1
|
Papapostolou I, Ross-Kaschitza D, Bochen F, Peinelt C, Maldifassi MC. Contribution of the α5 nAChR Subunit and α5SNP to Nicotine-Induced Proliferation and Migration of Human Cancer Cells. Cells 2023; 12:2000. [PMID: 37566079 PMCID: PMC10417634 DOI: 10.3390/cells12152000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotine in tobacco is known to induce tumor-promoting effects and cause chemotherapy resistance through the activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Many studies have associated the α5 nicotinic receptor subunit (α5), and a specific polymorphism in this subunit, with (i) nicotine administration, (ii) nicotine dependence, and (iii) lung cancer. The α5 gene CHRNA5 mRNA is upregulated in several types of cancer, including lung, prostate, colorectal, and stomach cancer, and cancer severity is correlated with smoking. In this study, we investigate the contribution of α5 in the nicotine-induced cancer hallmark functions proliferation and migration, in breast, colon, and prostate cancer cells. Nine human cell lines from different origins were used to determine nAChR subunit expression levels. Then, selected breast (MCF7), colon (SW480), and prostate (DU145) cancer cell lines were used to investigate the nicotine-induced effects mediated by α5. Using pharmacological and siRNA-based experiments, we show that α5 is essential for nicotine-induced proliferation and migration. Additionally, upon downregulation of α5, nicotine-promoted expression of EMT markers and immune regulatory proteins was impaired. Moreover, the α5 polymorphism D398N (α5SNP) caused a basal increase in proliferation and migration in the DU145 cell line, and the effect was mediated through G-protein signaling. Taken together, our results indicate that nicotine-induced cancer cell proliferation and migration are mediated via α5, adding to the characterization of α5 as a putative therapeutical target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Maria Constanza Maldifassi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (I.P.); (D.R.-K.); (F.B.); (C.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Barpujari A, Klaas E, Roberts J, Vo KA, Azizi E, Martinez M, Sung E, Lucke-Wold B. Ovarian Cancer Metastasis to the Central Nervous System: A Literature Review. JOURNAL OF GYNECOLOGY, CLINICAL OBSTETRICS AND REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE 2022; 1:10.37191/Mapsci-JGCORM-1(1)-004. [PMID: 36326265 PMCID: PMC9625854 DOI: 10.37191/mapsci-jgcorm-1(1)-004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths among women in the United States. Metastasis to the central nervous system has become more frequent in the previous decades, however, treatment options remain limited. In this review, we discuss the pathophysiology of ovarian cancer and how metastasis to the central nervous system typically occurs. We then discuss cases of metastasis presented in the literature to evaluate current treatment regimens and protocols. Finally, we highlight emerging treatment options that are being utilized in clinics to provide personalized treatment therapy for a patient's unique diagnosis. This review aims to further the understanding of pathophysiology, stimulate further innovative treatments, and present accessible resources through tables and figures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnav Barpujari
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Elizabeth Klaas
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Jeffery Roberts
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Kim-Anh Vo
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Esaan Azizi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Melanie Martinez
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Eric Sung
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Donmez C, Konac E. Silencing effects of FOXD1 inhibit metastatic potentials of the PCa via N-cadherin - Wnt/β-catenin crosstalk. Gene 2022; 836:146680. [PMID: 35738443 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The elucidation of the mechanisms controlling the metastatic processes is important for the development of new treatment methods to prevent the progression of localized disease to metastasis. Forkhead box D1 (FOXD1) is a member of the FOX transcription factor family and has been reported to play an important role in the development and progression of various cancers. However, its role in prostate cancer (PCa) remains only partially understood. Therefore, we aimed to explore the effects on the associated regulatory signal pathway of FOXD1 in prostate cancer. To clarify the roles of FOXD1 in prostate cancer, we used siRNA to suppress its expression in 22Rv1 cells with relatively higher expression of FOXD1. The effects of FOXD1 silencing on cell proliferation, migration and invasion were determined. WST-1 assays were used to determine cell proliferation. Cell migration and invasion were evaluated through wound healing and transwell assays. The possible underlying mechanism of FOXD1 silencing on 22Rv1 was evaluated by determining the expression of proteins related to EMT and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Our results showed that FOXD1 was highly expressed in prostate cancer cell lines -PC-3, DU145, LNCaP and 22Rv1- compared to normal prostate epithelial cell line RWPE-1. Additionally, silencing of FOXD1 significantly reduced proliferation, migration and invasion of 22Rv1 cells. Furthermore, silencing of FOXD1 decreased the expression of β-catenin and cyclin D1, which are involved in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. However, it did not appear to affect the expression of EMT-related proteins other than N-cadherin. Our results suggest that silencing of FOXD1 suppresses metastatic potentials of the PCa via N-cadherin - Wnt/β-catenin crosstalk. Therefore, the expression status of FOXD1 may be a new prognostic factor as well as a potential therapeutic target in prostate cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cigdem Donmez
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Besevler, 06500 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Esenkoy, Kozlu, 67600 Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Ece Konac
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Besevler, 06500 Ankara, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dorsch M, Kowalczyk M, Planque M, Heilmann G, Urban S, Dujardin P, Forster J, Ueffing K, Nothdurft S, Oeck S, Paul A, Liffers ST, Kaschani F, Kaiser M, Schramm A, Siveke JT, Winslow MM, Fendt SM, Nalbant P, Grüner BM. Statins affect cancer cell plasticity with distinct consequences for tumor progression and metastasis. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110056. [PMID: 34818551 PMCID: PMC8640221 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins are among the most commonly prescribed drugs, and around every fourth person above the age of 40 is on statin medication. Therefore, it is of utmost clinical importance to understand the effect of statins on cancer cell plasticity and its consequences to not only patients with cancer but also patients who are on statins. Here, we find that statins induce a partial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype in cancer cells of solid tumors. Using a comprehensive STRING network analysis of transcriptome, proteome, and phosphoproteome data combined with multiple mechanistic in vitro and functional in vivo analyses, we demonstrate that statins reduce cellular plasticity by enforcing a mesenchymal-like cell state that increases metastatic seeding ability on one side but reduces the formation of (secondary) tumors on the other due to heterogeneous treatment responses. Taken together, we provide a thorough mechanistic overview of the consequences of statin use for each step of cancer development, progression, and metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Dorsch
- Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen at the University Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Manuela Kowalczyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Mélanie Planque
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geronimo Heilmann
- Department of Chemical Biology, Center for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Urban
- Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen at the University Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Philip Dujardin
- Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen at the University Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Jan Forster
- Department of Genome Informatics, Institute for Human Genetics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) partner site Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kristina Ueffing
- Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen at the University Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Silke Nothdurft
- Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen at the University Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Oeck
- Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen at the University Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Annika Paul
- Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen at the University Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Sven T Liffers
- Bridge Institute of Experimental Tumor Therapy, West German Cancer Center, University Medicine Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Farnusch Kaschani
- Department of Chemical Biology, Center for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Markus Kaiser
- Department of Chemical Biology, Center for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Schramm
- Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen at the University Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Jens T Siveke
- Bridge Institute of Experimental Tumor Therapy, West German Cancer Center, University Medicine Essen, Essen, Germany; Division of Solid Tumor Translational Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Essen, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Monte M Winslow
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sarah-Maria Fendt
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Perihan Nalbant
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Barbara M Grüner
- Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen at the University Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) partner site Essen, Essen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Buranarom A, Navasumrit P, Ngaotepprutaram T, Ruchirawat M. Dichloromethane increases mutagenic DNA damage and transformation ability in cholangiocytes and enhances metastatic potential in cholangiocarcinoma cell lines. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 346:109580. [PMID: 34280354 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Dichloromethane (DCM), a widely used chlorinated solvent, is classified by IARC (2017) as probably carcinogenic to humans. Exposure to DCM has been associated with increased incidence of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) in humans. This study aimed to investigate how DCM could contribute to CCA development by investigating the effects of DCM on DNA damage and cell transformation in cholangiocytes (MMNK-1) and on metastatic potential as measured by invasion and cell migration in malignant CCA cell lines (HuCCA-1 and RMCCA-1). MMNK-1 cells treated with the non-cytotoxic concentration of DCM (25 μM, 24 h) significantly increased the levels of mutagenic DNA adducts including 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, 8-OHdG, (1.84-fold, p < 0.01) and 8-nitroguanine (1.96-fold, p < 0.01) and enhanced cell transformation by 1.47-fold (p < 0.01). In addition, the expression of various genes involved in carcinogenesis, namely, NFE2L2 (antioxidative response), CXCL8 (inflammation), CDH1 (cell adhesion), MMP9 (tissue remodeling) and MKI67 (cell proliferation) were altered in cholangiocytes treated with DCM. When MMNK-1 cells were transformed by DCM, the expression of all the aforementioned genes was also increased. In malignant cell lines (HuCCA-1 and RMCCA-1), DCM treatment resulted in increased CXCL8 and MMP9 transcription and decreased CDH1 transcription accompanied by increased invasion and migration capabilities of these cells. Taken together, this study demonstrated that DCM exposure could be linked to the development of CCA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angkhameen Buranarom
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Laksi, Bangkok, Thailand; Post-graduate Program in Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Laksi, Bangkok, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Thailand
| | - Panida Navasumrit
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Laksi, Bangkok, Thailand; Post-graduate Program in Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Laksi, Bangkok, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Thailand
| | | | - Mathuros Ruchirawat
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Laksi, Bangkok, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bornes L, Belthier G, van Rheenen J. Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in the Light of Plasticity and Hybrid E/M States. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10112403. [PMID: 34072345 PMCID: PMC8197992 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10112403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a cellular program which leads to cells losing epithelial features, including cell polarity, cell-cell adhesion and attachment to the basement membrane, while gaining mesenchymal characteristics, such as invasive properties and stemness. This program is involved in embryogenesis, wound healing and cancer progression. Over the years, the role of EMT in cancer progression has been heavily debated, and the requirement of this process in metastasis even has been disputed. In this review, we discuss previous discrepancies in the light of recent findings on EMT, plasticity and hybrid E/M states. Moreover, we highlight various tumor microenvironmental cues and cell intrinsic signaling pathways that induce and sustain EMT programs, plasticity and hybrid E/M states. Lastly, we discuss how recent findings on plasticity, especially on those that enable cells to switch between hybrid E/M states, have changed our understanding on the role of EMT in cancer metastasis, stemness and therapy resistance.
