1
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Interleukin 15 and Eotaxin correlate with the outcome of breast cancer patients vice versa independent of CTC status. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2020; 303:217-230. [PMID: 32929618 PMCID: PMC7854415 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-020-05793-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Circulating tumor cells (CTC) in the peripheral blood in women with breast cancer has been found to be an indicator of prognosis before the start of systemic treatment. The aim of this study is the assessment of specific cytokine profiles as markers for CTC involvement that could act as independent prognostic markers in terms of survival outcome for breast cancer patients. Methods Patients selected for this study were defined as women with breast cancer of the SUCCESS study. A total of 200 patients’ sera were included in this study, 100 patients being positive for circulating tumor cells (CTC) and 100 patients being CTC negative. The matching criteria were histo-pathological grading, lymph node metastasis, hormone receptor status, TNM classification, and patient survival. Commercial ELISA with a multi cytokine/chemokine array was used to screen the sera for Interleukin 15 (IL-15) and eotaxin.
Results Statistically significant concentrations were exposed for IL-15 levels regardless of the CTC-Status, lymph node involvement, or hormone receptor status. Significantly enhanced serum IL-15 concentrations were observed in those patients with worse overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). Elevated serum concentrations of IL-15 significantly correlate with patients diagnosed with Grade 3 tumor and worse OS. In contrast, patients with a Grade 3 tumor with a favourable OS and DFS demonstrated significantly decreased IL-15 values. The CTC negative patient subgroup with a favourable OS and DFS, showed statistically significant elevated eotaxin values. Conclusion These findings suggest a potential functional interaction of increased IL-15 concentrations in the peripheral blood of patients with a worse OS and DFS, regardless of prognostic factors at primary diagnosis. The increased levels of the chemokine eotaxin in CTC negative patients and a favourable OS and DFS, on the other hand, suggest that the overexpression inhibits CTCs entering the peripheral blood, thus emphasizing a significant inhibition of circulation specific metastasis. To sum up, IL-15 could be used as an independent prognostic marker in terms of survival outcome for breast cancer patients and used as an early indicator to highlight high-risk patients and consequently the adjustment of cancer therapy strategies.
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2
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Ding JY, Wang ZH, Zhang ZZ, Cui XR, Hong YY, Liu QQ. Effects of three IL-15 variants on NCI-H446 cell proliferation and expression of cell cycle regulatory molecules. Oncotarget 2017; 8:108108-108117. [PMID: 29296227 PMCID: PMC5746129 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 15 (IL-15) is a cytokine exhibiting antitumor characteristic similar to that of IL-2. However, in human tissues and cells, IL-15 expression and secretion is very limited, suggesting IL-15 functions mainly intracellularly. In the present study, we assessed the effects of transfecting NCI-H446 small cell lung cancer cells with genes encoding three IL-15 variants: prototypical IL-15, mature IL-15 peptide, and modified IL-15 in which the IL-2 signal peptide is substituted for the native signal peptide. NCI-H446 cells transfected with empty plasmid served as the control group. We found that IL-15 transfection effectively inhibited NCI-H446 cell proliferation and arrested cell cycle progression, with the modified IL-15 carrying the IL-2 signal peptide exerting the greatest effect. Consistent with those findings, expression each of the three IL-15 variants reduced growth of NCI-H446 xenograph tumors, and the modified IL-15 again showed the greatest effect. In addition, IL-15 expression led to down-regulation of the positive cell cycle regulators cyclin E and CDK2 and up-regulation of the negative cycle regulators p21 and Rb. These findings suggest IL-15 acts as a tumor suppressor that inhibits tumor cell proliferation by inducing cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ying Ding
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Basic Study on Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Infectious Diseases, Beijing Hospital of TCM, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of TCM, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zheng-Zheng Zhang
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xu-Ran Cui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Basic Study on Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Infectious Diseases, Beijing Hospital of TCM, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of TCM, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Ying Hong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Basic Study on Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Infectious Diseases, Beijing Hospital of TCM, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of TCM, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Quan Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Basic Study on Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Infectious Diseases, Beijing Hospital of TCM, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of TCM, Beijing, China
