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Spohner SC, Schaum V, Quitmann H, Czermak P. Kluyveromyces lactis: An emerging tool in biotechnology. J Biotechnol 2016; 222:104-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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2
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Barber JE, Damry AM, Calderini GF, Walton CJ, Chica RA. Continuous colorimetric screening assay for detection of d-amino acid aminotransferase mutants displaying altered substrate specificity. Anal Biochem 2014; 463:23-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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3
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High-level soluble and functional expression of Trigonopsis variabilis D-amino acid oxidase in Escherichia coli. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2014; 37:1517-26. [PMID: 24425540 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-013-1123-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
D-Amino acid oxidase is an important biocatalyst used in a variety of fields, and its economically justified level recombinant expression in Escherichia coli has not been established. To accomplish this, after a single Phe54Tyr substitution, fusion proteins of D-amino acid oxidase from Trigonopsis variabilis (TvDAO) with 6 × His-tags were constructed and expressed in E. coli. The effects of his-tags fusing position were revealed. Significant increase in holoenzyme percent and protein solubility made N-terminus tagged TvDAO (termed NHDAO) a suitable choice for TvDAO production. However, reduced cell growth and protein production rates were also observed for the NHDAO bearing strains. To optimize the performance of NHDAO production, changes of culture medium were tested. Finally, a production of 140 U/mL or 3.48 g active enzyme per liter which accounted for 41.4 % of the total protein, and a specific activity of 16.68 U/mg for the crude extract, were achieved in a 3.7 L fermenter in 28.5 h. This indicated a possibility for functional and economical TvDAO expression in E. coli to meet the industrial need.
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Weinhandl K, Winkler M, Glieder A, Camattari A. Carbon source dependent promoters in yeasts. Microb Cell Fact 2014; 13:5. [PMID: 24401081 PMCID: PMC3897899 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-13-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Budding yeasts are important expression hosts for the production of recombinant proteins. The choice of the right promoter is a crucial point for efficient gene expression, as most regulations take place at the transcriptional level. A wide and constantly increasing range of inducible, derepressed and constitutive promoters have been applied for gene expression in yeasts in the past; their different behaviours were a reflection of the different needs of individual processes. Within this review we summarize the majority of the large available set of carbon source dependent promoters for protein expression in yeasts, either induced or derepressed by the particular carbon source provided. We examined the most common derepressed promoters for Saccharomyces cerevisiae and other yeasts, and described carbon source inducible promoters and promoters induced by non-sugar carbon sources. A special focus is given to promoters that are activated as soon as glucose is depleted, since such promoters can be very effective and offer an uncomplicated and scalable cultivation procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andrea Camattari
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Technical University Graz, Graz, Austria.
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5
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Production of recombinant proteins by yeast cells. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 30:1108-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Kopf J, Hormigo D, García JL, Acebal C, de la Mata I, Arroyo M. Inhibition of Recombinant D-Amino Acid Oxidase from Trigonopsis variabilisby Salts. Enzyme Res 2011; 2011:158541. [PMID: 21423676 PMCID: PMC3057018 DOI: 10.4061/2011/158541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of recombinant D-amino acid oxidase fromTrigonopsis variabilis(TvDAAO) activity in the presence of different sodium salts and potassium chloride is reported. A competitive inhibition pattern by sodium chloride was observed, and an inhibition constant value ofKi=85 mM was calculated. Direct connection of NaCl inhibition with FAD cofactor dissociation was confirmed by measuring the fluorescence of tryptophanyl residues of the holoenzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Kopf
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, José Antonio Novais 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Hormigo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, José Antonio Novais 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis García
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Acebal
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, José Antonio Novais 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel de la Mata
