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Ballav S, Ranjan A, Basu S. Partial Activation of PPAR-γ by Synthesized Quercetin Derivatives Modulates TGF-β1-Induced EMT in Lung Cancer Cells. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2023; 7:e2300037. [PMID: 37042092 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has a very low survival rate due to poor response to chemotherapy and late detection. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is regarded as a major contributor to drive metastasis during NSCLC progression. Towards this, transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) is the key driver that endows cancer cells with increased aggressiveness. Recently, this group synthesized a series of Schiff base quercetin derivatives (QDs) and ascertained their effectiveness on EMT markers of A549 cell line. This study evidenced that the EMT process is counteracted via the partial activation of a nuclear hormone receptor, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ through QDs. Here, that work is extended to investigate the interplay between PPAR-γ partial activation and TGF-β1-induced EMT in human lung cancer A549 cells. The results reveal that TGF-β1 plays a critical role in suppressing PPAR-γ, which is markedly reversed and increased by partial agonists: QUE2FH and QUESH at both protein and transcriptional levels. The partial agonists not only stimulate PPAR-γ in a balanced manner but also prevent the loss of E-cadherin and acquisition of TGF-β1-induced mesenchymal markers (Snail, Slug, Vimentin, and Zeb-1). Subsequently, the effects are accompanied by attenuation of TGF-β1-induced migratory ability of A549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Ballav
- Cancer and Translational Research Centre, Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Tathawade, Pune, Maharashtra, 411 033, India
| | - Amit Ranjan
- Cancer and Translational Research Centre, Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Tathawade, Pune, Maharashtra, 411 033, India
| | - Soumya Basu
- Cancer and Translational Research Centre, Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Tathawade, Pune, Maharashtra, 411 033, India
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2
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Vav1 accelerates Ras-driven lung cancer and modulates its tumor microenvironment. Cell Signal 2022; 97:110395. [PMID: 35752351 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The potential impact of Vav1 on human cancer was only recently acknowledged, as it is detected as a mutant or an overexpressed gene in various cancers, including lung cancer. Vav1, which is normally and exclusively expressed in the hematopoietic system functions as a specific GDP/GTP nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), strictly regulated by tyrosine phosphorylation. To investigate whether Vav1 plays a causative or facilitating role in-vivo in lung cancer development and to examine whether it co-operates with other oncogenes, such as mutant K-Ras, we generated novel mouse strains that express: Vav1 or K-RasG12D in type II pneumocytes, as well as a transgenic mouse line that expresses both Vav1 and K-RasG12D in these cells. Coexpression of Vav1 and K-RasG12D in the lungs dramatically increased malignant lung cancer lesions, and did so significantly faster than K-RasG12D alone, strongly suggesting that these two oncogenes synergize to enhance lung tumor development. Vav1 expression alone had no apparent effects on lung tumorigenesis. The increase in lung cancer in K-RasG12D/Vav1 mice was accompanied by an increase in B-cell, T-cells, and monocyte infiltration in the tumor microenvironment. Concomitantly, ERK phosphorylation was highly elevated in the lungs of K-RasG12 D/Vav1 mice. Also, several cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-13 which play a significant role in the immune system, were elevated in lungs of Vav1 and K-RasG12 D/Vav1 mice. Our findings emphasize the contribution of Vav1 to lung tumor development through its signaling properties.
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3
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Hao Y, Dong H, Li W, Lv X, Shi B, Gao P. The Molecular Role of IL-35 in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:874823. [PMID: 35719927 PMCID: PMC9204334 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.874823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer and a common cause of cancer-related death. Better understanding of the molecular mechanisms, pathogenesis, and treatment of NSCLC can help improve patient outcomes. Significant progress has been made in the treatment of NSCLC, and immunotherapy can prolong patient survival. However, the overall cure and survival rates are low, especially in patients with advanced metastases. Interleukin-35 (IL-35), an immunosuppressive factor, is associated with the onset and prognosis of various cancers. Studies have shown that IL-35 expression is elevated in NSCLC, and it is closely related to the progression and prognosis of NSCLC. However, there are few studies on the mechanism of IL-35 in NSCLC. This study discusses the role of IL-35 and its downstream signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of NSCLC and provides new insights into its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiu Hao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongna Dong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuejiao Lv
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bingqing Shi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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4
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Dong C, Wu K, Gu S, Wang W, Xie S, Zhou Y. PTBP3 mediates TGF-β-induced EMT and metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma. Cell Cycle 2022; 21:1406-1421. [PMID: 35323096 PMCID: PMC9345618 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2022.2052530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is associated with a poor prognosis due to early metastasis to distant organs. TGF-β potently induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and promotes invasion and metastasis of cancers. However, the mechanisms underlying this alteration are largely unknown. PTBP3 plays a critical role in RNA splicing and transcriptional regulation. Although accumulating evidence has revealed that PTBP3 exhibits a pro-oncogenic role in several cancers, whether and how PTBP3 mediates TGF-β-induced EMT and metastasis in LUAD remains unknown. The expression levels and prognostic value of PTBP3 were analyzed in human LUAD tissues and matched normal tissues. siRNAs and lentivirus-mediated vectors were used to transfect LUAD cell lines. Various in vitro experiments including western blot, qRT-PCR, a luciferase reporter assay, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), transwell migration and invasion assay and in vivo metastasis experiment were performed to determine the roles of PTBP3 in TGF-β-induced EMT and metastasis. PTBP3 expression was significantly upregulated in patients with LUAD, and high expression of PTBP3 indicated a poor prognosis. Intriguingly, we found that PTBP3 expression level in LUAD cell lines was significantly increased by exogenous TGF-β1 in a Smad-dependent manner. Mechanistically, p-Smad3 was recruited to the PTBP3 promoter and activated its transcription. In turn, PTBP3 knockdown abolished TGF-β1-mediated EMT through the inhibition of Smad2/3 expression. Furthermore, PTBP3 overexpression increased lung and liver metastasis of LUAD cells in vivo. PTBP3 is indispensable to TGF-β-induced EMT and metastasis of LUAD cells and is a novel potential therapeutic target for the treatment of LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglai Dong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaiqin Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaorui Gu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenli Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiliang Xie
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongxin Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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5
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Sloan L, Naik RP, Umrau K, Xian RR, Marrone KA, Voong KR. Case Report: Hematologic Recovery Following Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy in a Patient With Early-Stage Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer and Paraneoplastic Myelofibrosis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:842620. [PMID: 35280806 PMCID: PMC8907522 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.842620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report the first case presentation of paraneoplastic myelofibrosis associated with cancer. Paraneoplastic syndromes occur in some patients with thoracic malignancies; however, myelofibrosis is not commonly seen in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We report a case of myelofibrosis in a patient with a new diagnosis of NSCLC that resolved after stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR). In conclusion, NSCLC may evoke unexpected systemic effects that resolve with treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Sloan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States.,Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Rakhi P Naik
- Department of Hematology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kavita Umrau
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Rena Ruiyu Xian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kristen A Marrone
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Khinh Ranh Voong
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Dutta N, Lillehoj PB, Estrela P, Dutta G. Electrochemical Biosensors for Cytokine Profiling: Recent Advancements and Possibilities in the Near Future. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:94. [PMID: 33806879 PMCID: PMC8004910 DOI: 10.3390/bios11030094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines are soluble proteins secreted by immune cells that act as molecular messengers relaying instructions and mediating various functions performed by the cellular counterparts of the immune system, by means of a synchronized cascade of signaling pathways. Aberrant expression of cytokines can be indicative of anomalous behavior of the immunoregulatory system, as seen in various illnesses and conditions, such as cancer, autoimmunity, neurodegeneration and other physiological disorders. Cancer and autoimmune diseases are particularly adept at developing mechanisms to escape and modulate the immune system checkpoints, reflected by an altered cytokine profile. Cytokine profiling can provide valuable information for diagnosing such diseases and monitoring their progression, as well as assessing the efficacy of immunotherapeutic regiments. Toward this goal, there has been immense interest in the development of ultrasensitive quantitative detection techniques for cytokines, which involves technologies from various scientific disciplines, such as immunology, electrochemistry, photometry, nanotechnology and electronics. This review focusses on one aspect of this collective effort: electrochemical biosensors. Among the various types of biosensors available, electrochemical biosensors are one of the most reliable, user-friendly, easy to manufacture, cost-effective and versatile technologies that can yield results within a short period of time, making it extremely promising for routine clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmita Dutta