Collapse
|
7
|
Park SY, Jang H, Kim SY, Kim D, Park Y, Kee SH. Expression of E-Cadherin in Epithelial Cancer Cells Increases Cell Motility and Directionality through the Localization of ZO-1 during Collective Cell Migration. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:bioengineering8050065. [PMID: 34064908 PMCID: PMC8151941 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8050065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Collective cell migration of epithelial tumor cells is one of the important factors for elucidating cancer metastasis and developing novel drugs for cancer treatment. Especially, new roles of E-cadherin in cancer migration and metastasis, beyond the epithelial–mesenchymal transition, have recently been unveiled. Here, we quantitatively examined cell motility using micropatterned free edge migration model with E-cadherin re-expressing EC96 cells derived from adenocarcinoma gastric (AGS) cell line. EC96 cells showed increased migration features such as the expansion of cell islands and straightforward movement compared to AGS cells. The function of tight junction proteins known to E-cadherin expression were evaluated for cell migration by knockdown using sh-RNA. Cell migration and straight movement of EC96 cells were reduced by knockdown of ZO-1 and claudin-7, to a lesser degree. Analysis of the migratory activity of boundary cells and inner cells shows that EC96 cell migration was primarily conducted by boundary cells, similar to leader cells in collective migration. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that tight junctions (TJs) of EC96 cells might play important roles in intracellular communication among boundary cells. ZO-1 is localized to the base of protruding lamellipodia and cell contact sites at the rear of cells, indicating that ZO-1 might be important for the interaction between traction and tensile forces. Overall, dynamic regulation of E-cadherin expression and localization by interaction with ZO-1 protein is one of the targets for elucidating the mechanism of collective migration of cancer metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song-Yi Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (S.-Y.P.); (S.-Y.K.); (D.K.)
| | - Hwanseok Jang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; or
| | - Seon-Young Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (S.-Y.P.); (S.-Y.K.); (D.K.)
| | - Dasarang Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (S.-Y.P.); (S.-Y.K.); (D.K.)
| | - Yongdoo Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; or
- Correspondence: (Y.P.); (S.-H.K.); Tel.: +82-2-2286-1460 (Y.P.); +82-2-2286-1165 (S.-H.K.)
| | - Sun-Ho Kee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (S.-Y.P.); (S.-Y.K.); (D.K.)
- Correspondence: (Y.P.); (S.-H.K.); Tel.: +82-2-2286-1460 (Y.P.); +82-2-2286-1165 (S.-H.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kvokačková B, Remšík J, Jolly MK, Souček K. Phenotypic Heterogeneity of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Mediated by Epithelial-Mesenchymal Plasticity. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2188. [PMID: 34063254 PMCID: PMC8125677 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subtype of breast carcinoma known for its unusually aggressive behavior and poor clinical outcome. Besides the lack of molecular targets for therapy and profound intratumoral heterogeneity, the relatively quick overt metastatic spread remains a major obstacle in effective clinical management. The metastatic colonization of distant sites by primary tumor cells is affected by the microenvironment, epigenetic state of particular subclones, and numerous other factors. One of the most prominent processes contributing to the intratumoral heterogeneity is an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), an evolutionarily conserved developmental program frequently hijacked by tumor cells, strengthening their motile and invasive features. In response to various intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli, malignant cells can revert the EMT state through the mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET), a process that is believed to be critical for the establishment of macrometastasis at secondary sites. Notably, cancer cells rarely undergo complete EMT and rather exist in a continuum of E/M intermediate states, preserving high levels of plasticity, as demonstrated in primary tumors and, ultimately, in circulating tumor cells, representing a simplified element of the metastatic cascade. In this review, we focus on cellular drivers underlying EMT/MET phenotypic plasticity and its detrimental consequences in the context of TNBC cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Kvokačková
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic;
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ján Remšík
- Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India;
| | - Karel Souček
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic;
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cohesive cancer invasion of the biophysical barrier of smooth muscle. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 40:205-219. [PMID: 33398621 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-020-09950-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Smooth muscle is found around organs in the digestive, respiratory, and reproductive tracts. Cancers arising in the bladder, prostate, stomach, colon, and other sites progress from low-risk disease to high-risk, lethal metastatic disease characterized by tumor invasion into, within, and through the biophysical barrier of smooth muscle. We consider here the unique biophysical properties of smooth muscle and how cohesive clusters of tumor use mechanosensing cell-cell and cell-ECM (extracellular matrix) adhesion receptors to move through a structured muscle and withstand the biophysical forces to reach distant sites. Understanding integrated mechanosensing features within tumor cluster and smooth muscle and potential triggers within adjacent adipose tissue, such as the unique damage-associated molecular pattern protein (DAMP), eNAMPT (extracellular nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase), or visfatin, offers an opportunity to prevent the first steps of invasion and metastasis through the structured muscle.
Collapse
|
10
|
Okada M, Kawai K, Sonoda H, Shiratori H, Kishikawa J, Nagata H, Nozawa H, Sasaki K, Kaneko M, Murono K, Emoto S, Iida Y, Ishii H, Yokoyama Y, Anzai H, Hasegawa K, Ishihara S. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastatic ability of CD133 + colorectal cancer stem-like cells under hypoxia. Oncol Lett 2020; 21:19. [PMID: 33240425 PMCID: PMC7681219 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although CD133 is a representative cancer stem cell marker, its function in tumor aggressiveness under hypoxia remains unclear. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the associations between CD133, the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and distant metastasis in colorectal cancer. CD133+ and CD133− cells were isolated from a single colorectal cancer cell line LoVo, and their adhesive and migratory properties were compared under hypoxic conditions. Immunostaining analysis was performed to determine CD133 expression in clinical samples of primary tumors, as well as liver and peritoneal metastases. Under hypoxia, the expression levels of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers N-cadherin and vimentin were significantly higher in the CD133+ compared with those in the CD133− cells. Furthermore, the migratory ability of the CD133+ cells was higher compared with that of the CD133− cells under hypoxia. By contrast, the expression levels of β1 integrin were significantly lower in the CD133+ cells under hypoxia compared with those in the CD133− cells. Immunohistochemical analysis of clinical samples revealed that the levels of CD133 expression in metastatic tissues from the liver were significantly higher compared with those in the corresponding primary tumors, whereas CD133 expression levels in peritoneal metastatic tissues were significantly lower compared with those in the corresponding primary tumors. In conclusion, compared with the CD133− cells, the CD133+ colorectal cancer cells exhibited enhanced levels of HIF-1α expression and tumor cell migration during hypoxia. This was associated with an increased ability of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, possibly leading to the acquisition of an increased hematogenous metastatic potential and eventually resulting in liver metastasis. High β1 integrin expression levels in the CD133− cells under hypoxia may serve a key role in cell adhesion to the peritoneum, resulting in peritoneal metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masamichi Okada
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kazushige Kawai
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sonoda
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shiratori
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Junko Kishikawa
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nagata
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nozawa
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Sasaki
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Manabu Kaneko
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Koji Murono
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Emoto
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yuuki Iida
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ishii
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Yokoyama
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Anzai
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Hasegawa
- Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Soichiro Ishihara
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Margarido AS, Bornes L, Vennin C, van Rheenen J. Cellular Plasticity during Metastasis: New Insights Provided by Intravital Microscopy. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2020; 10:cshperspect.a037267. [PMID: 31615867 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a037267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is a highly dynamic process during which cancer and microenvironmental cells undergo a cascade of events required for efficient dissemination throughout the body. During the metastatic cascade, tumor cells can change their state and behavior, a phenomenon commonly defined as cellular plasticity. To monitor cellular plasticity during metastasis, high-resolution intravital microscopy (IVM) techniques have been developed and allow us to visualize individual cells by repeated imaging in animal models. In this review, we summarize the latest technological advancements in the field of IVM and how they have been applied to monitor metastatic events. In particular, we highlight how longitudinal imaging in native tissues can provide new insights into the plastic physiological and developmental processes that are hijacked by cancer cells during metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreia S Margarido
- Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Bornes
- Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Claire Vennin
- Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacco van Rheenen
- Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
TWIST1 upregulation affects E-cadherin expression in brain metastases. Clin Transl Oncol 2020; 23:1085-1095. [DOI: 10.1007/s12094-020-02496-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
13
|
Bakir B, Chiarella AM, Pitarresi JR, Rustgi AK. EMT, MET, Plasticity, and Tumor Metastasis. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 30:764-776. [PMID: 32800658 PMCID: PMC7647095 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 519] [Impact Index Per Article: 129.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cell identity and plasticity are required in transition states, such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET), in primary tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. The functional roles of EMT, MET, and the partial state (referred to as pEMT) may vary based on the type of tumor, the state of dissemination, and the degree of metastatic colonization. Herein, we review EMT, MET, pEMT, and plasticity in the context of tumor metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Basil Bakir
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anna M Chiarella
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jason R Pitarresi
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anil K Rustgi
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Paul MR, Pan TC, Pant DK, Shih NN, Chen Y, Harvey KL, Solomon A, Lieberman D, Morrissette JJ, Soucier-Ernst D, Goodman NG, Stavropoulos SW, Maxwell KN, Clark C, Belka GK, Feldman M, DeMichele A, Chodosh LA. Genomic landscape of metastatic breast cancer identifies preferentially dysregulated pathways and targets. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:4252-4265. [PMID: 32657779 PMCID: PMC7410083 DOI: 10.1172/jci129941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly all breast cancer deaths result from metastatic disease. Despite this, the genomic events that drive metastatic recurrence are poorly understood. We performed whole-exome and shallow whole-genome sequencing to identify genes and pathways preferentially mutated or copy-number altered in metastases compared with the paired primary tumors from which they arose. Seven genes were preferentially mutated in metastases - MYLK, PEAK1, SLC2A4RG, EVC2, XIRP2, PALB2, and ESR1 - 5 of which are not significantly mutated in any type of human primary cancer. Four regions were preferentially copy-number altered: loss of STK11 and CDKN2A/B, as well as gain of PTK6 and the membrane-bound progesterone receptor, PAQR8. PAQR8 gain was mutually exclusive with mutations in the nuclear estrogen and progesterone receptors, suggesting a role in treatment resistance. Several pathways were preferentially mutated or altered in metastases, including mTOR, CDK/RB, cAMP/PKA, WNT, HKMT, and focal adhesion. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that metastases preferentially inactivate pRB, upregulate the mTORC1 and WNT signaling pathways, and exhibit nuclear localization of activated PKA. Our findings identify multiple therapeutic targets in metastatic recurrence that are not significantly mutated in primary cancers, implicate membrane progesterone signaling and nuclear PKA in metastatic recurrence, and provide genomic bases for the efficacy of mTORC1, CDK4/6, and PARP inhibitors in metastatic breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matt R. Paul
- Secondary Prevention through Surveillance and Intervention (2-PREVENT) Translational Center of Excellence
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute
- Department of Cancer Biology
| | - Tien-chi Pan
- Secondary Prevention through Surveillance and Intervention (2-PREVENT) Translational Center of Excellence
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute
- Department of Cancer Biology
| | - Dhruv K. Pant
- Secondary Prevention through Surveillance and Intervention (2-PREVENT) Translational Center of Excellence
