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Ishii K, Takahashi S, Sugimura Y, Watanabe M. Role of Stromal Paracrine Signals in Proliferative Diseases of the Aging Human Prostate. J Clin Med 2018; 7:jcm7040068. [PMID: 29614830 PMCID: PMC5920442 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7040068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgens are essential for the development, differentiation, growth, and function of the prostate through epithelial–stromal interactions. However, androgen concentrations in the hypertrophic human prostate decrease significantly with age, suggesting an inverse correlation between androgen levels and proliferative diseases of the aging prostate. In elderly males, age- and/or androgen-related stromal remodeling is spontaneously induced, i.e., increased fibroblast and myofibroblast numbers, but decreased smooth muscle cell numbers in the prostatic stroma. These fibroblasts produce not only growth factors, cytokines, and extracellular matrix proteins, but also microRNAs as stromal paracrine signals that stimulate prostate epithelial cell proliferation. Surgical or chemical castration is the standard systemic therapy for patients with advanced prostate cancer. Androgen deprivation therapy induces temporary remission, but the majority of patients eventually progress to castration-resistant prostate cancer, which is associated with a high mortality rate. Androgen deprivation therapy-induced stromal remodeling may be involved in the development and progression of castration-resistant prostate cancer. In the tumor microenvironment, activated fibroblasts stimulating prostate cancer cell proliferation are called carcinoma-associated fibroblasts. In this review, we summarize the role of stromal paracrine signals in proliferative diseases of the aging human prostate and discuss the potential clinical applications of carcinoma-associated fibroblast-derived exosomal microRNAs as promising biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Ishii
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
- Department of Nephro-Urologic Surgery and Andrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
| | - Sanai Takahashi
- Laboratory for Medical Engineering, Division of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan.
| | - Yoshiki Sugimura
- Department of Nephro-Urologic Surgery and Andrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
| | - Masatoshi Watanabe
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
- Laboratory for Medical Engineering, Division of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan.
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Huang J, He F, Huang M, Liu X, Xiong Y, Huang Y, Zhu L, Yang Y, Xu X, Yuan M. Novel naftopidil-related derivatives and their biological effects as alpha1-adrenoceptors antagonists and antiproliferative agents. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 96:83-91. [PMID: 25874333 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Eleven novel naftopidil-related compounds that contain amide and indole groups were designed and synthesized. The biological effects of these compounds on three α1-adrenoceptor subtypes and cancerous human prostate cell lines (PC-3, DU-145, and LNCaP) were determined. Compounds 2, 3, 5, 11, and 12 exhibited an α1-adrenoceptor antagonistic activity, whereas compounds 9, 10, and 12 displayed moderate antiproliferative activities. Compound 3 exhibited a significant α(1D/1A) blocking activity in isolated rat tissues (97.7- and 64.6-fold selective for α(1D) and α(1A) compared with α(1B)) but not a relevant cytotoxic activity. Compound 12 demonstrated a potent and selective α(1D/1A) antagonistic activity (47.9- and 19.1-fold for α(1D) and α(1A) compared with α1B) and a potent antiproliferative activity in PC-3 cells (IC50 = 15.70 μM). Further testing confirmed that compound 12 inhibited the growth of PC-3 cells by inducing apoptosis and G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, which was mediated by α1-adrenoceptor. Therefore, compound 12 is a potential multipotent agent that can act as an effective α1-adrenoceptor subtype antagonist for treating benign prostatic hyperplasia and a preventive medication against human prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Huang
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Pharmacology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, PR China
| | - Fei He
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Minyi Huang
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Pharmacology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, PR China
| | - Xiawen Liu
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Pharmacology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, PR China
| | - Yan Xiong
- Guangzhou Research Institute of Snake Venom, Department of Pharmacology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, PR China
| | - Yajian Huang
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Pharmacology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, PR China
| | - Liu Zhu
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Pharmacology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, PR China
| | - Ya Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, PR China
| | - Xingjie Xu
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Pharmacology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, PR China
| | - Mu Yuan
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Pharmacology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, PR China.