- School of Medical Science and Technology (SMST), Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India;
| | - Peter B. Lillehoj
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA;
| | - Pedro Estrela
- Centre for Biosensors, Bioelectronics and Biodevices (C3Bio) and Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Gorachand Dutta
- School of Medical Science and Technology (SMST), Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India;
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Safi S, Yamauchi Y, Hoffmann H, Weichert W, Jost PJ, Winter H, Muley T, Beckhove P. Circulating Interleukin-4 Is Associated with a Systemic T Cell Response against Tumor-Associated Antigens in Treatment-Naïve Patients with Resectable Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123496. [PMID: 33255425 PMCID: PMC7761081 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cytokines can increase the activity of T cells specific for tumor-associated antigens and thereby promote tumor-specific immune responses. In this study, cytokine profiles and T cell responses against 14 tumor-associated antigens were investigated in 36 treatment-naïve patients with resectable non-small cell lung cancer. Based on these results, preoperative serum interleukin-4 levels can play a role in predicting T cell responses specific for tumor-associated antigens and recurrence-free survival regardless of tumor stage. This is clinically relevant as patients with high preoperative serum interleukin-4 levels could be at high risk of postoperative tumor recurrence and, therefore, should be considered for adjuvant or neoadjuvant treatment. From this perspective, preoperative serum interleukin-4 levels may become a useful option to assess the risk of postoperative tumor recurrence in non-small-cell lung cancer. Abstract Spontaneous T cell responses to tumor-associated antigens (TAs) in the peripheral blood of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may be relevant for postoperative survival. However, the conditions underlying these T cell responses remain unclear. We quantified the levels of 27 cytokines in the peripheral blood and tumor tissues from treatment-naïve patients with NSCLC (n = 36) and analyzed associations between local and systemic cytokine profiles and both TA-specific T cell responses and clinical parameters. We defined T cell responders as patients with circulating T cells that were reactive to TAs and T cell nonresponders as patients without detectable TA-specific T cells. TA-specific T cell responses were correlated with serum cytokine levels, particularly the levels of interleukin(IL)-4 and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), but poorly correlated with the cytokine levels in tumor tissues. Nonresponders showed significantly higher serum IL-4 levels than responders (p = 0.03); the predicted probability of being a responder was higher for individuals with low serum IL-4 levels. In multivariable Cox regression analyses, in addition to IL-4 (hazard ratio (HR) 2.8 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.78–9.9); p = 0.116), the age-adjusted IL-8 level (HR 3.9 (95% CI: 1.05–14.5); p = 0.042) predicted tumor recurrence. However, this study included data for many cytokines without adjustment for multiple testing; thus, the observed differences in IL-4 or IL-8 levels might be incidental findings. Therefore, additional studies are necessary to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyer Safi
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Yoshikane Yamauchi
- Department of Surgery, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Hans Hoffmann
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Wilko Weichert
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Trogerstrasse 18, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp J Jost
- Medical Department III for Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
- German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK) of the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Clinical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Hauke Winter
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Thoraxklinik, Heidelberg University Hospital, Roentgenstrasse 1, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany
- Translational Lung Research Center (TLRC), Member of German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Muley
- Translational Lung Research Center (TLRC), Member of German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Translational Research Unit, Thoraxklinik, Heidelberg University Hospital, Roentgenstrasse 1, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Beckhove
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology and Regensburg University Hospital, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Shi Y, Wang X, Xu Z, He Y, Guo C, He L, Huan C, Cai C, Huang J, Zhang J, Li Y, Zeng C, Zhang X, Wang L, Ke Y, Cheng H. PDLIM5 inhibits STUB1-mediated degradation of SMAD3 and promotes the migration and invasion of lung cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:13798-13811. [PMID: 32737199 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling plays an important role in regulating tumor malignancy, including in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The major biological responses of TGFβ signaling are determined by the effector proteins SMAD2 and SMAD3. However, the regulators of TGFβ-SMAD signaling are not completely revealed yet. Here, we showed that the scaffolding protein PDLIM5 (PDZ and LIM domain protein 5, ENH) critically promotes TGFβ signaling by maintaining SMAD3 stability in NSCLC. First, PDLIM5 was highly expressed in NSCLC compared with that in adjacent normal tissues, and high PDLIM5 expression was associated with poor outcome. Knockdown of PDLIM5 in NSCLC cells decreased migration and invasion in vitro and lung metastasis in vivo In addition, TGFβ signaling and TGFβ-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition was repressed by PDLIM5 knockdown. Mechanistically, PDLIM5 knockdown resulted in a reduction of SMAD3 protein levels. Overexpression of SMAD3 reversed the TGFβ-signaling-repressing and anti-migration effects induced by PDLIM5 knockdown. Notably, PDLIM5 interacted with SMAD3 but not SMAD2 and competitively suppressed the interaction between SMAD3 and its E3 ubiquitin ligase STUB1. Therefore, PDLIM5 protected SMAD3 from STUB1-mediated proteasome degradation. STUB1 knockdown restored SMAD3 protein levels, cell migration, and invasion in PDLIM5-knockdown cells. Collectively, our findings indicate that PDLIM5 is a novel regulator of basal SMAD3 stability, with implications for controlling TGFβ signaling and NSCLC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueli Shi
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyong Xu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying He
- Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Chunyi Guo
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingjuan He
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Caijuan Huan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Changhong Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Lishui Central Hospital, Lishui, China
| | - Jiaqi Huang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiqing Li
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunlai Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Lishui Central Hospital, Lishui, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linrun Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuehai Ke
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Hongqiang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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9
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Tan N, Song J, Yan M, Wu J, Sun Y, Xiong Z, Ding Y. Association between IL-4 tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms and the risk of lung cancer in China. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e00585. [PMID: 30729744 PMCID: PMC6465665 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In China, lung cancer is also the most commonly diagnosed cancer with a lower 5-year survival rate, leading to high social burdens. Recently, many studies highlighted the importance of inflammation in the initiation and progression of cancer. The goal of this study was to investigate the association between interleukin-4 (IL-4, OMIM#147780) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and lung cancer susceptibility. METHODS A case-control study was conducted in a Chinese population including 199 male patients with lung cancer and 266 healthy men. Six SNPs selected from the HapMap database were genotyped using Agena MassARRAY. Genetic models and haplotype analyses were utilized to evaluate the association between SNPs and lung cancer risk. RESULTS In our findings, rs2243250 was associated with a decreased lung cancer risk under the log-additive model (odds ratio, OR = 0.71, 95% confidence interval, CI = 0.51-0.97, p = 0.030), and the G/G genotype of rs2227284 conferred a negative effect; the risk of lung cancer under the codominant (OR = 0.19, 95% CI = 0.04-0.87, p = 0.040) and recessive models (OR = 0.20, 95% CI = 0.04-0.88, p = 0.012) after adjusted by age. CONCLUSIONS These data indicated potential associations between IL-4 polymorphisms and lung cancer susceptibility. That may help to improve the understanding of the relationship between inflammation and lung cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Tan
- Department of Cadre's Ward, Xi'an No.1 Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiangjiang Song
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mengdan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiamin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zichao Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yipeng Ding
- Department of Emergency, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, P. R. China