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute
- Department of Cancer Biology
| | - Natalie N.C. Shih
- Secondary Prevention through Surveillance and Intervention (2-PREVENT) Translational Center of Excellence
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
| | - Yan Chen
- Secondary Prevention through Surveillance and Intervention (2-PREVENT) Translational Center of Excellence
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute
- Department of Cancer Biology
| | - Kyra L. Harvey
- Secondary Prevention through Surveillance and Intervention (2-PREVENT) Translational Center of Excellence
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute
- Department of Cancer Biology
| | - Aaron Solomon
- Secondary Prevention through Surveillance and Intervention (2-PREVENT) Translational Center of Excellence
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute
- Department of Cancer Biology
| | | | | | - Danielle Soucier-Ernst
- Secondary Prevention through Surveillance and Intervention (2-PREVENT) Translational Center of Excellence
- Department of Medicine
| | - Noah G. Goodman
- Secondary Prevention through Surveillance and Intervention (2-PREVENT) Translational Center of Excellence
- Department of Medicine
| | - S. William Stavropoulos
- Secondary Prevention through Surveillance and Intervention (2-PREVENT) Translational Center of Excellence
- Department of Radiology, and
| | - Kara N. Maxwell
- Secondary Prevention through Surveillance and Intervention (2-PREVENT) Translational Center of Excellence
- Department of Medicine
| | - Candace Clark
- Secondary Prevention through Surveillance and Intervention (2-PREVENT) Translational Center of Excellence
- Department of Medicine
| | - George K. Belka
- Secondary Prevention through Surveillance and Intervention (2-PREVENT) Translational Center of Excellence
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute
- Department of Cancer Biology
| | - Michael Feldman
- Secondary Prevention through Surveillance and Intervention (2-PREVENT) Translational Center of Excellence
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
| | - Angela DeMichele
- Secondary Prevention through Surveillance and Intervention (2-PREVENT) Translational Center of Excellence
- Department of Medicine
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lewis A. Chodosh
- Secondary Prevention through Surveillance and Intervention (2-PREVENT) Translational Center of Excellence
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute
- Department of Cancer Biology
- Department of Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
González-Mariscal L, Miranda J, Gallego-Gutiérrez H, Cano-Cortina M, Amaya E. Relationship between apical junction proteins, gene expression and cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183278. [PMID: 32240623 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The apical junctional complex (AJC) is a cell-cell adhesion system present at the upper portion of the lateral membrane of epithelial cells integrated by the tight junction (TJ) and the adherens junction (AJ). This complex is crucial to initiate and stabilize cell-cell adhesion, to regulate the paracellular transit of ions and molecules and to maintain cell polarity. Moreover, we now consider the AJC as a hub of signal transduction that regulates cell-cell adhesion, gene transcription and cell proliferation and differentiation. The molecular components of the AJC are multiple and diverse and depending on the cellular context some of the proteins in this complex act as tumor suppressors or as promoters of cell transformation, migration and metastasis outgrowth. Here, we describe these new roles played by TJ and AJ proteins and their potential use in cancer diagnostics and as targets for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza González-Mariscal
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center of Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Jael Miranda
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center of Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Helios Gallego-Gutiérrez
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center of Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Misael Cano-Cortina
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center of Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elida Amaya
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center of Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
The functional activity of E-cadherin controls tumor cell metastasis at multiple steps. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:5931-5937. [PMID: 32127478 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1918167117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
E-cadherin is a tumor suppressor protein, and the loss of its expression in association with the epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) occurs frequently during tumor metastasis. However, many metastases continue to express E-cadherin, and a full EMT is not always necessary for metastasis; also, positive roles for E-cadherin expression in metastasis have been reported. We hypothesize instead that changes in the functional activity of E-cadherin expressed on tumor cells in response to environmental factors is an important determinant of the ability of the tumor cells to metastasize. We find that E-cadherin expression persists in metastatic lung nodules and circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in two mouse models of mammary cancer: genetically modified MMTV-PyMT mice and orthotopically grafted 4T1 tumor cells. Importantly, monoclonal antibodies that bind to and activate E-cadherin at the cell surface reduce lung metastasis from endogenous genetically driven tumors and from tumor cell grafts. E-cadherin activation inhibits metastasis at multiple stages, including the accumulation of CTCs from the primary tumor and the extravasation of tumor cells from the vasculature. These activating mAbs increase cell adhesion and reduce cell invasion and migration in both cell culture and three-dimensional spheroids grown from primary tumors. Moreover, activating mAbs increased the frequency of apoptotic cells without affecting proliferation. Although the growth of the primary tumors was unaffected by activating mAbs, CTCs and tumor cells in metastatic nodules exhibited increased apoptosis. Thus, the functional state of E-cadherin is an important determinant of metastatic potential beyond whether the gene is expressed.
Collapse
|
17
|
Yu W, Yang L, Li T, Zhang Y. Cadherin Signaling in Cancer: Its Functions and Role as a Therapeutic Target. Front Oncol 2019; 9:989. [PMID: 31637214 PMCID: PMC6788064 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadherin family includes lists of transmembrane glycoproteins which mediate calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion. Cadherin-mediated adhesion regulates cell growth and differentiation throughout life. Through the establishment of the cadherin-catenin complex, cadherins provide normal cell-cell adhesion and maintain homeostatic tissue architecture. In the process of cell recognition and adhesion, cadherins act as vital participators. As results, the disruption of cadherin signaling has significant implications on tumor formation and progression. Altered cadherin expression plays a vital role in tumorigenesis, tumor progression, angiogenesis, and tumor immune response. Based on ongoing research into the role of cadherin signaling in malignant tumors, cadherins are now being considered as potential targets for cancer therapies. This review will demonstrate the mechanisms of cadherin involvement in tumor progression, and consider the clinical significance of cadherins as therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weina Yu
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li Yang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ting Li
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy, Zhengzhou, China.,School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ashaie MA, Islam RA, Kamaruzman NI, Ibnat N, Tha KK, Chowdhury EH. Targeting Cell Adhesion Molecules via Carbonate Apatite-Mediated Delivery of Specific siRNAs to Breast Cancer Cells In Vitro and In Vivo. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11070309. [PMID: 31269666 PMCID: PMC6680929 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11070309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
While several treatment strategies are applied to cure breast cancer, it still remains one of the leading causes of female deaths worldwide. Since chemotherapeutic drugs have severe side effects and are responsible for development of drug resistance in cancer cells, gene therapy is now considered as one of the promising options to address the current treatment limitations. Identification of the over-expressed genes accounting for constitutive activation of certain pathways, and their subsequent knockdown with specific small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), could be a powerful tool in inhibiting proliferation and survival of cancer cells. In this study, we delivered siRNAs against mRNA transcripts of over-regulated cell adhesion molecules such as catenin alpha 1 (CTNNA1), catenin beta 1 (CTNNB1), talin-1 (TLN1), vinculin (VCL), paxillin (PXN), and actinin-1 (ACTN1) in human (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) and murine (4T1) cell lines as well as in the murine female Balb/c mice model. In order to overcome the barriers of cell permeability and nuclease-mediated degradation, the pH-sensitive carbonate apatite (CA) nanocarrier was used as a delivery vehicle. While targeting CTNNA1, CTNNB1, TLN1, VCL, PXN, and ACTN1 resulted in a reduction of cell viability in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, delivery of all these siRNAs via carbonate apatite (CA) nanoparticles successfully reduced the cell viability in 4T1 cells. In 4T1 cells, delivery of CTNNA1, CTNNB1, TLN1, VCL, PXN, and ACTN1 siRNAs with CA caused significant reduction in phosphorylated and total AKT levels. Furthermore, reduced band intensity was observed for phosphorylated and total MAPK upon transfection of 4T1 cells with CTNNA1, CTNNB1, and VCL siRNAs. Intravenous delivery of CTNNA1 siRNA with CA nanoparticles significantly reduced tumor volume in the initial phase of the study, while siRNAs targeting CTNNB1, TLN1, VCL, PXN, and ACTN1 genes significantly decreased the tumor burden at all time points. The tumor weights at the end of the treatments were also notably smaller compared to CA. This successfully demonstrates that targeting these dysregulated genes via RNAi and by using a suitable delivery vehicle such as CA could serve as a promising therapeutic treatment modality for breast cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maeirah Afzal Ashaie
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Rowshan Ara Islam
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Nur Izyani Kamaruzman
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Nabilah Ibnat
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Kyi Kyi Tha
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
- Health & Wellbeing Cluster, Global Asia in the 21st Century (GA21) Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Ezharul Hoque Chowdhury
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia.
- Health & Wellbeing Cluster, Global Asia in the 21st Century (GA21) Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gloushankova NA, Zhitnyak IY, Rubtsova SN. Role of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Tumor Progression. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2019; 83:1469-1476. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918120052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
20
|
Ullah I, Liao Y, Wan R, Tang L, Feng J. Alternative Splicing of SMAD4 and Its Function in HaCaT Cells in Response to UVB Irradiation. J Cancer 2018; 9:3177-3186. [PMID: 30210641 PMCID: PMC6134820 DOI: 10.7150/jca.24756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing is one of the most common mechanisms of human gene regulation and plays a crucial role in increasing the diversity of functional proteins. Many diseases are linked to alternative splicing, especially cancer. SMAD4 is a member of the SMAD family and plays a critical role in mediating of TGF-β signal transduction and gene regulatory events. Smad4 is a tumour suppressor and acts as a shuttling protein between nucleus and cytoplasm. The splicing variants of Smad4 have been found in many cancers. The present study performed nested PCR to detect alternative splicing of Smad4 in HaCaT cells lines in response to UVB irradiation. The UVB induced a novel Smad4B isoform that led to decrease the Smad4 expression. The hnRNPA1 splicing factor is responsible for Smad4 alternative splicing in response to UVB. The UVB increased the expression of SF2 and hnRNPA1 Splicing factors. The hnRNPA1 overexpression induced Smad4B by regulating Smad4 alternative splicing. The Smad4B isoform supported the function of Smad4 full length in UVB resistance with certain limitation. The western blot analyses showed that the overexpressed Smad4 full length significantly increased N-cadherin expression while Smad4B overexpression decreased the expression the N-cadherin (P<0.05). Furthermore, overexpression of the isoform in HaCaT cells decreased cell invasion as compared to Smad4 full-length overexpression. These results will be helpful to understand the importance of Smad4 alternative splicing in skin tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Ullah
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Yi Liao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Rongxue Wan
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Liling Tang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Jianguo Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Pandiar D, Nayanar SK, Ankalkoti B, Babu S. Laryngeal Basaloid Squamous Cell Carcinoma with a Substantial Spindle Cell Component: Case Presentation and Updated Review of Literature. Head Neck Pathol 2018; 13:692-698. [PMID: 29869750 PMCID: PMC6854190 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-018-0942-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma with spindle cell component is an uncommon aggressive variety of squamous cell carcinoma with only a few reported cases in literature. Histologically a combination of basaloid squamous cell carcinoma and spindle cell squamous cell carcinoma is appreciated and immunohistochemistry serves a role in differentiation from malignant neoplasms of salivary gland or neuro-endocrine origin. Prime treatment modality is combination of surgery and external beam radiotherapy. A case of basaloid squamous cell carcinoma with proliferation of bizarre mesenchymal component is being reported here with an updated literature review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Pandiar
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Services and Translational Research, Malabar Cancer Center, Thalassery, Kerala, India
| | - Sangeetha K Nayanar
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Services and Translational Research, Malabar Cancer Center, Thalassery, Kerala, India.
