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Karimi AH, Burkhart RJ, Lavu M, Shah AK, Mistovich RJ. Women's Representation as Principal Investigators Among Pediatric Orthopaedic Clinical Trials: An Analysis of ClinicalTrials.Gov. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2024; 32:e605-e612. [PMID: 38626437 DOI: 10.5435/jaaos-d-23-00958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite recent efforts to increase the participation of women in orthopaedic surgery, there remains a gender gap, particularly when compared with other medical specialties. Acting as a principal investigator (PI) in a clinical trial can give physicians notable exposure and national recognition, which can improve their chances of promotion and tenure. This study aims to assess the proportion of women serving as PIs in pediatric orthopaedic clinical trials, examine associated trial characteristics, and explore geographic distribution. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis of clinical trials was conducted using data from the ClinicalTrials.gov registry. Specific search terms were used to identify pediatric orthopaedic trials. Data on trial characteristics, including phase, status, funding source, and intervention type, were collected. PI sex was determined using Genderize.io, an application program interface that predicts the sex of individuals based on their name, and the geographic distribution of women PIs was examined. RESULTS From 2007 to 2022, women PIs increased from zero to 26.86%. The United States saw no significant increase (β = 1.553; P = 0.125), but international trials did (β = 2.845; P = 0.008). Women PIs led more active/completed trials and trials with behavioral/other interventions. Geographic analysis showed higher representation in North America (38.47%), especially the Northeast (28.17%) and West (25.35%). The United States had 28.74% women PIs, with California (15.49%) leading. CONCLUSION Progress toward gender parity in pediatric orthopaedic research is evident; however, disparities still exist. Efforts to provide additional research opportunities for women in orthopaedics may be crucial in attracting and retaining diverse talent in the field. Targeted initiatives may have potential in achieving equal representation in orthopaedics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir H Karimi
- From the Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine (Karimi, Burkhart, Lavu, Shah, and Mistovich), and the MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH (Mistovich)
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Schaefer EJ, Thayer MK, Colon AF, Sanghavi KK, Sears ED, Giladi AM, Katz RD. Video-Based Assessment of Microsurgical Trainees: An Evaluation of Gender Bias. J Reconstr Microsurg 2024; 40:371-378. [PMID: 37751884 DOI: 10.1055/a-2181-6921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gender bias in graduate medical evaluations remains a challenging issue. This study evaluates implicit gender bias in video-based evaluations of microsurgical technique, which has not previously been described in the literature. METHODS Two videos were recorded of microsurgical anastomosis; the first was performed by a hand/microsurgery fellow and the second by an expert microsurgeon. A total of 150 surgeons with microsurgical experience were recruited to evaluate the videos; they were told these videos depicted a surgical trainee 1 month into fellowship followed by the same trainee 10 months later. The only variable was the name ("Rachel" or "David") that each participant was randomly assigned to evaluate. Participants were asked to score each video for quality, technique, efficiency, as well as overall progression and development after the second video compared with the initial video. To focus on bias, these outcome measures were selected to be purposefully subjective and all ratings were based on a subjective 1to 10 scale (10 = excellent). RESULTS The analysis included 150 participants (75% male). There were no statistically significant differences in scores between the "female" and "male" trainee. The trainees received the same median initial (1-month video) and final (11th-month video) scores for all criteria except initial technique, in which the female trainee received a 7 and the male trainee received an 8. Notably, 11-month scores were consistently the same or lower than 1-month scores for both study groups (p < 0.001). There were also no differences within either study group based on participant sex. Microsurgery practitioners overall rated both groups lower than those who do not currently practice microsurgery. CONCLUSION Our study did not identify a gender bias in this evaluation method. Further investigation into how we assess and grade trainees as well as the presence and impact of implicit biases on varying surgical assessment methods is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana J Schaefer
- The Curtis National Hand Center, MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Mary K Thayer
- The Curtis National Hand Center, MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Anthony F Colon
- The Curtis National Hand Center, MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kavya K Sanghavi
- The Curtis National Hand Center, MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Erika D Sears
- Section of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- VA Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Aviram M Giladi
- The Curtis National Hand Center, MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ryan D Katz
- The Curtis National Hand Center, MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
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Harada S, Abe T, Furumido J, Takahashi K, Hori K, Abe N, Kon M, Murai S, Miyata H, Kikuchi H, Matsumoto R, Osawa T, Shinohara N. A prospective study of surgeons' workloads and associated factors in real-world practice. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9741. [PMID: 38679610 PMCID: PMC11056359 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59596-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
New technologies such as laparoscopic and robotic surgery are spreading, and there is a demand for physicians to keep up with novel methods. In contrast to the recent focus on healthcare professional burnout, the mental and physical costs during surgery are not well-understood. We aimed to quantify surgeons' workloads in daily urological surgical practice and clarify potential background factors associated with such workloads. Urologists in Hokkaido, Japan, were invited to this study. Between December 2020 and December 2021, participants repeatedly reported workloads, which were assessed using the National Aeronautics and Space Administration-Task Load Index (NASA-TLX), after each surgery in conjunction with participants' names, patients' backgrounds, their roles (independent operator, operator under supervision, instructor, and 1st or 2nd assistant), and surgical outcomes, via SurveyMonkey®. Because of the heterogeneity among individuals, a linear mixed-effects model was utilized to analyze factors associated with NASA-TLX, calculating the parameter estimates (PE) of regression coefficients for each factor and their 95% confidence interval (CI). Sixty-five urologists (5 women) joined the study, and 2169 data were collected within 7 days after surgeries. A linear mixed-effects model revealed that female surgeons (PE + 15.56, 95% CI 2.36-28.77), urgent/emergency surgery (PE + 6.65, 95% CI 4.59-8.70), intraoperative complications (PE + 9.26, 95% CI 6.76-11.76), and near-miss incidents (PE + 3.81, 95% CI 2.27-5.36) were associated with higher workloads. Regarding the surgeons' role, operator under supervision (PE + 12.46, 95% CI 9.86-15.06) showed the highest workloads. Surgeons' workloads decreased as the number of previous cases of the same procedure increased. Surgeons' workloads were associated with various factors. Given that the highest workloads were for operators under supervision, instructors should be aware of trainees' high workloads and devise appropriate instructional interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Harada
- Department of Urology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North-15, West-7, North Ward, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Takashige Abe
- Department of Urology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North-15, West-7, North Ward, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.