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10
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Wang L, Tong X, Zhou Z, Wang S, Lei Z, Zhang T, Liu Z, Zeng Y, Li C, Zhao J, Su Z, Zhang C, Liu X, Xu G, Zhang HT. Circular RNA hsa_circ_0008305 (circPTK2) inhibits TGF-β-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis by controlling TIF1γ in non-small cell lung cancer. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:140. [PMID: 30261900 PMCID: PMC6161470 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0889-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND TGF-β promotes tumor invasion and metastasis through inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are recognized as functional non-coding RNAs involved in human cancers. However, whether and how circRNAs contribute to TGF-β-induced EMT and metastasis in NSCLC remain vague. Here, we investigated the regulation and function of Circular RNA hsa_circ_0008305 (circPTK2) in TGF-β-induced EMT and tumor metastasis, as well as a link between circPTK2 and transcriptional intermediary factor 1 γ (TIF1γ) in NSCLC. METHODS Circular RNAs were determined by human circRNA Array analysis, real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR and northern blot. Luciferase reporter, RNA-binding protein immunoprecipitation (RIP), RNA pull-down and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assays were employed to test the interaction between circPTK2 and miR-429/miR-200b-3p. Ectopic overexpression and siRNA-mediated knockdown of circPTK2, TGF-β-induced EMT, Transwell migration and invasion in vitro, and in vivo experiment of metastasis were used to evaluate the function of circPTK2. Transcription and prognosis analyses were done in public databases. RESULTS CircPTK2 and TIF1γ were significantly down-regulated in NSCLC cells undergoing EMT induced by TGF-β. CircPTK2 overexpression augmented TIF1γ expression, inhibited TGF-β-induced EMT and NSCLC cell invasion, whereas circPTK2 knockdown had the opposite effects. CircPTK2 functions as a sponge of miR-429/miR-200b-3p, and miR-429/miR-200b-3p promote TGF-β-induced EMT and NSCLC cell invasion by targeting TIF1γ. CircPTK2 overexpression inhibited the invasion-promoting phenotype of endogenous miR-429/miR-200b-3p in NSCLC cells in response to TGF-β. CircPTK2 overexpression significantly decreased the expression of Snail, an important downstream transcriptional activator of TGF-β/Smad signaling. In an in vivo experiment of metastasis, circPTK2 overexpression suppressed NSCLC cell metastasis. Moreover, circPTK2 expression was dramatically down-regulated and positively correlated with TIF1γ expression in human NSCLC tissues. Especially, circPTK2 was significantly lower in metastatic NSCLC tissues than non-metastatic counterparts. CONCLUSION Our findings show that circPTK2 (hsa_circ_0008305) inhibits TGF-β-induced EMT and metastasis by controlling TIF1γ in NSCLC, revealing a novel mechanism by which circRNA regulates TGF-β-induced EMT and tumor metastasis, and suggesting that circPTK2 overexpression could provide a therapeutic strategy for advanced NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longqiang Wang
- Soochow University Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu China
| | - Xin Tong
- Soochow University Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu China
| | - Zhengyu Zhou
- Soochow University Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu China
- Laboratory Animal Center, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu China
| | - Shengjie Wang
- Soochow University Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu China
- Department of Basic Medicine, Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, 222000 China
| | - Zhe Lei
- Soochow University Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu China
| | - Tianze Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150086 Heilongjiang China
| | - Zeyi Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006 Jiangsu China
| | - Yuanyuan Zeng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006 Jiangsu China
| | - Chang Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006 Jiangsu China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006 Jiangsu China
| | - Zhiyue Su
- Soochow University Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu China
| | - Cuijuan Zhang
- Soochow University Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu China
| | - Xia Liu
- Soochow University Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu China
| | - Guangquan Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150086 Heilongjiang China
| | - Hong-Tao Zhang
- Soochow University Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu China
- Suzhou Key Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Genetics, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu China
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11
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Peters C, Meyer A, Kouakanou L, Feder J, Schricker T, Lettau M, Janssen O, Wesch D, Kabelitz D. TGF-β enhances the cytotoxic activity of Vδ2 T cells. Oncoimmunology 2018; 8:e1522471. [PMID: 30546961 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1522471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
TGF-β is a pleiotropic cytokine with multiple roles in immunity. Apart from its suppressive activity, TGF-β is a driving cytokine in the differentiation of induced regulatory T cells (iTreg) but also in the polarization of interleukin-9 (IL-9) producing T helper 9 (Th9) T cells. Human Vδ2 expressing γδ T cells exert potent cytotoxicity towards a variety of solid tumor and leukemia/lymphoma target cells and thus are in the focus of current strategies to develop cell-based immunotherapies. Here we report that TGF-β unexpectedly augments the cytotoxic effector activity of short-term expanded Vδ2 T cells when purified γδ T cells are activated with specific pyrophosphate antigens and IL-2 or IL-15 in the presence of TGF-β. TGF-β up-regulates the expression of CD54, CD103, interferon-γ, IL-9 and granzyme B in γδ T cells while CD56 and CD11a/CD18 are down-regulated. Moreover, we show that CD103 (αE/β7 integrin) is recruited to the immunological synapse in γδ T cells. Increased cytotoxic activity of TGF-β-exposed γδ T cells is reduced by anti-CD103 and further diminished upon additional anti-CD11a antibody treatment, pointing to a role of cellular adhesion in the enhanced cytolytic activity. Furthermore, magnetically sorted CD103-positive Vδ2 T cells exhibit superior cytolytic activity. In view of the importance of CD103 for tissue homing of lymphocytes, our results suggest that adoptive transfer of CD103-expressing Vδ2 T cells might favor their homing to solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Peters
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Annika Meyer
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Léonce Kouakanou
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Julia Feder
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tim Schricker
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Marcus Lettau
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ottmar Janssen
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniela Wesch
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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12
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Arshad Z, Rezapour-Firouzi S, Mohammadian M, Ebrahimifar. The Sources of Essential Fatty Acids for Allergic and Cancer Patients; a Connection with Insight into Mammalian Target of Rapamycin: A Narrative Review. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018; 19:2391-2401. [PMID: 30255691 PMCID: PMC6249470 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.9.2391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Disturbance in essential fatty acids (EFA) metabolism plays a key role in autoimmune diseases, but EFA supplementation with sources of borage, evening primrose, hemp seed and fish oils was not effective in atopic and cancer diseases, as that seen in the case of multiple sclerosis. It seems that two complexes of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, mTORC1 and mTORC2, are congruent with the two bases of the Traditional Iranian Medicine (TIM) therapy, Cold and Hot nature, which are essential for the efficacy of functional oils for controlling immune responses in autoimmune diseases. Methods: We searched PubMed database, Web of Science (WOS), Google Scholar, Scopus and selected studies by predefined eligibility criteria. We then assessed their quality and extracted data. Results: The oils controlled by Cold or Hot nature may be helpful in maintaining homeostasis and preventing autoimmune diseases. In summary, studies of randomized controlled trials for allergy and cancer patients found no improvement in the signs or response to tests, despite a remarkable change in EFA fractions in the blood by supplementation with sources of borage, evening primrose, hemp seed and fish oils. In contrast, portulaca oleracea oil exhibited protective effects by anti-inflammatory properties via the PI3K/Akt/mTORC2 pathway with a deviation immune response to Th1 to treat atopic diseases and cancer. Conclusions: According to the concept of Traditional Iranian Medicine therapy, in contrast to Cold-nature oils, EFA supplementation with the sources of Hot-nature oilsis not suitable for the treatment of atopic and cancerous diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhila Arshad
- Department of Pathology of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Baku University of Medical Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan. ,
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13
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Zafar S, Sorsa S, Siurala M, Hemminki O, Havunen R, Cervera-Carrascon V, Santos JM, Wang H, Lieber A, De Gruijl T, Kanerva A, Hemminki A. CD40L coding oncolytic adenovirus allows long-term survival of humanized mice receiving dendritic cell therapy. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1490856. [PMID: 30386680 PMCID: PMC6207416 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1490856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial players in promoting immune responses. Logically, adoptive DC therapy is a promising approach in cancer immunotherapy. One of the major obstacles in cancer immunotherapy in general is the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, which hampers the maturation and activation of DCs. Therefore, human clinical outcomes with DC therapy alone have been disappointing. In this study, we use fully serotype 3 oncolytic adenovirus Ad3-hTERT-CMV-hCD40L, expressing human CD40L, to modulate the tumor microenvironment with subsequently improved function of DCs. We evaluated the synergistic effects of Ad3-hTERT-CMV-hCD40L and DCs in the presence of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells ex vivo and in vivo. Tumors treated with Ad3-hTERT-CMV-hCD40L and DCs featured greater antitumor effect compared with unarmed virus or either treatment alone. 100% of humanized mice survived to the end of the experiment, while mice in all other groups died by day 88. Moreover, adenovirally-delivered CD40L induced activation of DCs, leading to induction of Th1 immune responses. These results support clinical trials with Ad3-hTERT-CMV-hCD40L in patients receiving DC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Zafar