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, José Antonio Novais 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Arroyo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, José Antonio Novais 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Abad S, Nahalka J, Bergler G, Arnold SA, Speight R, Fotheringham I, Nidetzky B, Glieder A. Stepwise engineering of a Pichia pastoris D-amino acid oxidase whole cell catalyst. Microb Cell Fact 2010; 9:24. [PMID: 20420682 PMCID: PMC2873405 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-9-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trigonopsis variabilis D-amino acid oxidase (TvDAO) is a well characterized enzyme used for cephalosporin C conversion on industrial scale. However, the demands on the enzyme with respect to activity, operational stability and costs also vary with the field of application. Processes that use the soluble enzyme suffer from fast inactivation of TvDAO while immobilized oxidase preparations raise issues related to expensive carriers and catalyst efficiency. Therefore, oxidase preparations that are more robust and active than those currently available would enable a much broader range of economically viable applications of this enzyme in fine chemical syntheses. A multi-step engineering approach was chosen here to develop a robust and highly active Pichia pastoris TvDAO whole-cell biocatalyst. RESULTS As compared to the native T. variabilis host, a more than seven-fold enhancement of the intracellular level of oxidase activity was achieved in P. pastoris through expression optimization by codon redesign as well as efficient subcellular targeting of the enzyme to peroxisomes. Multi copy integration further doubled expression and the specific activity of the whole cell catalyst. From a multicopy production strain, about 1.3 x 103 U/g wet cell weight (wcw) were derived by standard induction conditions feeding pure methanol. A fed-batch cultivation protocol using a mixture of methanol and glycerol in the induction phase attenuated the apparent toxicity of the recombinant oxidase to yield final biomass concentrations in the bioreactor of >or= 200 g/L compared to only 117 g/L using the standard methanol feed. Permeabilization of P. pastoris using 10% isopropanol yielded a whole-cell enzyme preparation that showed 49% of the total available intracellular oxidase activity and was notably stabilized (by three times compared to a widely used TvDAO expressing Escherichia coli strain) under conditions of D-methionine conversion using vigorous aeration. CONCLUSIONS Stepwise optimization using a multi-level engineering approach has delivered a new P. pastoris whole cell TvDAO biocatalyst showing substantially enhanced specific activity and stability under operational conditions as compared to previously reported preparations of the enzyme. The production of the oxidase through fed-batch bioreactor culture and subsequent cell permeabilization is high-yielding and efficient. Therefore this P. pastoris catalyst has been evaluated for industrial purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Abad
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
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8
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Ma XF, Yu HM, Wen C, Luo H, Li Q, Shen ZY. Triple fusion of d-amino acid oxidase from Trigonopsis variabilis with polyhistidine and Vitreoscilla hemoglobin. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-009-0022-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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9
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10
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Stabilization of native and double D-amino acid oxidases from Rhodosporidium toruloides and Trigonopsis variabilis by immobilization on streptavidin-coated magnetic beads. Biotechnol Lett 2008; 30:1973-81. [PMID: 18594772 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-008-9782-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 06/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Double D: -amino acid oxidases (dRtDAO and dTvDAO) were previously genetically constructed by linking the C-terminus of one subunit of their corresponding native DAOs from Rhodosporidium toruloides and Trigonopsis variabilis (RtDAO and TvDAO) to the N-terminus of the other identical subunit. We have now immobilized these double DAOs and their native counterparts onto streptavidin-coated magnetic beads through the interaction between biotin and streptavidin. The catalytic efficiencies (k(cat)/K(M)) of immobilized DAOs toward D: -alanine and cepharosporin C remained similar to those of their soluble forms, except the catalytic efficiency of immobilized TvDAO toward D: -alanine was decreased by 56%. After immobilization, the T(m) value for RtDAO was shifted 15 degrees C higher to 60 degrees C, while those for dRtDAO, TvDAO and dTvDAO were increased by 5-8 degrees C to 56, 60 and 60 degrees C, respectively. In the presence of 10 mM H(2)O(2), immobilized RtDAO, dRtDAO, TvDAO and dTvDAO exhibited half-lives of about 8, 10, 3 and 5 h, respectively, giving 16-, 10-, 6- and 7-fold greater stability than their soluble forms, respectively. Therefore, immobilization through biotin-streptavidin affinity binding enhances the thermal and oxidative stability of native and double DAOs studied, especially RtDAO. The additive stabilizing effect of subunit fusion and immobilization was more pronounced in the case of RtDAO than TvDAO.