| | - Basavaraj Ankalkoti
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Malabar Cancer Center, Thalassery, Kerala, India
| | - Sajith Babu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Malabar Cancer Center, Thalassery, Kerala, India
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Akhtar N, Syed DN, Lall RK, Mirza B, Mukhtar H. Targeting epithelial to mesenchymal transition in prostate cancer by a novel compound, plectranthoic acid, isolated fromFicus microcarpa. Mol Carcinog 2018; 57:653-663. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.22790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nosheen Akhtar
- Department of Dermatology; School of Medicine and Public Health; University of Wisconsin; Madison Wisconsin
- Department of Molecular Medicine; National University of Medical Sciences; Rawalpindi Pakistan
| | - Deeba N. Syed
- Department of Dermatology; School of Medicine and Public Health; University of Wisconsin; Madison Wisconsin
| | - Rahul K. Lall
- Department of Dermatology; School of Medicine and Public Health; University of Wisconsin; Madison Wisconsin
| | - Bushra Mirza
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Biological Sciences; Quaid-i-Azam University; Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Hasan Mukhtar
- Department of Dermatology; School of Medicine and Public Health; University of Wisconsin; Madison Wisconsin
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wang H, Stoecklein NH, Lin PP, Gires O. Circulating and disseminated tumor cells: diagnostic tools and therapeutic targets in motion. Oncotarget 2018; 8:1884-1912. [PMID: 27683128 PMCID: PMC5352105 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enumeration of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in peripheral blood with the gold standard CellSearchTM has proven prognostic value for tumor recurrence and progression of metastatic disease. Therefore, the further molecular characterization of isolated CTCs might have clinical relevance as liquid biopsy for therapeutic decision-making and to monitor disease progression. The direct analysis of systemic cancer appears particularly important in view of the known disparity in expression of therapeutic targets as well as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-based heterogeneity between primary and systemic tumor cells, which all substantially complicate monitoring and therapeutic targeting at present. Since CTCs are the potential precursor cells of metastasis, their in-depth molecular profiling should also provide a useful resource for target discovery. The present review will discuss the use of systemically spread cancer cells as liquid biopsy and focus on potential target antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Nikolas H Stoecklein
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital of the Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Olivier Gires
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Group Personalized Radiotherapy of Head and Neck Tumors, Helmholtz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays an important role in development and cancer progression. Upon EMT, epithelial cells lose stable cell-cell adhesions and reorganize their cytoskeleton to acquire migratory activity. Recent data demonstrated that EMT drives cancer cells from the epithelial state to a hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal phenotype with retention of some epithelial markers (in particular, E-cadherin), which is important for cancer cell dissemination. In vitro studies of the effect of growth factors (in particular, epidermal growth factor (EGF)) on cultured cells can be highly advantageous for understanding the details of the early stages of EMT. The methods described in this chapter are intended for studying intermediate phenotypes of EMT. Time-lapse DIC microscopy is used for visualization of changes in morphology and motility of the cells stimulated with EGF. The transwell migration assay allows the evaluation of the migratory activity of the cells. Studying of dynamics of a fluorescently labeled actin-binding protein F-tractin-tdTomato using confocal microscopy allows detection of EGF-induced changes in the organization of the actin cytoskeleton. Live-cell imaging of cells stably expressing GFP-E-cadherin visualizes reorganization of stable tangential E-cadherin-based adherens junctions (AJs) into unstable radial AJs during the early stages of EMT.
Collapse
|
25
|
The mannose receptor LY75 (DEC205/CD205) modulates cellular phenotype and metastatic potential of ovarian cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 7:14125-42. [PMID: 26871602 PMCID: PMC4924702 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular basis of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) dissemination is still poorly understood. Previously, we identified the mannose receptor LY75 gene as hypomethylated in high-grade (HG) serous EOC tumors, compared to normal ovarian tissues. LY75 represents endocytic receptor expressed on dendritic cells and so far, has been primarily studied for its role in antigen processing and presentation. Here we demonstrate that LY75 is overexpressed in advanced EOC and that LY75 suppression induces mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) in EOC cell lines with mesenchymal morphology (SKOV3 and TOV112), accompanied by reduction of their migratory and invasive capacity in vitro and enhanced tumor cell colonization and metastatic growth in vivo. LY75 knockdown in SKOV3 cells also resulted in predominant upregulation of functional pathways implicated in cell proliferation and metabolism, while pathways associated with cell signaling and adhesion, complement activation and immune response were mostly suppressed. Moreover, LY75 suppression had an opposite effect on EOC cell lines with epithelial phenotype (A2780s and OV2008), by directing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) associated with reduced capacity for in vivo EOC cell colonization, as similar/identical signaling pathways were reversely regulated, when compared to mesenchymal LY75 knockdown EOC cells.To our knowledge, this is the first report of a gene displaying such pleiotropic effects in sustaining the cellular phenotype of EOC cells and points to novel functions of this receptor in modulating EOC dissemination. Our data also support previous findings regarding the superior capacity of epithelial cancer cells in metastatic colonization of distant sites, compared to cancer cells with mesenchymal-like morphology.
Collapse
|
26
|
Dioufa N, Clark AM, Ma B, Beckwitt CH, Wells A. Bi-directional exosome-driven intercommunication between the hepatic niche and cancer cells. Mol Cancer 2017; 16:172. [PMID: 29137633 PMCID: PMC5686836 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-017-0740-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our understanding of the multiple roles exosomes play during tumor progression is still very poor and the contribution of the normal tissue derived exosomes in distant seeding and tumor outgrowth has also not been widely appreciated. METHODS Using our all-human liver microphysiological system (MPS) platform as a model to closely recapitulate the early metastatic events, we isolated exosomes from both tumor cells and liver microenvironment. RESULTS We observed that while priming of the hepatic niche (HepN) with MDA-231 breast cancer derived exosomes facilitated seeding of the cancer cells in the liver, subsequent tumor outgrowth was diminished; this was consistent with increased entry into dormancy. We found that hepatic niche (HepN) derived exosomes contribute significantly to the exosome pool and are distinguished from cancer derived exosomes based on their size, protein and miRNA content. By Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) of the miRNA content of the HepN, MDA-231/HepN and MDA-231 cells we showed that the HepN derived exosomes affect the breast cancer cells by suppressing pathways involved in cancer cell proliferation and invasion. More importantly exposure of MDA-231 and MDA-468 cells to purified normal HepN derived exosomes, induced changes in the cells consistent with a Mesenchymal to Epithelial reverting Transition (MErT). miRNA arrays performed on MDA-231 treated with Hum Hep/NPC derived exosomes showed significant changes in the levels of a select number of miRNAs involved in epithelial cell differentiation and miRNAs, such as miR186, miR23a and miR205, from our top and bottom bins have previously been reported to regulate E-cadherin transcription and MErT induction in various cancer types. Consistently HepN derived exosome treatment of breast and prostate cancer lines lead to a transient induction of E-cadherin and ZO-1 at the protein level and a more epithelial-like morphology of the cells. CONCLUSIONS Collectively our data revealed a novel mechanism of regulation of the metastatic cascade, showing a well-orchestrated, timely controlled crosstalk between the cancer cells and the HepN and implicating for the first time the normal tissue/HepN derived exosomes in enabling seeding and entry into dormancy of the cancer cells at the metastatic site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolina Dioufa
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Amanda M Clark
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bo Ma
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Colin H Beckwitt
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alan Wells
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Pittsburgh VA Medical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, S713 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sheta R, Wang ZQ, Bachvarova M, Plante M, Gregoire J, Renaud MC, Sebastianelli A, Gobeil S, Morin C, Macdonald E, Vanderhyden B, Bachvarov D. Hic-5 regulates epithelial to mesenchymal transition in ovarian cancer cells in a TGFβ1-independent manner. Oncotarget 2017; 8:82506-82530. [PMID: 29137281 PMCID: PMC5669907 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular basis of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) dissemination is still poorly understood. We have previously identified the hydrogen peroxide-inducible clone-5 (Hic-5) gene as hypomethylated in high-grade (HG) serous EOC tumors, compared to normal ovarian tissues. Hic-5 is a focal adhesion scaffold protein and has been primarily studied for its role as a key mediator of TGF-β–induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in epithelial cells of both normal and malignant origin; however, its role in EOC has been never investigated. Here we demonstrate that Hic-5 is overexpressed in advanced EOC, and that Hic-5 is upregulated upon TGFβ1 treatment in the EOC cell line with epithelial morphology (A2780s), associated with EMT induction. However, ectopic expression of Hic-5 in A2780s cells induces EMT independently of TGFβ1, accompanied with enhancement of cellular proliferation rate and migratory/invasive capacity and increased resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. Moreover, Hic-5 knockdown in the EOC cells with mesenchymal morphology (SKOV3) was accompanied by induction of mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET), followed by a reduction of their proliferative, migratory/invasive capacity, and increased drugs sensitivity in vitro, as well as enhanced tumor cell colonization and metastatic growth in vivo. The modulation of Hic-5 expression in EOC cells resulted in altered regulation of numerous EMT-related canonical pathways and was indicative for a possible role of Hic-5 in controlling EMT through a RhoA/ROCK mediated mechanism. To our knowledge, this is the first report examining the role of Hic-5 in EOC, and its role in maintaining the mesenchymal phenotype of EOC cells independently of exogenous TGFβ1 treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Razan Sheta
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Zhi-Qiang Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Magdalena Bachvarova
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie Plante
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean Gregoire
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Renaud
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexandra Sebastianelli
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Stephane Gobeil
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Chantale Morin
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Macdonald
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Barbara Vanderhyden
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dimcho Bachvarov
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Saentaweesuk W, Araki N, Vaeteewoottacharn K, Silsirivanit A, Seubwai W, Talabnin C, Muisuk K, Sripa B, Wongkham S, Okada S, Wongkham C. Activation of Vimentin Is Critical to Promote a Metastatic Potential of Cholangiocarcinoma Cells. Oncol Res 2017; 26:605-616. [PMID: 28762325 PMCID: PMC7844738 DOI: 10.3727/096504017x15009778205068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly metastatic tumor, and the majority of patients with CCA have a short survival time because there are no available effective treatments. Hence, a better understanding regarding CCA metastasis may provide an opportunity to improve the strategies for treatment. A comparison study between the highly metastatic cells and their parental cells is an approach to uncover the molecular mechanisms underlying the metastatic process. In the present study, a lung metastatic CCA cell line, KKU-214L5, was established by the in vivo selection of the tail vein-injected mouse model. KKU-214L5 cells possessed mesenchymal spindle-like morphology with higher migration and invasion abilities in vitro than the parental cells (KKU-214). KKU-214L5 also exhibited extremely aggressive lung colonization in the tail vein-injected metastatic model. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) was clearly observed in KKU-214L5 cells. Significant downregulation of epithelial markers (ZO-1 and claudin-1), with unique upregulation of E-cadherin and mesenchymal markers (vimentin, β-catenin, and slug), was observed in KKU-214L5. Increasing MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities and CD147 expression reflected the high invasion activity in KKU-214L5 cells. Suppression of vimentin using siRNA significantly decreased the migration and invasion capabilities of KKU-214L5 to almost the basal levels of the parental cells without any change on the expression levels of other EMT markers and the activities of MMPs. These results suggest that vimentin activation is essential to potentiate the metastatic characters of CCA cells, and suppression of vimentin expression could be a potential strategy to improve the treatment of CCA, a highly metastatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Waraporn Saentaweesuk
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Norie Araki
- Department of Tumor Genetics and Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | - Atit Silsirivanit
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Wunchana Seubwai
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chutima Talabnin
- School of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Kanha Muisuk
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Banchob Sripa
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sopit Wongkham