| | - Jun Furumido
- Department of Urology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North-15, West-7, North Ward, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
- Department of Urology, Asahikawa Kousei Hospital, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Keita Takahashi
- Department of Biostatistics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kanta Hori
- Department of Urology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North-15, West-7, North Ward, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Abe
- Department of Urology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kon
- Department of Urology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North-15, West-7, North Ward, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Sachiyo Murai
- Department of Urology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North-15, West-7, North Ward, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Haruka Miyata
- Department of Urology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North-15, West-7, North Ward, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kikuchi
- Department of Urology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North-15, West-7, North Ward, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Ryuji Matsumoto
- Department of Urology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North-15, West-7, North Ward, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Takahiro Osawa
- Department of Urology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North-15, West-7, North Ward, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Nobuo Shinohara
- Department of Urology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North-15, West-7, North Ward, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
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Poljo A, Sortino R, Daume D, Probst P, Billeter AT, Müller-Stich BP, Klasen JM. Educational challenges and opportunities for the future generation of surgeons: a scoping review. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2024; 409:82. [PMID: 38433154 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-024-03270-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Surgery offers exciting opportunities but comes with demanding challenges that require attention from both surgical program administrators and aspiring surgeons. The hashtag #NoTrainingTodayNoSurgeonsTomorrow on 𝕏 (previously Twitter) underscores the importance of ongoing training. Our scoping review identifies educational challenges and opportunities for the next generation of surgeons, analyzing existing studies and filling gaps in the literature. METHODS Following the PRISMA guidelines, MEDLINE/PubMed was searched in February 2022, using the MeSH terms "surgeons/education," for articles in English or German on general, abdominal, thoracic, vascular, and hand surgery and traumatology targeting medical students, surgical residents, future surgeons, and fellows. RESULTS The initial search yielded 1448 results. After a step-by-step evaluation process, 32 publications remained for complete review. Three main topics emerged: surgical innovations and training (n = 7), surgical culture and environment (n = 19), and mentoring (n = 6). The articles focusing on surgical innovations and training mainly described the incorporation of structured surgical training methods and program initiatives. Articles on surgical culture examined residents' burnout, well-being, and gender issues. Challenges faced by women, including implicit bias and sexual harassment, were highlighted. Regarding mentoring, mentees' needs, training challenges, and the qualities expected of both mentors and mentees were addressed. CONCLUSION At a time of COVID-19-driven surgical innovations, the educational and working environment of the new generation of surgeons is changing. Robotic technology and other innovations require future surgeons to acquire additional technological and digital expertise. With regard to the cultural aspects of training, surgery needs to adapt curricula to meet the demands of the new generation of surgeons, but even more it has to transform its culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adisa Poljo
- Department of Visceral Surgery, Clarunis - University Digestive Healthcare Center Basel, University Hospital Basel and St. Clara Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rosita Sortino
- Department of Visceral Surgery, Clarunis - University Digestive Healthcare Center Basel, University Hospital Basel and St. Clara Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Diana Daume
- Department of Surgery, Lucerne Cantonal Hospital, Spitalstrasse, 6000, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Probst
- Department of Surgery, Cantonal Hospital Thurgau, 8501, Frauenfeld, Switzerland
| | - Adrian T Billeter
- Department of Visceral Surgery, Clarunis - University Digestive Healthcare Center Basel, University Hospital Basel and St. Clara Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beat P Müller-Stich
- Department of Visceral Surgery, Clarunis - University Digestive Healthcare Center Basel, University Hospital Basel and St. Clara Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer M Klasen
- Department of Visceral Surgery, Clarunis - University Digestive Healthcare Center Basel, University Hospital Basel and St. Clara Hospital, Basel, Switzerland.