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Delella FK, Lacorte LM, Almeida FLA, Pai MD, Felisbino SL. Fibrosis-related gene expression in the prostate is modulated by doxazosin treatment. Life Sci 2012; 91:1281-7. [PMID: 23069578 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To gain new insights into the molecular mechanisms of action of doxazosin, we investigated the prostatic stroma ultrastructure and the expression of genes involved with fibrosis, such as collagen type I and III (COL1A1 and COL3A1, respectively) and TGF-beta 1, in the rat ventral prostate. MAIN METHODS Adult Wistar rats were treated with doxazosin (25mg/kg/day), and the ventral prostates were excised at 7 and 30days after treatment. Untreated rats were controls. Ventral prostates were subjected to ultrastructural, immunohistochemical, biochemical and molecular analyses. KEY FINDINGS Doxazosin-treated prostates showed thickened bundles of collagen fibrils, activated fibroblasts, enlarged neurotransmitter vesicles and increased tissue immunostaining for collagen type I and type III when compared to untreated prostates. After 7 and 30days of doxazosin treatment mRNA expression of COL1A1 and COL3A1 was significantly increased and reduced, respectively, compared to the control group. TGF-beta 1 mRNA and protein levels were increased after 7days of doxazosin treatment, whereas only mRNA levels remained increased after 30days of treatment. SIGNIFICANCE Our data suggest that relaxation of smooth muscle cells by alpha-blockers interferes with the mechanical dynamics of the prostatic stroma extracellular matrix components, generating a pro-fibrotic effect probably via the TGF-beta 1 signaling pathway. Long term treatment with doxazosin may also lead to a reduced turnover of extracellular matrix components. Our results add to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind the effects of alpha-blockade on prostatic histoarchitecture and the response to treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia K Delella
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology-University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Liu M, Zhang D, Yang M, Zhao T, Wang X, Zhang Y, Han J, Liu H. Pharmacokinetics of terazosin enantiomers in healthy Chinese male subjects. Chirality 2012; 24:1047-50. [PMID: 22887707 DOI: 10.1002/chir.22095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to elucidate the pharmacokinetics of terazosin enantiomers in healthy Chinese male subjects. After a single oral dose of 2-mg terazosin, the plasma concentrations of terazosin enantiomers were measured over the course of 48 h in 12 healthy subjects. The plasma concentrations of (+)-(R)-terazosin at all time points were higher than those of (-)-(S)-terazosin. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC(0-∞) ) and maximum plasma concentration of (+)-(R)-terazosin were significantly greater than those of the (-)-(S)-terazosin (P < 0.01, respectively). The R/S ratio of AUC(0-∞) of terazosin was 1.68. For the first time, it was proven that the pharmacokinetics of terazosin was stereoselective in healthy Chinese male subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Delella FK, Felisbino SL. Doxazosin treatment alters stromal cell behavior and increases elastic system fibers deposition in rat prostate. Microsc Res Tech 2011; 73:1036-44. [PMID: 20155861 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Doxazosin (DOX), an α-adrenoceptor antagonist, induces the relaxation of smooth muscle cell tonus and reduces the clinical symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). However, the effects of DOX in the prostate stromal microenvironment are not fully known. In a previous study, we showed that DOX treatment for 30 days increased deposition of collagen fibers in the three rat prostatic lobes. Herein, we investigated the effects of DOX on stromal cell ultrastructure and elastic fiber deposition. Adult Wistar rats were treated with DOX (25 mg/kg/day); and the ventral, dorsal, and anterior prostates were excised at 30 days of treatment. The prostatic lobes were submitted to histochemical and stereological-morphometric analyze and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Histochemical staining plus stereological analysis of the elastic fiber system showed that DOX-treated prostatic lobes presented more elaunin and elastic fibers than controls, mainly in the ventral lobe. Ultrastructural analysis showed that fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells from DOX-treated prostates presented active synthetic phenotypes, evidenced by enlarged rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus cisterns, and confirmed the observation of thickened elaunin fibers. Our findings suggest that, under α-adrenergic blockade by DOX, the fibroblasts become more active and smooth muscle cells shift from a predominantly contractile to a more synthetic phenotype. The deposition of collagen and elastic system fibers in the prostatic stroma may counterbalance the absence of smooth muscle tone during α-blockers treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Karina Delella