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Properties and applications of microbial D-amino acid oxidases: current state and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 78:1-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-1282-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Revised: 11/09/2007] [Accepted: 11/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Arroyo M, Menéndez M, García JL, Campillo N, Hormigo D, de la Mata I, Castillón MP, Acebal C. The role of cofactor binding in tryptophan accessibility and conformational stability of His-tagged d-amino acid oxidase from Trigonopsis variabilis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2007; 1774:556-65. [PMID: 17466607 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2007.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2006] [Revised: 03/07/2007] [Accepted: 03/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
d-amino acid oxidase from Trigonopsis variabilis (TvDAAO) is a flavoenzyme with high biotechnological and industrial interest. The overexpression and purification of the apoprotein form of a recombinant His-tagged TvDAAO allowed us to go deep into the structural differences between apoenzyme and holoenzyme, and on the cofactor binding and its contribution to enzyme stability. A significant decrease in intrinsic fluorescence emission took place upon FAD binding, associated to cofactor induced conformational transitions or subunit dimerization that could affect the local environment of protein tryptophan residues. Furthermore, acrylamide-quenching experiments indicated that one of the five tryptophan residues of TvDAAO became less accessible upon FAD binding. A K(d)=1.5+/-0.1x10(-7) M for the dissociation of FAD from TvDAAO was calculated from binding experiments based on both quenching of FAD fluorescence and activity titration curves. Secondary structure prediction indicated that TvDAAO is a mixed alpha/beta protein with 8 alpha-helices and 14 beta-sheets connected by loops. Prediction results were in good agreement with the estimates obtained by circular dichroism which indicated that both the apoenzyme and the holoenzyme had the same structural component ratios: 34% alpha-helix content, 20% beta-structure content (14% antiparallel and 6% parallel beta-sheet), 15% beta-turns and 31% of random structure. Circular dichroism thermal-transition curves suggested single-step denaturation processes with apparent midpoint transition temperatures (T(m)) of 37.9 degrees C and 41.4 degrees C for the apoenzyme and the holoenzyme, respectively. A three-dimensional model of TvDAAO built by homology modelling and consistent with the spectroscopic studies is shown. Comparing our results with those reported for pig kidney (pkDAAO) and Rhodotorula gracilis (RgDAAO) d-amino acid oxidases, a "head-to-head" interaction between subunits in the TvDAAO dimer might be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Arroyo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, José Antonio Novais 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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13
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Geueke B, Weckbecker A, Hummel W. Overproduction and characterization of a recombinant D-amino acid oxidase from Arthrobacter protophormiae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 74:1240-7. [PMID: 17279391 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0776-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2006] [Revised: 11/17/2006] [Accepted: 11/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A screening of soil samples for D-amino acid oxidase (D-AAO) activity led to the isolation and identification of the gram-positive bacterium Arthrobacter protophormiae. After purification of the wild-type D-AAO, the gene sequence was determined and designated dao. An alignment of the deduced primary structure with eukaryotic D-AAOs and D-aspartate oxidases showed that the D-AAO from A. protophormiae contains five of six conserved regions; the C-terminal type 1 peroxisomal targeting signal that is typical for D-AAOs from eukaryotic origin is missing. The dao gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified recombinant D-AAO had a specific activity of 180 U mg protein(-1) for D-methionine and was slightly inhibited in the presence of L-methionine. Mainly, basic and hydrophobic D-amino acids were oxidized by the strictly enantioselective enzyme. After a high cell density fermentation, 2.29 x 10(6) U of D-AAO were obtained from 15 l of fermentation broth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Geueke
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Research Centre Jülich, 52426 Jülich, Germany.
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Zheng H, Zhu T, Chen J, Zhao Y, Jiang W, Zhao G, Yang S, Yang Y. Construction of recombinant Escherichia coli D11/pMSTO and its use in enzymatic preparation of 7-aminocephalosporanic acid in one pot. J Biotechnol 2007; 129:400-5. [PMID: 17349708 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2007.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2006] [Revised: 01/14/2007] [Accepted: 01/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The main drawback in the industrial production of 7-aminocephalosporanic acid is the accumulation of intermediate (AKA-7-ACA) and destruction of substrate (cephalosporin C) catalyzed by catalase and beta-lactamase. To overcome the adverse effect of these enzymes on the conversion process, Escherichia coli D11 with mutation of katG, katE and ampC genes was constructed by P1 phage transduction, which enabled it not to produce catalase and beta-lactamase, respectively. At the same time, recA mutation in D11 increased the stability of foreign plasmid. With D11 used as host, both d-amino acid oxidase and GL-7-ACA acylase were cloned and expressed by the recombinant plasmids of pMSS or pMSTO, and the production of two enzymes could be increased by addition of 1.0% glucose. Cells of recombinant strain D11/pMSTO could directly convert cephalosporin C into 7-aminocephalosporanic acid at 25 degrees C, with the yield of more than 74%. The data suggested that the constructed D11/pMSTO could be an alternative catalyst for production of 7-aminocephalosporanic acid in one pot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huabao Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