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Sevestre A, Dochez V, Souron R, Deschamps T, Winer N, Thubert T. Evaluation Tools for Assessing Autonomy of Surgical Residents in the Operating Room and Factors Influencing Access to Autonomy: A Systematic Literature Review. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL EDUCATION 2024; 81:182-192. [PMID: 38160113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgical residents in France lack a clear pedagogical framework for achieving autonomy in the operating room. The progressive acquisition of surgical autonomy is a determining factor in the confidence of operators for their future independent practice. Currently, there is no autonomy scale commonly used in Europe. The objective of this study is to identify existing tools for quantifying the autonomy of residents and the factors that influence it. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a qualitative systematic review following the recommendations of the Systematic Review Without Meta-Analysis (SWiM) guidelines. Publications were extracted from the MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, and PSYCINFO databases. All publications without date restrictions up to July 2022 were identified. RESULTS Among the 231 identified publications, 21 met the inclusion criteria. Seventeen publications used a graded autonomy assessment tool by the student and/or the teacher, while 4 used evaluations by an observing third party. We found 8 different autonomy scales, with the Zwisch Scale representing 57.1% of the cases. Factors influencing autonomy were diverse, including the work context, experience, and gender of the resident and their teacher. DISCUSSION We found heterogeneity in the tools used to "measure" the autonomy of a resident in the operating room. The SIMPL tool or the Zwisch Scale appear to be the most frequently used tools. The relationship between autonomy, performance, confidence, and knowledge may require multidimensional tools that encompass various areas of competence, but this could make their daily application more challenging. The factors influencing autonomy are numerous; and understanding them would improve teaching in the operating room. There is a significant lack of data on surgical autonomy in France, as well as a lack of evaluation in the field of gynecology-obstetrics worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Sevestre
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, Nantes, France; Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Movement - Interactions - Performance, Nantes, France
| | - Vincent Dochez
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, Nantes, France; Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Movement - Interactions - Performance, Nantes, France.
| | - Robin Souron
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Movement - Interactions - Performance, Nantes, France
| | - Thibault Deschamps
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Movement - Interactions - Performance, Nantes, France
| | - Norbert Winer
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, Nantes, France; Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INRAE, Nantes, France
| | - Thibault Thubert
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, Nantes, France; Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Movement - Interactions - Performance, Nantes, France
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Eruchalu CN, Etheridge JC, Hammaker AC, Kader S, Abelson JS, Harvey J, Farr D, Stopenski SJ, Nahmias JT, Elsaadi A, Campbell SJ, Foote DC, Ivascu FA, Montgomery KB, Zmijewski P, Byrd SE, Kimbrough MK, Smith S, Postlewait LM, Dodwad SJM, Adams SD, Markesbery KC, Meister KM, Woeste MR, Martin RCG, Callahan ZM, Marks JA, Patel P, Anstadt MJ, Nasim BW, Willis RE, Patel JA, Newcomb MR, Stahl CC, Yafi MA, Sutton JM, George BC, Quillin RC, Cho NL, Cortez AR. Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Operative Experience Among General Surgery Residents: A Multi-Institutional Study from the US ROPE Consortium. Ann Surg 2024; 279:172-179. [PMID: 36928294 PMCID: PMC11104265 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000005848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the relationship between race/ethnicity and case volume among graduating surgical residents. BACKGROUND Racial/ethnic minority individuals face barriers to entry and advancement in surgery; however, no large-scale investigations of the operative experience of racial/ethnic minority residents have been performed. METHODS A multi-institutional retrospective analysis of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education case logs of categorical general surgery residents at 20 programs in the US Resident OPerative Experience Consortium database was performed. All residents graduating between 2010 and 2020 were included. The total, surgeon chief, surgeon junior, and teaching assistant case volumes were compared between racial/ethnic groups. RESULTS The cohort included 1343 residents. There were 211 (15.7%) Asian, 65 (4.8%) Black, 73 (5.4%) Hispanic, 71 (5.3%) "Other" (Native American or Multiple Race), and 923 (68.7%) White residents. On adjusted analysis, Black residents performed 76 fewer total cases (95% CI, -109 to -43, P <0.001) and 69 fewer surgeon junior cases (-98 to -40, P <0.001) than White residents. Comparing adjusted total case volume by graduation year, both Black residents and White residents performed more cases over time; however, there was no difference in the rates of annual increase (10 versus 12 cases per year increase, respectively, P =0.769). Thus, differences in total case volume persisted over the study period. CONCLUSIONS In this multi-institutional study, Black residents graduated with lower case volume than non-minority residents throughout the previous decade. Reduced operative learning opportunities may negatively impact professional advancement. Systemic interventions are needed to promote equitable operative experience and positive culture change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukwuma N Eruchalu
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Surgery, Center for Surgery and Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - James C Etheridge
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Ariadne Labs, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Austin C Hammaker
- Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Research on Education in Surgical Training (CREST), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Sarah Kader
- Department of Surgery, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington, MA
| | - Jonathan S Abelson
- Department of Surgery, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington, MA
| | - Jalen Harvey
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Deborah Farr
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | | | - Jeffry T Nahmias
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA
| | - Ali Elsaadi
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, Lubbock, TX
| | - Samuel J Campbell
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, Lubbock, TX
| | - Darci C Foote
- Department of Surgery, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI
| | | | | | - Polina Zmijewski
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Samuel E Byrd
- Department of Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Mary K Kimbrough
- Department of Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | | | | | | | - Sasha D Adams
- Department of Surgery, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Joshua A Marks
- Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Purvi Patel
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University, Maywood, IL
| | | | - Bilal Waqar Nasim
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Ross E Willis
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Jitesh A Patel
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | | | | | - Motaz Al Yafi
- Department of Surgery, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH
| | - Jeffrey M Sutton
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Division of Oncologic and Endocrine Surgery, Charleston, SC
| | - Brian C George
- Department of Surgery, Center for Surgical Training and Research (CSTAR), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Ralph C Quillin
- Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Research on Education in Surgical Training (CREST), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Nancy L Cho
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Alexander R Cortez
- Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Research on Education in Surgical Training (CREST), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
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Jensen RM, Anand A, Kearse LE, Korndorffer JR. The domino effect: the impact of gender on operative self-efficacy. Surg Endosc 2023; 37:9461-9466. [PMID: 37697120 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-023-10378-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies suggest that there are key differences in operative experience based on a trainee's gender. A large-scale self-efficacy (SE) survey, distributed to general surgery residents after the American Board of Surgery In-Training Examination in 2020, found that female gender was associated with decreased SE in graduating PGY5 residents for all 4 laparoscopic procedures included on the survey (cholecystectomy, appendectomy, right hemicolectomy, and diagnostic laparoscopy). We sought to determine whether these differences were reflected at the case level when considering operative performance and supervision using an operative assessment tool (SIMPL OR). METHODS Supervision and performance data reported through the SIMPL OR platform for the same 4 laparoscopic procedures included in the SE survey were aggregated for residents who were PGY5s in 2020. Independent t-tests and multiple linear regression were used to determine the relationship between trainee gender and supervision/performance ratings. RESULTS For laparoscopic cases in aggregate (n = 2708), male residents rated their performance higher than females (3.57 vs. 3.26, p < 0.001, 1 = critical deficiency, 5 = exceptional performance) and reported less supervision (3.15 vs. 2.85, p < 0.001, 1 = show and tell, 4 = supervision only); similar findings were seen when looking at attending reports of resident supervision and performance. A multiple linear regression model showed that attending gender did not significantly predict resident-reported supervision or performance levels, while case complexity and trainee gender significantly affected both supervision and performance (p < 0.001). DISCUSSION Female residents perceive themselves to be less self-efficacious at core laparoscopic procedures compared to their male colleagues. Comparison to more case-specific data confirm that female residents receive more supervision and lower performance ratings. This may create a domino effect in which female residents receive less operative independence, preventing the opportunity to establish SE. Further research should identify opportunities to break this cycle and consider gender identity beyond the male/female construct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Jensen
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Ananya Anand
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Parr JM, van der Werf B, Locke M. Operative Autonomy in a Gender-Balanced Cohort of Surgical Trainees. Plast Reconstr Surg 2023; 152:1367-1374. [PMID: 36917746 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000010407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gender inequity continues to be a major focus of improvements within surgical education. Female trainees are fewer and experience reduced quality of surgical training. Prior studies have demonstrated that surgical autonomy for female trainees in a range of surgical disciplines is less than that of male trainees. As a unique example among Australasian specialty training boards, the New Zealand Board of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery has boasted a gender-balanced cohort of surgical trainees since 2013. The authors sought to examine the effect of gender on surgical autonomy in a cohort of trainees where gender balance has been achieved. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was undertaken. Anonymized logbook data for New Zealand plastic surgery trainees were analyzed, for the study period, consisting of rotations from December of 2013 to June of 2020. Self-reported levels of trainee supervision were compared against gender. Outcomes were tested using multivariate analysis. RESULTS Thirty-eight trainees were included in the study (58% female), with a total of 81,178 cases recorded over the 6.5-year study period. No overall statistically significant difference in surgical autonomy was identified when analyzed by gender. Male and female trainees showed similar trends of increasing surgical autonomy throughout the course of surgical training. CONCLUSIONS In a cohort of surgical trainees that has reached gender balance, the negative impact of gender on surgical autonomy was not identified. These findings suggest that where women make up an equal proportion of trainees, the implicit gender bias within surgical training may be ameliorated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Parr
