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Krajcovic B, Fajnerova I, Horacek J, Kelemen E, Kubik S, Svoboda J, Stuchlik A. Neural and neuronal discoordination in schizophrenia: From ensembles through networks to symptoms. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2019; 226:e13282. [PMID: 31002202 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite the substantial knowledge accumulated by past research, the exact mechanisms of the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and causal treatments still remain unclear. Deficits of cognition and information processing in schizophrenia are today often viewed as the primary and core symptoms of this devastating disorder. These deficits likely result from disruptions in the coordination of neuronal and neural activity. The aim of this review is to bring together convergent evidence of discoordinated brain circuits in schizophrenia at multiple levels of resolution, ranging from principal cells and interneurons, neuronal ensembles and local circuits, to large-scale brain networks. We show how these aberrations could underlie deficits in cognitive control and other higher order cognitive-behavioural functions. Converging evidence from both animal models and patients with schizophrenia is presented in an effort to gain insight into common features of deficits in the brain information processing in this disorder, marked by disruption of several neurotransmitter and signalling systems and severe behavioural outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branislav Krajcovic
- Department of Neurophysiology of Memory Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
- Third Faculty of Medicine Charles University Prague Czech Republic
| | - Iveta Fajnerova
- Department of Neurophysiology of Memory Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
- Research Programme 3 - Applied Neurosciences and Brain Imaging National Institute of Mental Health Klecany Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Horacek
- Third Faculty of Medicine Charles University Prague Czech Republic
- Research Programme 3 - Applied Neurosciences and Brain Imaging National Institute of Mental Health Klecany Czech Republic
| | - Eduard Kelemen
- Research Programme 1 - Experimental Neurobiology National Institute of Mental Health Klecany Czech Republic
| | - Stepan Kubik
- Department of Neurophysiology of Memory Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
| | - Jan Svoboda
- Department of Neurophysiology of Memory Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
| | - Ales Stuchlik
- Department of Neurophysiology of Memory Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
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Severity of anxiety moderates the association between neural circuits and maternal behaviors in the postpartum period. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2019; 18:426-436. [PMID: 29619759 PMCID: PMC6546103 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-017-0516-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Neuroimaging research has suggested that activity in the amygdala, center of the socioemotional network, and functional connectivity between the amygdala and cortical regions are associated with caregiving behaviors in postpartum mothers. Anxiety is common in the early postpartum period, with severity ranging from healthy maternal preoccupation to clinical disorder. However, little is known about the influence of anxiety on the neural correlates of early caregiving. We examined these relationships in a community cohort of 75 postpartum women (ages 18-22; predominantly low-SES, minority race) who listened to infant cry sounds while undergoing an fMRI assessment. Maternal self-reported symptoms of anxiety were mostly within the subclinical range. Positive and negative caregiving behaviors during filmed face-to-face mother-infant interactions were coded by independent observers. The results from whole-brain analyses showed that anxiety severity moderated the brain-maternal behavior relationships. Specifically, our results showed that the higher a mother's anxiety, the stronger the association between positive caregiving (i.e., maternal warmth and involvement) and amygdala-right posterior superior temporal sulcus (amygdala-RpSTS) functional connectivity. These results remained significant when we controlled for symptoms of depression and contextual variables. These findings suggest that functional connectivity between the amygdala and a social perception region (RpSTS) plays a particularly important role for anxious mothers in facilitating their positive parenting. These findings extend our understanding of the specific neural circuits that support positive maternal caregiving in the context of maternal anxiety, and they may help inform the future design of personalized and effective interventions.
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Pasquereau B, Tremblay L, Turner RS. Local Field Potentials Reflect Dopaminergic and Non-Dopaminergic Activities within the Primate Midbrain. Neuroscience 2018; 399:167-183. [PMID: 30578975 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Midbrain dopamine neurons are thought to play a crucial role in motivating behaviors toward desired goals. While the activity of dopamine single-units is known to adhere closely to the reward prediction error (RPE) signal hypothesized by learning theory, much less is known about the dynamic coordination of population-level neuronal activities in the midbrain. Local field potentials (LFPs) are thought to reflect the changes in membrane potential synchronized across a population of neurons nearby a recording electrode. These changes involve complex combinations of local spiking activity with synaptic processing that are difficult to interpret. Here we sampled LFPs from the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) of behaving monkeys to determine if local population-level synchrony encodes specific aspects of a reward/effort instrumental task and whether dopamine single-units participate in that signal. We found that reward-correlated information is encoded in a low-frequency signal (<32-Hz; delta and beta bands) that is synchronized across a neural population that includes dopamine neurons. Conversely, high-frequency power (>33-Hz; gamma band) was anticorrelated with predicted reward value and dopamine single-units were never phase-locked to those frequencies. This high-frequency signal may reflect inhibitory processes that were not otherwise observable. LFP encoding of movement-related parameters was negligible. Together, LFPs provide novel insights into the multidimensional processing of reward information subserved by dopaminergic and other components of the midbrain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Léon Tremblay
- Centre de Neuroscience Cognitive, UMR-5229 CNRS, Bron, France
| | - Robert S Turner
- Department of Neurobiology, Center for Neuroscience and The Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States.
