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Kurihara S, Matsui H, Ohtake N, Aoki M, Sekine Y, Arai S, Koike H, Suzuki K, Miyazawa Y. Variants in HOXB13, G132E and F127C, Are Associated With Prostate Cancer Risk in Japanese Men. CANCER DIAGNOSIS & PROGNOSIS 2022; 2:542-548. [PMID: 36060024 PMCID: PMC9425588 DOI: 10.21873/cdp.10139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Several studies have reported on the relationship between HOXB13 variants and an increased prostate cancer (PC) risk. To our knowledge there are not many studies on HOXB13 mutations in Japanese patients with prostate cancer, and there many issues remain uninvestigated. We herein clarified the association between HOXB13 genetic variants and PC risk in a Japanese population. PATIENTS AND METHODS PC patients were diagnosed at the Gunma University Hospital and affiliated hospitals from 1994 to 2016. Sanger sequencing was performed on the coding regions of the HOXB13 gene in 152 familial PC (FPC) patients. Genotyping was performed on single nucleotide variants (SNVs) found in Sanger sequencing in 230 FPC patients from 152 pedigrees and 197 sporadic PC (SPC) patients and 144 controls. Allelic frequency and clinical data for each variant were studied in cases and controls. RESULTS G132E and F127C were identified in FPC patients. The frequencies of G132E and F127C were significantly higher compared to the control group (p=0.039). In three families, seven PC patients shared the G132E variant, within second-to-third-degree relatives. It was not possible to clarify to pathogenicity of each SNV alone. CONCLUSION We found two significant variants of the HOXB13 gene, G132E, F127C by analyzing and comparing gene samples from PC and non-PC patients. Furthermore, the HOXB13 G132E variant was found significantly increased in the FPC group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sota Kurihara
- Department of Urology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsui
- Department of Urology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | | | - Masanori Aoki
- Department of Urology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Sekine
- Department of Urology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Seiji Arai
- Department of Urology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Koike
- Department of Urology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Urology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Miyazawa
- Department of Urology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
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Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common cancers in developed countries. The results of large trials indicate that the proportion of PCa attributable to hereditary factors is as high as 15%, highlighting the importance of genetic testing. Despite improved understanding of the prevalence of pathogenic variants among men with PCa, it remains unclear which men will most benefit from genetic testing. In this review, we summarize recent evidence on genetic testing in primary PCa and its impact on routine clinical practice. We outline current guideline recommendations on genetic testing, most importantly, for mutations in BRCA1/2, MMR, CHEK2, PALB2, and HOXB13 genes, as well as various single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with an increased risk of developing PCa. The implementation of genetic testing in clinical practice, especially in young patients with aggressive tumors or those with positive family history, represents a new challenge for the coming years and will identify men with pathogenic variants who may benefit from early screening/intervention and specific therapeutic options.
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Dai JY, Wang X, Wang B, Sun W, Jordahl KM, Kolb S, Nyame YA, Wright JL, Ostrander EA, Feng Z, Stanford JL. DNA methylation and cis-regulation of gene expression by prostate cancer risk SNPs. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008667. [PMID: 32226005 PMCID: PMC7145271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have identified more than 100 SNPs that increase the risk of prostate cancer (PrCa). We identify and compare expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) and CpG methylation quantitative trait loci (meQTLs) among 147 established PrCa risk SNPs in primary prostate tumors (n = 355 from a Seattle-based study and n = 495 from The Cancer Genome Atlas, TCGA) and tumor-adjacent, histologically benign samples (n = 471 from a Mayo Clinic study). The role of DNA methylation in eQTL regulation of gene expression was investigated by data triangulation using several causal inference approaches, including a proposed adaptation of the Causal Inference Test (CIT) for causal direction. Comparing eQTLs between tumors and benign samples, we show that 98 of the 147 risk SNPs were identified as eQTLs in the tumor-adjacent benign samples, and almost all 34 eQTL identified in tumor sets were also eQTLs in the benign samples. Three lines of results support the causal role of DNA methylation. First, nearly 100 of the 147 risk SNPs were identified as meQTLs in one tumor set, and almost all eQTLs in tumors were meQTLs. Second, the loss of eQTLs in tumors relative to benign samples was associated with altered DNA methylation. Third, among risk SNPs identified as both eQTLs and meQTLs, mediation analyses suggest that over two-thirds have evidence of a causal role for DNA methylation, mostly mediating genetic influence on gene expression. In summary, we provide a comprehensive catalog of eQTLs, meQTLs and putative cancer genes for known PrCa risk SNPs. We observe that a substantial portion of germline eQTL regulatory mechanisms are maintained in the tumor development, despite somatic alterations in tumor genome. Finally, our mediation analyses illuminate the likely intermediary role of CpG methylation in eQTL regulation of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Y. Dai
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchison Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchison Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchison Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kristina M. Jordahl
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchison Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Suzanne Kolb
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchison Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Yaw A. Nyame
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchison Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jonathan L. Wright
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchison Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Elaine A. Ostrander
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ziding Feng
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchison Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Janet L. Stanford
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchison Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Kim M, Kim JK, Ye C, Lee H, Oh JJ, Lee S, Jeong SJ, Lee SE, Hong SK, Byun SS. Clinical and pathologic characteristics of familial prostate cancer in Asian population. Prostate 2020; 80:57-64. [PMID: 31664733 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated prevalence of familial and hereditary prostate cancer (PCa) in Asian population, and compared clinical characteristics between familial and sporadic disease. METHODS Pedigrees of 1102 patients who were treated for PCa were prospectively acquired. Clinical and pathologic characteristics and biochemical recurrence (BCR)-free survival were compared between familial PCa and sporadic PCa in patients who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP; n = 751). RESULTS The prevalence of familial, first-degree familial, and hereditary PCa was found to be 8.4%, 6.7%, and 0.9%, respectively; similar result was obtained in patients who underwent RP (8.4%, 6.4%, and 0.9%). Patients with familial PCa were significantly younger than those with sporadic PCa (63.3 vs 65.6 years; P = .015). However, preoperative variables (prostate-specific antigen, clinical stage, biopsy Gleason score [GS], and percentage of positive biopsy cores) and postoperative variables (surgical GS, upgrading rate, pathologic stage, and percentage of tumor volume) did not correlate with family history (P range: .114-.982). Kaplan-Meier analysis of 5-year BCR-free survival revealed no significant difference between sporadic (82.7%), familial (89.4%; P = .594), and first-degree familial (87.1%; P = .774) PCa. Analysis of p53, Bcl-2, Ki67, and other immunohistochemistry biomarkers revealed that only increasing p53 expression and first-degree familial PCa approached significance (P = .059). CONCLUSION The prevalence of familial PCa was somewhat lower in the Asian population than in other ethnic groups. Clinical and pathologic variables and selected histologic biomarker abnormalities were not significantly different in patients with and without a family history of PCa. BCR-free survival following RP was also unaffected by family history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myong Kim
- Department of Urology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Kwon Kim
- Department of Urology, Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhee Ye
- Department of Urology, Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hakmin Lee
- Department of Urology, Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Jin Oh
- Department of Urology, Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangchul Lee
- Department of Urology, Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Jin Jeong
- Department of Urology, Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Eun Lee
- Department of Urology, Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Kyu Hong
- Department of Urology, Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Soo Byun
- Department of Urology, Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Schumacher FR, Al Olama AA, Berndt SI, Benlloch S, Ahmed M, Saunders EJ, Dadaev T, Leongamornlert D, Anokian E, Cieza-Borrella C, Goh C, Brook MN, Sheng X, Fachal L, Dennis J, Tyrer J, Muir K, Lophatananon A, Stevens VL, Gapstur SM, Carter BD, Tangen CM, Goodman PJ, Thompson IM, Batra J, Chambers S, Moya L, Clements J, Horvath L, Tilley W, Risbridger GP, Gronberg H, Aly M, Nordström T, Pharoah P, Pashayan N, Schleutker J, Tammela TLJ, Sipeky C, Auvinen A, Albanes D, Weinstein S, Wolk A, Håkansson N, West CML, Dunning AM, Burnet N, Mucci LA, Giovannucci E, Andriole GL, Cussenot O, Cancel-Tassin G, Koutros S, Beane Freeman LE, Sorensen KD, Orntoft TF, Borre M, Maehle L, Grindedal EM, Neal DE, Donovan JL, Hamdy FC, Martin RM, Travis RC, Key TJ, Hamilton RJ, Fleshner NE, Finelli A, Ingles SA, Stern MC, Rosenstein BS, Kerns SL, Ostrer H, Lu YJ, Zhang HW, Feng N, Mao X, Guo X, Wang G, Sun Z, Giles GG, Southey MC, MacInnis RJ, FitzGerald LM, Kibel AS, Drake BF, Vega A, Gómez-Caamaño A, Szulkin R, Eklund M, Kogevinas M, Llorca J, Castaño-Vinyals G, Penney KL, Stampfer M, Park JY, Sellers TA, Lin HY, Stanford JL, Cybulski C, Wokolorczyk D, Lubinski J, Ostrander EA, Geybels MS, Nordestgaard BG, Nielsen SF, Weischer M, Bisbjerg R, Røder MA, Iversen P, Brenner H, Cuk K, Holleczek B, Maier C, Luedeke M, Schnoeller T, Kim J, Logothetis CJ, John EM, Teixeira MR, Paulo P, Cardoso M, Neuhausen SL, Steele L, Ding YC, De Ruyck K, De Meerleer G, Ost P, Razack A, Lim J, Teo SH, Lin DW, Newcomb LF, Lessel D, Gamulin M, Kulis T, Kaneva R, Usmani N, Singhal S, Slavov C, Mitev V, Parliament M, Claessens F, Joniau S, Van den Broeck T, Larkin S, Townsend PA, Aukim-Hastie C, Gago-Dominguez M, Castelao JE, Martinez ME, Roobol MJ, Jenster G, van Schaik RHN, Menegaux F, Truong T, Koudou YA, Xu J, Khaw KT, Cannon-Albright L, Pandha H, Michael A, Thibodeau SN, McDonnell SK, Schaid DJ, Lindstrom S, Turman C, Ma J, Hunter DJ, Riboli E, Siddiq A, Canzian F, Kolonel LN, Le Marchand L, Hoover RN, Machiela MJ, Cui Z, Kraft P, Amos CI, Conti DV, Easton DF, Wiklund F, Chanock SJ, Henderson BE, Kote-Jarai Z, Haiman CA, Eeles RA. Association analyses of more than 140,000 men identify 63 new prostate cancer susceptibility loci. Nat Genet 2018; 50:928-936. [PMID: 29892016 PMCID: PMC6568012 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0142-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 547] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and fine-mapping efforts to date have identified more than 100 prostate cancer (PrCa)-susceptibility loci. We meta-analyzed genotype data from a custom high-density array of 46,939 PrCa cases and 27,910 controls of European ancestry with previously genotyped data of 32,255 PrCa cases and 33,202 controls of European ancestry. Our analysis identified 62 novel loci associated (P < 5.0 × 10-8) with PrCa and one locus significantly associated with early-onset PrCa (≤55 years). Our findings include missense variants rs1800057 (odds ratio (OR) = 1.16; P = 8.2 × 10-9; G>C, p.Pro1054Arg) in ATM and rs2066827 (OR = 1.06; P = 2.3 × 10-9; T>G, p.Val109Gly) in CDKN1B. The combination of all loci captured 28.4% of the PrCa familial relative risk, and a polygenic risk score conferred an elevated PrCa risk for men in the ninetieth to ninety-ninth percentiles (relative risk = 2.69; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.55-2.82) and first percentile (relative risk = 5.71; 95% CI: 5.04-6.48) risk stratum compared with the population average. These findings improve risk prediction, enhance fine-mapping, and provide insight into the underlying biology of PrCa1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrick R Schumacher
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Seidman Cancer Center, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Ali Amin Al Olama
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Sonja I Berndt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sara Benlloch
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
- Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chee Goh
- Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | - Xin Sheng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Laura Fachal
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica-SERGAS, Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, CIBERER, IDIS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Strangeways Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joe Dennis
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jonathan Tyrer
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kenneth Muir
- Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Artitaya Lophatananon
- Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Victoria L Stevens
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Susan M Gapstur
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Brian D Carter
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Catherine M Tangen
- SWOG Statistical Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Phyllis J Goodman