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, UNICAMP-University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Imamura T, Ishii K, Kanda H, Arase S, Yoshio Y, Hori Y, Soga N, Kise H, Arima K, Sugimura Y. Structural changes in alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonist-treated human prostatic stroma. Clin Exp Med 2009; 10:99-106. [PMID: 19826760 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-009-0073-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonists (alpha1-blockers) are currently used as first-line drugs for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). However, cases of BPH are often encountered in which the efficacy of alpha1-blockers decreases and switching to surgical treatment is required. One factor responsible for this resistance includes structural changes in prostatic tissue architecture following repeated oral administration of alpha1-blockers. Forty patients suspected of having prostate cancer, but without evidence of malignancy on prostatic biopsy were divided into two groups: an untreated group (n = 17) and an oral alpha1-blocker-treated group (n = 23). Twenty-one patients exhibiting resistance to oral alpha1-blocker therapy who underwent surgery were assigned into the surgically treated group. Each tissue sample was subjected to Masson's trichrome staining to distinguish collagen fibers from smooth muscle constituting prostatic stroma. The mean collagen fiber share was 62.2 +/- 10.4% in the untreated group, 72.1 +/- 9.1% in the oral alpha1-blocker-treated group, and 72.2 +/- 15.7% in the surgically treated group. Focusing on cases exhibiting high-collagen fiber share (70% or more), the distribution in each of the two alpha1-blocker-treated groups (16 of the 23 cases from the oral alpha1-blocker-treated group and 10 of the 21 cases from the surgically treated group) differed significantly from that in the untreated group (2 of the 17 cases). Our findings suggest that the accumulation of collagen fibers in prostatic stroma could be one of the factors responsible for alpha1-blocker treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Imamura
- Department of Nephro-Urologic Surgery and Andrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
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Andersson KE, Gratzke C. Pharmacology of α1-adrenoceptor antagonists in the lower urinary tract and central nervous system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 4:368-78. [PMID: 17615548 DOI: 10.1038/ncpuro0836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2007] [Accepted: 04/30/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The main use of alpha(1)-adrenoceptor (AR) antagonists in urology has been to treat lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in men with benign prostatic obstruction (BPO). The beneficial effects of these agents are primarily assumed to be because of relaxation of prostatic and urethral smooth muscle. The weak correlation between LUTS and prostatic enlargement, outflow obstruction, or both, however, has refocused interest on the role of extraprostatic alpha-ARs in the pathogenesis of LUTS and their treatment. The alpha(1)-ARs present in the bladder, urethra, vas deferens, peripheral ganglia, nerve terminals, and in the central nervous system could all potentially influence LUTS and, when the receptors are blocked, contribute to both the therapeutic and adverse effects of alpha(1)-AR antagonists. The relevance of alpha(1)-AR-subtype selectivity on the clinical usefulness of existing drug therapies has not been firmly established but it seems that blockade of both alpha(1A/L)- and alpha(1D)-ARs is necessary for the optimum balance between clinical efficacy and adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Erik Andersson
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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Alberti C, Chiapello G, Bernardi D, Mediago M, Arena G. Quinazoline α1-Blockers: Are there any News about their Efficacy in Inhibiting Prostate Tumor Growth? Urologia 2006. [DOI: 10.1177/039156030607300402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
α1-adrenoceptor agonists have recently been recognized as growth factors for several cell types, including both stromal smooth muscle- and epithelial cells of the prostate gland, by triggering off a cascade of intracellular signal transduction pathway that controls cell proliferation. On the contrary, quinazoline α1 -blockers (doxazosin, terazosin, prazosin) inhibit cell kinetics and induce, above all, anoikis and apoptotic death of both stromal smooth muscle- and epithelial cells, through α1 -adrenoceptor-indipendent mechanisms, thus preventing or delaying prostate tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Alberti
- Struttura Complessa di Urologia, Azienda Ospedaliera “Santa Croce e Carle”, Cuneo
| | - G. Chiapello
- Struttura Complessa di Urologia, Azienda Ospedaliera “Santa Croce e Carle”, Cuneo
| | - D. Bernardi
- Struttura Complessa di Urologia, Azienda Ospedaliera “Santa Croce e Carle”, Cuneo
| | - M. Mediago
- Struttura Complessa di Urologia, Azienda Ospedaliera “Santa Croce e Carle”, Cuneo
| | - G. Arena
- Struttura Complessa di Urologia, Azienda Ospedaliera “Santa Croce e Carle”, Cuneo
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Kanagawa K, Sugimura K, Kuratsukuri K, Ikemoto SI, Kishimoto T, Nakatani T. Norepinephrine activates P44 and P42 MAPK in human prostate stromal and smooth muscle cells but not in epithelial cells. Prostate 2003; 56:313-8. [PMID: 12858360 DOI: 10.1002/pros.10267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vascular smooth muscle cells, alpha1-adrenergic stimulation increases DNA synthesis and cell proliferation via activation of p44/42 (ERK1/2) MAPK. We examined whether norepinephrine (NE) activates MAPK and stimulates the proliferation of prostatic epithelial and non-epithelial cells. METHODS Human prostatic epithelial cells, stromal cells, and smooth muscle cells were purchased from BioWhittaker (Walkersville, MD). After reaching a semi-confluent condition, the cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 without serum for 1 