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Szczurowska E, Ahuja N, Jiruška P, Kelemen E, Stuchlík A. Impairment of neural coordination in hippocampal neuronal ensembles after a psychotomimetic dose of dizocilpine. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 81:275-283. [PMID: 28935586 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The discoordination hypothesis of schizophrenia posits discoordination of neural activity as the central mechanism that underlies some psychotic symptoms (including 'hallmark' cognitive symptoms) of schizophrenia. To test this proposition, we studied the activity of hippocampal neurons in urethane anesthetized Long Evans rats after 0.15mg/kg dizocilpine (MK-801), an N-Methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor antagonist, which can cause psychotic symptoms in humans and cognitive control impairments in animals. We observed that MK-801 altered the temporal coordination, but not rate, of neuronal firing. Coactivation between neurons increased, driven primarily by increased coincident firing of cell pairs that did not originally fire together before MK-801 injection. Increased pairwise coactivation manifested as disorganized discharge on the level of neuronal ensembles, which in turn could lead to disorganization in information processing. Disorganization of neuronal activity after a psychotomimetic dose of MK-801 supports the discoordination hypothesis of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Szczurowska
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Nikhil Ahuja
- Department of Neurophysiology of Memory and Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Přemysl Jiruška
- Department of Developmental Epileptology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eduard Kelemen
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic.
| | - Aleš Stuchlík
- Department of Neurophysiology of Memory and Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.
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Ferenczi EA, Zalocusky KA, Liston C, Grosenick L, Warden MR, Amatya D, Katovich K, Mehta H, Patenaude B, Ramakrishnan C, Kalanithi P, Etkin A, Knutson B, Glover GH, Deisseroth K. Prefrontal cortical regulation of brainwide circuit dynamics and reward-related behavior. Science 2016; 351:aac9698. [PMID: 26722001 DOI: 10.1126/science.aac9698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Motivation for reward drives adaptive behaviors, whereas impairment of reward perception and experience (anhedonia) can contribute to psychiatric diseases, including depression and schizophrenia. We sought to test the hypothesis that the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) controls interactions among specific subcortical regions that govern hedonic responses. By using optogenetic functional magnetic resonance imaging to locally manipulate but globally visualize neural activity in rats, we found that dopamine neuron stimulation drives striatal activity, whereas locally increased mPFC excitability reduces this striatal response and inhibits the behavioral drive for dopaminergic stimulation. This chronic mPFC overactivity also stably suppresses natural reward-motivated behaviors and induces specific new brainwide functional interactions, which predict the degree of anhedonia in individuals. These findings describe a mechanism by which mPFC modulates expression of reward-seeking behavior, by regulating the dynamical interactions between specific distant subcortical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Ferenczi
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kelly A Zalocusky
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Conor Liston
- Brain Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Logan Grosenick
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Melissa R Warden
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Debha Amatya
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kiefer Katovich
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hershel Mehta
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Brian Patenaude
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Charu Ramakrishnan
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Paul Kalanithi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Amit Etkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Brian Knutson
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gary H Glover
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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Wood J, Ahmari SE. A Framework for Understanding the Emerging Role of Corticolimbic-Ventral Striatal Networks in OCD-Associated Repetitive Behaviors. Front Syst Neurosci 2015; 9:171. [PMID: 26733823 PMCID: PMC4681810 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2015.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant interest in the mechanistic underpinnings of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has fueled research on the neural origins of compulsive behaviors. Converging clinical and preclinical evidence suggests that abnormal repetitive behaviors are driven by dysfunction in cortico-striatal-thalamic-cortical (CSTC) circuits. These findings suggest that compulsive behaviors arise, in part, from aberrant communication between lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and dorsal striatum. An important body of work focused on the role of this network in OCD has been instrumental to progress in the field. Disease models focused primarily on these regions, however, fail to capture an important aspect of the disorder: affective dysregulation. High levels of anxiety are extremely prevalent in OCD, as is comorbidity with major depressive disorder. Furthermore, deficits in processing rewards and abnormalities in processing emotional stimuli are suggestive of aberrant encoding of affective information. Accordingly, OCD can be partially characterized as a disease in which behavioral selection is corrupted by exaggerated or dysregulated emotional states. This suggests that the networks producing OCD symptoms likely expand beyond traditional lateral OFC and dorsal striatum circuit models, and highlights the need to cast a wider net in our investigation of the circuits involved in generating and sustaining OCD symptoms. Here, we address the emerging role of medial OFC, amygdala, and ventral tegmental area projections to the ventral striatum (VS) in OCD pathophysiology. The VS receives strong innervation from these affect and reward processing regions, and is therefore poised to integrate information crucial to the generation of compulsive behaviors. Though it complements functions of dorsal striatum and lateral OFC, this corticolimbic-VS network is less commonly explored as a potential source of the pathology underlying OCD. In this review, we discuss this network's potential role as a locus of OCD pathology and effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Wood
