and 48% of patients had mortality. Serum ferritin levels, computed tomography severity score (CTSS), and D-dimers were significantly high in the patient who had mortality. Conclusion The perioperative mortality in patients with COVID-19 associated mucormycosis was very high. DM was the most common comorbidity followed by hypertension. Pre-operative elevated serum ferritin, D-dimer, and high CTSS were associated with higher mortality; hypokalemia, followed by hypocalcemia, was the most common perioperative and post-operative electrolyte imbalance. Thorough pre-operative optimization, multidisciplinary involvement, and perioperative care are of the utmost importance to decrease mortality and improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Kumari
- Anaesthesiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Rishikesh, IND
| | - Praveen Talawar
- Anaesthesiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Rishikesh, IND
- Anaesthesiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Rishikesh, IND
| | - Debendra K Tripaty
- Anaesthesiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Raipur, IND
| | - Deepak Singla
- Anaesthesiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Rishikesh, IND
| | - Ashutosh Kaushal
- Anaesthesiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Bhopal, IND
| | - Sameer Sharma
- Anaesthesiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Rishikesh, IND
| | - Manu Malhotra
- Otorhinolaryngology & Head-Neck Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Rishikesh, IND
| | - Priyanka Boruah
- Anaesthesiology, State Cancer Institute, Guwahati, Guwahati, IND
| | - Priyanka Sangadala
- Anaesthesiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Rishikesh, IND
| | - Karthikeyan S Kumar
- Anaesthesiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Rishikesh, IND
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16
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Tayabali K, Pothiwalla H, Narayanan S. Epidemiology of COVID-19-Associated Mucormycosis. CURRENT FUNGAL INFECTION REPORTS 2023; 17:1-20. [PMID: 37360859 PMCID: PMC10155162 DOI: 10.1007/s12281-023-00464-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of the Review To describe the epidemiology and risk factors for Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19)-associated mucormycosis (CAM) based on current published literature. Recent Findings COVID-19 is associated with an increased risk of secondary infections. Mucormycosis is an uncommon invasive fungal infection that typically affects people with immunocompromising conditions and uncontrolled diabetes. Treatment of mucormycosis is challenging and is associated with high mortality even with standard care. During the second wave of the COVID 19 pandemic, an abnormally high number of CAM cases were seen particularly in India. Several case series have attempted to describe the risk factors for CAM. Summary A common risk profile identified for CAM includes uncontrolled diabetes and treatment with steroids. COVID-19-induced immune dysregulation as well as some unique pandemic specific risk factors may have played a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadija Tayabali
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland Medical Center, 725 W Lombard St, S211A, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | | | - Shivakumar Narayanan
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland Medical Center, 725 W Lombard St, S211A, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
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17
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Kottarathil M, Thayanidhi P, P S, Jyoti Kindo A. Rise of mucormycosis during the COVID-19 pandemic and the challenges faced. Curr Med Mycol 2023; 9:44-55. [PMID: 37867589 PMCID: PMC10590187 DOI: 10.18502/cmm.2023.345032.1400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucormycosis (previously called zygomycosis) is a diverse group of increasingly recognized and frequently fatal mycotic diseases caused by members of the class zygomycetes. Mucormycosis is around 80 times more common in India, compared to other developed countries, with a frequency of 0.14 cases per 1,000 population. The most frequent causative agent of mucormycosis is the following genera from the Order Mucorales Rhizopus, Mucor, Rhizomucor, Absidia, Apophysomyces, Cunninghamella, and Saksenaea. The major risk factors for the development of mucormycosis are diabetic ketoacidosis, deferoxamine treatment, cancer, solid organ or bone marrow transplantations, prolonged steroid use, extreme malnutrition, and neutropenia. The common clinical forms of mucormycosis are rhino-orbital-cerebral, pulmonary, cutaneous, and gastrointestinal. During the second wave of COVID-19, there was a rapid increase in mucormycosis with more severity than before. Amphotericin B is currently found to be an effective drug as it is found to have a broad-spectrum activity and posaconazole is used as a salvage therapy. Newer triazole isavuconazole is also found effective against mucormycosis. This study aimed to review various studies on the laboratory diagnosis and treatment of mucormycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malavika Kottarathil