- SWOG Statistical Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ian M Thompson
- CHRISTUS Santa Rosa Hospital-Medical Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jyotsna Batra
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Qld, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Suzanne Chambers
- Menzies Health Institute of Queensland, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
- Cancer Council Queensland, Fortitude Valley, Queensland, Australia
| | - Leire Moya
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Qld, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Judith Clements
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Qld, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lisa Horvath
- Chris O'Brien Lifehouse (COBLH), Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wayne Tilley
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Centre, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Gail P Risbridger
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Prostate Cancer Research Program, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Henrik Gronberg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Aly
- Department of Urology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tobias Nordström
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences at Danderyds Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paul Pharoah
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Strangeways Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nora Pashayan
- Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Strangeways Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Johanna Schleutker
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Tyks Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Medical Genetics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Teuvo L J Tammela
- Department of Urology, Tampere University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Csilla Sipeky
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anssi Auvinen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Demetrius Albanes
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephanie Weinstein
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alicja Wolk
- Division of Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Niclas Håkansson
- Division of Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Catharine M L West
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre and Christie NHS Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Alison M Dunning
- Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Strangeways Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Neil Burnet
- Department of Oncology, Oncology Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lorelei A Mucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward Giovannucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Olivier Cussenot
- UPMC Sorbonne Universités, GRC no. 5 ONCOTYPE-URO, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France
- CeRePP, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Géraldine Cancel-Tassin
- UPMC Sorbonne Universités, GRC no. 5 ONCOTYPE-URO, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France
- CeRePP, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Stella Koutros
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laura E Beane Freeman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Karina Dalsgaard Sorensen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Torben Falck Orntoft
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michael Borre
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Urology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lovise Maehle
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - David E Neal
- Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Cambridge, UK
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, Faculty of Medical Science, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jenny L Donovan
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Freddie C Hamdy
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, Faculty of Medical Science, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard M Martin
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ruth C Travis
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tim J Key
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Robert J Hamilton
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neil E Fleshner
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Antonio Finelli
- Division of Urology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sue Ann Ingles
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mariana C Stern
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Barry S Rosenstein
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah L Kerns
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Harry Ostrer
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Yong-Jie Lu
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Ninghan Feng
- Wuxi Second Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xueying Mao
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Xin Guo
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guomin Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Zan Sun
- People's Hospital of Liaoning Province, People's Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Graham G Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology and Intelligence Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melissa C Southey
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert J MacInnis
- Cancer Epidemiology and Intelligence Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Liesel M FitzGerald
- Cancer Epidemiology and Intelligence Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Adam S Kibel
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bettina F Drake
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ana Vega
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica-SERGAS, Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, CIBERER, IDIS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonio Gómez-Caamaño
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Robert Szulkin
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Neurobiology, Care Science and Society, Karolinska, Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- Scandinavian Development Services, Danderyd, Sweden
| | - Martin Eklund
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Llorca
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- University of Cantabria-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - Gemma Castaño-Vinyals
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kathryn L Penney
- Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Meir Stampfer
- Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jong Y Park
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Thomas A Sellers
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Hui-Yi Lin
- Biostatistics Program, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Janet L Stanford
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cezary Cybulski
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dominika Wokolorczyk
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jan Lubinski
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Elaine A Ostrander
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Milan S Geybels
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Sune F Nielsen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Maren Weischer
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Bisbjerg
- Department of Urology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Martin Andreas Røder
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Iversen
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katarina Cuk
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Christiane Maier
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Manuel Luedeke
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Jeri Kim
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, University of Texas-MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christopher J Logothetis
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, University of Texas-MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Esther M John
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Fremont, CA, USA
- Department of Health Research & Policy (Epidemiology) and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Manuel R Teixeira
- Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Paulo
- Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Cardoso
- Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Susan L Neuhausen
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Linda Steele
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Yuan Chun Ding
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Kim De Ruyck
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Basic Medical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gert De Meerleer
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Basic Medical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Piet Ost
- Department of Radiotherapy, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Azad Razack
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jasmine Lim
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Soo-Hwang Teo
- Cancer Research Malaysia (CRM), Outpatient Centre, Subang Jaya Medical Centre, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Daniel W Lin
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lisa F Newcomb
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Davor Lessel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marija Gamulin
- Department of Oncology, Division of Medical Oncology, Urogenital Unit, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tomislav Kulis
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Radka Kaneva
- Molecular Medicine Center, Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nawaid Usmani
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sandeep Singhal
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chavdar Slavov
- Department of Urology and Alexandrovska University Hospital, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Vanio Mitev
- Molecular Medicine Center, Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Matthew Parliament
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Frank Claessens
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven Joniau
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Van den Broeck
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Samantha Larkin
- University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Paul A Townsend
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Center, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Health Innovation Manchester, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Manuela Gago-Dominguez
- Genomic Medicine Group, Galician Foundation of Genomic Medicine, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, Servicio Galego de Saúde, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jose Esteban Castelao
- Genetic Oncology Unit, CHUVI Hospital, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Galicia Sur (IISGS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Maria Elena Martinez
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Monique J Roobol
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guido Jenster
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron H N van Schaik
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Florence Menegaux
- Cancer & Environment Group, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), INSERM, University Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Thérèse Truong
- Cancer & Environment Group, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), INSERM, University Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Yves Akoli Koudou
- Cancer & Environment Group, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), INSERM, University Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Clinical Gerontology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lisa Cannon-Albright
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | | | - Stephen N Thibodeau
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Shannon K McDonnell
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Daniel J Schaid
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sara Lindstrom
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Constance Turman
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David J Hunter
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elio Riboli
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Afshan Siddiq
- Genomics England, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Federico Canzian
- Genomic Epidemiology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laurence N Kolonel
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Loic Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Robert N Hoover
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mitchell J Machiela
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zuxi Cui
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Peter Kraft
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher I Amos
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - David V Conti
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Strangeways Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fredrik Wiklund
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brian E Henderson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Christopher A Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rosalind A Eeles
- Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
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6
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The rs10993994 functional polymorphism in the MSMB gene promoter increase the risk of prostate cancer in an Iranian population. Meta Gene 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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7