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3
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Jiang W, Zhang C, Tian Z, Zhang J. hIL-15 gene-modified human natural killer cells (NKL-IL15) augments the anti-human hepatocellular carcinoma effect in vivo. Immunobiology 2014; 219:547-53. [PMID: 24721706 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Genetic modification of NK cells may provide new possibilities for developing effective cancer immunotherapy by improving NK cell function and specificity. We previously established human interleukin-15 (hIL-15) gene-modified NKL cells (NKL-IL15) and demonstrated their therapeutic efficiency against human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in vitro. To further assess the applicability of NKL-IL15 cells in adoptive cellular immunotherapy, we further investigated their natural cytotoxicity against HCC in vivo in the present study. NKL-IL15 cells exhibited strong inhibition on the growth of transplanted human HCC tumors in xenograft nude mouse models. Further investigation showed that NKL-IL15 cells expressed much higher levels of cytolysis-related molecules, including NKp80, TRAIL, granzyme B, IFN-γ, and TNF-α, than parental NKL cells in response to HCC stimulation. Moreover, soluble mediators secreted by NKL-IL15 cells decreased HCC cell proliferation; in particular, NKL-IL15-derived TNF-α and IFN-γ induced higher NKG2D ligand expression on target cells and resulted in the increased susceptibility of HCCs to NKL-mediated cytolysis. These results show that hIL-15 gene-modified human NK cells can augment the anti-tumor effect of NK cells on human HCC in vivo and suggest their promising applicability as a new candidate for adoptive immunotherapy against HCCs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jiang
- Institute of Immunopharmacology & Immunotherapy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua West Road, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Cai Zhang
- Institute of Immunopharmacology & Immunotherapy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua West Road, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Institute of Immunopharmacology & Immunotherapy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua West Road, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Institute of Immunopharmacology & Immunotherapy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua West Road, Jinan 250012, PR China.
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4
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Expression and functional studies on the noncoding RNA, PRINS. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 14:205-25. [PMID: 23344029 PMCID: PMC3565259 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14010205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PRINS, a noncoding RNA identified earlier by our research group, contributes to psoriasis susceptibility and cellular stress response. We have now studied the cellular and histological distribution of PRINS by using in situ hybridization and demonstrated variable expressions in different human tissues and a consistent staining pattern in epidermal keratinocytes and in vitro cultured keratinocytes. To identify the cellular function(s) of PRINS, we searched for a direct interacting partner(s) of this stress-induced molecule. In HaCaT and NHEK cell lysates, the protein proved to be nucleophosmin (NPM) protein as a potential physical interactor with PRINS. Immunohistochemical experiments revealed an elevated expression of NPM in the dividing cells of the basal layers of psoriatic involved skin samples as compared with healthy and psoriatic uninvolved samples. Others have previously shown that NPM is a ubiquitously expressed nucleolar phosphoprotein which shuttles to the nucleoplasm after UV-B irradiation in fibroblasts and cancer cells. We detected a similar translocation of NPM in UV-B-irradiated cultured keratinocytes. The gene-specific silencing of PRINS resulted in the retention of NPM in the nucleolus of UV-B-irradiated keratinocytes; suggesting that PRINS may play a role in the NPM-mediated cellular stress response in the skin.
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5
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Role of common-gamma chain cytokines in NK cell development and function: perspectives for immunotherapy. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:861920. [PMID: 21716670 PMCID: PMC3118299 DOI: 10.1155/2011/861920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells are components of the innate immunity system and play an important role as a first-line defense mechanism against viral infections and in tumor immune surveillance. Their development and their functional activities are controlled by several factors among which cytokines sharing the usage of the common cytokine-receptor gamma chain play a pivotal role. In particular, IL-2, IL-7, IL-15, and IL-21 are the members of this family predominantly involved in NK cell biology. In this paper, we will address their role in NK cell ontogeny, regulation of functional activities, development of specialized cell subsets, and acquisition of memory-like functions. Finally, the potential application of these cytokines as recombinant molecules to NK cell-based immunotherapy approaches will be discussed.