day. At 10 min after adding NE (10(-6) or 10(-7) M) to the medium, the cells were collected. Cell lysate was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) followed by Western blot using anti-phospho-p44/42 and anti-p44/42 antibodies. The activation of p44/42 was estimated by the ratio of phospho-p44/42 to total p44/42. Cell proliferation was evaluated by (3)H-thymidine uptake assay. After reaching a semi-confluent condition, the cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 containing 0.5% FCS with or without NE (10(-6) or 10(-7) M) for 16 hr followed by a (3)H-thymidine uptake period (24 hr). RESULTS P44/42 MAPK was significantly activated by NE in non-epithelial cells (stromal cells and smooth muscle cells) while not in epithelial cells. The uptake of (3)H-thymidine was significantly increased by NE in both non-epithelial cells, which was inhibited by alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonists. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that NE may stimulate the proliferation of non-epithelial prostatic cells, which may be involved in the pathogenesis of BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kanagawa
- Department of Urology, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan
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Anglin IE, Glassman DT, Kyprianou N. Induction of prostate apoptosis by alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonists: mechanistic significance of the quinazoline component. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2003; 5:88-95. [PMID: 12496995 DOI: 10.1038/sj.pcan.4500561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2001] [Revised: 11/16/2001] [Accepted: 11/21/2001] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
alpha(1)-Adrenoceptor antagonists, have been documented to induce apoptosis and reduce prostate tumor vascularity in benign and malignant prostate cells. The quinazoline based alpha(1)-antagonists, doxazosin and terazosin but not tamsulosin (a sulphonamide derivative) suppress prostate growth without affecting cell proliferation. These quinazoline-mediated apoptotic effects occur via an alpha(1)-adrenoceptor independent mechanism potentially involving activation of the TGF-beta signal transduction pathway. This review discusses the current knowledge of the action of quinazoline-derived alpha(1)-adrenoceptor antagonists in the benign and malignant prostate and their potential therapeutic use in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer. Finally, a molecular pathway is proposed for their observed apoptotic function against prostate cells. Increased understanding of the action of these established and clinically accepted agents would provide a basis for the design of safe, effective therapeutic regimens in the treatment of prostatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- I E Anglin
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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PAN SHIOWLIN, GUH JIHHWA, HUANG YINGWEN, CHERN JIWANG, CHOU JUIYI, TENG CHEMING. Identification of Apoptotic and Antiangiogenic Activities of Terazosin in Human Prostate Cancer and Endothelial Cells. J Urol 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)64002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- SHIOW-LIN PAN
- From the Pharmacological Institutes, School of Pharmacy and Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - JIH-HWA GUH
- From the Pharmacological Institutes, School of Pharmacy and Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - YING-WEN HUANG
- From the Pharmacological Institutes, School of Pharmacy and Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - JI-WANG CHERN
- From the Pharmacological Institutes, School of Pharmacy and Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - JUI-YI CHOU
- From the Pharmacological Institutes, School of Pharmacy and Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - CHE-MING TENG
- From the Pharmacological Institutes, School of Pharmacy and Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Abstract
Multipotent cells within the epithelial compartment, together with phenotypically 'plastic' mesenchyma cells (stromal stem cells), provide a repository of protected genetic information from which the structure, stability and functionality of the prostate gland can be maintained. However, mere preservation of cells in a non-dividing state is insufficient to provide the necessary reservoir of information from which the structure and function of the prostate gland can be retained or recreated. Rather, there is a constant dynamic interaction, at the level of information exchange, between stem cells (whether epithelial or mesenchymal) and their surrounding environment (both humoral and physical). Thus, with respect to epithelial stem cells, these reside within environmental 'niches' which allow their controlled and limited proliferation while preserving genomic integrity. Similar 'mesenchymal niches' are also predicted to occur, although not yet identified, thus providing the multipotent source from which the full spectrum of stromal phenotypes might be regenerated. Recent data from studies of the haematopoietic and hepato-biliary systems indicate that the potential scope of stem cells far exceeds the immediate phenotypic complement of those tissues within which they originate, being dependent upon their precise environment as well as their genomic integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Foster
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Duncan Building, University of Liverpool, P.O. Box 147, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK.