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Hashemi M, Amininia S, Ebrahimi M, Simforoosh N, Basiri A, Ziaee SAM, Narouie B, Sotoudeh M, Mollakouchekian MJ, Rezghi Maleki E, Hanafi-Bojd H, Rezaei M, Bahari G, Taheri M, Ghavami S. Association between polymorphisms in TP53 and MDM2 genes and susceptibility to prostate cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:2483-2489. [PMID: 28454424 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor protein 53 (TP53), a tumor suppressor gene, is a vital cellular cancer suppressor in multicellular organisms. Murine double minute-2 (MDM2) is an oncoprotein that inhibits TP53 activity. A number of studies have examined the association of TP53 and MDM2 polymorphisms with the risk of common forms of cancer, but the findings remain inconclusive. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of the 40-bp insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism (rs3730485) in the MDM2 promoter region and the 16-bp I/D polymorphism (rs17878362) in TP53 on the susceptibility of prostate cancer (PCa) in a sample of the Iranian population. This case-control study included 103 patients with pathologically confirmed PCa and 142 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. The MDM2 40-bp I/D and TP53 16-bp I/D polymorphism was determined using polymerase chain reaction analysis. The results demonstrated that the MDM2 40-bp I/D polymorphism increased the risk of PCa in a co-dominant inheritance model [odds ratio (OR)=1.88; 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.11-3.19; P=0.023, D/D vs. I/I], while this variant marginally increased the risk of PCa in a dominant model (OR=1.69; 95% CI=1.00-2.83; P=0.051, I/D+D/D vs. I/I). No significant association was observed between the TP53 16-bp I/D polymorphism and PCa. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that the 40-bp I/D polymorphism in the MDM2 promoter increased the risk of PCa in an Iranian population. Further investigations with diverse ethnicities and larger sample sizes are required to verify these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hashemi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 98167-43181, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 98167-43181, Iran
| | - Shadi Amininia
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 98167-43181, Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Ebrahimi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 98167-43181, Iran
| | - Nasser Simforoosh
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Department of Urology, Shahid Labbafinejad Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 198396-3113, Iran
| | - Abbas Basiri
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Department of Urology, Shahid Labbafinejad Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 198396-3113, Iran
| | - Seyed Amir Mohsen Ziaee
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Department of Urology, Shahid Labbafinejad Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 198396-3113, Iran
| | - Behzad Narouie
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Department of Urology, Shahid Labbafinejad Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 198396-3113, Iran
| | - Mehdi Sotoudeh
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Department of Urology, Shahid Labbafinejad Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 198396-3113, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Mollakouchekian
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Department of Urology, Shahid Labbafinejad Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 198396-3113, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Rezghi Maleki
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Department of Urology, Shahid Labbafinejad Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 198396-3113, Iran
| | - Hamideh Hanafi-Bojd
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Department of Urology, Shahid Labbafinejad Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 198396-3113, Iran
| | - Maryam Rezaei
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 98167-43181, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Bahari
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 98167-43181, Iran
| | - Mohsen Taheri
- Genetics of Non Communicable Disease Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 98167-43181, Iran
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
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8
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Zhang Y, Li B, Zhang X, Sonpavde GP, Jiao K, Zhang A, Zhang G, Sun M, Chu C, Li F, Wang L, Cui R, Liu R. CD24 is a genetic modifier for risk and progression of prostate cancer. Mol Carcinog 2016; 56:641-650. [PMID: 27377469 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
CD24 plays an oncogenic role in the onset and progression of various human cancers, including prostate cancer. In the present study, we identified two linkage disequilibrium blocks with four recombination hotspot motifs in human CD24 locus. To elucidate whether genetic variants of CD24 are associated with susceptibility to prostate cancer and its disease status, we conducted a case-control association study with two P170 C/T and P-534 A/C polymorphisms of CD24 in 590 patients with prostate cancer and 590 healthy controls. A significant increased risk of prostate cancer was found in men with the P170T/T genotype over the P170C/C genotype (odd ratio = 1.74, 95% confidence interval = 1.16-2.63, P = 0.008), and in men with the P-534C/C genotype over the P-534A/A genotype (odd ratio = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.18-2.26, P = 0.003). Cochran-Armitage trend analysis showed that the P170T allele was significantly correlated with an increased risk of prostate cancer progression (P = 0.029, trend between genotypes and stages) and this observation was also validated in an independent sample cohort. Next, we found that tumors with P170T or P-534C alleles had more twofold increased protein expressions of CD24 as compared to those with P170C or P-534A alleles, respectively. Likewise, tumors with a combination of P170T/T and P-534C/C genotypes were associated with a high mRNA level of CD24. Our data suggest a significant association of CD24 genetic variants with prostate cancer onset and progression, which provides new insight into molecular genetics of prostate cancer; however, these findings need to be validated in multiple independent cohorts. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhang
- Departmentof Thoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China.,Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Bingjin Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Xingyi Zhang
- Departmentof Thoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Guru P Sonpavde
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Kenneth Jiao
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Andrea Zhang
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Guangxin Zhang
- Departmentof Thoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China.,Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Mei Sun
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Chengjing Chu
- Department of Health and Social Science, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, P.R. China
| | - Feng Li
- Anshan Normal University Affiliated Health School, Anshan, P.R. China
| | - Lizhong Wang
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Ranji Cui
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Runhua Liu
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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9
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Platz EA, Drake CG, Wilson KM, Sutcliffe S, Kenfield SA, Mucci LA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Camargo CA, Giovannucci E. Asthma and risk of lethal prostate cancer in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:949-58. [PMID: 25648070 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation, and more generally, the immune response are thought to influence the development of prostate cancer. To determine the components of the immune response that are potentially contributory, we prospectively evaluated the association of immune-mediated conditions, asthma and hayfever, with lethal prostate cancer risk in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. We included 47,880 men aged 40-75 years with no prior cancer diagnosis. On the baseline questionnaire in 1986, the men reported diagnoses of asthma and hayfever and year of onset. On the follow-up questionnaires, they reported new asthma and prostate cancer diagnoses. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate relative risks (RRs). In total, 9.2% reported ever having been diagnosed with asthma. In all, 25.3% reported a hayfever diagnosis at baseline. During 995,176 person-years of follow-up by 2012, we confirmed 798 lethal prostate cancer cases (diagnosed with distant metastases, progressed to distant metastasis or died of prostate cancer [N = 625]). Ever having a diagnosis of asthma was inversely associated with risk of lethal (RR = 0.71, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.51-1.00) and fatal (RR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.42-0.96) disease. Hayfever with onset in the distant past was possibly weakly positively associated with risk of lethal (RR = 1.10, 95% CI = 0.92-1.33) and fatal (RR = 1.12, 95% CI = 0.91-1.37) disease. Men who were ever diagnosed with asthma were less likely to develop lethal and fatal prostate cancer. Our findings may lead to testable hypotheses about specific immune profiles in the etiology of lethal prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Platz
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD.,Department of Urology, and the James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Charles G Drake
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD.,Department of Urology, and the James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Department of Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kathryn M Wilson
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Siobhan Sutcliffe
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, St. Louis, MO.,The Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Stacey A Kenfield
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Lorelei A Mucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Meir J Stampfer
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Walter C Willett
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Carlos A Camargo
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Edward Giovannucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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10
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Teoh JYC, Tsu JHL, Yuen SKK, Chan SYS, Chiu PKF, Wong KW, Ho KL, Hou SSM, Ng CF, Yiu MK. Survival outcomes of Chinese metastatic prostate cancer patients following primary androgen deprivation therapy in relation to prostate-specific antigen nadir level. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2014; 13:e65-e71. [PMID: 25471685 DOI: 10.1111/ajco.12313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the progression-free survival (PFS), cancer-specific survival (CSS) and overall survival (OS) of Chinese metastatic prostate cancer patients following primary androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in relation to prostate-specific antigen (PSA) nadir level. METHODS All Chinese prostate cancer patients with bone metastases who were treated with primary ADT from 2000 to 2009 were included. Patients' and disease characteristics were recorded. Patients were categorized into two PSA nadir groups (≤1.0 and >1.0 ng/mL). Associations of PSA nadir with PFS, CSS and OS were analyzed with Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses. The survival outcomes of the two PSA nadir groups were presented. RESULTS Four hundred nineteen patients were included in the study. PSA nadir appeared to be a good predictor for PFS (hazard ratio [HR] 1.86, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.35-2.56, P < 0.001), CSS (HR 1.60, 95% CI 0.98-2.64, P = 0.063) and OS (HR 1.77, 95% CI 1.20-2.41, P < 0.001) upon multivariate Cox regression analyses. In the PSA nadir groups of ≤1.0 and >1.0 ng/mL, the median PFS were 15 and 10 months, and the 1-year PFS rates were 64% and 40%, respectively; the median CSS were 42 and 27 months, and the 5-year OS rates were 53% and 28%, respectively; and the median OS were 41 and 24 months, and the 5-year OS rates were 45% and 19%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Higher PSA nadir was associated with shorter PFS, CSS and OS in Chinese metastatic prostate cancer patients following primary ADT. The survival outcomes may serve as references in deciding the best treatment strategy in Chinese prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Yuen Chun Teoh
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - James Hok Leung Tsu
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Steffi Kar Kei Yuen
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Samson Yun Sang Chan
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Peter Ka Fung Chiu
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka-Wing Wong
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwan-Lun Ho
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Simon See Ming Hou
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi-Fai Ng
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ming Kwong Yiu
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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11
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Darves-Bornoz A, Park J, Katz A. Prostate Cancer Epidemiology. Prostate Cancer 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118347379.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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12
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Bahl A. Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Part 1: the challenges of the disease and its treatment. Eur J Oncol Nurs 2013; 17 Suppl 1:S1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/s1462-3889(14)70002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Mazaris E, Tsiotras A. Molecular pathways in prostate cancer. Nephrourol Mon 2013; 5:792-800. [PMID: 24282788 PMCID: PMC3830904 DOI: 10.5812/numonthly.9430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Prostate cancer is a prevalent disease with a high impact on patients’ morbidity and mortality. Despite efforts to profile prostate cancer, the genetic alterations and biological processes that correlate with disease progression remain partially elusive. The purpose of this study is to review the recent evidence relating to the initiation and progression of prostate cancer in relation to the familial correlation of the disease, the genetic aberrations resulting in prostate cancer and the new molecular biology data regarding prostate cancer. Materials and Methods A Medline database search identified all the existing publications on the molecular events associated with the pathogenesis and evolution of prostate cancer. Particular emphasis was given on the specific genetic phenomena associated with prostate cancer. Results Like other cancers, prostate cancer is caused by an accumulation of genetic alterations in a cell that drives it to malignant growth. Specific genes and gene alterations have been suggested to play a role in its development and progression. Aneuploidy, loss of heterozygosity, gene mutations, hypermethylation and inactivation of specific tumour suppressor genes such as GSTpi, APC, MDR1, GPX3 and others have been detected in prostate cancers, but generally only at a low or moderate frequency. The androgen receptor (AR) signalling pathway may play a crucial role in the early development of prostate cancer, as well as in the development of androgen-independent disease that fails to respond to hormone deprivation therapies. Other alterations linked to the transition to hormone-independence include amplification of MYC and increased expression of ERBB2 and BCL2. Inflammatory changes may also contribute to the development of prostate cancer. Conclusion The identification of specific molecular markers for prostate cancer may lead to its earliest detection and better prediction of its behavior. The better understanding of the molecular events affecting prostate cancer progression may result in the introduction of new drugs to target these events thus providing a potential cure and a tool for prevention of this very common disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexios Tsiotras