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Susanne E. Ahmari
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA, USA
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Fenton AA. Excitation-inhibition discoordination in rodent models of mental disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 77:1079-88. [PMID: 25895430 PMCID: PMC4444398 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Animal models of mental illness provide a foundation for evaluating hypotheses for the mechanistic causes of mental illness. Neurophysiological investigations of neural network activity in rodent models of mental dysfunction are reviewed from the conceptual framework of the discoordination hypothesis, which asserts that failures of neural coordination cause cognitive deficits in the judicious processing and use of information. Abnormal dynamic coordination of excitatory and inhibitory neural discharge in pharmacologic and genetic rodent models supports the discoordination hypothesis. These observations suggest excitation-inhibition discoordination and aberrant neural circuit dynamics as causes of cognitive impairment, as well as therapeutic targets for cognition-promoting treatments.
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Simon NW, Moghaddam B. Neural processing of reward in adolescent rodents. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2014; 11:145-54. [PMID: 25524828 PMCID: PMC4597598 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The adolescent brain processes rewards differently than in adults. These differences occur even when behavior is similar between age groups. DS was the locus of substantial developmental differences in reward activity. Surprisingly, differences were not as pronounced in VS. These differences may have implications for adolescent psychiatric vulnerability.
Immaturities in adolescent reward processing are thought to contribute to poor decision making and increased susceptibility to develop addictive and psychiatric disorders. Very little is known; however, about how the adolescent brain processes reward. The current mechanistic theories of reward processing are derived from adult models. Here we review recent research focused on understanding of how the adolescent brain responds to rewards and reward-associated events. A critical aspect of this work is that age-related differences are evident in neuronal processing of reward-related events across multiple brain regions even when adolescent rats demonstrate behavior similar to adults. These include differences in reward processing between adolescent and adult rats in orbitofrontal cortex and dorsal striatum. Surprisingly, minimal age related differences are observed in ventral striatum, which has been a focal point of developmental studies. We go on to discuss the implications of these differences for behavioral traits affected in adolescence, such as impulsivity, risk-taking, and behavioral flexibility. Collectively, this work suggests that reward-evoked neural activity differs as a function of age and that regions such as the dorsal striatum that are not traditionally associated with affective processing in adults may be critical for reward processing and psychiatric vulnerability in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W Simon
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Neuroscience, United States
| | - Bita Moghaddam
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Neuroscience, United States.
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Silverstein SM, Moghaddam B, Wykes T. Research strategies and priorities to improve the lives of people with schizophrenia: executive summary of the Ernst Strüngmann Forum on schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2014; 40:259-65. [PMID: 24473059 PMCID: PMC3932103 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbt238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Silverstein
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed; Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, 151 Centennial Avenue, Piscataway, NJ 08854, US; tel: 732-235-5149, fax: 732-235-9293, e-mail:
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New insights into the specificity and plasticity of reward and aversion encoding in the mesolimbic system. J Neurosci 2013; 33:17569-76. [PMID: 24198347 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3250-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mesocorticolimbic system, consisting, at its core, of the ventral tegmental area, the nucleus accumbens, and medial prefrontal cortex, has historically been investigated primarily for its role in positively motivated behaviors and reinforcement learning, and its dysfunction in addiction, schizophrenia, depression, and other mood disorders. Recently, researchers have undertaken a more comprehensive analysis of this system, including its role in not only reward but also punishment, as well as in both positive and negative reinforcement. This focus has been facilitated by new anatomical, physiological, and behavioral approaches to delineate functional circuits underlying behaviors and to determine how this system flexibly encodes and responds to positive and negative states and events, beyond simple associative learning. This review is a summary of topics covered in a mini-symposium at the 2013 Society for Neuroscience annual meeting.
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