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Seiji Okada
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Center of AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Chaisiri Wongkham
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gloushankova NA, Rubtsova SN, Zhitnyak IY. Cadherin-mediated cell-cell interactions in normal and cancer cells. Tissue Barriers 2017; 5:e1356900. [PMID: 28783415 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2017.1356900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adherens junctions (AJs) are molecular complexes that mediate cell-cell adhesive interactions and play pivotal roles in maintenance of tissue organization in adult organisms and at various stages of development. AJs consist of cadherin adhesion receptors, providing homophilic ligation with cadherins on adjacent cells, and members of the catenin protein family: p120, β- and α-catenin. α-catenin's linkage with the actin cytoskeleton defines the linear or punctate organization of AJs in different cell types. Myosin II-dependent tension drives vinculin recruitment by α-catenin and stabilizes the linkage of the cadherin/catenin complex to F-actin. Neoplastic transformation leads to prominent changes in the organization, regulation and stability of AJs. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) whereby epithelial cells lose stable cell-cell adhesion, and reorganize their cytoskeleton to acquire migratory activity, plays the central role in cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Recent data demonstrated that a partial EMT resulting in a hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal phenotype with retention of E-cadherin is essential for cancer cell dissemination. E-cadherin and E-cadherin-based AJs are required for collective invasion and migration, survival in circulation, and metastatic outgrowth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalya A Gloushankova
- a Institute of Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center , Moscow , Russia
| | - Svetlana N Rubtsova
- a Institute of Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center , Moscow , Russia
| | - Irina Y Zhitnyak
- a Institute of Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center , Moscow , Russia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Morry J, Ngamcherdtrakul W, Yantasee W. Oxidative stress in cancer and fibrosis: Opportunity for therapeutic intervention with antioxidant compounds, enzymes, and nanoparticles. Redox Biol 2017; 11:240-253. [PMID: 28012439 PMCID: PMC5198743 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress, mainly contributed by reactive oxygen species (ROS), has been implicated in pathogenesis of several diseases. We review two primary examples; fibrosis and cancer. In fibrosis, ROS promote activation and proliferation of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, activating TGF-β pathway in an autocrine manner. In cancer, ROS account for its genomic instability, resistance to apoptosis, proliferation, and angiogenesis. Importantly, ROS trigger cancer cell invasion through invadopodia formation as well as extravasation into a distant metastasis site. Use of antioxidant supplements, enzymes, and inhibitors for ROS-generating NADPH oxidases (NOX) is a logical therapeutic intervention for fibrosis and cancer. We review such attempts, progress, and challenges. Lastly, we review how nanoparticles with inherent antioxidant activity can also be a promising therapeutic option, considering their additional feature as a delivery platform for drugs, genes, and imaging agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingga Morry
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, 3303 SW Bond Ave, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Worapol Ngamcherdtrakul
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, 3303 SW Bond Ave, Portland, OR 97239, USA; PDX Pharmaceuticals, LLC, 3303 SW Bond Ave, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Wassana Yantasee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, 3303 SW Bond Ave, Portland, OR 97239, USA; PDX Pharmaceuticals, LLC, 3303 SW Bond Ave, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Mahmood MQ, Ward C, Muller HK, Sohal SS, Walters EH. Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): a mutual association with airway disease. Med Oncol 2017; 34:45. [PMID: 28197929 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-017-0900-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
NSCLC is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It includes adeno- and squamous cell carcinoma. In the background, COPD and smoking play a vital role in development of NSCLC. Local progression and metastasis of NSCLC has been associated with various mechanisms, but in particular by a process called epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is implicated in COPD pathogenesis. In this study, we have investigated whether expression of EGFR (activation marker) and S100A4, vimentin and N-cadherin (as EMT) is different both in central and leading edge of NSCLC and to what extent related to EMT activity of both small and large airways, stage and differentiation of NSCLC. We have investigated EMT biomarkers (S100A4, vimentin, and N-cadherin), an epithelial activation marker (EGFR) and a vascularity marker (Type-IV collagen) in surgically resected tissue from patients with NSCLC (adeno- and squamous cell carcinoma), and compared them with expression in the corresponding non-tumorous airways. EGFR, S100A4, vimentin, N-cadherin expression was higher in tumor cells located at the peripheral leading edge of NSCLC when compared with centrally located tumor cells of same subjects (P < 0.01). Type-IV collagen-expressing blood vessels were also more at the leading edge in comparison with central parts of NSCLC. EGFR and S100A4 expression was related to differentiation status (P < 0.05) and TNM stage (P < 0.05) of NSCLC. Moreover, EMT markers in the leading edge were significantly related to airway EMT activity, while peripheral edge vascularity of squamous cell carcinoma only was significantly related to large airway Rbm vascularity (P < 0.05). EGFR- and EMT-related protein expression was markedly high in the peripheral leading edge of NSCLCs and related to tumor characteristics associated with poor prognosis. The relationships between EMT-related tumor biomarker expression and those in the airway epithelium and Rbm provide a background for utility of airway changes in clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malik Quasir Mahmood
- NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Chronic Respiratory Disease and Lung Ageing, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, MS1, 17 Liverpool Street, Private Bag 23, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia
| | - Chris Ward
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, UK
| | - Hans Konrad Muller
- NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Chronic Respiratory Disease and Lung Ageing, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, MS1, 17 Liverpool Street, Private Bag 23, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Chronic Respiratory Disease and Lung Ageing, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, MS1, 17 Liverpool Street, Private Bag 23, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia.,Faculty of Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, 7248, Australia
| | - Eugene Haydn Walters
- NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Chronic Respiratory Disease and Lung Ageing, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, MS1, 17 Liverpool Street, Private Bag 23, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ma YR, Siegal GP, Wei S. Reacquisition of E-cadherin expression in metastatic deposits of signet-ring cell carcinoma of the upper gastrointestinal system: a potential anchor for metastatic deposition. J Clin Pathol 2016; 70:528-532. [PMID: 27864451 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2016-203959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To examine the expression of E-cadherin in paired primary and metastatic signet-ring cell carcinomas (SRCC) of various organ systems in order to explore the potential role of the molecule in metastatic dissemination of this unique tumour type. METHODS Thirty-seven consecutive cases of SRCC from various organs with paired primary and metastatic tumorous tissue available were retrieved. The intensity of membranous E-cadherin expression was semiquantitatively scored on a scale of 0-3+. RESULTS Reduced E-cadherin expression was a distinct feature of primary SRCC and was observed in 78% of primary tumours. Interestingly, the E-cadherin reduction was less frequently seen in metastatic SRCC when compared with their primary counterparts, and was only found in 57% of tumours in lymph node metastases or at distant sites of relapse. Furthermore, the mean score of E-cadherin expression of primary SRCC was significantly lower than that of their metastatic counterparts (2.3 vs 1.8; p=0.008). When divided by organ systems, the reacquisition of E-cadherin expression in the metastatic deposits was most remarkable in the SRCC of upper gastrointestinal tract origin (2.3 vs 1.4; p=0.003), whereas no significant difference was observed in other organ systems. CONCLUSIONS While the reduction of E-cadherin in primary SRCC supports its pivotal role in epithelial-mesenchymal transition, a process crucial in tumour progression and metastatic dissemination, the re-expression of this molecule in metastatic SRCC cells implies a reversal to their epithelial phenotype (thus mesenchymal-epithelial transition) which, in turn, theoretically helps tumour cells to anchor and form cohesive metastatic deposits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yihong R Ma
- Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Gene P Siegal
- Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Shi Wei
- Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Beerling E, Seinstra D, de Wit E, Kester L, van der Velden D, Maynard C, Schäfer R, van Diest P, Voest E, van Oudenaarden A, Vrisekoop N, van Rheenen J. Plasticity between Epithelial and Mesenchymal States Unlinks EMT from Metastasis-Enhancing Stem Cell Capacity. Cell Rep 2016; 14:2281-8. [PMID: 26947068 PMCID: PMC4802222 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Forced overexpression and/or downregulation of proteins regulating epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been reported to alter metastasis by changing migration and stem cell capacity of tumor cells. However, these manipulations artificially keep cells in fixed states, while in vivo cells may adapt transient and reversible states. Here, we have tested the existence and role of epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity in metastasis of mammary tumors without artificially modifying EMT regulators. In these tumors, we found by intravital microscopy that the motile tumor cells have undergone EMT, while their epithelial counterparts were not migratory. Moreover, we found that epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity renders any EMT-induced stemness differences, as reported previously, irrelevant for metastatic outgrowth, because mesenchymal cells that arrive at secondary sites convert to the epithelial state within one or two divisions, thereby obtaining the same stem cell potential as their arrived epithelial counterparts. We conclude that epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity supports migration but additionally eliminates stemness-enhanced metastatic outgrowth differences. Direct evidence of EMT obtained in unperturbed breast tumors by real-time visualization EMT exists in breast tumors without experimentally altering EMT inducers Tumor cells that underwent EMT are the migratory cells within a tumor Outgrowth potential differences between states are irrelevant due to plasticity
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Beerling
- Cancer Genomics Center-Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Centre Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Daniëlle Seinstra
- Cancer Genomics Center-Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Centre Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Elzo de Wit
- Cancer Genomics Center-Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Centre Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lennart Kester
- Cancer Genomics Center-Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Centre Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Carrie Maynard
- Cancer Genomics Center-Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Centre Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ronny Schäfer
- Cancer Genomics Center-Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Centre Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Paul van Diest
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Emile Voest
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander van Oudenaarden
- Cancer Genomics Center-Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Centre Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nienke Vrisekoop
- Cancer Genomics Center-Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Centre Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Jacco van Rheenen
- Cancer Genomics Center-Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Centre Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
The Relationship Between E-Cadherin and its Transcriptional Repressors in Spontaneously Arising Canine Invasive Micropapillary Mammary Carcinoma. J Comp Pathol 2015; 153:256-65. [PMID: 26385325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
E-cadherin downregulation is related to metastatic behaviour and a poor prognosis in cancer. It might be induced by transcriptional repression mediated by the transcription factors SNAIL, ZEB1, ZEB2 and TWIST. Here, we investigated E-cadherin expression and its relationship to those transcriptional repressors (i.e. SNAIL, ZEB1, ZEB2 and TWIST) in the progression from carcinoma 'in situ' to invasion to lymph node metastasis in spontaneously arising canine invasive micropapillary carcinoma (IMPC). E-cadherin expression decreased from carcinoma in situ to invasive progression and was likely to increase with lymph node metastasis. Expression of SNAIL decreased from carcinoma in situ to invasive areas and from invasive areas to lymph nodes. Metastatic lymph nodes had higher expression of ZEB1 than carcinoma in situ and invasive areas. ZEB2 expression was observed in 52%, 38% and 33% of carcinoma in situ areas, invasive areas and lymph node metastases, respectively. TWIST expression was observed in 52%, 38% and 33% of carcinoma in situ areas, invasive areas and lymph node metastases, respectively. In invasive areas, E-cadherin downregulation correlated significantly with SNAIL and TWIST upregulation. Additionally, in infiltrating components of IMPCs, E-cadherin(-)SNAIL(+) neoplastic epithelial cells were observed by immunofluorescence. Taken together, canine mammary IMPCs had a loss of E-cadherin from carcinoma in situ to invasive areas, which appears to be induced by the transcription factor SNAIL. In lymph node metastasis, ZEB1 appears to not exert E-cadherin transcriptional repression activity.