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6
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Wagner K, Schulz P, Scholz A, Wiedenmann B, Menrad A. The targeted immunocytokine L19-IL2 efficiently inhibits the growth of orthotopic pancreatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:4951-60. [PMID: 18676770 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Effective control of pancreatic cancer has been hampered primarily by the lack of tumor specificity of current treatment modalities. The highly specific antibody-mediated delivery of therapeutic agents to the tumor microenvironment might overcome this problem. We therefore investigated the therapeutic efficacy of the targeted immunocytokine L19-Interleukin-2 (L19-IL2), consisting of the human single-chain Fv antibody L19, which is highly specific for the extradomain B (ED-B) of fibronectin, and the human cytokine IL-2, in pancreatic cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Therapeutic effects of L19-IL-2, IL-2, and gemcitabine on tumor growth and metastasis were evaluated in orthotopic mouse models for pancreatic cancer. Immunohistochemistry was done to define ED-B expression, tumor necrosis, apoptosis, proliferation, and invasion of macrophages and natural killer (NK) cells. NK cells were depleted by i.v. injection of an anti-asialo-GM-1 antibody. RESULTS ED-B is selectively expressed in human pancreatic cancer and in primary tumors and metastases of the mouse models. L19-IL-2 therapy was clearly superior to untargeted IL-2 or gemcitabine and inhibited tumor growth and metastasis with remarkable long-term tumor control. Therapeutic effects were associated with the induction of extensive tumor necrosis and inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. Immunohistochemistry revealed an increase of macrophages and NK cells in the tumor tissue, suggesting immune-mediated mechanisms. The functional relevance of NK cells for the therapeutic effect of the targeted immunocytokine L19-IL-2 was confirmed by NK cell depletion, which completely abolished its antitumor efficacy. CONCLUSIONS These preclinical results strongly encourage the initiation of clinical studies using L19-IL-2 in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karola Wagner
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Humboldt-University, Berlin, Germany
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7
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Kishida T, Asada H, Itokawa Y, Cui FD, Shin-Ya M, Gojo S, Yasutomi K, Ueda Y, Yamagishi H, Imanishi J, Mazda O. Interleukin (IL)-21 and IL-15 genetic transfer synergistically augments therapeutic antitumor immunity and promotes regression of metastatic lymphoma. Mol Ther 2004; 8:552-8. [PMID: 14529827 DOI: 10.1016/s1525-0016(03)00222-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-21 supports proliferation of mature T and B cells and facilitates expansion and maturation of natural killer (NK) cells in synergy with IL-15. However, the biological implications of IL-21 in vivo have not been fully elucidated. IL-21 and IL-15 expression plasmids were intravenously injected under high pressure into the tail veins of mice, which were subsequently challenged by an intravenous injection of RLmale1 lymphoma cells. The IL15 gene transfection significantly reduced the numbers of metastatic tumor foci in the liver. In contrast, when IL21 and IL15 genes were cotransfected, complete regression was achieved in 80% of the mice. The cytokine gene therapy was also performed in mice that had been intravenously inoculated with the tumor cells. Forty percent of mice that received a single injection of a mixture of cytokine genes successfully rejected the preestablished metastatic lymphoma and showed tumor-free survival for more than 300 days. IL-21 significantly elevated the cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity in the spleens of tumor-inoculated mice, while the two cytokines augmented NK killing activity in a synergistic manner. These results strongly suggest that the codelivery of IL-21 and IL-15 elicits powerful antitumor immune responses, resulting in marked therapeutic efficacy against metastatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsunao Kishida
- Department of Microbiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
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8