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13
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Ilio KY, Park II, Pins MR, Kozlowski JM, Lee C. Apoptotic activity of doxazosin on prostate stroma in vitro is mediated through an autocrine expression of TGF-beta1. Prostate 2001; 48:131-5. [PMID: 11494328 DOI: 10.1002/pros.1091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Doxazosin, an alpha-adrenergic antagonist, has been shown to induce apoptosis in prostatic stromal cells. The mechanism of this apoptotic action by Doxazosin remains undefined. The present study was carried out to demonstrate that the effect of Doxazosin on apoptosis of prostate stromal cells is mediated through an autocrine action of TGF-beta1. METHODS Primary cultures of human prostate cells were treated with varying concentrations of Doxazosin (0, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 microM) for a period up to 3 days. At the end of the 3-day culture, cell numbers were counted. Apoptosis was assessed by a colorimetric terminal deoxyribonucleotide transferase labeling technique. TGF-beta1 was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Compared to control cultures, cell numbers were significantly decreased as much as 68.4% in cultures treated with 10 microM of Doxazosin after 3 days incubation, while apoptosis increased by 64.7% in cultures treated with the same concentration of Doxazosin after 24 h. This decrease in cell number was reversed when antibody to TGF-beta1 was added to these cultures. Addition of TGF-beta1 (0, 1.0, and 10 ng/mL) to the cultures also decreased the cell numbers. Quantitation of TGF-beta1 in lysates of cells by ELISA revealed that the cells treated with Doxazosin (10 microM) produced as much as 62.5% more TGF-beta1 than in that of untreated cells. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that the apoptotic effect of Doxazosin on human prostatic stromal cells is mediated through an autocrine production of TGF-beta1.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Y Ilio
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Kyprianou N, Chon J, Benning CM. Effects of alpha(1)-adrenoceptor (alpha(1)-AR) antagonists on cell proliferation and apoptosis in the prostate: therapeutic implications in prostatic disease. THE PROSTATE. SUPPLEMENT 2001; 9:42-6. [PMID: 11056502 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0045(2000)45:9+<42::aid-pros9>3.0.co;2-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer established that disruption of the molecular mechanisms that regulate apoptosis and cell proliferation among the stromal and epithelial cell populations, may underlie the neoplastic development that characterizes the aging gland. This work examined the effects of selected alpha(1)-adrenoceptor (alpha(1)-AR) antagonists (blockers) on cellular dynamics to determine whether induction of apoptosis or inhibition of proliferation could contribute to the overall clinical profile. METHODS Our efforts were focused on investigating whether alpha(1)-AR antagonists of two different chemical classes affect prostate pathophysiology via mechanisms other than smooth muscle contraction. In in vitro experiments, the two clinically used quinazoline alpha(1)-adrenoceptor antagonists terazosin and doxazosin and the chemically-distinct sulphonamide, tamsulosin, were examined for effects on prostatic tumor growth, by inhibiting cell proliferation and'or inducing apoptosis. RESULTS Our findings suggest that alpha(1)-AR antagonists, terazosin and doxazosin, suppress prostatic growth by inducing apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner and without affecting cell proliferation. Tamsulosin exerted no effect on prostate cancer cell growth. The apoptotic effect of terazosin and doxazosin appears to be independent of the alpha(1)-adrenoceptor block. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our findings demonstrate the ability of the quinazoline alpha-blockers, terazosin and doxazosin, but not the sulphonamide, tamsulosin, to suppress prostate growth by inducing apoptosis among the epithelial cells in the benign and malignant prostate. These studies underwrite the durability of the response seen in long-term studies with terazosin, and suggest the potential of this drug in the treatment of prostate carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kyprianou
- Division of Urology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Foster
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
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16
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Abstract