- From the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Christchurch Hospital
| | | | - Michelle Locke
- Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Middlemore Hospital
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Downie S, Cherry J, Dunn J, Harding T, Eastwood D, Gill S, Johnson S. The role of Gender in Operative Autonomy in orthopaedic Surgical Trainees (GOAST). Bone Joint J 2023; 105-B:821-832. [PMID: 37399113 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.105b7.bjj-2023-0132.r2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Aims Global literature suggests that female surgical trainees have lower rates of independent operating (operative autonomy) than their male counterparts. The objective of this study was to identify any association between gender and lead/independent operating in speciality orthopaedic trainees within the UK national training programme. Methods This was a retrospective case-control study using electronic surgical logbook data from 2009 to 2021 for 274 UK orthopaedic trainees. Total operative numbers and level of supervision were compared between male and female trainees, with correction for less than full-time training (LTFT), prior experience, and time out during training (OOP). The primary outcome was the percentage of cases undertaken as lead surgeon (supervised and unsupervised) by UK orthopaedic trainees by gender. Results All participants gave permission for their data to be used. In total, 274 UK orthopaedic trainees submitted data (65% men (n = 177) and 33% women (n = 91)), with a total of 285,915 surgical procedures logged over 1,364 trainee-years. Males were lead surgeon (under supervision) on 3% more cases than females (61% (115,948/189,378) to 58% (50,285/86,375), respectively; p < 0.001), and independent operator (unsupervised) on 1% more cases. A similar trend of higher operative numbers in male trainees was seen for senior (ST6 to 8) trainees (+5% and +1%; p < 0.001), those with no time OOP (+6% and +8%; p < 0.001), and those with orthopaedic experience prior to orthopaedic specialty training (+7% and +3% for lead surgeon and independent operator, respectively; p < 0.001). The gender difference was less marked for those on LTFT training, those who took time OOP, and those with no prior orthopaedic experience. Conclusion This study showed that males perform 3% more cases as the lead surgeon than females during UK orthopaedic training (p < 0.001). This may be due to differences in how cases are recorded, but must engender further research to ensure that all surgeons are treated equitably during their training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Downie
- Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | | | - Jennifer Dunn
- Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Thomas Harding
- Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | | | - Sarah Gill
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Simon Johnson
- Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, UK
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Conner SM, Choi N, Fuller J, Daya S, Barish P, Rennke S, Harrison JD, Narayana S. Trainee Autonomy and Supervision in the Modern Clinical Learning Environment: A Mixed-Methods Study of Faculty and Trainee Perspectives. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2982838. [PMID: 37333324 PMCID: PMC10275050 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2982838/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Background Balancing autonomy and supervision during medical residency is important for trainee development while ensuring patient safety. In the modern clinical learning environment, tension exists when this balance is skewed. This study aimed to understand the current and ideal states of autonomy and supervision, then describe the factors that contribute to imbalance from both trainee and attending perspectives. Methods A mixed-methods design included surveys and focus groups of trainees and attendings at three institutionally affiliated hospitals between May 2019-June 2020. Survey responses were compared using chi-square tests or Fisher's exact tests. Open-ended survey and focus group questions were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results Surveys were sent to 182 trainees and 208 attendings; 76 trainees (42%) and 101 attendings (49%) completed the survey. Fourteen trainees (8%) and 32 attendings (32%) participated in focus groups. Trainees perceived the current culture to be significantly more autonomous than attendings; both groups described an "ideal" culture as more autonomous than the current state. Focus group analysis revealed five core contributors to the balance of autonomy and supervision: attending-, trainee-, patient-, interpersonal-, and institutional-related factors. These factors were found to be dynamic and interactive with each other. Additionally, we identified a cultural shift in how the modern inpatient environment is impacted by increased hospitalist attending supervision and emphasis on patient safety and health system improvement initiatives. Conclusions Trainees and attendings agree that the clinical learning environment should favor resident autonomy and that the current environment does not achieve the ideal balance. There are several factors contributing to autonomy and supervision, including attending-, resident-, patient-, interpersonal-, and institutional-related. These factors are complex, multifaceted, and dynamic. Cultural shifts towards supervision by primarily hospitalist attendings and increased attending accountability for patient safety and systems improvement outcomes further impacts trainee autonomy.