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15
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Katane M, Seida Y, Sekine M, Furuchi T, Homma H. Caenorhabditis eleganshas two genes encoding functionald-aspartate oxidases. FEBS J 2006; 274:137-49. [PMID: 17140416 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05571.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Four cDNA clones that were annotated in the database as encoding d-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) or d-aspartate oxidase (DASPO) were isolated by RT-PCR from Caenorhabditis elegans RNA. The proteins (Y69Ap, C47Ap, F18Ep, and F20Hp) encoded by the cloned cDNAs were expressed in Escherichia coli as recombinant proteins with an N-terminal His-tag. All proteins except F20Hp were recovered in the soluble fractions. The recombinant Y69Ap has functional DAAO activity, as it can deaminate neutral and basic d-amino acids, whereas the recombinants C47Ap and F18Ep have functional DASPO activities, as they can deaminate acidic d-amino acids. Additional experiments using purified recombinant proteins revealed that Y69Ap deaminates d-Arg more efficiently than d-Ala and d-Met, and that C47Ap and F18Ep show distinct kinetic properties against d-Asp, d-Glu, and N-methyl-d-Asp. This is the first time that cDNA cloning of invertebrate DAAO and DASPO genes has been reported. In addition, our study reveals for the first time that C. elegans has at least two genes encoding functional DASPOs and one gene encoding DAAO, although it had previously been thought that organisms only bear one copy each of these genes. The two C. elegans DASPOs differ in their substrate specificities and possibly also in their subcellular localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masumi Katane
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
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Zheng H, Wang X, Chen J, Zhu K, Zhao Y, Yang Y, Yang S, Jiang W. Expression, purification, and immobilization of His-tagged D-amino acid oxidase of Trigonopsis variabilis in Pichia pastoris. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 70:683-9. [PMID: 16217653 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-0158-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2005] [Revised: 08/26/2005] [Accepted: 08/31/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
High-level expression of D: -amino acid oxidase (DAO) has been reported in Pichia pastoris by integrating the DAO gene under the control of the alcohol oxidase promoter (PAOX1). However, the time taken to reach peak product concentration is usually long (approximately 43 h), and cultivation requires tight regulation of methanol feeding. In this paper, we describe the expression of His-tagged DAO (HDAO) in P. pastoris using the glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate dehydrogenase promoter (PGAP). The maximal level of HDAO expression using the PGAP integrant is attained in 13 h and is equal to that obtained using the PAOX1 integrant in 43 h. We also explored the possibility of secreting HDAO in P. pastoris. In-frame fusion of Saccharomyces cerevisiae alpha-factor secretion signal under a PGAP or PAOX1 resulted in low-level secretion of active HDAO, which was not of practical use. The intracellularly expressed HDAO under PGAP was purified by agar-based affinity support and then immobilized on Amberzyme oxirane resin. The immobilized HDAO, with specific activity of 75 U g-1 (wet weight), could be recycled more than 14 times without significant loss of activity. The data suggest that intracellular production of HDAO under PGAP, followed by affinity purification and immobilization on oxirane resin, may serve as an effective process for the manufacture of immobilized DAO for industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huabao Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
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17
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D-amino acid oxidase: structure, catalytic mechanism, and practical application. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/pl00021754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Tishkov VI, Khoronenkova SV. D-amino acid oxidase: structure, catalytic mechanism, and practical application. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10541-005-0004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Tishkov VI, Khoronenkova SV. D-amino acid oxidase: structure, catalytic mechanism, and practical application. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10541-005-0050-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Sarower MG, Okada S, Abe H. Molecular characterization of D-amino acid oxidase from common carp Cyprinus carpio and its induction with exogenous free D-alanine. Arch Biochem Biophys 2004; 420:121-9. [PMID: 14622982 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2003.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A full-length cDNA encoding D-amino acid oxidase (DAO, EC 1.4.3.3) was cloned and sequenced from the hepatopancreas of carp fed a diet supplemented with D-alanine. This clone contained an open reading frame encoding 347 amino acid residues. The deduced amino acid sequence exhibited about 60 and 19-29% identity to mammalian and microbial DAOs, respectively. The expression of full-length carp DAO cDNA in Escherichia coli resulted in a significant level of protein with DAO activity. In carp fed the diet with D-alanine for 14 days, DAO mRNA was strongly expressed in intestine followed by hepatopancreas and kidney, but not in muscle. During D-alanine administration, DAO gene was expressed quickly in hepatopancreas with the increase of DAO activity. The inducible nature of carp DAO indicates that it plays an important physiological role in metabolizing exogenous D-alanine that is abundant in their prey invertebrates, crustaceans, and mollusks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Golam Sarower