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Di Carlo E, Comes A, Orengo AM, Rosso O, Meazza R, Musiani P, Colombo MP, Ferrini S. IL-21 induces tumor rejection by specific CTL and IFN-gamma-dependent CXC chemokines in syngeneic mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:1540-7. [PMID: 14734732 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.3.1540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-21 is an immune-stimulatory four alpha helix cytokine produced by activated T cells. To study the in vivo antitumor activities of IL-21, TS/A murine mammary adenocarcinoma cells were genetically modified to secrete IL-21 (TS/A-IL-21). These cells developed small tumors that were subsequently rejected by 90% of s.c. injected syngeneic mice. Five days after injection, TS/A-IL-21 tumors showed numerous infiltrating granulocytes, NK cells, and to a lesser extent CD8(+) T cells, along with the expression of TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and endothelial adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. At day 7, CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells increased together with IFN-gamma, and the CXC chemokines IFN-gamma-inducible protein 10, monokine induced by IFN-gamma, and IFN-inducible T cell alpha-chemoattractant. The TS/A-IL-21 tumor displayed a disrupted vascular network with abortive sprouting and signs of endothelial cell damage. In vivo depletion experiments by specific Abs showed that rejection of TS/A-IL-21 cells required CD8(+) T lymphocytes and granulocytes. When injected in IFN-gamma-deficient mice, TS/A-IL-21 cells formed tumors that regressed in only 29% of animals, indicating a role for IFN-gamma in IL-21-mediated antitumor response, but also the existence of IFN-gamma-independent effects. Most immunocompetent mice rejecting TS/A-IL-21 cells developed protective immunity against TS/A-pc (75%) and against the antigenically related C26 colon carcinoma cells (61%), as indicated by rechallenge experiments. A specific CTL response against the gp70-env protein of an endogenous murine retrovirus coexpressed by TS/A and C26 cells was detected in mice rejecting TS/A-IL-21 cells. These data suggest that IL-21 represents a suitable adjuvant in inducing specific CTL responses.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/blood supply
- Adenocarcinoma/immunology
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma/prevention & control
- Agranulocytosis/immunology
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/physiology
- Animals
- Cancer Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Cancer Vaccines/genetics
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chemokines, CXC/biosynthesis
- Chemokines, CXC/physiology
- Female
- Graft Rejection/genetics
- Graft Rejection/immunology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/deficiency
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/physiology
- Interleukins/administration & dosage
- Interleukins/genetics
- Interleukins/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/pathology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/metabolism
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Lymphopenia/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/blood supply
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Neoplasm Transplantation/immunology
- Protein Engineering/methods
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Di Carlo
- Dipartimento di Oncologia e Neuroscienze, Università di Chieti, Chieti, Italy
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9
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Jackaman C, Bundell CS, Kinnear BF, Smith AM, Filion P, van Hagen D, Robinson BWS, Nelson DJ. IL-2 intratumoral immunotherapy enhances CD8+ T cells that mediate destruction of tumor cells and tumor-associated vasculature: a novel mechanism for IL-2. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 171:5051-63. [PMID: 14607902 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.10.5051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic use of IL-2 can generate antitumor immunity; however, a variety of different mechanisms have been reported. We injected IL-2 intratumorally (i.t.) at different stages of growth, using our unique murine model of mesothelioma (AE17; and AE17 transfected with secretory OVA (AE17-sOVA)), and systematically analyzed real-time events as they occurred in vivo. The majority of mice with small tumors when treatment commenced displayed complete tumor regression, remained tumor free for >2 mo, and survived rechallenge with AE17 tumor cells. However, mice with large tumors at the start of treatment failed to respond. Timing experiments showed that IL-2-mediated responses were dependent upon tumor size, not on the duration of disease. Although i.t. IL-2 did not alter tumor Ag presentation in draining lymph nodes, it did enhance a previously primed, endogenous, tumor-specific in vivo CTL response that coincided with regressing tumors. Both CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells were required for IL-2-mediated tumor eradication, because IL-2 therapy failed in CD4(+)-depleted, CD8(+)-depleted, and both CD4(+)- and CD8(+)-depleted C57BL/6J animals. Tumor-infiltrating CD8(+) T cells, but not CD4(+) T cells, increased in association with a marked reduction in tumor-associated vascularity. Destruction of blood vessels required CD8(+) T cells, because this did not occur in nude mice or in CD8(+)-depleted C57BL/6J mice. These results show that repeated doses of i.t. (but not systemic) IL-2 mediates tumor regression via an enhanced endogenous tumor-specific CTL response concomitant with reduced vasculature, thereby demonstrating a novel mechanism for IL-2 activity.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Neoplasm/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- B7-2 Antigen