Selective alpha1-adrenergic blockade is now a well accepted and widely used therapeutic treatment for patients presenting with symptomatic bladder outlet obstruction thought to be associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia. This review summarizes the recent developments in this field relating to the subject of receptor subtype selectivity and the potential relevance of this to clinical usefulness of existing drug therapy. Whilst a number of unanswered questions remain as to the exact mechanisms of both drug action and side-effect profile, nevertheless it is clear that existing clinically available alpha1-antagonists provide a safe, effective and generally well tolerated therapy for patients with lower urinary tract symptoms thought to be associated with benign prostatic obstruction. The implications of the ALLHAT study are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Chapple
- Department of Urology, The Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK.
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17
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Lin VK, Benaim EA, McConnell JD. Alpha-blockade downregulates myosin heavy chain gene expression in human benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology 2001; 57:170-5. [PMID: 11164176 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-4295(00)00842-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Smooth muscle (SM), a major component of prostate stroma, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia. In many muscle systems, steroid hormones and alpha(1)-adrenergic neurotransmitters tightly regulate expression of contractile proteins. In this study, SM content and the expression of myosin heavy chain (MHC) in tissues from patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia treated with androgen ablation or alpha-blockade were compared with untreated controls. METHODS Prostatic periurethral tissue specimens from patients receiving luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogues (n = 12), alpha-blocking agents (n = 12), and no treatment (n = 13) were examined. The samples were analyzed for SM MHC mRNA expression using competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. SM content was measured by morphometric analysis of trichrome-stained sections. RESULTS Stromal SM constituted 45.4% +/- 8.6%, 48.1% +/- 18.4%, and 45.9% +/- 10.8% of the total tissue in androgen ablated, alpha-blocked, and untreated tissues, respectively. No significant difference was observed among these three groups (P = 0.84, analysis of variance). However, SM MHC mRNA expression was markedly decreased in the alpha-blockade group (0.15 +/- 0.02 attomole/mg tissue) compared with the androgen-ablated (0.58 +/- 0.15 attomole/mg tissue) or control (0.44 +/- 0.10 attomole/mg tissue) groups. The relationship between SM content and expression of SM MHC significantly differed among the groups (P = 0.02, analysis of variance). CONCLUSIONS Androgen ablation and alpha-blockade do not appear to alter the histologic characteristics of prostate stroma in men with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. However, contractile protein gene expression in stromal SM cells is significantly altered after alpha-blockade. These data suggest that, in addition to the simple relaxation of muscle tone, alpha-blocking agents may affect the phenotypic expression of contractile proteins in prostate SM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- V K Lin
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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18
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Initial efforts to develop in vitro models to study prostatic biology focused on the culture and characterization of epithelial cells. Recently, attention has turned towards inclusion of stromal cells in experimental systems. METHODS Improved methods to isolate and culture stromal cells have been developed. An array of markers are employed to characterize subtypes of stromal cells, with particular interest in smooth muscle differentiation. RESULTS Defined, serum-free media are available for certain experimental applications. Conditions that promote smooth muscle differentiation have been identified. Investigators have characterized hormonal and peptide factors that regulate the growth of prostatic stromal cells, and have also described paracrine factors produced by stromal cells that influence epithelial biology. CONCLUSIONS Prostatic stromal-cell cultures are now widely employed by a large number of investigators for a diverse array of experimental purposes. While further refinement is required to obtain model systems that fully mimic in vivo processes, the availability of stromal- and epithelial-cell cultures provides a valuable resource for studying normal prostatic biology as well as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Peehl
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5118, USA.