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suvi Sorsa
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Siurala
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Otto Hemminki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Urology, Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka Havunen
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Victor Cervera-Carrascon
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd, Helsinki, Finland
| | - João Manuel Santos
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hongjie Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andre Lieber
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tanja De Gruijl
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anna Kanerva
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Akseli Hemminki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland
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14
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Jović V, Konjević G, Radulović S, Jelić S, Spuzić I. Impaired Perforin-Dependent NK Cell Cytotoxicity and Proliferative Activity of Peripheral Blood T Cells is Associated with Metastatic Melanoma. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 87:324-9. [PMID: 11765182 DOI: 10.1177/030089160108700509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aims and Background Patients with metastatic melanoma often have defects in the percentage and function of peripheral blood NK cells, which are involved in the non-specific innate antitumor immune response, and T cells, which participate in the specific acquired antitumor immune response. The aim of this study was to investigate in more detail not only the percentage but also the activation status and function of NK and T cells in patients with metastatic melanoma prior to therapy. Methods The percentage of peripheral blood CD56+ NK cells, CD3+ T cells and their CD4+ and CD8+ subsets, as well as the expression of the activation antigens CD69, CD38 and HLA-DR were analyzed by flow cytometry. The functional capacity of NK cells was evaluated by the 51-chromium release cytotoxicity assay, while the proliferative activity of T cells was estimated by the lymphocyte transformation test to mitogen phytohemagglutinin. Results The results obtained in this study have revealed a new aspect of NK and T cell dysfunction that is not, as commonly reported, associated with a decrease in their percentage. Moreover, a significant number of the investigated patients had a higher percentage of NK cells that did not lead to improved NK ceil cytotoxicity as a result of the detected defect in the NK cell perforin-mediated cytotoxic mechanism of tumor cell lysis. The impaired proliferative response of T cells was associated with a decreased expression of the activation antigen HLA-DR. Conclusion The novel finding in this study of melanoma patients with metastatic disease is the impaired perforin-depen-dent NK cell cytotoxic mechanism, which was recently shown to be primarily responsible for preventing metastasis. Another interesting finding was the generally hyporeactive status of T cells, possibly resulting from persistent antigenic stimulation. The observed dysfunction of NK and T cells in patients with metastatic melanoma prior to therapy point to the need to supplement chemotherapy with appropriate immunotherapeutic agents in order to overcome the immunosuppression associated with advanced malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Jović
- Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade
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15
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Tao Y, Gross N, Liu Y, Zhang L, Li G, Huang Z, Yang J. A high ratio of IL-12Rβ2-positive tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes indicates favorable prognosis in laryngeal cancer. Oral Oncol 2017; 74:148-156. [PMID: 29103744 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to elucidate IL-12Rβ2's roles as a tumor-associated immunological molecule, delineate the complex roles of IL-12Rβ2+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and tumor cell IL-12Rβ2 expression in the tumor microenvironment, and determine the correlation of IL-12Rβ2+ TILs and tumor cell IL-12Rβ2 expression with clinical prognosis. METHODS We assessed mRNA and protein levels in matched laryngeal cancer tissues (LTs) and adjacent normal mucous membrane tissues (ANMMTs) from 3 laryngeal cancer (LC) patients and ratios of IL-12Rβ2+ TILs in matched LTs and ANMMTs from 61 LC patients. We used the Kaplan-Meier log-rank test and Cox regression hazard ratios to analyze survival. RESULTS Comparative proteomic and transcriptomic assays revealed that matched LTs and ANMMTs from the 3 patients had significantly different IL-12Rβ2 and IFN-γ expression; the ratio of IL-12Rβ2+ TILs decreased with lower degrees of tumor differentiation. Among all 61 LC patients, the IL-12Rβ2+ TIL ratio in ANMMTs (38.5% ± 22.8%) was significantly higher than that in LTs (29.7% ± 19%; p<.001). Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that patients with an IL-12Rβ2+ TIL ratio ≥35% had significantly better survival than those with an IL-12Rβ2+ TIL ratio <35% (log rank p=0.041). Multivariable analysis showed a significant association between a high IL-12Rβ2+ TIL ratio and overall survival (hazard ratio, 0.14; 95% confidence interval, 0.03-0.77). CONCLUSION Tumor cell differentiation is associated with TILs' expression of IL-12Rβ2, and an IL-12Rβ2+ TIL ratio ≥35%) indicates favorable prognosis in LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230061, China; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing, China
| | - Neil Gross
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yehai Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, China
| | - Liyong Zhang
- University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Guojun Li
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhigang Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing, China.
| | - Jianming Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230061, China
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16
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Wu X, Ruan L, Yang Y, Mei Q. Analysis of gene expression changes associated with human carcinoma-associated fibroblasts in non-small cell lung carcinoma. Biol Res 2017; 50:6. [PMID: 28231844 PMCID: PMC5322592 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-017-0108-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to investigate the gene expression changes associated with carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) involving in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Methods We downloaded the GEO series GSE22862, which contained matched gene expression values for 15 CAF and normal fibroblasts samples, and series GSE27289 containing SNP genotyping for four matched NSCLC samples. The differentially expressed genes in CAF samples were identified using the limma package in R. Then we performed gene ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analysis and protein–protein interaction (PPI) network construction using the identified DEGs. Moreover, aberrant cell fraction, ploidy, allele-specific copy number, and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) within CAF cells were analyzed using the allele-specific copy number analysis. Results We obtained 545 differentially expressed genes between CAF and normal fibroblasts samples. The up-regulated genes are mainly involved in GO terms such as positive regulation of cell migration and extracellular region, while the down-regulated genes participate in the lung development and extracellular region. Multiple genes including bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) and transforming growth factor, beta 3 (TGFB3) are involved in the TGF-β signaling pathway. Genes including BMP4, TGFBI and matrix Gla protein (MGP) were hub genes. Moreover, no LOH event for BMP4 and MGP was found, that for sphingosine kinase 1 (SPHK1) was 70%, and for TGFBI was 40%. Conclusion Our data suggested that BMP4, MGP, TGFBI, and SPHK1 may be important in CAFs-associated NSCLC, and the abnormal expression and high LOH frequency of them may be used as the diagnosis targets of CAFs in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofen Wu
- Department of Gerontology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Lei Ruan
- Department of Gerontology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Gerontology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qi Mei
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue 1095, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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17
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Fang L, Hu Y, Wang W, Hu S, Zhang LI, Wang R. Development of multiple malignancies following long-term glucocorticoid therapy in a patient with leukocytoclastic vasculitis: A case report. Mol Clin Oncol 2016; 4:929-932. [PMID: 27284425 PMCID: PMC4887948 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2016.854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocytoclastic vasculitis (LCV) is a neutrophilic inflammation of the blood vessels. LCV may present as a paraneoplastic syndrome occurring before, synchronously with, or after the diagnosis of malignancy. In this study, we report a unique case of multiple malignancies developing simultaneously in a patient with a long history of LCV. The patient was originally diagnosed with LCV and received long-term glucocorticoid treatment. After 11 years of therapy, the patient developed three primary malignancies, including small-cell lung carcinoma, gastric adenocarcinoma and colonic adenocarcinoma. It is likely that LCV was not a paraneoplastic syndrome in this case, but rather an independent process, and the development of multiple cancers is likely associated with the long-term glucocorticoid treatment, which caused imbalance of the immune system. Although the development of cancer during the course of glucocorticoid treatment is very rare, clinicians must be aware of this possible association and immunodysregulation may play a role in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianghua Fang