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Isoai A, Kimura H, Reichert A, Schörgendorfer K, Nikaido K, Tohda H, Giga-Hama Y, Mutoh N, Kumagai H. Production of D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) of Trigonopsis variabilis in Schizosaccharomyces pombe and the characterization of biocatalysts prepared with recombinant cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2002; 80:22-32. [PMID: 12209783 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The cDNA of D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) gene isolated from Trigonopsis variabilis was expressed in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. A clone, ASP327-10, transformed with plasmid vector, pTL2M5DAO, expressed catalytically active DAO in the presence of G418, and converted Cephalosprin C to alpha-ketoadipyl-7-cephalosporanic acid (KA-7-ACA) and glutaryl-7-aminocephalosporanic acid (GL-7-ACA). Biocatalysts were prepared using ASP327-10 and T. variabilis, and evaluated to demonstrate the feasibility of recombinant S. pombe for industrial application. The cells were immobilized by crosslinking polyethylene imine after glutardialdehyde (GDA) fixation and permeabilization by alkaline treatment. Although the biocatalyst prepared from ASP327-10 exhibited DAO activity, catalase activity still remained fully even after permeabilization, under which condition, the catalase activity of T. variabilis decreased to 20-30%. Heat treatment was required before cell fixation by GDA to inactivate the catalase in S. pombe. This improved the efficiency of bioconversion to GL-7-ACA, but caused poor mechanical strength in the biocatalyst of S. pombe. To overcome this weakness, a catalase-deficient host strain was obtained by ethylmethansulfate mutagenesis. Moreover, taking economics into consideration, the integrative vector, pTL2M5DAO-8XL, with multi-copies of expression cassette was constructed to express DAO in S. pombe even in the absence of G418. The newly established integrant, ASP417-7, did not exhibit any catalase activity so that heat treatment was not required. The obtained integrant and its biocatalyst were significantly improved in GL-7ACA conversion ability and mechanical strength. This study demonstrates that the established integrant is a potential candidate as an alternative source of DAO enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Isoai
- ASPEX Division, Asahi Glass Co. Ltd., 1150 Hazawa, Kanagawa, Yokohama 221-8755, Japan.
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Yurimoto H, Hasegawa T, Sakai Y, Kato N. Characterization and high-level production of D-amino acid oxidase in Candida boidinii. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2001; 65:627-33. [PMID: 11330678 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.65.627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
D-Amino acid oxidase (DAO, EC 1.4.3.3) from a methylotrophic yeast, Candida boidinii, was produced at a high level under the control of the alcohol oxidase gene promoter in the original host. The enzyme was a peroxisomal and monomeric enzyme, and contained noncovalently-bound FAD as a cofactor. The enzyme was active toward several D-amino acids such as D-Ala, D-Met, and D-Ser. An alcohol oxidase-depleted strain (aod1delta) was found to be a more suitable host for DAO production than the wild-type strain. Several post-translational effects may be responsible for the improvement of the DAO productivity by the aod1delta strain. Finally, an aod1delta strain transformant having multi-copies of an expression plasmid on its chromosome could produce DAO amounting up to 30% of the total soluble proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yurimoto
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Japan
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Expression of Trigonopsis variabilis D-amino acid oxidase gene in Escherichia coli and characterization of its inactive mutants. Enzyme Microb Technol 2000; 27:482-491. [PMID: 10978770 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(00)00247-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The D-amino acid oxidase cDNA gene (daao) of Trigonopsis variabilis was prepared by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and cloned into Escherichia coli expression vector, pTrc99A, under the control of tac promoter. Expression of daao gene significantly affected the growth and morphology of E. coli. The highest D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) activity was 705 U (mg of protein)(-)(1), which was about 12-fold higher than that of D-alanine-induced T. variabilis. The DAAO protein exhibited activity on native-PAGE and had a M(r)value of 39.3 kDa. We also constructed an expression plasmid, pKm-DAAO, in which kanamycin instead of ampicillin was used as the selective marker. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis demonstrated that cephalosporin C could be converted to 7-glutarylcephalosporanic acid by cell-free extract of E. coli harboring pKm-DAAO. Four inactive DAAO mutants were obtained by error-prone PCR. Sequence analysis of these four DAAO mutants indicated the occurrence of mutations at Val-167, Pro-291, Pro-309, and Ala-343 residues. The His(6)-tagged DAAOs were expressed in E. coli and purified by nickel ion affinity chromatography. The results showed that all DAAO mutants lost their enzymatic activities and characteristic adsorption spectra for flavoenzyme. Based on the crystal structure of a homologous protein, pig DAAO, it is suggested that these four residues may play essential structural roles in DAAO conformation, thereby influencing DAAO's catalytic activity.