- Urology Department, Lister Hospital, Stevenage, United Kingdom
- Corresponding author: Alexios Tsiotras, Urology Department, Lister Hospital, Stevenage, United Kingdom. Tel: +44-7580348549, Fax: +44-1438515601, E-mail:
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Thomas JA, Gerber L, Moreira DM, Hamilton RJ, Bañez LL, Castro-Santamaria R, Andriole GL, Isaacs WB, Xu J, Freedland SJ. Prostate cancer risk in men with prostate and breast cancer family history: results from the REDUCE study (R1). J Intern Med 2012; 272:85-92. [PMID: 22211699 PMCID: PMC3576469 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02504.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To what degree the associations between PCa risk and family history of prostate cancer (PCa) and/or breast cancer (BCa) are attributable to screening biases is unclear. We examined these questions within the REDUCE study, where biopsies were largely independent of prostate specific antigen (PSA) minimizing screening biases. METHODS Data were from REDUCE, which tested dutasteride 0.5 mg daily for PCa risk reduction in men with PSA 2.5-10.0 ng mL(-1) and a negative prestudy biopsy. Among men undergoing at least one on-study biopsy with complete data (n = 6415; 78.1%), the association between family history and PCa risk was tested using multivariate logistic regression adjusting for clinicodemographic characteristics. RESULTS A family history of PCa alone was associated with increased PCa diagnosis (OR: 1.47, 95%CI: 1.22-1.77). In North America, PCa family history was not related to PCa diagnosis (OR: 1.02, 95%CI: 0.73-1.44), whereas outside North America, PCa family history was significantly related to diagnosis (OR: 1.72, 95%CI: 1.38-2.15) (P-interaction = 0.01). A family history of both PCa and BCa (OR: 2.54, 95%CI: 1.72-3.75) but not BCa alone (OR: 1.04, 95%CI: 0.84-1.29) was associated with increased PCa risk versus no family history and irrespective of geographical region. CONCLUSIONS In REDUCE, PCa family history was significantly related to PCa diagnosis, although only for men outside North America. The presence of both PCa and BCa family history significantly increased risk versus PCa family history alone, irrespective of geographical region. Ultimately, our observations may support the need for changes in how we address family history in terms of both risk of PCa diagnosis and general risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-A Thomas
- Surgery Section, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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15
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Abstract
One hundred years ago, decades before the discovery of the structure of DNA, debate raged regarding how human traits were passed from one generation to the next. Phenotypes, including risk of disease, had long been recognized as having a familial component. Yet it was difficult to reconcile genetic segregation as described by Mendel with observations exhaustively documented by Karl Pearson and others regarding the normal distribution of human characteristics. In 1918, R. A. Fisher published his landmark article, "The Correlation Between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance," bridging this divide and demonstrating that multiple alleles, all individually obeying Mendel's laws, account for the phenotypic variation observed in nature.Since that time, geneticists have sought to identify the link between genotype and phenotype. Trait-associated alleles vary in their frequency and degree of penetrance. Some minor alleles may approach a frequency of 50% in the human population, whereas others are present within only a few individuals. The spectrum for penetrance is similarly wide. These characteristics jointly determine the segregation pattern of a given trait, which, in turn, determine the method used to map the trait. Until recently, identification of rare, highly penetrant alleles was most practical. Revolutionary studies in genomics reported over the past decade have made interrogation of most of the spectrum of genetic variation feasible.The following article reviews recent discoveries in the genetic basis of inherited cancer risk and how these discoveries inform cancer biology and patient management. Although this article focuses on prostate cancer, the principles are generic for any cancer and, indeed, for any trait.
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Fachal L, Gómez-Caamaño A, Celeiro-Muñoz C, Peleteiro P, Blanco A, Carballo A, Forteza J, Carracedo A, Vega A. BRCA1 mutations do not increase prostate cancer risk: results from a meta-analysis including new data. Prostate 2011; 71:1768-79. [PMID: 21520156 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although in recent years deleterious BRCA1 mutations have been extensively studied as a prostate cancer risk factor, results are inconclusive. To assess the contribution of the BRCA1 Galician founder mutation c.211A>G in prostate cancer morbidity we conducted a case-control study. Moreover, to better elucidate whether deleterious BRCA1 mutations are involved in the development of prostate cancer, we performed a systematic review and a meta-analysis of BRCA1 studies on prostate cancer. METHODS A total of 905 unselected men diagnosed with adenocarcinoma of the prostate and a control group of 936 unrelated men without history of prostate cancer were evaluated for c.211A>G. Adjusted by age Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using logistic regression. To construct the meta-analysis, genotype-based epidemiological studies reporting BRCA1 founder mutations on prostate cancer were identified by comprehensive and systematic bibliographic search. After extraction of relevant data, main and subgroup analysis by mutation were performed to assess the effect of BRCA1 on prostate cancer risk. RESULTS Four c.211A>G heterozygous individuals, one patient and three controls, were detected (OR = 0.27; 95% CI: 0.01-2.36; P = 0.28). Meta-analysis results from the integration of our data and other seven studies with BRCA1 genotyping data (5,705 prostate cancer cases and 13,218 controls) did not detect an association with prostate cancer risk (OR = 1.36; 95% CI: 0.87-2.14; P = 0.18). CONCLUSIONS Our conclusive trial demonstrates the lack of association between Galician splicing mutation c.211A>G in the BRCA1 gene and prostate cancer risk. Moreover, the result of the meta-analysis also discards the involvement of BRCA1 mutations in the development of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fachal
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica-SERGAS. Grupo de Medicina Xenómica-USC, CIBERER, IDIS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Klein RJ, Hallden C, Gupta A, Savage CJ, Dahlin A, Bjartell A, Manjer J, Scardino PT, Ulmert D, Wallström P, Vickers AJ, Lilja H. Evaluation of multiple risk-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms versus prostate-specific antigen at baseline to predict prostate cancer in unscreened men. Eur Urol 2011; 61:471-7. [PMID: 22101116 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2011.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although case-control studies have identified numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with prostate cancer, the clinical role of these SNPs remains unclear. OBJECTIVE Evaluate previously identified SNPs for association with prostate cancer and accuracy in predicting prostate cancer in a large prospective population-based cohort of unscreened men. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This study used a nested case-control design based on the Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort with 943 men diagnosed with prostate cancer and 2829 matched controls. Blood samples were collected between 1991 and 1996, and follow-up lasted through 2005. MEASUREMENTS We genotyped 50 SNPs, analyzed prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in blood from baseline, and tested for association with prostate cancer using the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test. We further developed a predictive model using SNPs nominally significant in univariate analysis and determined its accuracy to predict prostate cancer. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS Eighteen SNPs at 10 independent loci were associated with prostate cancer. Four independent SNPs at four independent loci remained significant after multiple test correction (p<0.001). Seven SNPs at five independent loci were associated with advanced prostate cancer defined as clinical stage≥T3 or evidence of metastasis at diagnosis. Four independent SNPs were associated with advanced or aggressive cancer defined as stage≥T3, metastasis, Gleason score≥8, or World Health Organization grade 3 at diagnosis. Prostate cancer risk prediction with SNPs alone was less accurate than with PSA at baseline (area under the curve of 0.57 vs 0.79), with no benefit from combining SNPs with PSA. This study is limited by our reliance on clinical diagnosis of prostate cancer; there are likely undiagnosed cases among our control group. CONCLUSIONS Only a few previously reported SNPs were associated with prostate cancer risk in the large prospective Diet and Cancer cohort in Malmö, Sweden. SNPs were less useful in predicting prostate cancer risk than PSA at baseline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Klein
- Program in Cancer Biology and Genetics, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Kiciński M, Vangronsveld J, Nawrot TS. An epidemiological reappraisal of the familial aggregation of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27130. [PMID: 22073129 PMCID: PMC3205054 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on familial aggregation of cancer may suggest an overall contribution of inherited genes or a shared environment in the development of malignant disease. We performed a meta-analysis on familial clustering of prostate cancer. Out of 74 studies reporting data on familial aggregation of prostate cancer in unselected populations retrieved by a Pubmed search and browsing references, 33 independent studies meeting the inclusion criteria were used in the analysis performed with the random effects model. The pooled rate ratio (RR) for first-degree family history, i.e. affected father or brother, is 2.48 (95% confidence interval: 2.25-2.74). The incidence rate for men who have a brother who got prostate cancer increases 3.14 times (CI:2.37-4.15), and for those with affected father 2.35 times (CI:2.02-2.72). The pooled estimate of RR for two or more affected first-degree family members relative to no history in father and in brother is 4.39 (CI:2.61-7.39). First-degree family history appears to increase the incidence rate of prostate cancer more in men under 65 (RR:2.87, CI:2.21-3.74), than in men aged 65 and older (RR:1.92, CI:1.49-2.47), p for interaction = 0.002. The attributable fraction among those having an affected first-degree relative equals to 59.7% (CI:55.6-63.5%) for men at all ages, 65.2% (CI:57.7-71.4%) for men younger than 65 and 47.9% (CI:37.1-56.8%) for men aged 65 or older. For those with a family history in 2 or more first-degree family members 77.2% (CI:65.4-85.0%) of prostate cancer incidence can be attributed to the familial clustering. Our combined estimates show strong familial clustering and a significant effect-modification by age meaning that familial aggregation was associated with earlier disease onset (before age 65).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Kiciński
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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Abstract
For decades, physicians and researchers have recognized that family history is a significant risk factor for prostate cancer. The identification of the genes responsible for inherited risk, however, proved difficult. With the sequencing of the human genome and the completion of the initial phases of the International HapMap Project, the tools are available to scan the entire genome and find genetic markers for disease. Since 2006, more than 30 inherited variants strongly associated with prostate cancer have been reported. As the inherited component of the disease is revealed, efforts are ongoing to translate genetic findings into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Pomerantz
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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Pakkanen S, Kujala PM, Ha N, Matikainen MP, Schleutker J, Tammela TL. Clinical and histopathological characteristics of familial prostate cancer in Finland. BJU Int 2011; 109:557-63. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2011.10198.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Stiblar-Martincic D, Hajdinjak T. Polymorphism L26V in the cathepsin B gene may be associated with a risk of prostate cancer and differentiation. J Int Med Res 2010; 37:1604-10. [PMID: 19930869 DOI: 10.1177/147323000903700539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin B is a lysosomal enzyme thought to be involved in tumour cell invasion and metastasis. This study was designed to investigate the presence of a known leucine to valine mutation at position 26 (L26V) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the cathepsin B (CTSB) gene in a Slovenian Caucasian population, and to evaluate the association with risk of prostate adenocarcinoma (PCa). A total of 168 PCa patients were compared with 168 controls. There was a significant difference between the frequency of alleles in control subjects and PCa patients: the VV genotype was found in 35.7% of the controls versus 48.8% of the PCa patients. The relative risk for the VV genotype in PCa patients was 1.71. When evaluating the frequency of alleles of the CTSB gene according to tumour grade, increased frequency of the VV genotype was associated with less differentiated tumours. The VV genotype of the CTSB L26V SNP may indicate an increased risk for PCa and less differentiated cancer (higher Gleason score).