- Department of Oncology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Yue Hu
- Department of Oncology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Hematopathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shouyou Hu
- Department of Oncology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - L I Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Ruiping Wang
- Department of Oncology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
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18
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Zeng Y, Zhu J, Shen D, Qin H, Lei Z, Li W, Huang JA, Liu Z. Repression of Smad4 by miR‑205 moderates TGF-β-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in A549 cell lines. Int J Oncol 2016; 49:700-8. [PMID: 27279345 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway plays important roles in cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, angiogenesis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is the key event in the early stages of cancer metastasis and enhances the capability of cell migration and invasion. Smad4 acts as the only Co-Smad of TGF/Smad signaling pathway and plays the key role in TGF-β-mediated EMT. Nevertheless, the mRNA regulation mechanisms of Smad4 in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains largely unclear. Computational algorithms predicted that the 3'-UTR of Smad4 is a target of miR‑205. Here, we validated that miR‑205 could directly bind to 3'-UTR of Smad4 by luciferase assays. Moreover, we investigated the functional roles of miR‑205 and its molecular link to Smad4 in lung cancer cells. In this study, we confirmed that overexpression of miR‑205 suppressed the expression of Smad4, in turn, weakened the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway and inhibited TGF-β/Smad4-induced EMT, invasion and migration ultimately. Furthermore, this study shows that miR‑205 can serve as a promising therapeutic target of highly aggressive NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zeng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jianjie Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Dan Shen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hualong Qin
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Lei
- Suzhou Key Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Genetics, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jian-An Huang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zeyi Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China
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19
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Boutet M, Gauthier L, Leclerc M, Gros G, de Montpreville V, Théret N, Donnadieu E, Mami-Chouaib F. TGFβ Signaling Intersects with CD103 Integrin Signaling to Promote T-Lymphocyte Accumulation and Antitumor Activity in the Lung Tumor Microenvironment. Cancer Res 2016; 76:1757-69. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Mirandola L, Figueroa JA, Phan TT, Grizzi F, Kim M, Rahman RL, Jenkins MR, Cobos E, Jumper C, Alalawi R, Chiriva-Internati M. Novel antigens in non-small cell lung cancer: SP17, AKAP4, and PTTG1 are potential immunotherapeutic targets. Oncotarget 2015; 6:2812-26. [PMID: 25739119 PMCID: PMC4413619 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in both genders worldwide, with an incidence only second to prostate cancer in men and breast cancer in women. The lethality of the disease highlights the urgent need for innovative therapeutic options. Immunotherapy can afford efficient and specific targeting of tumor cells, improving efficacy and reducing the side effects of current therapies. We have previously reported the aberrant expression of cancer/testis antigens (CTAs) in tumors of unrelated histological origin. In this study we investigated the expression and immunogenicity of the CTAs, Sperm Protein 17 (SP17), A-kinase anchor protein 4 (AKAP4) and Pituitary Tumor Transforming Gene 1 (PTTG1) in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines and primary tumors. We found that SP17, AKAP4 and PTTG1 are aberrantly expressed in cancer samples, compared to normal lung cell lines and tissues. We established the immunogenicity of these CTAs by measuring CTA-specific autoantibodies in patients' sera and generating CTA-specific autologous cytotoxic lymphocytes from patients' peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Our results provide proof of principle that the CTAs SP17/AKAP4/PTTG1 are expressed in both human NSCLC cell lines and primary tumors and can elicit an immunogenic response in lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Mirandola
- Division of Hematology & Oncology and Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Jose A Figueroa
- Division of Hematology & Oncology and Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Kiromic, LLC. Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Tam T Phan
- Division of Hematology & Oncology and Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Fabio Grizzi
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milano, Italy
| | - Minji Kim
- Division of Hematology & Oncology and Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | | | - Marjorie R Jenkins
- Division of Hematology & Oncology and Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Everardo Cobos
- Division of Hematology & Oncology and Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA.,Kiromic, LLC. Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Cynthia Jumper
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Raed Alalawi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Maurizio Chiriva-Internati
- Division of Hematology & Oncology and Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA.,Kiromic, LLC. Lubbock, TX, USA
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Zabijak L, Attencourt C, Guignant C, Chatelain D, Marcelo P, Marolleau JP, Treiner E. Increased tumor infiltration by mucosal-associated invariant T cells correlates with poor survival in colorectal cancer patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 64:1601-8. [PMID: 26497850 PMCID: PMC11028701 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-015-1764-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The infiltration of tumors by lymphocytes is a prognosis factor in colorectal cancer (CRC). The magnitude and quality of this infiltration have emerged as important component of the clinical outcome in these patients. Specifically, markers associated with functional cell-mediated immunity, i.e., a Th1 immune response, are independent markers of better prognosis, whereas Th17-associated components are deleterious and correlate with poorer survival. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a recently described T cell subset with tissue-homing properties. They display a restricted TCR repertoire specific for widely conserved microbial ligands, and display anti-bacterial properties upon release of Th1-like, Th17-like, and/or cytotoxic granules. MAIT-cell-specific transcripts have been found in kidney and brain cancer, but have not been studies in other sites. In this study, we retrospectively analyzed by confocal microscopy the presence of MAIT cells within colorectal tumors as compared with paired healthy tissues. We observed a significant although variable increase, both in density and in proportion of overall tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes inside the tumors. Importantly, survival curves as well as multivariate analysis showed that patients displaying a higher recruitment of MAIT cells in their tumor, as compared with the neighboring healthy tissue, showed a less favorable clinical outcome. This study suggests that including MAIT-cell-specific markers or transcripts in the analysis of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes could be a benefit to the diagnosis and follow-up of CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciane Zabijak
- EA4666, University of Picardie-Jules Verne, Amiens, France
- ICAP Platform, University of Picardie-Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | | | - Caroline Guignant
- EA4666, University of Picardie-Jules Verne, Amiens, France
- Immunology Laboratory, CHU Amiens, Amiens, France
| | | | - Paulo Marcelo
- ICAP Platform, University of Picardie-Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Marolleau
- EA4666, University of Picardie-Jules Verne, Amiens, France
- Hematology Department, CHU Amiens, Amiens, France
| | - Emmanuel Treiner
- EA4666, University of Picardie-Jules Verne, Amiens, France.
- Immunology Laboratory, CHU Amiens, Amiens, France.
- Inserm UMR1043, CHU Purpan, BP 3028, 31024, Toulouse Cedex 03, France.
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22
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Shen H, Guan D, Shen J, Wang M, Chen X, Xu T, Liu L, Shu Y. TGF-β1 induces erlotinib resistance in non-small cell lung cancer by down-regulating PTEN. Biomed Pharmacother 2015; 77:1-6. [PMID: 26796257 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND TKI-acquired resistance is a tough obstacle for effectively treating NSCLC patients with EGFR mutant characteristics. T790M mutations and MET amplifications account for 70% of the acquired resistance, but the causes for the remaining 30% need elucidation. METHODS We detected TGF-β1and PTEN expression levels in 51 NSCLC patients undergoing EGFR-TKI treatment using Immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay. We examined erlotinib sensitivity, apoptosis rate, and invasion ability in PC-9 cells and PC-9/TGF-β1 cells with CCK-8, flow cytometry, and trans-well assays. We examined and analyzed the AKT and ERK pathways' expression levels using western blot. RESULTS High TGF-β1 and low PTEN expression levels were correlated with poor EGFR-TKI sensitivity and overall survival in 51 NSCLC samples. In vitro analysis revealed that TGF-β1 could reduce erlotinib sensitivity, increase anti-apoptosis ability and invasive characteristic in TKI-sensitive PC-9 cell lines by down-regulating PTEN and activating the Akt and ERK pathways. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that TGF-β1 demonstrated another acquired erlotinib resistance by down-regulating PTEN expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Shen
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dan Guan
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jianxin Shen
- Department of Clinical Laborotory, First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tongpeng Xu
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lianke Liu
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Yongqian Shu
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China.