Collapse
|
35
|
Rubtsova SN, Zhitnyak IY, Gloushankova NA. A Novel Role of E-Cadherin-Based Adherens Junctions in Neoplastic Cell Dissemination. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133578. [PMID: 26207916 PMCID: PMC4514802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Using confocal microscopy, we analyzed the behavior of IAR-6-1, IAR1170, and IAR1162 transformed epithelial cells seeded onto the confluent monolayer of normal IAR-2 epithelial cells. Live-cell imaging of neoplastic cells stably expressing EGFP and of normal epithelial cells stably expressing mKate2 showed that transformed cells retaining expression of E-cadherin were able to migrate over the IAR-2 epithelial monolayer and invade the monolayer. Transformed IAR cells invaded the IAR-2 monolayer at the boundaries between normal cells. Studying interactions of IAR-6-1 transformed cells stably expressing GFP-E-cadherin with the IAR-2 epithelial monolayer, we found that IAR-6-1 cells established E-cadherin-based adhesions with normal epithelial cells: dot-like dynamic E-cadherin-based adhesions in protrusions and large adherens junctions at the cell sides and rear. A comparative study of a panel of transformed IAR cells that differ by their ability to form E-cadherin-based AJs, either through loss of E-cadherin expression or through expression of a dominant negative E-cadherin mutant, demonstrated that E-cadherin-based AJs are key mediators of the interactions between neoplastic and normal epithelial cells. IAR-6-1DNE cells expressing a dominant-negative mutant form of E-cadherin with the mutation in the first extracellular domain practically lost the ability to adhere to IAR-2 cells and invade the IAR-2 epithelial monolayer. The ability of cancer cells to form E-cadherin-based AJs with the surrounding normal epithelial cells may play an important role in driving cancer cell dissemination in the body.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana N. Rubtsova
- Institute of Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina Y. Zhitnyak
- Institute of Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Chang J, Wang H, Wang X, Zhao Y, Zhao D, Wang C, Li Y, Yang Z, Lu S, Zeng Q, Zimmerman J, Shi Q, Wang Y, Yang Y. Molecular mechanisms of Polyphyllin I-induced apoptosis and reversal of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human osteosarcoma cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 170:117-127. [PMID: 25978954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a most common highly malignant bone tumor in children and adolescents. Polyphyllin I (PPI) is an ethanol extraction from Paris polyphylla Smith var.yunnanensis (Franch.) Hand.-Mazz, which belongs to antipyretic-detoxicate family and has been used as a natural medicine in the treatment of infectious disease and cancer in China for centuries. The proteasome activity inhibitory and anti-osteosarcoma effects of PPI have not been known. Here we found PPI exhibited a selective inhibitory effect on proteasomal chymotrypsin (CT)-like activity, both in purified human proteasome and in cultured osteosarcoma cellular proteasome, and caused an accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins. PPI also inhibited viability, proliferation, migration, and invasion of MG-63, Saos-2, and U-2 OS osteosarcoma cells and resulted in S phase arrest and apoptosis. Furthermore, we explored the molecular targets involved. Exposure of osteosarcoma cells to PPI caused an inactivation of the intrinsic nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and activation of unfolded protein response (UPR)/endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling cascade in osteosarcoma cells, followed by down-regulation of anti-apoptotic proteins, with up-regulation of pro-apoptotic proteins. We also demonstrated down-regulation of c-Myc, Cyclin B1, Cyclin D1, and CDK1, which are involved in the cell cycle and growth. Finally, we identified down-regulation of Vimentin, Snail, Slug, and up-regulation of E-cadherin, which are integral proteins involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Taken together, our data provide insights into the mechanism underlying the anticancer activity of PPI in human osteosarcoma cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junli Chang
- Department of Orthopedics & Traumatology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China; Institute of Spine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hongshen Wang
- Department of Orthopedics & Traumatology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China; Institute of Spine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xianyang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics & Traumatology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China; Institute of Spine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yongjian Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics & Traumatology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China; Institute of Spine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dongfeng Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics & Traumatology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China; Institute of Spine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chenglong Wang
- Department of Orthopedics & Traumatology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China; Institute of Spine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yimian Li
- Department of Orthopedics & Traumatology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China; Institute of Spine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhilie Yang
- Department of Orthopedics & Traumatology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China; Institute of Spine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Sheng Lu
- Department of Orthopedics & Traumatology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China; Institute of Spine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qinghua Zeng
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jacquelyn Zimmerman
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Qi Shi
- Department of Orthopedics & Traumatology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China; Institute of Spine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Department of Orthopedics & Traumatology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China; Institute of Spine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Yanping Yang
- Department of Orthopedics & Traumatology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China; Institute of Spine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Chan KK, Matchett KB, McEnhill PM, Dakir EH, McMullin MF, El-Tanani Y, Patterson L, Faheem A, Rudland PS, McCarron PA, El-Tanani M. Protein deregulation associated with breast cancer metastasis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 26:415-23. [PMID: 26088937 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide. It consists of a group of tumor cells that have the ability to grow uncontrollably, overcome replicative senescence (tumor progression) and metastasize within the body. Metastases are processes that consist of an array of complex gene dysregulation events. Although these processes are still not fully understood, the dysregulation of a number of key proteins must take place if the tumor cells are to disseminate and metastasize. It is now widely accepted that future effective and innovative treatments of cancer metastasis will have to encompass all the major components of malignant transformation. For this reason, much research is now being carried out into the mechanisms that govern the malignant transformation processes. Recent research has identified key genes involved in the development of metastases, as well as their mechanisms of action. A detailed understanding of the encoded proteins and their interrelationship generates the possibility of developing novel therapeutic approaches. This review will focus on a select group of proteins, often deregulated in breast cancer metastasis, which have shown therapeutic promise, notably, EMT, E-cadherin, Osteopontin, PEA3, Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β) and Ran.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ka Kui Chan
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom; Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Kyle B Matchett
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Paul M McEnhill
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - El Habib Dakir
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Frances McMullin
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Yahia El-Tanani
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Laurence Patterson
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed Faheem
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine BT52 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Philip S Rudland
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A McCarron
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine BT52 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Mohamed El-Tanani
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Barber AG, Castillo-Martin M, Bonal DM, Jia AJ, Rybicki BA, Christiano AM, Cordon-Cardo C. PI3K/AKT pathway regulates E-cadherin and Desmoglein 2 in aggressive prostate cancer. Cancer Med 2015; 4:1258-71. [PMID: 26033689 PMCID: PMC4559037 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced expression of both classical and desmosomal cadherins has been associated with different types of carcinomas, including prostate cancer. This study aims to provide a comprehensive view of the role and regulation of cell-cell adhesion in prostate cancer aggressiveness by examining the functional implications of both E-cadherin and Desmoglein 2 (DSG2). E-cadherin expression was first examined using immunofluorescence in 50 normal prostate tissues and in a cohort of 414 prostate cancer patients. Correlation and survival analyses were performed to assess its clinical significance. In primary prostate cancer patients, reduced expression of both E-cadherin and DSG2 is significantly associated with an earlier biochemical recurrence. Transgenic DU145 E-cadherin knockdown and constitutively active AKT overexpression lines were generated. Functional implications of such genetic alterations were analyzed in vitro and in vivo, the latter by using tumorigenesis as well as extravasation and metastatic tumor formation assays. We observed that loss of E-cadherin leads to impaired primary and metastatic tumor formation in vivo, suggesting a tumor promoter role for E-cadherin in addition to its known role as a tumor suppressor. Activation of AKT leads to a significant reduction in E-cadherin expression and nuclear localization of Snail, suggesting a role for the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in the transient repression of E-cadherin. This reduced expression may be regulated by separate mechanisms as neither the loss of E-cadherin nor activation of AKT significantly affected DSG2 expression. In conclusion, these findings illustrate the critical role of cell-cell adhesion in the progression to aggressive prostate cancer, through regulation by the PI3K pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison G Barber
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York City, New York
| | - Mireia Castillo-Martin
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York