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Affiliation(s)
- D Stiblar-Martincic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
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22
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Heidenreich A, Aus G, Bolla M, Joniau S, Matveev Vsevolod B, Schmid HP, Zattoni F. [EAU guidelines on prostate cancer]. Actas Urol Esp 2009; 33:113-26. [PMID: 19418833 DOI: 10.1016/s0210-4806(09)74110-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To present a summary of the 2007 version of the European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines on prostate cancer (PCa). METHODS A literature review of the new data emerging from 2004 to 2007 was performed by the working panel. The guidelines have been updated, and the level of evidence/grade of recommendation was added to the text based on a systematic review of the literature, which included a search of online databases and bibliographic reviews. RESULTS A full version is available at the EAU Office or at www.uroweb.org. Systemic prostate biopsy under ultrasound guidance is the preferred diagnostic method. Active treatment is mostly recommended for patients with localized disease and a long life expectancy, with radical prostatectomy being shown to be superior to watchful waiting in a prospective randomized trial. Nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy represents the approach of choice in organ-confined disease; neoadjuvant androgen deprivation demonstrates no improvement of outcome variables. Radiation therapy should be performed with at least 72 and 78 Gy in low-risk and intermediate- to high-risk PCa, respectively. Monotherapeutic androgen deprivation is the standard of care in metastatic PCa; intermittent androgen deprivation might be an alternative treatment option for selected patients. Follow-up is largely based on prostate-specific antigen and a disease-specific history with imaging only indicated when symptoms occur. Cytotoxic therapy with docetaxel has emerged as the reference treatment for metastatic hormone-refractory PCa. CONCLUSIONS The knowledge in the field of PCa is rapidly changing. These EAU guidelines on PCa summarize the most recent findings and put them into clinical practice.
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Wang W, Bergh A, Damber JE. Increased p53 immunoreactivity in proliferative inflammatory atrophy of prostate is related to focal acute inflammation. APMIS 2009; 117:185-95. [PMID: 19245591 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2008.00006.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA) of prostate has been proposed as a precursor lesion of prostate cancer. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the expression of p53 protein in PIA lesions and to investigate the relationship between p53 staining and Ki-67, glutathione S-transferase-pi (GSTP1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) immunohistochemical expression. The results revealed that p53 nuclear immunostaining appeared in PIA lesions in 2.1+/-3.4% (mean+/-SD) of the basal and 0.9+/-2.3% of the luminal epithelial cells. Both these values were significantly higher than those in normal-appearing acini (p<0.0001). Increased p53 expression in luminal cells was related to focal infiltration of polymorphonuclear leucocytes. A positive correlation between p53 expression and Ki-67 was found in COX-2-positive PIA lesions (r=0.610, p<0.0001). Half of the p53-positive epithelial cells expressed diffuse GSTP1 immunostaining in the same lesions. The present study demonstrates an increased p53 expression in PIA lesions, and inflammation, especially acute inflammation, may play a role in the induction of p53 over-expression, particularly as cells in PIA lesions are known to have a reduced defence against DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanzhong Wang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, the Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden.
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24
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Abstract
This chapter posits that cancer is a complex and multifactorial process as demonstrated by the expression and production of key endocrine and steroid hormones that intermesh with lifestyle factors (physical activity, body size, and diet) in combination to heighten cancer risk. Excess weight has been associated with increased mortality from all cancers combined and for cancers of several specific sites. The prevalence of obesity has reached epidemic levels in many parts of the world; more than 1 billion adults are overweight with a body mass index (BMI) exceeding 25. Overweight and obesity are clinically defined indicators of a disease process characterized by the accumulation of body fat due to an excess of energy intake (nutritional intake) relative to energy expenditure (physical activity). When energy intake exceeds energy expenditure over a prolonged period of time, the result is a positive energy balance (PEB), which leads to the development of obesity. This physical state is ideal for intervention and can be modulated by changes in energy intake, expenditure, or both. Nutritional intake is a modifiable factor in the energy balance-cancer linkage primarily tested by caloric restriction studies in animals and the effect of energy availability. Restriction of calories by 10 to 40% has been shown to decrease cell proliferation, increasing apoptosis through anti-angiogenic processes. The potent anticancer effect of caloric restriction is clear, but caloric restriction alone is not generally considered to be a feasible strategy for cancer prevention in humans. Identification and development of preventive strategies that "mimic" the anticancer effects of low energy intake are desirable. The independent effect of energy intake on cancer risk has been difficult to estimate because body size and physical activity are strong determinants of total energy expenditure. The mechanisms that account for the inhibitory effects of physical activity on the carcinogenic process are reduction in fat stores, activity related changes in sex-hormone levels, altered immune function, effects in insulin and insulin-like growth factors, reduced free radical generation, and direct effect on the tumor. Epidemiologic evidence posits that the cascade of actions linking overweight and obesity to carcinogenesis are triggered by the endocrine and metabolic system. Perturbations to these systems result in the alterations in the levels of bioavailable growth factors, steroid hormones, and inflammatory markers. Elevated serum concentrations of insulin lead to a state of hyperinsulinemia. This physiological state causes a reduction in insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins and promotes the synthesis and biological activity of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, which regulates cellular growth in response to available energy and nutrients from diet and body reserves. In vitro studies have clearly established that both insulin and IGF-I act as growth factors that promote cell proliferation and inhibit apoptosis. Insulin also affects on the synthesis and biological availability of the male and female sex steroids, including androgens, progesterone, and estrogens. Experimental and clinical evidence also indicates a central role of estrogens and progesterone in regulating cellular differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis induction. Hyperinsulinemia is also associated with alterations in molecular systems such as endogenous hormones and adipokines that regulate inflammatory responses. Obesity-related dysregulation of adipokines has the ability to contribute to tumorigenesis and tumor invasion via metastatic potential. Given the substantial level of weight gain in industrialized countries in the last two decades, there is great interest in understanding all of the mechanisms by which obesity contributes to the carcinogenic process. Continued focus must be directed to understanding the various relationships between specific nutrients and dietary components and cancer cause and prevention. A reductionist approach is not sufficient for the basic biological mechanisms underlying the effect of diet and physical activity on cancer. The joint association between energy balance and cancer risk are hypothesized to share the same underlying mechanisms, the amplification of chemical mediators that modulate cancer risk depending on the responsiveness to those hormones to the target tissue of interest. Disentangling the connection between obesity, the insulin-IGF axis, endogenous hormones, inflammatory markers, and their molecular interaction is vital.