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23
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Suzuki A, Leland P, Joshi BH, Puri RK. Targeting of IL-4 and IL-13 receptors for cancer therapy. Cytokine 2015; 75:79-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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24
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Wang L, Yang H, Lei Z, Zhao J, Chen Y, Chen P, Li C, Zeng Y, Liu Z, Liu X, Zhang HT. Repression of TIF1γ by SOX2 promotes TGF-β-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in non-small-cell lung cancer. Oncogene 2015; 35:867-77. [PMID: 25961934 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
TIF1γ is a novel regulator of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β/Smad signaling. Our previous studies show that dysregulated expression of transcriptional intermediary factor 1 γ (TIF1γ) and abnormal TGF-β/Smad signaling are implicated in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) separately. However, how TIF1γ contributes to NSCLC by controlling TGF-β/Smad signaling is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the mechanistic role of TIF1γ in TGF-β-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), as well as a link between TIF1γ and SOX2 in NSCLC. We show that TIF1γ is a downstream target of SOX2 in NSCLC cells. SOX2 overexpression negatively regulated TIF1γ promoter activity and thereby attenuated TIF1γ mRNA and protein expression levels; SOX2 knockdown significantly enhanced TIF1γ promoter activity and augmented TIF1γ expression. Moreover, TIF1γ mRNA expression was downregulated in human NSCLC tissues and negatively correlated with SOX2 protein, which was upregulated in NSCLC tissues. Importantly, knockdown of TIF1γ or SOX2 overexpression augmented SMAD4 (human Mad (mothers against decapentaplegic)-related homologous protein 4)-dependent transcriptional responses, and enhanced TGF-β-induced EMT and human NSCLC cell invasion; knockdown of SOX2 impaired TGF-β-induced EMT and NSCLC cell invasion. In an in vivo model of metastasis, knockdown of TIF1γ promotes NSCLC cell metastasis. In addition, our data suggested that TIF1γ inhibited TGF-β-induced EMT through competing with SMAD4 in NSCLC cells. Taken together, our findings reveal a new mechanism by which SOX2-mediated transcription repression of TIF1γ promotes TGF-β-induced EMT in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wang
- Soochow University Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Suzhou Key Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Genetics, Suzhou, China
| | - H Yang
- Soochow University Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Suzhou Key Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Genetics, Suzhou, China
| | - Z Lei
- Soochow University Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Suzhou Key Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Genetics, Suzhou, China
| | - J Zhao
- Suzhou Key Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Genetics, Suzhou, China.,Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Y Chen
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - P Chen
- Systems Biology Laboratory, Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology, and Institute of Biomedicine, Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, Helsinki, Finland
| | - C Li
- Suzhou Key Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Genetics, Suzhou, China.,Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Y Zeng
- Suzhou Key Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Genetics, Suzhou, China.,Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Z Liu
- Suzhou Key Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Genetics, Suzhou, China.,Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - X Liu
- Soochow University Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Suzhou Key Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Genetics, Suzhou, China
| | - H-T Zhang
- Soochow University Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Suzhou Key Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Genetics, Suzhou, China
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25
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Zhao P, Bu X, Wei X, Sun W, Xie X, Li C, Guo Q, Zhu D, Wei X, Gao D. Dendritic cell immunotherapy combined with cytokine-induced killer cells promotes skewing toward Th2 cytokine profile in patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 25:450-6. [PMID: 25698555 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) vaccination and cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cell therapy (DC/CIK) have shown limited success in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). To investigate the reason for this limited success, the effects of DC/CIK cell therapy on the immune responses of tumor-bearing patients and patients with resected NSCLC were evaluated. In the total 50 patients studied, the serum concentrations of the Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) in tumor-bearing patients were significantly higher than those with resected NSCLC before immunotherapy. The post-therapy Th1 cytokine (IFN-γ) level in patients with resected NSCLC significantly increased from the pre-therapy level. In contrast, significantly enhanced post-therapy Th2 cytokine (IL-4 and IL-10) levels were found in tumor-bearing patients. The intracellular staining assay revealed that DC/CIK cell therapy increased the IFN-γ-producing T lymphocyte (CD8(+)IFN-γ(+)) frequency in patients with resected NSCLC, but these lymphocytes were not found in tumor-bearing patients. Furthermore, overproduction of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in tumor-bearing patients showed a statistically positive correlation with IL-4, suggesting that VEGF might be responsible for the predominance of serum Th2 cytokines. In a word, tumor-bearing patients developed a Th2-dominant status that could not be reversed toward Th1 following immunotherapy. A combined regiment of DC vaccination and CIK cell therapy with other treatments to overcome systemic Th2-dominant immune response might improve the current clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhao
- Biotherapy Center, Qingdao Central Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266042, China.
| | - Xiaocui Bu
- The Affiliated Cardiovascular Hospital, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiaofang Wei
- Biotherapy Center, Qingdao Central Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Weihong Sun
- Biotherapy Center, Qingdao Central Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Xihe Xie
- Biotherapy Center, Qingdao Central Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Changyou Li
- Biotherapy Center, Qingdao Central Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Qingming Guo
- Biotherapy Center, Qingdao Central Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Danni Zhu
- Biotherapy Center, Qingdao Central Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Wei
- Biotherapy Center, Qingdao Central Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Daiqing Gao
- Biotherapy Center, Qingdao Central Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266042, China.
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Joshi BH, Leland P, Lababidi S, Varrichio F, Puri RK. Interleukin-4 receptor alpha overexpression in human bladder cancer correlates with the pathological grade and stage of the disease. Cancer Med 2014; 3:1615-28. [PMID: 25208941 PMCID: PMC4298388 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we have demonstrated that interleukin-4 receptor α (IL-4Rα) is overexpressed on a variety of human cancers and can serve as target for IL-4 immunotoxin comprised of IL-4 and a mutated Pseudomonas exotoxin. However, its expression and association with grade and clinical stage of bladder cancer has not been studied. IL-4Rα expression was examined in human bladder cancer cell lines, mouse xenografts, and biopsy specimens at mRNA and protein levels by real-time RT-PCR and IHC/ISH techniques. We also examined the effect of IL-4 on proliferation and invasion of bladder carcinoma cell lines. For tissue microarray (TMA) results, we analyzed the precision data using exact binomial proportion with exact two-sided P-values. We used Cochran–Armitage Statistics with exact two-sided P-values to examine the trend analysis of IL-4Rα over grade or stage of the bladder cancer specimens. The influence of age and gender covariates was also analyzed using multiple logistic regression models. IL-4Rα is overexpressed in five bladder cancer cell lines, while normal bladder and human umbilical vein cell lines (HUVEC) expressed at low levels. Two other chains of IL-4 receptor complex, IL-2RγC and IL-13Rα1, were absent or weakly expressed. IL-4 modestly inhibited the cell proliferation, but enhanced cell invasion of bladder cancer cell lines in a concentration-dependent manner. Bladder cancer xenografts in immunodeficient mice also maintained IL-4Rα overexpression in vivo. Analysis of tumor biopsy specimens in TMAs revealed significantly higher IL-4Rα immunostaining (≥2+) in Grade 2 (85%) and Grade 3 (97%) compared to Grade 1 tumors (0%) (P ≤ 0.0001). Similarly, 9% stage I tumors were positive for IL-4Rα (≥2+) compared to 84% stage II (P ≤ 0.0001) and 100% stages III–IV tumors (P ≤ 0.0001). IL-13Rα1 was also expressed in tumor tissues but at low levels and it did not show any correlation with the grade and stage of disease. However, the IL-2RγC was not expressed. Ten normal bladder specimens demonstrated ≤1+ staining for IL-4Rα and IL-13Rα1 and no staining for IL-2RγC. These results demonstrate that IL-4Rα is overexpressed in human bladder cancer, which correlates with advanced grade and stage of the disease. Thus, IL-4Rα may be a bladder tumor-associated protein and a prognostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat H Joshi
- Tumor Vaccines and Biotechnology Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Office of Cellular, Tissue and Gene Therapy, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, NIH Building 29B, Room 2E1229 Lincoln Drive, Bethesda, 20892, Maryland
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27
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Regular tai chi exercise decreases the percentage of type 2 cytokine-producing cells in postsurgical non-small cell lung cancer survivors. Cancer Nurs 2014; 36:E27-34. [PMID: 23051870 DOI: 10.1097/ncc.0b013e318268f7d5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tai Chi combines aspects of meditation and aerobic exercise. Its effect on the balance between cellular and humoral immunity, which potentiates human immunity against tumors, remains to be determined. OBJECTIVE The objective was to investigate the effect of a 16-week Tai Chi exercise intervention on the recovery of postsurgical non-small cell lung cancer survivors. INTERVENTIONS/METHODS A controlled study was performed in 32 lung cancer survivors who practiced Tai Chi during a 16-week period. The percentages of interferon γ-producing CD3 T lymphocyte cells (T1) and interleukin 4-producing CD3 T lymphocyte cells (T2) and CD3 T lymphocyte subsets (T helper cell type 1 [TH1], TH2; cytotoxic T cell type 1 [Tc1], Tc2) were determined as well as levels of hormones β-endorphin, general catecholamines, and cortisol. RESULTS Whereas the T1/T2 and Tc1/Tc2 ratios in the control group decreased in the natural course of postsurgical non-small cell lung cancer recovery (both P < .01), no changes were observed in the Tai Chi group. The differences in changes in the T1/T2 and Tc1/Tc2 ratios (both P < .01) and in T2 and Tc2 levels (P < .01) between the 2 groups were significant. The cortisol level increased in the control group (P < .05) but not in Tai Chi group. CONCLUSIONS A 16-week Tai Chi exercise significantly diminished the magnitude of the decreased T1/T2 ratio in the natural course of recovery in a population of postsurgical non-small cell lung cancer survivors. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Tai Chi may have a role in ameliorating the imbalance between humoral and cellular immunity, potentiating human immunity against tumors.