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11
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Nguyen AT, Anjaria DJ, Sadeghi-Nejad H. Advancing Urology Resident Surgical Autonomy. Curr Urol Rep 2023; 24:253-260. [PMID: 36917339 PMCID: PMC10011787 DOI: 10.1007/s11934-023-01152-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This paper aims to survey current literature on urologic graduate medical education focusing on surgical autonomy. RECENT FINDINGS Affording appropriate levels of surgical autonomy has a key role in the education of urologic trainees and perceived preparedness for independent practice. Recent studies in surgical resident autonomy have demonstrated a reduction in autonomy for trainees in recent years. Efforts to advance the state of modern surgical training include creation of targeted curricula, enhanced with use of surgical simulation, and structured feedback. Decline in surgical autonomy for urology residents may influence confidence after completion of their residency. Further study is needed into the declining levels of urology resident autonomy, how it affects urologists entering independent practice, and what interventions can advance autonomy in modern urologic training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh T Nguyen
- Division of Urology Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
| | - Devashish J Anjaria
- East Orange Department of Surgery, Veteran Affairs New Jersey Healthcare System East Orange, East Orange, NJ, USA
| | - Hossein Sadeghi-Nejad
- East Orange Department of Surgery, Veteran Affairs New Jersey Healthcare System East Orange, East Orange, NJ, USA
- Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
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Filiberto AC, Abbott KL, Shickel B, George BC, Cochran AL, Sarosi GA, Upchurch GR, Loftus TJ. Resident Operative Autonomy and Attending Verbal Feedback Differ by Resident and Attending Gender. ANNALS OF SURGERY OPEN 2023; 4:e256. [PMID: 37600892 PMCID: PMC10431433 DOI: 10.1097/as9.0000000000000256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study tests the null hypotheses that overall sentiment and gendered words in verbal feedback and resident operative autonomy relative to performance are similar for female and male residents. Background Female and male surgical residents may experience training differently, affecting the quality of learning and graduated autonomy. Methods A longitudinal, observational study using a Society for Improving Medical Professional Learning collaborative dataset describing resident and attending evaluations of resident operative performance and autonomy and recordings of verbal feedback from attendings from surgical procedures performed at 54 US general surgery residency training programs from 2016 to 2021. Overall sentiment, adjectives, and gendered words in verbal feedback were quantified by natural language processing. Resident operative autonomy and performance, as evaluated by attendings, were reported on 5-point ordinal scales. Performance-adjusted autonomy was calculated as autonomy minus performance. Results The final dataset included objective assessments and dictated feedback for 2683 surgical procedures. Sentiment scores were higher for female residents (95 [interquartile range (IQR), 4-100] vs 86 [IQR 2-100]; P < 0.001). Gendered words were present in a greater proportion of dictations for female residents (29% vs 25%; P = 0.04) due to male attendings disproportionately using male-associated words in feedback for female residents (28% vs 23%; P = 0.01). Overall, attendings reported that male residents received greater performance-adjusted autonomy compared with female residents (P < 0.001). Conclusions Sentiment and gendered words in verbal feedback and performance-adjusted operative autonomy differed for female and male general surgery residents. These findings suggest a need to ensure that trainees are given appropriate and equitable operative autonomy and feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C. Filiberto
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, FL
| | - Kenneth L. Abbott
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, FL
| | - Benjamin Shickel
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, FL
| | - Brian C. George
- Department of Learning Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Amalia L. Cochran
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, FL
| | - George A. Sarosi
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, FL
| | - Gilbert R. Upchurch
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, FL
| | - Tyler J. Loftus
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, FL
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Kono E, Isozumi U, Nomura S, Okoshi K, Yamamoto H, Miyata H, Yasufuku I, Maeda H, Sakamoto J, Uchiyama K, Kakeji Y, Yoshida K, Kitagawa Y. Surgical Experience Disparity Between Male and Female Surgeons in Japan. JAMA Surg 2022; 157:e222938. [PMID: 35895067 PMCID: PMC9330354 DOI: 10.1001/jamasurg.2022.2938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Question Does gender disparity exist in the number of surgical experiences among male and female surgeons in Japan? Findings In this cross-sectional study covering 1 147 068 total operations in 6 surgical fields performed between 2013 and 2017, surgical experience was classified by surgeons’ gender and years of experience. The number of operations per surgeon was lower for female compared with male surgeons, except in the first 2 years after medical registration; this gender gap widened as the difficulty level of surgery increased. Meaning The findings indicate a marked disparity in the surgical experience of female and male surgeons in Japan. Importance Women are vastly underrepresented in surgical leadership and management in Japan. The lack of equal opportunities for surgical training is speculated to be the main reason for this disparity; however, this hypothesis has not been investigated thus far. Objective To examine gender disparity in the number of surgical experiences among Japanese surgeons. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective, multicenter cross-sectional study used data from the National Clinical Database, which contains more than 95% of all surgical procedures in Japan. Participants included male and female gastroenterological surgeons who performed appendectomy, cholecystectomy, right hemicolectomy, distal gastrectomy, low anterior resection, and pancreaticoduodenectomy between January 1, 2013, and December 31, 2017. Exposures Differences in the number of surgical experiences between male and female surgeons. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcomes were the total number of operations and number of operations per surgeon by gender and years of experience. Data were analyzed from March 18 to August 31, 2021. Results Of 1 147 068 total operations, 83 354 (7.27%) were performed by female surgeons and 1 063 714 (92.73%) by male surgeons. Among the 6 operative procedures, the percentage of operations performed by female surgeons were the highest for appendectomy (n = 20 648 [9.83%]) and cholecystectomy (n = 41 271 [7.89%]) and lowest for low anterior resection (n = 4507 [4.57%]) and pancreaticoduodenectomy (n = 1329 [2.64%]). Regarding the number of operations per surgeon, female surgeons had fewer surgical experiences for all 6 types of operations in all years after registration, except for appendectomy and cholecystectomy in the first 2 years after medical registration. The largest gender disparity for each surgical procedure was 3.17 times more procedures for male vs female surgeons for appendectomy (at 15 years after medical registration), 4.93 times for cholecystectomy (at 30-39 years), 3.65 times for right hemicolectomy (at 30-39 years), 3.02 times for distal gastrectomy (at 27-29 years), 6.75 times for low anterior resection (at 27-29 years), and 22.2 times for pancreaticoduodenectomy (at 30-39 years). Conclusions and Relevance This cross-sectional study found that female surgeons had less surgical experience than male surgeons in Japan, and this gap tended to widen with an increase in years of experience, especially for medium- and high-difficulty operations. Gender disparity in surgical experience needs to be eliminated, so that female surgeons can advance to leadership positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Kono