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Ahn J, Moslehi R, Weinstein SJ, Snyder K, Virtamo J, Albanes D. Family history of prostate cancer and prostate cancer risk in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) Study. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:1154-9. [PMID: 18546266 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer family history has been associated with increased risk of the malignancy. Most prior studies have been retrospective and subject to recall bias, however, and data evaluating interactions with other important risk factors are limited. We examined the relationship between a family history of prostate cancer and prostate cancer risk in relation to body size, micronutrients and other exposures in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) Study cohort of Finnish male smokers. Family history of cancer information was self-reported once during the study in 1991, and anthropometry was measured by trained personnel. Among 19,652 men with complete data, 1,111 incident cases were identified during up to 12.3 years of follow-up. A first-degree family history of prostate cancer was associated with an overall relative risk (RR) of 1.91 (95% CI = 1.49-2.47) and a RR of 4.16 (95% CI = 2.67-6.49) for advanced disease (stage >or= 3), adjusted for age and trial intervention. Our data also suggest that to some degree, height, body mass index, and serum alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene modify the family history and prostate cancer association, although the interactions were not statistically significant. Supplementation with vitamin E or beta-carotene did not modify the family history-prostate cancer association. This study provides additional evidence that family history is a significant risk factor for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Ahn
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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26
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Tischkowitz MD, Yilmaz A, Chen LQ, Karyadi DM, Novak D, Kirchhoff T, Hamel N, Tavtigian SV, Kolb S, Bismar TA, Aloyz R, Nelson PS, Hood L, Narod SA, White KA, Ostrander EA, Isaacs WB, Offit K, Cooney KA, Stanford JL, Foulkes WD. Identification and characterization of novel SNPs in CHEK2 in Ashkenazi Jewish men with prostate cancer. Cancer Lett 2008; 270:173-80. [PMID: 18571837 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2008] [Revised: 01/17/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Checkpoint kinase 2 (CHEK2) is a protein involved in arresting cell cycle in response to DNA damage. To investigate whether it plays an important role in the development of prostate cancer (PRCA) in the Ashkenazi Jewish (AJ) population, we sequenced CHEK2 in 75 AJ individuals with prostate, breast, or no cancer (n=25 each). We identified seven coding SNPs (five are novel) that changed the amino-acid sequence, resulting in R3W, E394F, Y424H, S428F, D438Y, P509S, and P509L. We determined the frequency of each variant in 76 AJ families collected by members of the International Consortium for Prostate Cancer Genetics (ICPCG) where >or=2 men were affected by PRCA. Only one variant, Y424H in exon 11, was identified in more than two families. Exon 11 was then screened in nine additional AJ ICPCG families (a total of 85 families). The Y424H variant occurred in nine affected cases from four different families; however, it did not completely segregate with the disease. We performed bioinformatics analysis, which showed that Y424H is a non-conservative missense substitution that falls at a position that is invariant in vertebrate CHEK2 orthologs. Both SIFT and Align-GVGD predict that Y424H is a loss of function mutation. However, the frequency of Y424H was not significantly different between unselected AJ cases from Montreal/Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Centre (MSKCC) and AJ controls from Israel/MSKCC (OR 1.18, 95%CI: 0.34-4.61, p=.99). Moreover, functional assays using Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed that the Y424H substitution did not alter function of CHEK2 protein. Although we cannot rule out a subtle influence of the CHEK2 variants on PRCA risk, these results suggest that germline CHEK2 mutations have a minor role in, if any, PRCA susceptibility in AJ men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc D Tischkowitz
- Department of Oncology and Medical Genetics, Cancer Prevention Centre, E740, Sir MB Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Abstract
In developed countries, prostate cancer is the second most frequently diagnosed cancer, and the third most common cause of death from cancer in men. Apart from age and ethnic origin, a positive family history is probably the strongest known risk factor. Clinically, prostate cancer is diagnosed as local or advanced, and treatments range from surveillance to radical local treatment or androgen-deprivation treatment. Androgen deprivation reduces symptoms in about 70-80% of patients with advanced prostate cancer, but most tumours relapse within 2 years to an incurable androgen-independent state. The recorded incidence of prostate cancer has substantially increased in the past two decades, probably because of the introduction of screening with prostate-specific antigen, the use of improved biopsy techniques for diagnosis, and increased public awareness. Trends in mortality from the disease are less clearcut. Mortality changes are not of the same magnitude as the changes in incidence, and in some countries mortality has been stable or even decreased. The disparity between reported incidence and mortality rates leads to the probable conclusion that only a small proportion of diagnosed low-risk prostate cancers will progress to life-threatening disease during the lifetime of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Erik Damber
- Department of Urology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Tischkowitz M, Sabbaghian N, Ray AM, Lange EM, Foulkes WD, Cooney KA. Analysis of the gene coding for the BRCA2-interacting protein PALB2 in hereditary prostate cancer. Prostate 2008; 68:675-8. [PMID: 18288683 PMCID: PMC2683627 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genetic basis of susceptibility to prostate cancer (PRCA) remains elusive. Mutations in BRCA2 have been associated with increased prostate cancer risk and account for around 2% of young onset (<56 years) prostate cancer cases. PALB2 is a recently identified breast cancer susceptibility gene whose protein is closely associated with BRCA2 and is essential for BRCA2 anchorage to nuclear structures. This functional relationship made PALB2 a candidate PRCA susceptibility gene. METHODS We sequenced PALB2 in probands from 95 PRCA families, 77 of which had two or more cases of early onset PRCA (age at diagnosis <55 years), and the remaining 18 had one case of early onset PRCA and five or more total cases of PRCA. RESULTS Two previously unreported variants, K18R and V925L were identified, neither of which is in a known PALB2 functional domain and both of which are unlikely to be pathogenic. No truncating mutations were identified. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that deleterious PALB2 mutations are unlikely to play a significant role in hereditary prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Tischkowitz
- Programin Cancer Genetics, Departmentsof Oncology, Human Geneticsand Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Segal Cancer Centre, Sir M.B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Côte St-Catherine, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Nelly Sabbaghian
- Programin Cancer Genetics, Departmentsof Oncology, Human Geneticsand Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Segal Cancer Centre, Sir M.B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Côte St-Catherine, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Anna M. Ray
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Urology, Universityof Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ethan M. Lange
- Departmentsof Geneticsand Biostatistics, Universityof North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - William D. Foulkes
- Programin Cancer Genetics, Departmentsof Oncology, Human Geneticsand Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Segal Cancer Centre, Sir M.B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Côte St-Catherine, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Correspondence to: Dr. William D. Foulkes, Cancer Prevention Centre, Segal Cancer Centre Sir M.B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Côte St Catherine, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1E2. E-mail:
| | - Kathleen A. Cooney
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Urology, Universityof Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Metabolic syndrome in sub-Saharan Africa: "smaller twin" of a region's prostatic diseases? Int Urol Nephrol 2008; 40:909-20. [PMID: 18288584 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-008-9343-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) and benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) constitute many of the health concerns of males around the world. Prostate cancer is the major cause of death after lung cancer in men. Benign prostate hyperplasia affects most males above 40 years of age. A variety of factors, chiefly age, genetics and lifestyle, have been linked to the development of PC and BPH. The metabolic syndrome describes a chain of chronic disorders that are inter-related in aetiology, and result from unhealthy lifestyles, often due to an affluent economy. The eating of processed foods and a sedentary lifestyle apparently are status symbols among the middle and upper classes in sub-Saharan Africa. These have resulted in a surge in the disease burden of sub-Saharan Africa. This paper looks at the aetiology and prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and prostatic diseases, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Evidence from the available literature shows that prostate disorders may be related to the metabolic syndrome. There is a likelihood that if sub-Saharan Africans keep copying the lifestyles of the developed world, especially in the direction of the nature of food items consumed, then the rising prevalence of diseases of the metabolic syndrome and the attendant prostate disorders may become very formidable healthcare "twin" problems for the region.
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Noe M, Schroy P, Demierre MF, Babayan R, Geller AC. Increased cancer risk for individuals with a family history of prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, and melanoma and their associated screening recommendations and practices. Cancer Causes Control 2007; 19:1-12. [PMID: 17906935 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-007-9064-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2007] [Accepted: 08/29/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, and melanoma are three malignancies that appear to have strong genetic components that can confer additional risk to family members. Screening tools, albeit controversial, are widely available to potentially aide in early diagnosis. Family members are now more attuned to the risks and benefits of cancer screening, thus, it is imperative that physicians understand the screening tools and how to interpret the information they provide. We reviewed the current literature regarding the cancer risks for individuals with a family history of prostate cancer, colon cancer, and melanoma, the current screening recommendations for family members, and actual screening practices of individuals with a family history of these malignancies. This review should serve as a guide for physicians and cancer control planners when advising their patients and the public regarding screening decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Noe
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Heidenreich A, Aus G, Bolla M, Joniau S, Matveev VB, Schmid HP, Zattoni F. EAU guidelines on prostate cancer. Eur Urol 2007; 53:68-80. [PMID: 17920184 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2007.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 862] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Accepted: 09/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To present a summary of the 2007 version of the European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines on prostate cancer (PCa). METHODS A literature review of the new data emerging from 2004 to 2007 was performed by the working panel. The guidelines have been updated, and the level of evidence/grade of recommendation was added to the text based on a systematic review of the literature, which included a search of online databases and bibliographic reviews. RESULTS A full version is available at the EAU Office or at www.uroweb.org. Systemic prostate biopsy under ultrasound guidance is the preferred diagnostic method. Active treatment is mostly recommended for patients with localized disease and a long life expectancy, with radical prostatectomy being shown to be superior to watchful waiting in a prospective randomized trial. Nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy represents the approach of choice in organ-confined disease; neoadjuvant androgen deprivation demonstrates no improvement of outcome variables. Radiation therapy should be performed with at least 72 and 78 Gy in low-risk and intermediate- to high-risk PCa, respectively. Monotherapeutic androgen deprivation is the standard of care in metastatic PCa; intermittent androgen deprivation might be an alternative treatment option for selected patients. Follow-up is largely based on prostate-specific antigen and a disease-specific history with imaging only indicated when symptoms occur. Cytotoxic therapy with docetaxel has emerged as the reference treatment for metastatic hormone-refractory PCa. CONCLUSIONS The knowledge in the field of PCa is rapidly changing. These EAU guidelines on PCa summarize the most recent findings and put them into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Heidenreich
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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32
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Abstract
After years of rapid increase, the incidence of prostate cancer has begun to decline in certain areas in the USA. Although these temporal trends are consistent with the impact of screening, it still remains to be shown that early detection programmes and screening will result in a reduced mortality rate from this disease. A positive family history of prostate cancer has been established as an important risk factor, and recent research supports and points to the existence of a subgroup of prostate cancer families with a hereditary form of the disease. Diet is another well-known risk factor. Recently, it has become evident that nutritional factors might both prevent the progression of prostate cancer or induce it.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Damber
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, S-901 85 Umeå, Sweden
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Aus G, Abbou CC, Bolla M, Heidenreich A, Schmid HP, van Poppel H, Wolff J, Zattoni F. EAU guidelines on prostate cancer. Eur Urol 2006; 48:546-51. [PMID: 16046052 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2005.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2005] [Accepted: 06/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The first summary of the European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines on prostate cancer was published in 2001. These guidelines have been continuously updated since many important changes affecting the clinical management of patients with prostate cancer have occurred over the past years. The aim of this paper is to present a summary of the 2005 update of the EAU guidelines on prostate cancer. METHODS A literature review of the new data has been performed by the working panel. The guidelines have been updated and level of evidence/grade of recommendation added to the text. This enables readers to better understand the quality of the data forming the basis of the recommendations. RESULTS A full version is available at the EAU Office or at . Systemic prostate biopsies under ultrasound guidance is the preferred diagnostic method and the use of periprostatic injection of a local anaesthetic can significantly reduce pain/discomfort associated with the procedure. Active treatment (surgery or radiation) is mostly recommended for patients with localized disease and a long life expectancy with radical prostatectomy being the only treatment evaluated in a randomized controlled trial. Follow-up is at large based on prostate specific antigen (PSA) and a disease-specific history with imaging only indicated when symptoms occur. Cytotoxic therapy has become an option for selected patients with hormone refractory prostate cancer. CONCLUSION The knowledge in the field of prostate cancer is rapidly changing. These EAU guidelines on prostate cancer summarize the most recent findings and put them into clinical practice.