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28
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Vlachostergios PJ, Gioulbasanis I, Ghosh S, Tsatsanis C, Papatsibas G, Xyrafas A, Hatzidaki E, Vasiliou C, Kamposioras K, Agelaki S, Margioris AN, Nasi D, Georgoulias V, Papandreou CN. Predictive and prognostic value of LPS-stimulated cytokine secretion in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2013; 15:903-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12094-013-1021-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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29
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The emerging role of T cell cytokines in non-small cell lung cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2012; 23:315-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2012.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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30
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Burt BM, Bader A, Winter D, Rodig SJ, Bueno R, Sugarbaker DJ. Expression of interleukin-4 receptor alpha in human pleural mesothelioma is associated with poor survival and promotion of tumor inflammation. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:1568-77. [PMID: 22261806 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-1808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The origin and pathogenesis of malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) are closely aligned with inflammation. MPM tumors express interleukin-4 receptor α (IL-4Rα), the principal subunit of the IL-4 receptor. We set out to determine the biologic function and clinical relevance of IL-4Rα in human MPM. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Expression of IL-4Rα by human MPM tumors was determined by quantitative real-time PCR (n = 37) and immunohistochemistry (n = 52). Intracellular cytokine analysis of T-cell-derived IL-4 was carried out on matched tumor and blood samples from eight patients with MPM. Four human MPM cell lines were used to determine the direct effects of IL-4 on MPM tumor cells. RESULTS High tumor mRNA expression of IL-4Rα was an independent predictor of poor survival in patients with epithelial MPM [HR, 3.13, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.68-7.15; P = <0.0001]. Ninety-seven percent of epithelial MPM tumors and 95% of nonepithelial MPM tumors expressed IL-4Rα protein by immunohistochemistry, and strong IL-4Rα staining correlated with worse survival in patients with epithelial histology (P = 0.04). A greater percentage of tumor-infiltrating T cells produced IL-4 compared with matched blood T cells (21% ± 7% vs. 4% ± 2%, P = 0.0002). In response to IL-4, human MPM cells showed increased STAT-6 phosphorylation and increased production of IL-6, IL-8, and VEGF, without effect on proliferation or apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Tumor expression of IL-4Rα is inversely correlated with survival in patients undergoing surgical resection for epithelial MPM. Tumor-infiltrating T cells in MPMs are polarized to produce IL-4 and may provide endogenous activation signals to MPM tumor cells in situ. The IL-4/IL-4 receptor axis is a potential therapeutic target in human MPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan M Burt
- Department of Pathology, The Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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31
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Stimulatory effect of antidepressant drug pretreatment on progression of B16F10 melanoma in high-active male and female C57BL/6J mice. J Neuroimmunol 2011; 240-241:34-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Zikos TA, Donnenberg AD, Landreneau RJ, Luketich JD, Donnenberg VS. Lung T-cell subset composition at the time of surgical resection is a prognostic indicator in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:819-27. [PMID: 21373990 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-0996-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
NSCLC arises in the complex environment of chronic inflammation. Depending on lung immune polarization, infiltrating immune cells may either promote or suppress tumor growth. Despite the importance of the immune microenvironment, current staging techniques for NSCLC do not take into consideration the immune milieu in which the neoplasms arise. T-cell subset content was compared between paired tumor-bearing and contralateral lungs, patient and control peripheral blood. The relationship between T-cell subset distribution and survival were evaluated. CD4 and CD8+ T cells were subsetted by CD45RA/CD27 and analyzed for expression of activation, adhesion, and homing markers. Strikingly, T-cell content was indistinguishable between lungs. Compared with peripheral blood, naïve CD4 and CD8 T cells were rare in BAL. CD4+ BAL T cells showed increased CD95 (higher apoptotic potential) and CD103 expression (epithelial adhesion), but decreased CD38 (activation) and CCR7 expression (lymph node homing). CD8+ BAL T cells showed increased CD103 expression and decreased CD28 expression (co-stimulation). Differences in CD28, CD95, and CCR7 expression were more pronounced within memory cells, while differences in CD4+ CD103 expression were more prominent in effector/memory cells. Of these populations, the absence of lung CD4 T cells with an effector-like phenotype (CD45RA+/CD27-) emerged as a predictor of favorable outcome. Patients with a low proportion (≤0.44%) had 90% 5-year survival (n = 10, median survival 2,343 days), compared with 0% (n = 9, median survival 516 days) of patients with a higher proportion. Further study is required to confirm this association prospectively and define the function of this subpopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Zikos
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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33
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Transforming growth factor-β1 29T>C genetic polymorphism is associated with lymph node metastasis in patients with adenocarcinoma of the lung. Tumour Biol 2010; 31:437-41. [PMID: 20506050 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-010-0052-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is known to suppress antitumor immune responses, and its overexpression is closely associated with a poor prognosis in patients with malignant tumors. Moreover, TGF-β1 29T>C genetic polymorphism is known to affect survival among breast cancer patients. The relationship between TGF-β1 polymorphism and the clinicopathological characteristics of non-small cell lung cancer remains unknown, however. The study participants were 91 Japanese patients who underwent curative surgery for adenocarcinoma of the lung. DNA was extracted from tumor samples, and TGF-β1 29T>C genetic polymorphism was investigated using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method, after which genotype was correlated with clinicopathological factors. There were no differences between the TGF-β1 29TT and 29TC+CC genotypes with respect to age, sex, histological differentiation grade, tumor size, or pathological stage. However, the frequency of nodal metastasis was significantly greater in the TGF-β1 29TC+CC group than the TGF-β1 29TT group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis of lymph node metastasis revealed that male, tumor size, differentiation grade, and TGF-β1 29TC+CC genotypes (hazard ratio, 5.26; 95% CI, 1.03-40.0; P = 0.045) are factors associated with a significantly greater likelihood of developing lymph node metastasis. TGF-β1 29T>C genetic polymorphism is an independent factor associated with lymph node metastasis in adenocarcinoma of the lung.