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Kyprianou N, Jacobs SC. Induction of apoptosis in the prostate by alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonists: a novel effect of "old" drugs. Curr Urol Rep 2000; 1:89-96. [PMID: 12084321 DOI: 10.1007/s11934-000-0042-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Advances in our understanding of the integrated functions governing prostate cell proliferation and cell death imply that effective therapies for prostate neoplasia should not only be molecularly targeted, but should be customized to take into account the delicate balance of opposing growth influences. Evidence from studies on the dynamics of prostate growth in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer established that disruption of the molecular mechanisms that regulate apoptosis and cell proliferation among the stroma and epithelial cell populations may underlie the neoplastic development that characterizes the aging gland. Our own efforts have been focused on investigating whether a1-adrenoceptor antagonists clinically used for the relief of the obstructive symptoms associated with BPH affect prostate pathophysiology via mechanisms other than smooth muscle contraction. Such efforts led to the identification of a novel effect of two alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonists, doxazosin and terazosin. More recent in vitro experiments examined the potential anti-tumor action of three clinically used alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonists--doxazosin, terazosin and tamsulosin--against prostate cancer cell growth. These findings demonstrate the ability of doxazosin and terazosin, but not tamsulosin, to suppress prostate growth by inducing apoptosis among the epithelial cells in the benign and malignant prostate. Thus, evidence indicates that rather than just causing pure relaxation of the smooth muscle, certain alpha1-blockers can also affect the dynamics of prostate growth by changing the balance between prostate cell proliferation and apoptosis at the expense of the proliferative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kyprianou
- Division of Urology and the Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 South Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Smith P, Rhodes NP, Ke Y, Foster CS. Modulating effect of estrogen and testosterone on prostatic stromal cell phenotype differentiation induced by noradrenaline and doxazosin. Prostate 2000; 44:111-7. [PMID: 10881020 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0045(20000701)44:2<111::aid-pros3>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noradrenaline (NA) has been shown to enhance expression of the contractile phenotype of human prostatic stromal cells in tissue culture. This study examined the possibility that changing levels of sex hormones in elderly men with BPH may modulate the differentiating effect of NA and hence the efficacy of alpha(1)-adrenoceptor-blocking drugs. METHODS Confluent, quiescent stromal cell cultures from 6 different patients were treated with combinations of 20 microM NA, 1 microM doxazosin, 0.1 microM beta-estradiol, and 0.1 microM testosterone, over a period of 10 days. Harvested cells were labelled with fluorescein-conjugated antisera to alpha-smooth muscle actin and myosin to identify cells of contractile phenotype which were thereafter analyzed flow-cytometrically. RESULTS NA increased mean immunoexpression of both actin and myosin. Enhancement of myosin expression was highly significant (P </= 0.02). This effect was incompletely opposed by doxazosin. Neither estradiol nor testosterone influenced mean expression of contractile filaments and did not significantly enhance or inhibit the effects of NA or doxazosin. However, both sex hormones exhibited a differentially powerful effect on cell lines from individual patients. The expression of myosin increased by NA was further elevated by addition of estradiol in four of the cell lines and by testosterone in three. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that levels of estrogens and androgens, either alone or in combination, are unlikely to predict the development of obstructive symptoms in patients with BPH or their response to doxazosin. Nevertheless, prostatic stromal cells from individual patients may be exceptionally sensitive to both sex hormones, with enhanced modulation towards a contractile phenotype. Since alpha- and beta-subtypes of the estrogen receptor are differentially expressed between the stroma and epithelium of the early fetal prostate, it is likely that interaction between sex hormones and noradrenaline is an important factor in determining the phenotypic composition of prostatic stroma at this early stage of development, and possibly predisposition to BPH during later adult life.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Smith
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
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Andersson KE. Mode of action of alpha1-adrenoreceptor antagonists in the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms. BJU Int 2000; 85 Suppl 2:12-8. [PMID: 10781180 DOI: 10.1046/j.1464-410x.2000.00059.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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