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cell Death/immunology
- Cell Division/genetics
- Cell Division/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Egg Proteins/administration & dosage
- Egg Proteins/genetics
- Egg Proteins/pharmacokinetics
- Female
- Graft Rejection/immunology
- Graft Rejection/pathology
- Graft Rejection/physiopathology
- Growth Inhibitors/administration & dosage
- Growth Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Immunodominant Epitopes/biosynthesis
- Immunodominant Epitopes/genetics
- Immunodominant Epitopes/metabolism
- Immunotherapy, Active/methods
- Injections, Intralesional
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Interleukin-2/administration & dosage
- Interleukin-2/therapeutic use
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/pathology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Mesothelioma/blood supply
- Mesothelioma/mortality
- Mesothelioma/therapy
- Mesothelioma/ultrastructure
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Nude
- Mice, Transgenic
- Necrosis
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/immunology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/prevention & control
- Ovalbumin/administration & dosage
- Ovalbumin/genetics
- Ovalbumin/pharmacokinetics
- Peptide Fragments
- Survival Rate
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie Jackaman
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia
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10
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Orengo AM, Di Carlo E, Comes A, Fabbi M, Piazza T, Cilli M, Musiani P, Ferrini S. Tumor cells engineered with IL-12 and IL-15 genes induce protective antibody responses in nude mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:569-75. [PMID: 12847220 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.2.569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-12 and IL-15 stimulate T, B, and NK cell functions through independent mechanisms, and cooperative effects of these cytokines have been reported. The human MHC class I-negative small cell lung cancer cell line, N592, genetically engineered to secrete IL-15, N592/IL-15, showed a reduced tumor growth rate, while N592 cells engineered with IL-12, N592/IL-12, grew similarly to the wild-type N592, N592 parental cells (N592pc), in nude mice. However, N592 cells coexpressing both cytokines, N592/IL-12/IL-15 cells, were completely rejected by 100% of nude mice. Here we show that 60% of nude mice rejecting N592/IL-12/IL-15 cells were resistant to N592pc rechallenge. SCID mice rejected N592/IL-12/IL-15 cells, but did not develop resistance to N592pc rechallenge, suggesting a role of Ab responses. Among nude mice rejecting N592/IL-12/IL-15 cells, those developing resistance to N592pc rechallenge had significantly higher titers of anti-N592 IgG2b Abs than nonresistant nude mice. Induction of an Ig class switch in nude mice was related to the expression of IFN-gamma and CD40 ligand in the draining lymph nodes. An IgG2b, anti-N592 mAb, derived from N592/IL-12/IL-15-immunized nude mice splenocytes induced significant protection against N592pc, while an IgM mAb was ineffective. The protective IgG2b mAb, but not the IgM mAb, triggered Ab-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity by nude mouse splenocytes against N592pc. These data indicate that IL-12 and IL-15 synergistically trigger innate, immunity-mediated, anti-tumor effects, resulting in cytotoxic IgG Ab responses in T cell-deficient mice. Protective Ab responses may relate to both direct actions of IL-12 and IL-15 on B cells and to the activation of an innate immunity-B cell cross-talk.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/blood
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/therapeutic use
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/genetics
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/immunology
- Binding Sites, Antibody/genetics
- Binding, Competitive/genetics
- Binding, Competitive/immunology
- CD40 Ligand/biosynthesis
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/immunology
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/therapy
- Drug Synergism
- Female
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
- Graft Rejection/genetics
- Graft Rejection/immunology
- Humans
- Hybridomas
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Immunoglobulin G/pharmacology
- Immunoglobulin G/therapeutic use
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-12/administration & dosage
- Interleukin-12/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-12/genetics
- Interleukin-15/administration & dosage
- Interleukin-15/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-15/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/therapy
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Nude
- Mice, SCID
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Protein Engineering/methods
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Orengo
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy
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11