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Sacco E, Prayer-Galetti T, Pinto F, Ciaccia M, Fracalanza S, Betto G, Pagano F. Familial and Hereditary Prostate Cancer by Definition in an Italian Surgical Series: Clinical Features and Outcome. Eur Urol 2005; 47:761-8. [PMID: 15925070 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2005.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2004] [Accepted: 01/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the clinical impact of different definitions of hereditary prostate cancer (PCa), the relative risk (RR) of relatives of PCa cases and differences in clinical-pathological features and outcome as function of a family history in a surgical series exposed to Mediterranean diet. METHODS We classified as Sporadic (SPC), Familial (FPC) or Hereditary (HPC) 606 consecutive PCa cases, 65 years old or less at diagnosis, underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy between January 1, 1987 and December 31, 2002 (mean follow-up: 6.4 years). The disease-free, overall and PCa-specific survival were also compared between SPC and non-SPC (NSPC) cases. RESULTS Overall 12.5% of cases had a positive family history. We found 14 (2.3%) HPC cases versus 16 (2.6%) taking account of X-linked transmission. Relatives of early-onset PCa cases had a higher RR to PCa (4.3) compared to late-onset PCa cases. NSPC cases had a lower frequency of positive margins status (p=0.011), perineural infiltration (p=0.028) and positive lymph nodes (p=0.005) than SPC cases, but no differences were found in major prognostic factors (preoperative PSA, Gleason sum, pathological stage) and outcome endpoints as function of a family history. CONCLUSIONS A positive family history is an important risk factor to PCa. HPC frequency is probably underestimated because of exclusion of X-linked transmission. We support the similarity between SPC and NSPC with respect to biological aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Sacco
- Urologic Clinic, Department of Surgical and Oncological Sciences, University of Padua, Italy.
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35
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Sacco E, Prayer-Galetti T, Pinto F, Ciaccia M, Fracalanza S, Betto G, Pagano F. Hereditary Predisposition and Prostate Cancer. Urologia 2005. [DOI: 10.1177/039156030507200201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A genetic component in prostate cancer (PCa) has been recognized for decades, and much evidence has been accumulated in favor of a significant, but heterogeneous hereditary component in PCa. Purpose We studied the incidence of the familial and hereditary forms of PCa in our population of patients with a diagnosis of PCa clinically localized and age at diagnosis <65 yrs. Materials and methods: We administered a questionnaire to 667 patients submitted to radical prostatectomy from July 1978 to December 2002, obtaining a complete familial oncological anamnesis in 499 patients. The patients were followed-up until death or until 30 June 2004. Patients were classified into three categories according to Carter: familial, hereditary and sporadic PCa. Results A positive family history for PCa was found in 72 patients (14.4%). In 15 patients (3%), we observed a hereditary form of PCa and in 57 patients (11.4%) a familial form. Patients with hereditary PCa had a lower age at diagnosis (55 yrs). Genealogical pedigrees ruled out mendelian dominant autosomical transmission. No difference was found in the preoperatory, clinical and pathological features among the three PCa groups. A statistically significant familial association was found between PCa and cancer of breast and uterus. Conclusions This study supports evidence of a hereditary predisposition to PCa and the suggestion that an excess familial risk of PCa is due to the inheritance of multiple moderate-risk genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Sacco
- Clinica Urologica, Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche ed Oncologiche, Università degli Studi di Padova
| | - T. Prayer-Galetti
- Clinica Urologica, Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche ed Oncologiche, Università degli Studi di Padova
| | - F. Pinto
- Clinica Urologica, Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche ed Oncologiche, Università degli Studi di Padova
| | - M. Ciaccia
- Clinica Urologica, Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche ed Oncologiche, Università degli Studi di Padova
| | - S. Fracalanza
- Clinica Urologica, Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche ed Oncologiche, Università degli Studi di Padova
| | - G. Betto
- Clinica Urologica, Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche ed Oncologiche, Università degli Studi di Padova
| | - F. Pagano
- Clinica Urologica, Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche ed Oncologiche, Università degli Studi di Padova
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36
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Edwards SM, Eeles RA. Unravelling the genetics of prostate cancer. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2004; 129C:65-73. [PMID: 15264274 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.30027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review describes what is currently known about the genetics of prostate cancer. Traditionally, the genetics of a suspected inherited cancer predisposition have generally been thought of in terms of a single, high-risk gene with a dominant mode of inheritance. Such a gene might be observed in families, as has been documented in familial breast cancer (BRCA1/2), familial colorectal cancer (HNPCC), retinoblastoma (RB1), and Wilms tumor (WT1). This review investigates the evidence for the existence, first of familial prostate cancer, and second, for the presence of such a high-risk gene in those families by epidemiological and experimental approaches. Another current area of interest in prostate cancer is the investigation of the contribution of common lower penetrance genes to the disease. This alternative approach has become popular, as it raises the issue of frequently seen genetic variations such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) having relevance to the risk of developing the disease. Finally, this article will explore the way forward, with emphasis on worldwide collaboration from teams attempting to find the genes responsible for the disease and investment in new technologies that will aid in their discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Edwards
- Translational Cancer Genetics Team, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
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37
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Wang W, Bergh A, Damber JE. Chronic inflammation in benign prostate hyperplasia is associated with focal upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2, Bcl-2, and cell proliferation in the glandular epithelium. Prostate 2004; 61:60-72. [PMID: 15287094 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic inflammation has been suggested to be linked to the development and progression of prostate cancer. An inflammatory microenvironment may support the development of malignancy by upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Recent studies have suggested that COX-2 is upregulated in cancer and in proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA) of the prostate. METHODS Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to investigate the expression of COX-2 in prostate epithelium. The relationships between COX-2 expression and inflammatory cells, proliferation (proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Ki-67), and apoptosis (Bcl-2) were studied in 45 BPH samples. RESULTS COX-2 expression was detected in prostate luminal epithelial cells in all 45 samples studied. The overall percentage of COX-2 positive glands was 7.5%, distributed as 0.2% positive glands in normal prostate tissue, 25.7% in postatrophic hyperplasia (PAH), and 11.9% in simple atrophy (SA). The highest proliferation index was found in COX-2 positive stained epithelium. COX-2 expression was associated with Bcl-2 immunostaining in atrophic lesions (P < 0.0001). T lymphocytes and macrophages were the predominant inflammatory cells related to the COX-2 expression in prostate epithelium. CONCLUSIONS The data demonstrate that T lymphocytes and macrophages appeared to play an important role in the induction of COX-2 expression in prostate epithelium, which was associated with increased cell proliferation and possibly, due to overexpression of Bcl-2, apoptotic resistance. This suggests that pro-inflammatory cytokines released by adjacent inflammatory cells may induce COX-2 in the epithelial cells in prostate atrophic lesions. In addition, COX-2 expressing cells may be involved in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanzhong Wang
- Department of Urology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
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38
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Sanderson M, Coker AL, Logan P, Zheng W, Fadden MK. Lifestyle and prostate cancer among older African-American and Caucasian men in South Carolina. Cancer Causes Control 2004; 15:647-55. [PMID: 15280622 PMCID: PMC5521001 DOI: 10.1023/b:caco.0000036172.63845.d4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the association between lifestyle and prostate cancer risk among Caucasian and African-American men, separately. METHODS This population-based case-control study of prostate cancer among men aged 65-79 years was conducted between 2000 and 2002 in South Carolina. Telephone interviews were completed with 416 incident prostate cancer cases ascertained through the South Carolina Central Cancer Registry, and 429 controls identified through the Health Care Financing Administration Medicare beneficiary file (with respective response rates of 71% and 64%). RESULTS Caucasian men working in production, transportation, and material moving had increased prostate cancer risk (odds ratio [OR] = 2.04, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.17-3.54), while African-American men in the military had reduced prostate cancer risk (OR = 0.19, 95% CI 0.05-0.76). Having five or more prostate specific antigen (PSA) tests within the past five years was associated with prostate cancer among Caucasian men; however, African-American men with prostate cancer tended to have fewer PSA tests. Increasing lycopene consumption was associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer among Caucasian men (p = 0.03), but not among African-American men. CONCLUSIONS In this population-based case-control study conducted in South Carolina we did not find marked differences in lifestyle factors associated with prostate cancer by race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Sanderson
- University of Texas-Houston School of Public Health at Brownsville, 80 Fort Brown, 78520, USA.
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39
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Kommu S, Edwards S, Eeles R. The clinical genetics of prostate cancer. Hered Cancer Clin Pract 2004; 2:111-21. [PMID: 20233465 PMCID: PMC4392519 DOI: 10.1186/1897-4287-2-3-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2004] [Accepted: 07/27/2004] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men and the second highest cause of cancer-related mortality in the U.K. A genetic component in predisposition to prostate cancer has been recognized for decades. One of the strongest epidemiological risk factors for prostate cancer is a positive family history. The hunt for the genes that predispose to prostate cancer in families has been the focus of many research groups worldwide for the past 10 years. Both epidemiological and twin studies support a role for genetic predisposition to prostate cancer. Familial cancer loci have been found, but the genes that cause familial prostate cancer remain largely elusive. Unravelling the genetics of prostate cancer is challenging and is likely to involve the analysis of numerous predisposition genes. Current evidence supports the hypothesis that excess familial risk of prostate cancer could be due to the inheritance of multiple moderate-risk genetic variants. Although research on hereditary prostate cancer has improved our knowledge of the genetic aetiology of the disease, a lot of questions still remain unanswered. This article explores the current evidence that there is a genetic component to the aetiology of prostate cancer and attempts to put into context the diverse findings that have been shown to be possibly associated with the development of hereditary prostate cancer. Linkage searches over the last decade are summarised. It explores issues as to why understanding the genetics of prostate cancer has been so difficult and why despite this, it is still a major focus of research. Finally, current and future management strategies of men with Hereditary Prostate Cancer (HPC) are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sashi Kommu
- Reader in Clinical Cancer Genetics, Translational Cancer Genetics Team, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK.
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40
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Bruner DW, Moore D, Parlanti A, Dorgan J, Engstrom P. Relative risk of prostate cancer for men with affected relatives: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cancer 2003; 107:797-803. [PMID: 14566830 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.11466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An increased risk of prostate cancer associated with a family history of prostate cancer has been documented in multiple published reports. Risk has been shown to vary by degree of relationship and age of onset of disease in the affected relative. Several studies, using various designs, have estimated the relative risk (RR) for these associations. The purpose of our study was to identify and summarize published reports on the relationship between risk of prostate cancer and family history, which is defined as having a father, brother, any first- or second-degree relative or other relative affected with prostate cancer. A Medline and manual search from 1982 to 2000 identified 24 studies that reported RR and confidence intervals (CI) and satisfied inclusion criteria. Pooled RR estimates based upon a weighted average model were as follows: any affected family member RR = 1.93, CI 1.65-2.26; affected first-degree relative RR = 2.22, CI 2.06-2.40; affected second-degree relative RR = 1.88, CI 1.54-2.30; father with prostate cancer RR = 2.12, CI 1.82-2.51; and brother with prostate cancer RR = 2.87, CI 2.21-3.73). Statistical comparison of pooled data demonstrated that the RR is significantly higher for affected brother than for affected father (p < 0.03). A sensitivity analysis demonstrated that these results are robust with respect to population bias. This meta-analysis confirms that risk of prostate cancer is associated with family history of disease and improves the quantification of this risk.