| | - Dennis M Bonal
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York
| | - Angela J Jia
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York.,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York City, New York
| | - Benjamin A Rybicki
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Angela M Christiano
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York City, New York.,Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York City, New York
| | - Carlos Cordon-Cardo
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York.,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York City, New York.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York City, New York.,Department of Urology, Columbia University, New York City, New York
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Palena C, Hamilton DH. Immune Targeting of Tumor Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition via Brachyury-Based Vaccines. Adv Cancer Res 2015. [PMID: 26216630 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
As a manifestation of their inherent plasticity, carcinoma cells undergo profound phenotypic changes during progression toward metastasis. One such phenotypic modulation is the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), an embryonically relevant process that can be reinstated by tumor cells, resulting in the acquisition of metastatic propensity, stem-like cell properties, and resistance to a variety of anticancer therapies, including chemotherapy, radiation, and some small-molecule targeted therapies. Targeting of the EMT is emerging as a novel intervention against tumor progression. This review focuses on the potential use of cancer vaccine strategies targeting tumor cells that exhibit mesenchymal-like features, with an emphasis on the current status of development of vaccine platforms directed against the T-box transcription factor brachyury, a novel cancer target involved in tumor EMT, stemness, and resistance to therapies. Also presented is a summary of potential mechanisms of resistance to immune-mediated attack driven by EMT and the development of novel combinatorial strategies based on the use of agents that alleviate tumor EMT for an optimized targeting of plastic tumor cells that are responsible for tumor recurrence and the establishment of therapeutic refractoriness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Palena
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
| | - Duane H Hamilton
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Furukawa M, Wheeler S, Clark AM, Wells A. Lung epithelial cells induce both phenotype alteration and senescence in breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118060. [PMID: 25635394 PMCID: PMC4311980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The lung is one of the most common sites of breast cancer metastasis. While metastatic seeding is often accompanied by a dormancy-promoting mesenchymal to epithelial reverting transitions (MErT), we aimed to determine whether lung epithelial cells can impart this phenotype on aggressive breast cancer cells. Methods Co-culture experiments of normal lung epithelial cell lines (SAEC, NHBE or BEAS-2B) and breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 or MDA-MB-231) were conducted. Flow cytometry analysis, immunofluorescence staining for E-cadherin or Ki-67 and senescence associated beta-galactosidase assays assessed breast cancer cell outgrowth and phenotype. Results Co-culture of the breast cancer cells with the normal lung cells had different effects on the epithelial and mesenchymal carcinoma cells. The epithelial MCF-7 cells were increased in number but still clustered even if in a slightly more mesenchymal-spindle morphology. On the other hand, the mesenchymal MDA-MB-231 cells survived but did not progressively grow out in co-culture. These aggressive carcinoma cells underwent an epithelial shift as indicated by cuboidal morphology and increased E-cadherin. Disruption of E-cadherin expressed in MDA-MB-231 using shRNA prevented this phenotypic reversion in co-culture. Lung cells limited cancer cell growth kinetics as noted by both (1) some of the cells becoming larger and positive for senescence markers/negative for proliferation marker Ki-67, and (2) Ki-67 positive cells significantly decreasing in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells after co-culture. Conclusions Our data indicate that normal lung epithelial cells can drive an epithelial phenotype and suppress the growth kinetics of breast cancer cells coincident with changing their phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Furukawa
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, and Pittsburgh VA Health System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sarah Wheeler
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, and Pittsburgh VA Health System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Amanda M. Clark
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, and Pittsburgh VA Health System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Alan Wells
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, and Pittsburgh VA Health System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Zeng XC, Liu FQ, Yan R, Yi HM, Zhang T, Wang GY, Li Y, Jiang N. Downregulation of miR-610 promotes proliferation and tumorigenicity and activates Wnt/β-catenin signaling in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:261. [PMID: 25491321 PMCID: PMC4295306 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays important roles in human cancer progression. Better understanding the mechanism underlying regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway might provide novel therapeutic targets for cancer treatment. METHODS miR-610 expression levels in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines, HCC tissues and 76 archived HCC specimens were determined using real-time PCR. Cell viability was measured by 3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The level of DNA synthesis was determined by BrdU incorporation assay. Flow cytometry analysis was used to analyze cell cycle progression. The cells proliferation and tumorigenesis were determined by colony formation and anchorage-independent growth assays in vitro, and by xenograft tumors in vivo. Luciferase assay and micro-ribonucleoprotein complex immunoprecipitation assay were used to confirm the association of the targeted mRNAs with miR-610. RESULTS miR-610 was downregulated in human HCC cells and tissues, and correlated with HCC progression and patient survival. Inhibition of miR-610 promoted, but overexpression of miR-610 reduced, HCC cell proliferation and tumorigenicity both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we found that inhibiting miR-610 activated, but overexpressing miR-610 decreased, the Wnt/β-catenin activity through directly suppressing lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) and transducin β-like protein 1 (TBL1X). The in vitro analysis was consistent with the inverse correlation detected between miR-610 levels with expression of LRP6 and TBL1X in a cohort of human HCC samples. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that miR-610 downregulation plays essential roles in HCC progression and reduced miR-610 is correlated with Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tian He Road, Tian He District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 310630, China.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Figueira AC, Gomes C, de Oliveira JT, Vilhena H, Carvalheira J, de Matos AJF, Pereira PD, Gärtner F. Aberrant P-cadherin expression is associated to aggressive feline mammary carcinomas. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:270. [PMID: 25424750 PMCID: PMC4254012 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-014-0270-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cadherins are calcium-dependent cell-to-cell adhesion glycoproteins playing a critical role in the formation and maintenance of normal tissue architecture. In normal mammary gland, E-cadherin is expressed by luminal epithelial cells, while P-cadherin is restricted to myoepithelial cells. Changes in the expression of classical E- and P-cadherins have been observed in mammary lesions and related to mammary carcinogenesis. P-cadherin and E-cadherin expressions were studied in a series of feline normal mammary glands, hyperplastic/dysplastic lesions, benign and malignant tumours by immunohistochemistry and double-label immunofluorescence. RESULTS In normal tissue and in the majority of hyperplastic/dysplastic lesions and benign tumours, P-cadherin was restricted to myoepithelial cells, while 80% of the malignant tumours expressed P-cadherin in luminal epithelial cells. P-cadherin expression was significantly related to high histological grade of carcinomas (p <0.0001), tumour necrosis (p = 0.001), infiltrative growth (p = 0.0051), and presence of neoplastic emboli (p = 0.0401). Moreover, P-cadherin positive carcinomas had an eightfold likelihood of developing neoplastic emboli than negative tumours. Cadherins expression profile in high grade and in infiltrative tumours was similar, the majority expressing P-cadherin, regardless of E-cadherin expression status. The two cadherins were found to be co-expressed in carcinomas with aberrant P-cadherin expression and preserved E-cadherin. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate a relationship between P-cadherin expression and aggressive biological behaviour of feline mammary carcinomas, suggesting that P-cadherin may be considered an indicator of poor prognosis in this animal species. Moreover, it indicates that, in queens, the aberrant expression of P-cadherin is a better marker of mammary carcinomas aggressive behaviour than the reduction of E-cadherin expression. Further investigation with follow-up studies in feline species should be conducted in order to evaluate the prognostic value of P-cadherin expression in E-cadherin positive carcinomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Catarina Figueira
- Escola Universitária Vasco da Gama (EUVG), Av. José R. Sousa Fernandes, Campus Universitário de Lordemão, Bloco B, Lordemão, 3020-210, Coimbra, Portugal. .,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira No. 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal. .,Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Rua Dr Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Catarina Gomes
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Rua Dr Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Joana Tavares de Oliveira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira No. 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal. .,Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Rua Dr Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Hugo Vilhena
- Escola Universitária Vasco da Gama (EUVG), Av. José R. Sousa Fernandes, Campus Universitário de Lordemão, Bloco B, Lordemão, 3020-210, Coimbra, Portugal. .,Hospital Veterinário do Baixo Vouga (HVBV), Estrada Nacional 1, 355, Segadães, 3750-742, Águeda, Portugal. .,Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária (CECAV), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Júlio Carvalheira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira No. 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal. .,Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos (CIBIO), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal.