- Department of General and Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Urara Isozumi
- Department of Healthcare Quality Assessment, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sachiyo Nomura
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kae Okoshi
- Department of Surgery, Japan Baptist Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamamoto
- Department of Healthcare Quality Assessment, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Miyata
- Department of Healthcare Quality Assessment, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Itaru Yasufuku
- Department of Gastroenterological and Pediatric Surgery, Gifu University School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | | | | | - Kazuhisa Uchiyama
- Department of General and Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kakeji
- Database Committee, The Japanese Society of Gastroenterological Surgery, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterological and Pediatric Surgery, Gifu University School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yuko Kitagawa
- The Japanese Society of Gastroenterological Surgery, Tokyo, Japan
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Lucidi D, Parini S, Reale M, Azzolina D, Verdi D, Spolverato G. Women in Surgery Italia: what are the opportunities in the operatory room? Results from a nationwide interdisciplinary survey. Updates Surg 2022; 74:803-816. [PMID: 35657559 DOI: 10.1007/s13304-022-01304-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Many studies documented the "glass ceiling" effect for women in surgery: achievements in academic and leadership positions are not consistent with the percentage of female surgeons in practice. A solid surgical case volume and expertise in high-complexity cases are required to pursue leadership positions. The aim of the study was to determine whether part of the difficulties encountered by female surgeons may lie in reduced surgical opportunities. This is the first study to investigate this issue in Italy. An online survey, conceived and promoted by Women in Surgery Italia, was administered through the RedCap platform, between November and December 2020, and female surgeons actively working in Italian academic and non-academic hospitals were invited to answer anonymously. A multivariate analysis was performed to evaluate the role of different factors on two main variables: overall procedures done and a sub-analysis of complex cases performed as first surgeon. 1810 respondents were included; the women who responded participated in 3% fewer cases on average, when compared to the mean staff case volume, and were significantly more often listed as the assistant surgeon and as primary surgeons in low-complexity cases. 36.5% of the respondents declared that at least one female physician on staff had to abandon the operatory room (OR) and does not regularly perform any surgical procedure. 73% female surgeons would like to spend more hours in the OR. While acquiring skills and surgical autonomy, many obstacles still exist for female surgeons. A portion of women are relegated to non-surgical activities, irrespective of their specialty, and these results confirm the theory that gender-biased underemployment still exists in surgical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Lucidi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Modena, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Sara Parini
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ospedale Maggiore della Carità di Novara, Novara, Italy
| | - Marella Reale
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Modena, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
| | - Danila Azzolina
- Department of Medical Science, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Daunia Verdi
- Department of Surgery, Mirano Hospital, Mirano, Italy
| | - Gaya Spolverato
- Department of Surgical Oncological and Gastrointestinal Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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15
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Equity, Inclusion and Diversity in Surgical Training. Indian J Surg 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12262-021-03068-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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16
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Abstract
UNLABELLED The aim of surgical training across the 10 surgical specialties is to produce competent day 1 consultants. Progression through training in the UK is assessed by the Annual Review of Competency Progression (ARCP). OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine variation in ARCP outcomes within surgical training and identify differences in outcomes between specialties. DESIGN A national cohort study using data from the UK Medical Education Database was performed. ARCP outcome was the primary outcome measure. Multilevel ordinal regression analyses were performed, with ARCP outcomes nested within trainees. PARTICIPANTS Higher surgical trainees (ST3-ST8) from nine UK surgical specialties were included (vascular surgery was excluded due to insufficient data). All surgical trainees across the UK with an ARCP outcome between 2010 and 2017 were included. RESULTS Eight thousand two hundred and twenty trainees with an ARCP outcome awarded between 2010 and 2017 were included, comprising 31 788 ARCP outcomes. There was substantial variation in the proportion of non-standard outcomes recorded across specialties with general surgery trainees having the highest proportion of non-standard outcomes (22.5%) and urology trainees the fewest (12.4%). After adjustment, general surgery trainees were 1.3 times more likely to receive a non-standard ARCP outcome compared with trainees in trauma and orthopaedics (T&O) (OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.21 to 1.45, p=0.001). Urology trainees were 36% less likely to receive a non-standard outcome compared with T&O trainees (OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.54 to 0.75, p<0.001). Female trainees and older age were associated with non-standard outcomes (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.22, p=0.020; OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.05, p<0.001). CONCLUSION There is wide variation in the training outcome assessments across surgical specialties. General surgery has higher rates of non-standard outcomes compared with other surgical specialties. Across all specialties, female sex and older age were associated with non-standard outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Hope
- Division of Graduate Entry Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jonathan Lund