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Yajima T, Nishimura H, Wajjwalku W, Harada M, Kuwano H, Yoshikai Y. Overexpression of interleukin-15 in vivo enhances antitumor activity against MHC class I-negative and -positive malignant melanoma through augmented NK activity and cytotoxic T-cell response. Int J Cancer 2002; 99:573-8. [PMID: 11992548 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-15, a pleiotropic cytokine, is involved in the development and maintenance of NK cells and memory CD8+ T cells. We examined the effects of in vivo overexpression of IL-15 on protection against 2 types of murine B16 melanoma lines, MHC class I-negative B16.44 and MHC class I-positive B16F10 cells, using IL-15 transgenic (Tg) mice that we have recently constructed. The tumor growth was severely retarded in IL-15 Tg mice after subcutaneous (s.c.) inoculation with B16.44 or B16F10 cells. IL-15 Tg mice showed an augmented NK cell activity against B16.44 cells, and in vivo depletion of NK cells by anti-asialoGM1 Ab treatment abrogated the antitumor activity in IL-15 Tg mice. On the other hand, IL-15 Tg mice inoculated with B16F10 cells developed a significant level of CTL response against B16F10 cells, and in vivo depletion of CD8+ T cells by anti-CD8 MAb treatment abrogated the antitumor activity. Thus, overexpression of IL-15 augmented antitumor activity against different tumors via augmentation of different antitumor mechanisms. These results suggest a possible therapeutic application of IL-15 for human neoplasms expressing a wide range of MHC class molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Yajima
- Laboratory of Host Defense and Germfree Life, Research Institute for Disease Mechanism and Control, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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12
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Wang ZY, Gaggero A, Rubartelli A, Rosso O, Miotti S, Mezzanzanica D, Canevari S, Ferrini S. Expression of interleukin-18 in human ovarian carcinoma and normal ovarian epithelium: evidence for defective processing in tumor cells. Int J Cancer 2002; 98:873-8. [PMID: 11948465 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a proinflammatory monokine structurally related to IL-1beta that stimulates interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production. IL-18 is synthesized as an inactive precursor, pro-IL-18, which is cleaved by IL-1beta-converting enzyme (ICE)/caspase-1 in a mature protein. In view of the proposed use of IL-18 in cancer immuno/gene therapy, we have studied the expression of IL-18 in tumor cells. IL-18 mRNA was detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in all human ovarian carcinoma cell lines tested (9/9) and in one-half of tumor cell populations obtained from ovarian carcinoma patients (4/8). ICE mRNA was expressed in a smaller fraction of samples (3/9 cell lines and 3/8 samples from patients). IL-18 protein was also found in 7/13 ovarian carcinoma solid tumors by immunohistochemic analysis. In tumor cell lines we were able to detect abundant intracellular pro-IL-18 (24 kDa) by Western blotting, whereas the mature form of IL-18 was undetectable, irrespective of the presence of ICE mRNA and protein. Only pro-IL-18 was also found in the ovarian carcinoma cell supernatants, which did not display any IL-18 biologic activity in functional assays. Normal cultured ovarian epithelial cells revealed the presence of both IL-18 and ICE mRNA in all samples (5/5) and IL-18 protein was expressed by the thin epithelial cell layer surrounding normal ovary. More importantly, normal ovarian epithelial cells released low but detectable amounts of mature IL-18 in the culture supernatant, which displayed IL-18-like biologic activity in functional assays. These data suggest that mature biologically active IL-18 production is a feature of the normal ovarian surface epithelium lost during neoplastic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Yuan Wang
- Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova, Italy
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13
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Jablonska E, Piotrowski L, Kiluk M, Jablonski J, Grabowska Z, Markiewicz W. Effect of IL-15 on the secretion of IL-1beta, IL-1Ra and sIL-1RII by PMN from cancer patients. Cytokine 2001; 16:173-7. [PMID: 11814312 DOI: 10.1006/cyto.2001.0931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we demonstrate an effect of rhIL-15 on the simultaneous secretion of IL-1beta and its natural inhibitors IL-1Ra and sIL-1RII by human neutrophils isolated from normal and tumour-bearing hosts (oral cavity cancer and melanoma patients) compared with serum IL-15 levels. We found an rhIL-15 influence on IL-beta and IL-1Ra secreted by PMN from healthy controls. In contrast, the PMNs from cancer patients were not sensitive to rhIL-15 stimulation. However, we found a priming effect of rhIL-15 on IL-1beta production by LPS-stimulated cells in oral cavity cancer. We also found no effect on sIL-1RII release by PMN from cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Jablonska
- Department of Immunology, Medical Academy of Bialystok, Poland.