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Premamalini Thayanidhi
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Sathyamurthy P
- Department of General Medicine, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Anupma Jyoti Kindo
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
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Mortality and its determinants after an outbreak of post COVID-19 associated rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis in Central India. Int Ophthalmol 2023:10.1007/s10792-023-02634-0. [PMID: 36645635 PMCID: PMC9841924 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-023-02634-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
AIM To report cumulative mortality rates using survival analysis from an outbreak of 211 patients with post COVID-19 rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM) in central India. METHODS Case files of eligible patients were evaluated and mucor was identified from deep nasal swabs using freshly prepared KOH mount. All patients underwent contrast enhanced MRI and disease staging was done based on the extent of anatomical involvement. All patients received intravenous Amphotericin B and sinus debridement was done when possible. Orbital exenteration was reserved for patients with advanced orbital disease. RESULTS The mean age was 50.7 ± 10.2 of which 147 (70%) were men. At presentation, ROCM was limited to sinuses in 72 (34%), orbital extension was seen in 102 (48%) and 31 (15%) had CNS extension. Sinus debridement was possible in 82% cases (n = 173). Thirty-five (16.6%) patients died due to ROCM. The mean follow-up of patients who survived was 126.6 ± 16.4 days. The cumulative mortality rate at day 10 was 4.8% (95%CI = 2.6-8.8%) and increased 13.1% (95%CI = 9.1-18.7%) at day 30 and to 18.4% (95%CI = 13.6-24.8%) at day 60. Majority of deaths (n = 26, 75%) occurred within 1-month of ROCM presentation. Multivariable hazards analysis showed that patients with CNS involvement had a 6.5 times higher risk of death (Hazard Ratio = 6.71, 95% CI = 2.9-15.5, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION We report significantly lower mortality rates compared to recent literature that varies from 30 to 80% at 1-month follow-up. Timely sinus debridement and systemic Amphotericin B can help reduce mortality. Presence of CNS extension significantly increased the mortality risk with patients with ROCM.
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The Impact of Corticosteroids on the Outcome of Fungal Disease: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. CURRENT FUNGAL INFECTION REPORTS 2023; 17:54-70. [PMID: 36852004 PMCID: PMC9947451 DOI: 10.1007/s12281-023-00456-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Corticosteroids have a complex relationship with fungal disease - risk for many, benefit for others. This systematic review aims to address the effect of corticosteroids on mortality and visual outcome in different fungal diseases. Recent Findings Corticosteroids are a risk factor of aspergillosis for patients who have COVID-19, and they also led to a worse outcome. Similarity, corticosteroids are a risk factor for candidemia and mucormycosis. Some researchers reported that using topical corticosteroid in keratitis was associated with worse visual outcome if fungal keratitis. Some studies showed that corticosteroids are linked to a negative outcome for non-HIV patients with Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP), in contrast to those with HIV and PCP. Summary In 59 references, we found that corticosteroid therapy showed a worse clinical outcome in invasive aspergillosis (IA) (HR: 2.50, 95%CI: 1.89-3.31, p < 0.001) and chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) (HR: 2.74, 95%CI: 1.48-5.06, p = 0.001), PCP without HIV infection (OR: 1.29, 95%CI: 1.09-1.53, p = 0.003), invasive candidiasis and candidaemia (OR: 2.13, 95%CI: 1.85-2.46, p < 0.001), mucormycosis (OR: 4.19, 95%CI: 1.74-10.05, p = 0.001) and early in the course of fungal keratitis (OR: 2.99, 95%CI: 1.14-7.84, p = 0.026). There was equivocal outcome in cryptococcal meningoencephalitis in AIDS and primary coccidioidomycosis, while corticosteroid therapy showed a better outcome in PCP in HIV-infected patients (RR: 0.62, 95%CI: 0.46-0.83, p=0.001) and fungal keratitis patients after keratoplasty surgery (OR: 0.01, 95%CI: 0.00-0.41, p = 0.041) and probably in cryptococcal meningoencephalitis in non-immunocompromised patients. A sub-analysis in invasive aspergillosis and CPA showed that use of more than 2 mg/kg/day of prednisolone equivalents per day is a significant factor in increasing mortality (HR: 2.94, 95%CI: 2.13-4.05, p < 0.001). Corticosteroid therapy during invasive fungal disease was usually associated with a slightly or greatly increased mortality or worse visual outcome (in fungal keratitis), with two disease exceptions. Avoiding the addition of corticosteroids, or minimising dose and duration in those who require them, is likely to improve the outcome of most life- and vision-threatening fungal diseases. This review provides a cornerstone for further research in exploring the accuracy of suitable dose and duration of corticosteroids treatment in fungal diseases. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12281-023-00456-2.