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Gareth Griffiths
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - David Humes
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Nottingham University, Nottingham, UK
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17
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Kim Y, Pendleton AA, Boitano LT, Tanious A, Png CM, Feldman ZM, Yi JA, Dua A. The Changing Demographics of Surgical Trainees in General and Vascular Surgery: National Trends over the Past Decade. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL EDUCATION 2021; 78:2117-2126. [PMID: 34099428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent initiatives have targeted the issue of gender and ethnic/racial disparities in general surgery and vascular surgery. However, the prevalence of these disparities in general and vascular surgical training programs is unknown. DESIGN A retrospective analysis was conducted using data from three separate sources, including the US Graduate Medical Education annual report, Electronic Residency Application Service database, and National Resident Matching Program annual report. Demographic information regarding gender distribution and ethnic/racial identity was collected from 328 general surgery residency programs, 59 vascular surgery residency programs, and 100 vascular surgery fellowship programs across the US. The primary outcomes of this study were to evaluate national trends in gender and ethnic diversity in general surgery and vascular surgery training programs, including both traditional fellowship and integrated residency paradigms. RESULTS From 2011-2020, general surgery residency programs showed a positive trend towards both female applicants (from 31.9%-41.5%) and trainees (from 36.2%-43.1%) (p < 0.0001 each). The proportion of minority trainees decreased, primarily among Black (from 7.2%-5.4%) and Asian trainees (from 21.5%-19.2%) (p < 0.0001 each). Concurrently, the number of vascular integrated residency programs grew from 27 to 59, resulting in a fivefold increase in trainees (from 64-335). Despite this growth, there was no change in the proportion of women applicants or trainees for both vascular integrated residency (24.9% applicants; 36.2% trainees) and fellowship programs (27.4% applicants; 25.9% trainees) over the study period (p = 0.11, 0.89, 0.43, and 0.13 respectively). Moreover, there was no significant change in proportion of minority trainees in both vascular integrated residency and fellowship programs. CONCLUSION While general surgery programs have expanded in proportion of both female applicants and trainees, racial diversity has decreased. Gender and racial diversity in vascular training has not changed. Future initiatives in general and vascular surgery should focus on recruitment and promotion of proficient women and minority trainees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Kim
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Anna Alaska Pendleton
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Laura T Boitano
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Adam Tanious
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Cy Maximilian Png
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zachary M Feldman
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jeniann A Yi
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Anahita Dua
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Impact of Gender on Clinical Evaluation of Trainees in the Intensive Care Unit. ATS Sch 2021; 2:442-451. [PMID: 34667992 PMCID: PMC8518669 DOI: 10.34197/ats-scholar.2021-0048oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Gender disparities in medical education are increasingly demonstrated, including in trainee assessment. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate whether gender differences exist in trainees’ evaluation during intensive care unit (ICU) rotations, which has not been previously studied. Methods: We reviewed the in-training evaluation reports (ITERs) for trainees rotating through five academic ICUs at the University of Toronto over a 10-year period (2007–2017). We compared the mean global score for the rotation and the mean score for seven training subdomains between men and women trainees. All scores were reported on a scale of 1 (unsatisfactory) to 5 (outstanding). Results: Over the 10-year period, there were 3,203 ITERS overall, representing 1,207 women and 1,996 men trainees. The mean overall score was lower for women than for men trainees: 4.26 (standard deviation [SD], 0.58) for women and 4.30 (SD, 0.60) for men (P = 0.04). This difference was driven by anesthesia trainees, in whom the mean overall score was 4.21 for women and 4.37 for men (P < 0.001), with men trainees scoring consistently higher across all seven training subdomains. Within surgical, internal medicine, and critical care residents, there were no differences between men and women in the overall score or the scores across any of the seven subdomains. Across all ITERS, women were less likely than men to receive an overall rating of 5 (outstanding) for the ICU rotation (33% women vs. 37% men; odds ratio, 0.83; 95% confidence interval, 0.71–0.96). Conclusion: Overall, quantitative evaluation scores between women and men trainees in the ICU are relatively similar. Within anesthesia trainees, scores for men were consistently higher across all domains of evaluation, a finding that requires further investigation.
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Smith CB, Saillant NN, Mendoza AE. Perceptions of differences in graduated autonomy between male and female surgical residents. Surgery 2021; 170:1281-1284. [PMID: 33775394 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte B Smith
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC. https://twitter.com/cblythesmith
| | | | - April E Mendoza
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.
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20
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Rennie SC. Learner neglect in the surgical training setting. MEDICAL EDUCATION 2021; 55:1214. [PMID: 33978267 DOI: 10.1111/medu.14547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Rennie
- Education Unit, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
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21
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Entrustable Professional Activities, a tool for addressing gender bias and the Imposter Syndrome? Ann Surg 2021; 275:230-231. [PMID: 34433185 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000005189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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22
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The Biology and Psychology of Surgical Learning. Surg Clin North Am 2021; 101:541-554. [PMID: 34242598 DOI: 10.1016/j.suc.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Surgical education requires proficiency with multiple types of learning to create capable surgeons. This article reviews a conceptual framework of learning that starts with the biological basis of learning and how neural networks encode memory. We then focus on how information can be absorbed, organized, and recalled, discussing concepts such as cognitive load, knowledge retrieval, and adult learning. Influences on memory and learning such as stress, sleep, and unconscious bias are explored. This overview of the biological and psychological aspects to learning provides a foundation for the articles to follow.
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