| | - Augusto J F de Matos
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira No. 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal. .,Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologias Agrárias e Agro Alimentares (ICETA), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua D. Manuel II, ap° 55142, 4051-401, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Patrícia Dias Pereira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira No. 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Fátima Gärtner
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira No. 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal. .,Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Rua Dr Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Wheeler SE, Clark AM, Taylor DP, Young CL, Pillai VC, Stolz DB, Venkataramanan R, Lauffenburger D, Griffith L, Wells A. Spontaneous dormancy of metastatic breast cancer cells in an all human liver microphysiologic system. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:2342-50. [PMID: 25314052 PMCID: PMC4264444 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Metastatic outgrowth in breast cancer can occur years after a seeming cure. Existing model systems of dormancy are limited as they do not recapitulate human metastatic dormancy without exogenous manipulations and are unable to query early events of micrometastases. Methods: Here, we describe a human ex vivo hepatic microphysiologic system. The system is established with fresh human hepatocytes and non-parenchymal cells (NPCs) creating a microenvironment into which breast cancer cells (MCF7 and MDA-MB-231) are added. Results: The hepatic tissue maintains function through 15 days as verified by liver-specific protein production and drug metabolism assays. The NPCs form an integral part of the hepatic niche, demonstrated within the system through their participation in differential signalling cascades and cancer cell outcomes. Breast cancer cells intercalate into the hepatic niche without interfering with hepatocyte function. Examination of cancer cells demonstrated that a significant subset enter a quiescent state of dormancy as shown by lack of cell cycling (EdU− or Ki67−). The presence of NPCs altered the cancer cell fraction entering quiescence, and lead to differential cytokine profiles in the microenvironment effluent. Conclusions: These findings establish the liver microphysiologic system as a relevant model for the study of breast cancer metastases and entry into dormancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S E Wheeler
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, S711 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - A M Clark
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, S711 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - D P Taylor
- 1] Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, S711 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA, USA [2] Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - C L Young
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - V C Pillai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - D B Stolz
- 1] Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, S711 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA, USA [2] Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA [3] McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA [4] University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - R Venkataramanan
- 1] Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, S711 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA, USA [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - D Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - L Griffith
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - A Wells
- 1] Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, S711 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA, USA [2] Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA [3] McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA [4] University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA [5] Pittsburgh VA Medical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Cheung KJ, Ewald AJ. Illuminating breast cancer invasion: diverse roles for cell-cell interactions. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2014; 30:99-111. [PMID: 25137487 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis begins when tumors invade into surrounding tissues. In breast cancer, the study of cell interactions has provided fundamental insights into this complex process. Powerful intravital and 3D organoid culture systems have emerged that enable biologists to model the complexity of cell interactions during cancer invasion in real-time. Recent studies utilizing these techniques reveal distinct mechanisms through which multiple cancer cell and stromal cell subpopulations interact, including paracrine signaling, direct cell-cell adhesion, and remodeling of the extracellular matrix. Three cell interaction mechanisms have emerged to explain how breast tumors become invasive: epithelial-mesenchymal transition, collective invasion, and the macrophage-tumor cell feedback loop. Future work is needed to distinguish whether these mechanisms are mutually exclusive or whether they cooperate to drive metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Cheung
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 855 N. Wolfe St, 452 Rangos Bldg, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 855 N. Wolfe St, 452 Rangos Bldg, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Andrew J Ewald
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 855 N. Wolfe St, 452 Rangos Bldg, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 855 N. Wolfe St, 452 Rangos Bldg, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Quan Y, Jin R, Huang A, Zhao H, Feng B, Zang L, Zheng M. Downregulation of GRHL2 inhibits the proliferation of colorectal cancer cells by targeting ZEB1. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 15:878-87. [PMID: 24756066 PMCID: PMC4100988 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.28877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous reports have associated GRHL2 with tumor progression. However, the biological role of GRHL2 in human colorectal cancer (CRC) has not been explored. We examined the expression of GRHL2 in 75 CRC samples, as well as the paired non-tumor tissues, by immunohistochemistry, qRT-PCR, and western blot analysis. The association between GRHL2 expression and various clinicopathological parameters including Ki-67, a marker of proliferative activity, was also evaluated. We performed lentivirus-mediated shRNA transfection to knock down GRHL2 gene expression in HT29 and HCT116 CRC cells. Cell proliferation was examined by the CCK-8 (Cell Counting Kit-8) assay, colony formation, and cell cycle assay in vitro. Tumorigenesis in vivo was assessed using a mouse xenograft model. Moreover, we transiently silenced ZEB1 expression in GRHL2-knockdown CRC cells using specific shRNA, and then examined the effects on GRHL2 and E-cadherin expression, as well as cell proliferation. Herein, we demonstrated that enhanced GRHL2 expression was detected in CRC, and correlated with higher levels of Ki-67 staining, larger tumor size, and advanced clinical stage. Knocking down GRHL2 in HT29 and HCT116 CRC cells significantly inhibited cell proliferation by decreasing the number of cells in S phase and increasing that in the G 0/G 1 phaseof the cell cycle. This resulted in inhibition of tumorigenesis in vivo, as well as increased expression of ZEB1. Furthermore, transient ZEB1 knockdown dramatically enhanced cell proliferation and increased GRHL2 and E-cadherin expression. Collectively, our study has identified ZEB1 as a target of GRHL2 and suggested a reciprocal GRHL2-ZEB1 repressive relationship, providing a novel mechanism through which proliferation may be modulated in CRC cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Quan
- Department of Surgery; Ruijin Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery; Shanghai, PR China
| | - Runsen Jin
- Department of Surgery; Ruijin Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ao Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery; Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hongchao Zhao
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery; Shanghai, PR China
| | - Bo Feng
- Department of Surgery; Ruijin Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai, PR China
| | - Lu Zang
- Department of Surgery; Ruijin Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai, PR China
| | - Minhua Zheng
- Department of Surgery; Ruijin Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Minhang District Central Hospital; Shanghai, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Štajduhar E, Sedić M, Leniček T, Radulović P, Kerenji A, Krušlin B, Pavelić K, Kraljević Pavelić S. Expression of growth hormone receptor, plakoglobin and NEDD9 protein in association with tumour progression and metastasis in human breast cancer. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:6425-34. [PMID: 24676793 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1827-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among female population worldwide. Metastases are the common cause of morbidity and mortality in breast cancer and can remain latent for several years after surgical removal of the primary tumour. Thus, the identification and functional characterisation of molecular factors that promote oncogenic signalling in mammary tumour development and progression could provide new entry points for designing targeted therapeutic strategies for metastatic breast cancer. In the present study, we investigated the expression of proteins involved in cell signalling (growth hormone receptor (GHR) and NEDD9) and cell-cell adhesion (plakoglobin) in epithelial and stromal compartments of primary ductal invasive breast carcinomas and their axillary lymph node metastases versus non-metastatic tumours. Obtained data revealed remarkable increase in the expression levels of GHR and NEDD9 proteins in both epithelial and stromal components of axillary lymph node metastases in comparison with those of non-metastatic tumours, suggesting that the expression of these two proteins may provide biomarkers for tumour aggressiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emil Štajduhar
- Sestre Milosrdnice Clinical Hospital Center, Vinogradska 29, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Jiang G, Zhang X, Zhao H, Wu J, Xu K, Wang E. Impact of p120-catenin isoforms 1A and 3A on epithelial mesenchymal transition of lung cancer cells expressing E-cadherin in different subcellular locations. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88064. [PMID: 24505377 PMCID: PMC3913724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important process in tumor development. Despite previous investigations, it remains unclear how p120-catenin (p120ctn) isoforms 1A and 3A affect the EMT of tumor cells. Here we investigated expression of p120ctn, E-cadherin and vimentin in 78 human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) samples by immunohistochemistry and found that p120ctn membrane expression positively correlated with E-cadherin expression (P<0.001) and negatively correlated with vimentin expression and lymph node metastasis (P<0.05). Meanwhile, p120ctn cytoplasmic expression negatively correlated with E-cadherin expression (P<0.001) and positively correlated with vimentin expression and lymph node metastasis (P<0.05). Cells expressing high (H460 and SPC) and low (H1299 and LK2) levels of p120ctn were screen to investigate its impact on EMT. E-cadherin was restricted to the cell membrane in H460 and H1299 cells, whereas it was expressed in the cytoplasm of SPC and LK2 cells. Ablation of endogenous p120ctn isoform 1A in cells expressing high levels of the protein resulted in decreased E-cadherin expression, increased N-cadherin, vimentin and snail expression and enhanced invasiveness in H460 cells. Meanwhile, completely opposite results were observed in SPC cells. Furthermore, transfection of in H1299 cells expressing low p120ctn levels with the p120ctn isoform 1A plasmid resulted in increased E-cadherin expression, decreased N-cadherin, vimentin and snail expression and weakened invasiveness, while LK2 cells showed completely opposite results. Both cell lines expressing low p120ctn levels and transfected with the p120ctn isoform 3A plasmid appeared to have increased E-cadherin expression, decreased N-cadherin, vimentin and snail expression and weakened invasiveness. In conclusion, in cells with membrane E-cadherin, both p120ctn isoforms 1A and 3A inhibited EMT and decreased cell invasiveness. In cells with cytoplasmic E-cadherin, p120ctn isoform 1A promoted EMT and increased cell invasiveness, while p120ctn isoform 3A inhibited the EMT and decreased cell invasiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Zhang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guiyang Jiang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiupeng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Huanyu Zhao
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Junhua Wu
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Enhua Wang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Tumor metastasis is a multistep process by which tumor cells disseminate from their primary site and form secondary tumors at a distant site. Metastasis occurs through a series of steps: local invasion, intravasation, transport, extravasation, and colonization. A developmental program termed epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been shown to play a critical role in promoting metastasis in epithelium-derived carcinoma. Recent experimental and clinical studies have improved our knowledge of this dynamic program and implicated EMT and its reverse program, mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET), in the metastatic process. Here, we review the functional requirement of EMT and/or MET during the individual steps of tumor metastasis and discuss the potential of targeting this program when treating metastatic diseases.
Collapse
|
49
|
Bertolotto C. Melanoma: from melanocyte to genetic alterations and clinical options. SCIENTIFICA 2013; 2013:635203. [PMID: 24416617 PMCID: PMC3874946 DOI: 10.1155/2013/635203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma remained for decades without any effective treatment and was thus considered as a paradigm of cancer resistance. Recent progress with understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying melanoma initiation and progression revealed that melanomas are genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous tumors. This recent progress has allowed for the development of treatment able to improve for the first time the overall disease-free survival of metastatic melanoma patients. However, clinical responses are still either too transient or limited to restricted patient subsets. The complete cure of metastatic melanoma therefore remains a challenge in the clinic. This review aims to present the recent knowledge and discoveries of the molecular mechanisms involved in melanoma pathogenesis and their exploitation into clinic that have recently facilitated bench to bedside advances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corine Bertolotto
- INSERM, U1065 (Équipe 1), C3M, 06204 Nice, France
- University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, UFR Médecine, 06204 Nice, France
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Rabbani SA, Arakelian A, Farookhi R. LRP5 knockdown: effect on prostate cancer invasion growth and skeletal metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Med 2013; 2:625-35. [PMID: 24403228 PMCID: PMC3892794 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a common hormone-dependent malignancy associated with the development of skeletal metastases. This is due to the increased expression of a number of growth factors, cytokines, and proteases which collectively drive the metastatic cascade in general and increased propensity to develop skeletal metastasis in particular. While a number of signaling pathways have been implicated in PCa progression, the highly complex wnt/β-catenin pathway is unique due to its ability to regulate gene expression, cell invasion, migration, survival, proliferation, and differentiation to contribute in the initiation and progression of PCa. Members of the wnt family bind to the Frizzle proteins or lipoprotein-related receptor proteins 5, 6 (LRP5, -6) to activate this key pathway. In the current study, we have investigated the role of wnt/β-catenin pathway in PCa progression, skeletal metastasis, and gene expression using the dominant negative plasmid of LRP5 (DN-LRP5) and human PCa cells PC-3. Inactivation of LRP5 resulted in mesenchymal to epithelial shift, lack of translocation of β-catenin to cell surface, increased tumor cell proliferation, decreased colony formation, migration and invasion in vitro. These effects were attributed to decreased expression of pro-invasive and pro-metastatic genes. In in vivo studies, PC-3-DN-LRP5 cells developed significantly smaller tumors and a marked decrease in skeletal lesion area and number as determined by X-ray, micro (μ) CT and histological analysis. Collectively results from these studies demonstrate the dominant role of this key pathway in PCa growth and skeletal metastasis and its potential as a viable therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shafaat A Rabbani
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|