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20
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Alsayed HH, Al-Qurain A, Alrais Z. Rhino orbital cerebral mucormycosis: A life-threatening complication of coronavirus diseases 2019 in an uncontrolled diabetic patient. Turk J Emerg Med 2023. [DOI: 10.4103/tjem.tjem_308_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
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21
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Almyroudi MP, Akinosoglou K, Rello J, Blot S, Dimopoulos G. Clinical Phenotypes of COVID-19 Associated Mucormycosis (CAM): A Comprehensive Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:3092. [PMID: 36553099 PMCID: PMC9777018 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12123092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A mucormycosis surge was reported during the COVID-19 pandemic in India. A literature search until 14 July 2022, with the aim of updating COVID-19-associated mucormycosis (CAM), identified 663 studies and 88 met inclusion criteria (8727 patients). India reported 8388 patients, Egypt 208 and Europe 40. Rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM) was identified among 8082 (98.3%) patients, followed by 98 (1.2%) with pulmonary. In India, 82.6% of patients had diabetes mellitus, with 82% receiving corticosteroids. In Europe, 75% presented pulmonary CAM, 32.5% had diabetes and 40% were immunocompromised. CAM was identified at a median of 17.4 days (IQR 7.5 days) post COVID-19 diagnosis, and PCR was performed in five studies. Rhino-orbital invasion is clinically obvious, while cerebral involvement presents with cavernous sinus thrombosis, meningitis and cerebrovascular disease. Symptoms of pulmonary CAM usually overlap with severe COVID-19 pneumonia. High-dose liposomal Amphotericin B (and early surgical debridement in ROCM) are the mainstay of therapy. The median mortality rate was estimated to be 21.4% (IQR 31.9%), increased by the presence of pulmonary (80% (IQR 50%) or cerebral involvement (50% (IQR 63.9%). In summary, different CAM clinical phenotypes need to be distinguished, influenced by geographical presentation. Opportunities exist for diagnosis and therapy optimization, based on earlier high-dose antifungal therapy, early source control, strict glycemic control and restriction of steroids to COVID-19 patients with oxygen requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Panagiota Almyroudi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University Hospital Attikon, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Karolina Akinosoglou
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University General Hospital of Patras, School of Medicine University of Patras, 26504 Rio, Greece
| | - Jordi Rello
- Vall d’Hebron Institute of Research, Barcelona, Spain & Clinical Research, CHU Nîmes, 30900 Nîmes, France
| | - Stijn Blot
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4029, Australia
| | - George Dimopoulos
- 3rd Department of Critical Care, EVGENIDIO Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
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22
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Management of Mucormycosis in Post COVID-19 Patients and Its Outcome in a Tertiary Care Center: Our Experience. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2022; 74:3344-3351. [PMID: 36267489 PMCID: PMC9569005 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-022-03197-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the common presentation and extent of disease involvement clinically and radiologically and treatment modalities, sequalae of the disease, complications and treatment response. Mucormycosis is a life-threatening infection that most commonly affects immunocompromised individuals and an exponential increase in the incidence of Rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis was witnessed in the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, despite aggressive multimodal treatment carries a significant risk of mortality. A high index of suspicion is required in order to begin the appropriate diagnostic workup and treatment. This study is conducted to access the outcome and management of mucormycosis in post covid 19 patients. The prospective study includes 180 Patients, who are attending to E.N.T. outpatient department, Triage and patients referred from other departments who had suspected/confirmed Rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis/underwent surgery and/or medical treatment or both. In our study mucormycosis predominantly affected age group between 40 and 60 years, more common in males (77.8%) than females (22.2%), 77.8% patients had post covid status. Most common risk factor was diabetes mellitus.76% patients had undergone endoscopic/open surgery and 24% patients underwent only medical treatment. Among 138 patients operated, 40% had recurrence and mortality was 16.1% (significantly reduced). Early diagnosis and prompt intervention is paramount to reduce morbidity and mortality. Liposomal Amphotericin B is most effective antifungal with manageable side effects. Patients who underwent Radical debridement either endoscopically or open approach, had better outcome with minimal recurrence rates. Combined medical and surgical treatment has better outcome, lesser recurrence and mortality.