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41
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Cunningham GR, Ashton CM, Annegers JF, Souchek J, Klima M, Miles B. Familial aggregation of prostate cancer in African-Americans and white Americans. Prostate 2003; 56:256-62. [PMID: 12858353 DOI: 10.1002/pros.10252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We compared the incidence of prostate cancer in first-degree family members of African-Americans with that in white Americans. METHODS A historical cohort design was used to enroll 330 incident cases <80 years of age that were diagnosed at the Houston VA Medical Center between June 9, 1993 and June 8, 1996. We compared incidence rates in the probands' families with the incidence rates found in contemporaneous data from the national and regional Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End-Results (SEER) program. RESULTS Three-hundred five probands (41% African-American) had evaluable first-degree relatives (394 African-American, 527 non-African-American). The standardized incidence ratio was 1.61 overall (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.22-2.13) and did not differ between African-American and non-African-American families: 1.58 (1.05-2.29) and 1.65 (1.06-2.45) in African-Americans and non-African-Americans, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The similar level of familial aggregation is evidence that the higher incidence of prostate cancer in African-Americans is not attributable to a higher prevalence of germline mutations predisposing to the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn R Cunningham
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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42
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Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy in American men, accounting for > 29% of all diagnosed cancers and approximately 13% of all cancer deaths. Nearly 1 of every 6 men will be diagnosed with the disease at some time in their lives. In 2003 alone, an estimated 221000 men in the United States will be diagnosed with prostate cancer and > 28000 will die of the disease. An elevated level of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is correlated with the presence of prostate cancer, and since 1989 we have been living in the "PSA era," in which the PSA screening test is widely used in clinical practice. This article summarizes what has been learned about the use of PSA screening, including the intricacies of free PSA, PSA doubling time, and various factors that may affect PSA and confound screening in young men. Although population-based screening for prostate cancer has yet to be definitively proven to affect disease-specific mortality, PSA testing is detecting cancers in younger men and at earlier stages of disease progression and, partly as a result, 5-year cancer-specific survival is increasing. Even though this lead-time effect may not translate into long-term improvement, these changes are very promising and are a necessary prerequisite to effective screening. For patients at high risk with a family history of the disease and for black men, a strategy consisting of an annual PSA blood test and digital rectal examination for men >or=40 years of age appears to be prudent. Use of age- and race-specific reference ranges for PSA based on sensitivity, or maximal cancer detection, is the most appropriate approach in this high-risk group. Specifically among black men 40-49 years of age, those with a PSA value > 2.0 ng/mL should consider further evaluation. Many men at low/average risk aged 40-49 years also request testing and it is reasonable to offer testing and risk assessment to these young men. The exact screening threshold for total PSA in these men is unknown, but 95% of these men will have a PSA < 2.5 ng/mL. Prostate-specific antigen velocity, percentage of free PSA, and perhaps complexed PSA may be used to help determine risk, but further study of young men is needed. In the future, a risk-stratified approach using molecular biomarkers and/or proteomics in young men is anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judd W Moul
- Walter Reed Army Medical Center Washington, DC, USA.
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43
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Conlon EM, Goode EL, Gibbs M, Stanford JL, Badzioch M, Janer M, Kolb S, Hood L, Ostrander EA, Jarvik GP, Wijsman EM. Oligogenic segregation analysis of hereditary prostate cancer pedigrees: evidence for multiple loci affecting age at onset. Int J Cancer 2003; 105:630-5. [PMID: 12740911 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.11128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested strong evidence for a hereditary component to prostate cancer (PC) susceptibility. Here, we analyze 3,796 individuals in 263 PC families recruited as part of the ongoing Prostate Cancer Genetic Research Study (PROGRESS). We use Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) oligogenic segregation analysis to estimate the number of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and their contribution to the variance in age at onset of hereditary PC (HPC). We estimate 2 covariate effects: diagnosis of PC before and after prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test availability, and presence/absence of at least 1 blood relative with primary neuroepithelial brain cancer (BC). We find evidence that 2 to 3 QTLs contribute to the variance in age at onset of HPC. The 2 QTLs with the largest contribution to the total variance are both effectively dominant loci. We find that the covariate for diagnosis before and after PSA test availability is important. Our findings for the number of QTLs contributing to HPC and the variance contribution of these QTLs will be instructive in mapping and identifying these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Conlon
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Box 357720, Seattle, WA 98195-7720, USA
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44
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify published studies quantifying familial prostate cancer risks in relatives of prostate cancer cases and, by meta-analysis, obtain more precise estimates of familial risk according to the family history. METHODS Thirteen case-control and cohort studies were identified which have reported risks of prostate cancer in relatives of prostate cancer cases. Pooled estimates of risk for various categories of family history were obtained by calculating the weighted average of the log relative risk (RR) estimates from studies. RESULTS The pooled RR (95% confidence interval) in first-degree relatives was 2.5 (2.2-2.8). There was evidence that this was highest in relatives of cases diagnosed before age 60 years and that RRs declined with age. The risk for the few men with two affected relatives was increased 3.5-fold (2.6-4.8). RRs to sons of cases appeared to be lower than in brothers; a complete explanation of this observation is uncertain. CONCLUSION Men with a family history of prostate cancer have a significantly greater risk of developing prostate cancer than those with no such history. Risks are greatest for relatives of cases diagnosed when young and those with more than one relative affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Johns
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
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45
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Abstract
Major risk factors for developing prostate cancer, including positive family history and African-American ethnicity, can be quantified for genetic counseling. Factors increasing familial risk for prostate cancer are closer degree of kinship, number of affected relatives, and early age of onset (< 50 years) among the affected relatives. Genetic testing may be useful for modification of risk, but currently should be performed only within the context of a well-designed research study that will determine penetrance and genotype-phenotype correlation of specific mutations. Even in the absence of genetic testing, African-American men and men with a strong family history of prostate cancer may opt to initiate screening by prostate specific antigen (PSA) and digital rectal exam (DRE) screening at age 40.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Nieder
- Department of Urology and NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
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46
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Turner AR, Isaacs WB, Xu J. Hereditary Prostate Cancer. Prostate Cancer 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012286981-5/50018-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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47
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Abstract
Twin studies on cancer have addressed two general questions, one about the possible carcinogenic effects of twinning and the second about heritable effects of cancer. The first question is answered by comparing the occurrence of cancer in twins to that in singletons; the second is answered in probandwise analysis of monozygotic twins compared to dizygotic twins or siblings. We used the nationwide Swedish Family-Cancer Database on 10.2 million individuals and 62,574 0-66-year-old twins to calculate standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all main cancer compared to cancer in singletons. In probandwise analysis, the SIR was calculated for the co-twin of an affected twin. The overall risk of cancer in same or opposite sex twins was at the level of the risk for singletons. Testicular cancer was increased among same sex twins and all twins to an SIR of 1.43. Melanoma was decreased in these groups of twins to an SIR of 0.84. Some other cancer sites were increased or decreased in some groups of twins, but none in all twins. The SIR of breast cancer was 1.01 and 1.04 in same and opposite sex twins, respectively. Probandwise analysis showed increased risks for Hodgkin's disease in males and breast cancer and childhood acute lymphoid leukemia among females. The data on this unselected population of twins suggest that twinning per se is not a risk factor of cancer. However, because twins are smaller than singletons at birth, some possible effects could be masked by such differences. In utero hormonal exposures may be related to the risk of testicular cancer. The protective effects in melanoma may be due to socioeconomic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Hemminki
- Department of Biosciences at Novum, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden.
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48
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Abstract
In this study, we review a variety of genetic polymorphisms that may have an etiologic role in prostate cancer. We include associations identified in molecular epidemiology studies and the consistency of findings reported to date. Suggestions for further research are also offered. For the purposes of this review, we identified relevant articles through a MEDLINE search for the period of January 1987 through March 2001. The searches were limited to articles published in English. Medical subject headings were used to scan titles, abstracts, and subject headings in the databases using the keywords "prostate neoplasms," "genetics," and "polymorphisms."
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven S Coughlin
- Epidemiology and Health Services Research Branch, Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
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49
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Henner WD, Evans AJ, Hough KM, Harris EL, Lowe BA, Beer TM. Association of codon 72 polymorphism of p53 with lower prostate cancer risk. Prostate 2001; 49:263-6. [PMID: 11746272 DOI: 10.1002/pros.10021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A common germline polymorphism of p53 produces a protein with an Arg to Pro change at codon 72. This Pro variant has altered biochemical properties suggesting altered cancer susceptibility. METHODS A case control study with 115 men with prostate cancer and 181 community control male subjects was conducted. Demographics, family history of cancer, and blood were obtained. Codon 72 genotypes were determined using PCR. RESULTS The Pro/Pro genotype was associated with a markedly lower risk of prostate cancer (OR = 0.23, CI = 0.07-0.79, P = 0.012). Similar reduction in risk was observed when the analysis was limited to Caucasian subjects (86% of total). Reduction in risk remained significant in a logistic regression model after correcting for age and family history of prostate cancer (OR = 0.14, CI = 0.03-0.71, P = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS Men with the p53 codon 72 Pro/Pro genotype appear to be at reduced risk of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- W D Henner
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
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50
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Vogel W, Maier C, Paiss T. Prostate cancer and the problem of genotype phenotype correlation. CYTOGENETICS AND CELL GENETICS 2001; 93:162-7. [PMID: 11528106 DOI: 10.1159/000056978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W Vogel
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
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