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14
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Suzuki K, Nakazato H, Matsui H, Hasumi M, Shibata Y, Ito K, Fukabori Y, Kurokawa K, Yamanaka H. NK cell‐mediated anti‐tumor immune response to human prostate cancer cell, PC‐3: immunogene therapy using a highly secretable form of interleukin‐15 gene transfer. J Leukoc Biol 2001. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.69.4.531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Urology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Haruki Nakazato
- Department of Urology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsui
- Department of Urology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Masaru Hasumi
- Department of Urology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Shibata
- Department of Urology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Kazuto Ito
- Department of Urology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | | | - Kohei Kurokawa
- Department of Urology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Yamanaka
- Department of Urology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
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15
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Di Carlo E, Forni G, Lollini P, Colombo MP, Modesti A, Musiani P. The intriguing role of polymorphonuclear neutrophils in antitumor reactions. Blood 2001; 97:339-45. [PMID: 11154206 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v97.2.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E Di Carlo
- Department of Oncology and Neurosciences, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
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16
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Di Carlo E, Comes A, Basso S, De Ambrosis A, Meazza R, Musiani P, Moelling K, Albini A, Ferrini S. The combined action of IL-15 and IL-12 gene transfer can induce tumor cell rejection without T and NK cell involvement. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:3111-8. [PMID: 10975824 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.6.3111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The cooperative antitumor effects of IL-12 and IL-15 gene transfer were studied in the N592 MHC class I-negative small cell lung cancer cell line xenotransplanted in nude mice. N592 cells engineered to secrete IL-15 displayed a significantly reduced tumor growth kinetics, and a slightly reduced tumor take rate, while N592 engineered with IL-12 displayed only minor changes in their growth in nude mice. However, N592 cells producing both cytokines were completely rejected, and produced a potent local bystander effect, inducing rejection of coinjected wild-type tumor cells. N592/IL-12/IL-15 cells were completely and promptly rejected also in NK-depleted nude mice, while in granulocyte-depleted animals a slight delay in the rejection process was observed. Immunohistochemical analyses of the N592/IL-12/IL-15 tumor area in intact nude mice revealed the presence of infiltrating macrophages, granulocytes, and NK cells, and expression of inducible NO synthase and of secondary cytokines such as IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma, and at higher levels GM-CSF, macrophage-inflammatory protein-2, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. In NK cell-depleted nude mice, numerous macrophages and granulocytes infiltrated the tumor, and a strong expression of macrophage-inflammatory protein-2 and inducible NO synthase was also observed. Finally, macrophages cocultured with N592/IL-12/IL-15 produced NO in vitro, and inhibited tumor cell growth, further suggesting their role as effector cells in this model.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/genetics
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/metabolism
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/immunology
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/prevention & control
- Cell Division/genetics
- Cell Division/immunology
- Coculture Techniques
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Drug Synergism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Gene Transfer Techniques
- Graft Rejection/genetics
- Graft Rejection/immunology
- Graft Rejection/pathology
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/metabolism
- Granulocytes/immunology
- Granulocytes/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-12/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-12/genetics
- Interleukin-12/metabolism
- Interleukin-15/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-15/genetics
- Interleukin-15/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Leukopenia/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Nitric Oxide/biosynthesis
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Transfection/immunology
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- E Di Carlo
- Dipartimento di Oncologia e Neuroscienze, Università di Chieti, Chieti, Italy
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