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23
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Sharifi A, Akbari Z, Shafie’ei M, Nasiri N, Sharifi M, Shafiei M, Zand A. Retrobulbar Injection of Amphotericin B in Patients With COVID-19 Associated Orbital Mucormycosis: A Systematic Review. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2022; 38:425-432. [PMID: 35943425 PMCID: PMC9451608 DOI: 10.1097/iop.0000000000002256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Following COVID-19 infection a rising count of rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis is observed, requiring orbital exenteration, a disabling lifetime affecting surgery. One of the potential interventions for globe salvage in these patients is retrobulbar injections of amphotericin B. This study was conducted to review protocols, outcomes, and side effects of retrobulbar injection of amphotericin B in patients with COVID-19 associated rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis (CAM). METHODS The PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase databases were searched using a comprehensive string of relevant keywords. All English studies with the confirmed diagnosis of CAM infection were included. We excluded all studies in which retrobulbar injection of amphotericin B was not implemented in any of the patients or there was a lack of clarified and detailed data about this procedure among participants. RESULTS A total of 647 cases had a history of retrobulbar injection(s) of amphotericin B in 13 reviewed studies with 3,132 subjects of CAM. The most common protocol was the retrobulbar injection of 1 ml of 3.5 mg/ml liposomal amphotericin B for 3 doses daily or on alternate days. We discerned that the globe salvage rate was 95.0% in eyes with a history of retrobulbar injection(s). The total rate of orbital exenteration was 14.9%, regardless of the history of retrobulbar injection of the drug. Other outcomes of this intervention were vision salvage and reduced major ophthalmic complaints, including pain, swelling, chemosis, ptosis, and ophthalmoplegia. The side effects of this intervention were not serious, and most of them were transient. They included swelling at the injection site, restriction of ocular motilities, exacerbation of orbital inflammation, and even intensification of visual impairment in a few cases. CONCLUSIONS Retrobulbar injection of amphotericin B should be considered a nearly safe and protective intervention against orbital exenteration in patients with CAM. It may also be effective in saving vision. Since the effectiveness of orbital exenteration in the survival of patients is not ascertained, retrobulbar injections can be considered an alternative intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sharifi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shafa Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zahra Akbari
- Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shafie’ei
- Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Naser Nasiri
- HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Meraj Sharifi
- Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohadeseh Shafiei
- Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Amin Zand
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shafa Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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24
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Graham EL, Koralnik IJ, Liotta EM. Therapeutic Approaches to the Neurologic Manifestations of COVID-19. Neurotherapeutics 2022; 19:1435-1466. [PMID: 35861926 PMCID: PMC9302225 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01267-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As of May 2022, there have been more than 527 million infections with severe acute respiratory disease coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and over 6.2 million deaths from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) worldwide. COVID-19 is a multisystem illness with important neurologic consequences that impact long-term morbidity and mortality. In the acutely ill, the neurologic manifestations of COVID-19 can include distressing but relatively benign symptoms such as headache, myalgias, and anosmia; however, entities such as encephalopathy, stroke, seizures, encephalitis, and Guillain-Barre Syndrome can cause neurologic injury and resulting disability that persists long after the acute pulmonary illness. Furthermore, as many as one-third of patients may experience persistent neurologic symptoms as part of a Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (Neuro-PASC) syndrome. This Neuro-PASC syndrome can affect patients who required hospitalization for COVID-19 or patients who did not require hospitalization and who may have had minor or no pulmonary symptoms. Given the large number of individuals affected and the ability of neurologic complications to impair quality of life and productivity, the neurologic manifestations of COVID-19 are likely to have major and long-lasting personal, public health, and economic consequences. While knowledge of disease mechanisms and therapies acquired prior to the pandemic can inform us on how to manage patients with the neurologic manifestations of COVID-19, there is a critical need for improved understanding of specific COVID-19 disease mechanisms and development of therapies that target the neurologic morbidities of COVID-19. This current perspective reviews evidence for proposed disease mechanisms as they inform the neurologic management of COVID-19 in adult patients while also identifying areas in need of further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith L Graham
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 625 N. Michigan Ave Suite 1150, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Igor J Koralnik
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 625 N. Michigan Ave Suite 1150, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Eric M Liotta
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 625 N. Michigan Ave Suite 1150, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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25
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Cherian L, Varghese L, Rupa V, Bright R, Abraham L, Panicker R, R. N, Peter J, Nayak A, Shyam A, Varghese G, Manesh A, Karuppusami R, George K, George T, Lenin A, Hansdak S, I. R, Michael J, Ninan M, Thomas M, Kurian R, Mammen S, Kurien R. Rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis: patient characteristics in pre-COVID-19 and COVID-19 period. Rhinology 2022; 60:427-434. [DOI: 10.4193/rhin22.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Background: Rhino-orbito-cerebral-mucormycosis (ROCM), a rare and potentially fatal disease was seen in increasing numbers during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study describes and compares the patient characteristics and outcomes in COVID-19 associated mucormycosis (CAM) and non-COVID-19 mucormycosis (non-CAM). Methodology: CAM patients (24 cases) were recruited from the COVID-19 period and non-CAM (24 controls) from the pre-COVID-19 period. Clinical data of the CAM group was collected retrospectively with 3 month outcomes prospectively. The non-CAM group data was collected retrospectively. Patient characteristics were compared and risk factors for mortality in ROCM were assessed. Results: Orbital symptoms [altered vision, restricted eye movements, ptosis] and intracranial involvement were higher in CAM patients on presentation. Similarly, the radiological involvement of orbit (orbital apex, superior orbital fissure) and intracranial cavity (intracranial thrombosis, cavernous sinus) was also higher in CAM patients. Newly detected diabetes was found only in CAM patients (29.2%). Although univariate analysis suggested an increased mortality risk in ROCM patients with orbital involvement, the multivariate analysis showed no increased risk with any of the parameters assessed, including COVID-19 positivity. Conclusions: Compared to the non-CAM, the disease presentation was severe in CAM with higher frequency of orbital and intracranial involvement. However, with early detection and treatment, the short term survival was comparable in both groups.