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Yurimoto H, Hasegawa T, Sakai Y, Kato N. Physiological role of the D-amino acid oxidase gene, DAO1, in carbon and nitrogen metabolism in the methylotrophic yeast Candida boidinii. Yeast 2000; 16:1217-27. [PMID: 10992285 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0061(20000930)16:13<1217::aid-yea616>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A methylotrophic yeast, Candida boidinii, exhibits D-amino acid oxidase activity (DAO, EC 1.4.3.3) during its growth on D-alanine as a sole carbon or a nitrogen source. The structural gene (DAO1), encoding DAO, was cloned from a genomic library of C. boidinii. The 1035-bp gene encoded 345 amino acids and the predicted amino acid sequence showed significant similarity to those of DAOs from other organisms. The DAO1 gene was disrupted in the C. boidinii genome by one-step gene disruption. The DAO1-deleted strain did not grow on D-alanine as a carbon source but did grow on D-alanine as a sole nitrogen source (with glucose as the carbon source). These results suggested that, while DAO is critically involved in growth on D-alanine as a carbon source, there should be another enzyme system which metabolizes D-alanine as a nitrogen source in C. boidinii. We also showed that the three C-terminal amino acid sequence of DAO, -AKL was necessary and sufficient for the import of DAO into peroxisomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yurimoto
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Ju SS, Lin LL, Chien HR, Hsu WH. Substitution of the critical methionine residues in trigonopsis variabilis D-amino acid oxidase with leucine enhances its resistance to hydrogen peroxide. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2000; 186:215-9. [PMID: 10802174 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2000.tb09107.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Each of the six oxidative-sensitive methionine residues in Trigonopsis variabilis D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) was changed to leucine by site-directed mutagenesis. The wild-type and mutant enzymes with an apparent molecular mass of about 39.3 kDa were expressed in Escherichia coli. The specific activity of four mutant DAAOs (Met(104)Leu, Met(226)Leu, Met(245)Leu, and Met(339)Leu) was decreased by more than 96%, while Met(156)Leu and Met(209)Leu showed about 23% and 96% higher activity, respectively, than the wild-type enzyme. The kinetic parameters of the two more active enzymes were determined and a 2.2-fold increase in K(m) was observed for Met(209)Leu. Comparison of Met(156)Leu and wild-type DAAO revealed a 95% increase in k(cat)/K(m). Met(156)Leu, Met(209)Leu, and Met(226)Leu were resistant to inactivation by 50 mM H(2)O(2). The other three mutant DAAOs were also slightly more resistant than the wild-type enzyme to chemical oxidation. These observations indicate that the oxidative stability in T. variabilis DAAO can be improved by substitution of methionine residues with leucine.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Ju
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Lin LL, Wang WC, Ju SS, Chien HR, Hsu WH. The role of a conserved histidine residue, His324, in Trigonopsis variabilis D-amino acid oxidase. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1999; 176:443-8. [PMID: 10427728 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13695.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the functional role of an invariant histidine residue in Trigonopsis variabilis D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO), a set of mutant enzymes with replacement of the histidine residue at position 324 was constructed and their enzymatic properties were examined. Wild-type and mutant enzymes have been purified to homogeneity using the His-bound column and the molecular masses were determined to be 39.2 kDa. Western blot analysis revealed that the in vivo synthesized mutant enzymes are immuno-identical with that of the wild-type DAAO. The His324Asn and His324Gln mutants displayed comparable enzymatic activity to that of the wild-type enzyme, while the other mutant DAAOs showed markedly decreased or no detectable activity. The mutants, His324/Asn/Gln/Ala/Tyr/Glu, exhibited 38-181% increase in Km and a 2-10-fold reduction in kcat/Km. Based on the crystal structure of a homologous protein, pig kidney DAAO, it is suggested that His324 might play a structural role for proper catalytic function of T. variabilis DAAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Lin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hung Kuang Institute of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
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Engineering the D-amino acid oxidase from Trigonopsis variabilis to facilitate its overproduction in Escherichia coli and its downstream processing by tailor-made metal chelate supports. Enzyme Microb Technol 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(99)00019-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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