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26
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Kim U, Kulkarni P, Saini P. Commentary : Combating COVID-19-associated mucormycosis with limited resources. Indian J Ophthalmol 2022; 70:2169. [PMID: 35648005 PMCID: PMC9359250 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_1250_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Usha Kim
- Department of Orbit, Oculoplasty, Ocular Oncology and Ocular Prosthesis, Aravind Eye Hospital and Post Graduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pooja Kulkarni
- Department of Orbit, Oculoplasty, Ocular Oncology and Ocular Prosthesis, Aravind Eye Hospital and Post Graduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pragya Saini
- Department of Orbit, Oculoplasty, Ocular Oncology and Ocular Prosthesis, Aravind Eye Hospital and Post Graduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
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27
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Date PS, Choksi T, Ingole AB. Outcome of COVID-19-Associated Rhino-Orbital Mucormycosis-Reply. JAMA Ophthalmol 2022; 140:548-549. [PMID: 35389457 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2022.0617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Purva S Date
- Department of Ophthalmology, Topiwala National Medical College and B.Y.L. Nair Charitable Hospital, Mumbai, Central Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Twinkle Choksi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Topiwala National Medical College and B.Y.L. Nair Charitable Hospital, Mumbai, Central Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Avinash B Ingole
- Department of Ophthalmology, Topiwala National Medical College and B.Y.L. Nair Charitable Hospital, Mumbai, Central Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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28
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Arora R, Goel R, Meher R. Outcome of COVID-19-Associated Rhino-Orbital Mucormycosis. JAMA Ophthalmol 2022; 140:548. [PMID: 35389467 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2022.0618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Arora
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guru Nanak Eye Centre, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Ruchi Goel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guru Nanak Eye Centre, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravi Meher
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
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Watanabe A, So M, Mitaka H, Ishisaka Y, Takagi H, Inokuchi R, Iwagami M, Kuno T. Clinical Features and Mortality of COVID-19-Associated Mucormycosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Mycopathologia 2022; 187:271-289. [PMID: 35312945 PMCID: PMC8935886 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-022-00627-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The recent increase of COVID-19-associated mucormycosis (CAM) has been commanding global attention. However, basic epidemiologic characteristics have not firmly been established. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we sought to determine the clinical manifestations, potential risk factors, and outcomes of CAM. Observational studies reporting CAM were searched with PubMed and EMBASE databases in January 2022. We collected data on comorbidities and treatment for COVID-19, and performed a one-group meta-analysis on the frequency of orbital exenteration procedure and mortality of CAM using a random-effect model. Fifty-one observational studies, including a total of 2,312 patients with proven CAM, were identified. Among the 51 studies, 37 were conducted in India, 8 in Egypt, and 6 in other countries. The most common comorbidity was diabetes mellitus (82%). While 57% required oxygenation, 77% received systemic corticosteroids. Among CAM, 97% were rhino-orbital-cerebral (ROCM), and 2.7% were pulmonary mucormycosis. Usual presentations were headache (54%), periorbital swelling/pain (53%), facial swelling/pain (43%), ophthalmoplegia (42%), proptosis (41%), and nasal discharge/congestion (36%). Regarding the outcomes, orbital exenteration was performed in 17% (95% CI: 12–21%, I2 = 83%) of the COVID-19-associated ROCM patients. The mortality of CAM was 29% (95% CI; 22–36%, I2 = 92%). In conclusion, this systematic review and meta-analysis indicated that the most prevalent type of CAM was ROCM, and most CAM patients had diabetes mellitus and received systemic glucocorticoids. Clinicians in the endemic areas should have a high index of suspicion for this invasive fungal complication of COVID-19 when a diabetic patient who received high-dose systemic glucocorticoids developed rhino-orbital symptoms.
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