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Chen F, Hou M, Ye F, Lv W, Xie X. Ovarian cancer cells induce peripheral mature dendritic cells to differentiate into macrophagelike cells in vitro. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2010; 19:1487-93. [PMID: 19955923 DOI: 10.1111/igc.0b013e3181bb70c6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Precursors of dendritic cells (DCs) are able to differentiate into macrophages induced by some tumor-associated molecules; however, whether peripheral mature DCs could differentiate into macrophages remains unknown. This study was designed to find out whether ovarian cancer cells could induce peripheral mature DCs to differentiate into macrophages. MAIN METHODS Mature DCs were cultured from monocytes with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin 4 (IL-4) for 6 days and lipopolysaccharide for another 24 hours and then were cocultured for 48 hours with ovarian cancer ascites or cell-free supernatants of SKOV3 and CAOV3 cell lines. In some experiments, mature DCs were cultured in the absence or presence of IL-10 or leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) for the same time. In neutralization experiments, neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to IL-10 or LIF were added to the cultures. Cell phenotypes and phagocytosis were analyzed using flow cytometry; allogeneic T-cell proliferation assay was used to examine stimulatory activity of cells. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Mature DCs cocultured with ovarian cancer ascites or supernatants of SKOV3 and CAOV3 differentiated into a group of macrophagelike cells that exhibited increased expression of surface marker CD14+CD1a-, decreased expression of CD83, poorer T-cell costimulatory properties, and greater endocytosis of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran in vitro. Interleukin 10 but not LIF mediated this differentiation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangxue Chen
- Women's Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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35
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Xu J, Futakuchi M, Iigo M, Fukamachi K, Alexander DB, Shimizu H, Sakai Y, Tamano S, Furukawa F, Uchino T, Tokunaga H, Nishimura T, Hirose A, Kanno J, Tsuda H. Involvement of macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP1α) in promotion of rat lung and mammary carcinogenic activity of nanoscale titanium dioxide particles administered by intra-pulmonary spraying. Carcinogenesis 2010; 31:927-35. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgq029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Nowak M, Klink M, Glowacka E, Sulowska Z, Kulig A, Szpakowski M, Szyllo K, Tchorzewski H. Production of Cytokines During Interaction of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells with Autologous Ovarian Cancer Cells or Benign Ovarian Tumour Cells. Scand J Immunol 2010; 71:91-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2009.02350.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Franciszkiewicz K, Le Floc'h A, Jalil A, Vigant F, Robert T, Vergnon I, Mackiewicz A, Benihoud K, Validire P, Chouaib S, Combadière C, Mami-Chouaib F. Intratumoral Induction of CD103 Triggers Tumor-Specific CTL Function and CCR5-Dependent T-Cell Retention. Cancer Res 2009; 69:6249-55. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-3571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ohara M, Yamaguchi Y, Matsuura K, Murakami S, Arihiro K, Okada M. Possible involvement of regulatory T cells in tumor onset and progression in primary breast cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:441-7. [PMID: 18685848 PMCID: PMC11030850 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0570-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The FOXP3 mRNA expression and the other regulatory T cell-related molecules were investigated and compared with clinicopathological parameters in human primary breast cancer. METHOD This study included 136 breast cancer patients operated in our department from 2003 to 2006. Total RNA was extracted from frozen normal breast and breast cancer tissues, and the expression of FOXP3, IL-10, TGFbeta1 and CCL22 mRNA was evaluated using quantitative real-time RT-PCR. RESULT FOXP3, IL-10, TGFbeta1 and CCL22 mRNA expressions were significantly higher in cancer tissue than in normal tissue, not only at pT1, 2, and 3 stages but also at the DCIS stage. There were positive correlations between FOXP3 and IL-10, FOXP3 and TGFbeta1, as well as FOXP3 and CCL22 mRNA expressions, respectively. FOXP3 and IL-10 mRNA expressions were significantly upregulated in PgR-negative or HER2-positive tumors. CONCLUSION These results suggest that regulatory T cells are involved in tumor onset and progression in human primary breast cancer, possibly contributing to poor prognosis of patients with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Ohara
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan.
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Gallimore AM, Simon AK. Positive and negative influences of regulatory T cells on tumour immunity. Oncogene 2008; 27:5886-93. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Boost KA, Sadik CD, Bachmann M, Zwissler B, Pfeilschifter J, Mühl H. IFN-gamma impairs release of IL-8 by IL-1beta-stimulated A549 lung carcinoma cells. BMC Cancer 2008; 8:265. [PMID: 18801189 PMCID: PMC2556346 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-8-265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Production of interferon (IFN)-gamma is key to efficient anti-tumor immunity. The present study was set out to investigate effects of IFNgamma on the release of the potent pro-angiogenic mediator IL-8 by human A549 lung carcinoma cells. METHODS A549 cells were cultured and stimulated with interleukin (IL)-1beta alone or in combination with IFNgamma. IL-8 production by these cells was analyzed with enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA). mRNA-expression was analyzed by real-time PCR and RNase protection assay (RPA), respectively. Expression of inhibitor-kappa Balpha, cellular IL-8, and cyclooxygenase-2 was analyzed by Western blot analysis. RESULTS Here we demonstrate that IFNgamma efficiently reduced IL-8 secretion under the influence of IL-1beta. Surprisingly, real-time PCR analysis and RPA revealed that the inhibitory effect of IFNgamma on IL-8 was not associated with significant changes in mRNA levels. These observations concurred with lack of a modulatory activity of IFNgamma on IL-1beta-induced NF-kappaB activation as assessed by cellular IkappaB levels. Moreover, analysis of intracellular IL-8 suggests that IFNgamma modulated IL-8 secretion by action on the posttranslational level. In contrast to IL-8, IL-1beta-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression and release of IL-6 were not affected by IFNgamma indicating that modulation of IL-1beta action by this cytokine displays specificity. CONCLUSION Data presented herein agree with an angiostatic role of IFNgamma as seen in rodent models of solid tumors and suggest that increasing T helper type 1 (Th1)-like functions in lung cancer patients e.g. by local delivery of IFNgamma may mediate therapeutic benefit via mechanisms that potentially include modulation of pro-angiogenic IL-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim A Boost
- Klinik für Anaesthesiologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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Rübe CE, Palm J, Erren M, Fleckenstein J, König J, Remberger K, Rübe C. Cytokine plasma levels: reliable predictors for radiation pneumonitis? PLoS One 2008; 3:e2898. [PMID: 18682839 PMCID: PMC2483418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Radiotherapy (RT) is the primary treatment modality for inoperable, locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but even with highly conformal treatment planning, radiation pneumonitis (RP) remains the most serious, dose-limiting complication. Previous clinical reports proposed that cytokine plasma levels measured during RT allow to estimate the individual risk of patients to develop RP. The identification of such cytokine risk profiles would facilitate tailoring radiotherapy to maximize treatment efficacy and to minimize radiation toxicity. However, cytokines are produced not only in normal lung tissue after irradiation, but are also over-expressed in tumour cells of NSCLC specimens. This tumour-derived cytokine production may influence circulating plasma levels in NSCLC patients. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prognostic value of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and TGF-β1 plasma levels to predict radiation pneumonitis and to evaluate the impact of tumour-derived cytokine production on circulating plasma levels in patients irradiated for NSCLC. Methodology/Principal Findings In 52 NSCLC patients (stage I–III) cytokine plasma levels were investigated by ELISA before and weekly during RT, during follow-up (1/3/6/9 months after RT), and at the onset of RP. Tumour biopsies were immunohistochemically stained for IL-6 and TGF-β1, and immunoreactivity was quantified (grade 1–4). RP was evaluated according to LENT-SOMA scale. Tumour response was assessed according to RECIST criteria by chest-CT during follow-up. In our clinical study 21 out of 52 patients developed RP (grade I/II/III/IV: 11/3/6/1 patients). Unexpectedly, cytokine plasma levels measured before and during RT did not correlate with RP incidence. In most patients IL-6 and TGF-β1 plasma levels were already elevated before RT and correlated significantly with the IL-6 and TGF-β1 production in corresponding tumour biopsies. Moreover, IL-6 and TGF-β1 plasma levels measured during follow-up were significantly associated with the individual tumour responses of these patients. Conclusions/Significance The results of this study did not confirm that cytokine plasma levels, neither their absolute nor any relative values, may identify patients at risk for RP. In contrast, the clear correlations of IL-6 and TGF-β1 plasma levels with the cytokine production in corresponding tumour biopsies and with the individual tumour responses suggest that the tumour is the major source of circulating cytokines in patients receiving RT for advanced NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia E Rübe
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, Saarland University, Homburg, Saar, Germany.
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SØRENSEN MARIARATHMANN, THOMSEN ALLANRANDRUP. Virus-based immunotherapy of cancer: what do we know and where are we going? APMIS 2007; 115:1177-93. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0643.2007.00802.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Lim DS, Kim JH, Lee DS, Yoon CH, Bae YS. DC immunotherapy is highly effective for the inhibition of tumor metastasis or recurrence, although it is not efficient for the eradication of established solid tumors. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:1817-29. [PMID: 17443323 PMCID: PMC11029899 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-007-0325-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2006] [Accepted: 03/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapy has not been as effective as expected in most solid tumors even in the murine model, particularly in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Our investigation was initiated to identify what causes the limitations of DC-based immunotherapy in solid RCC. We have investigated immunosuppressive factors from tumors and their effects on DC migration, as well as cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response and lymphocyte infiltration into the tumor mass upon vaccination with mouse renal adenocarcinoma (Renca) cell lysate-pulsed bone marrow (Bm)-derived DC in tumor-bearing mice. We also investigated pulmonary metastasis- and tumor recurrence-inhibitory effects of DC-vaccination in the solid tumor-bearing mice. In these experiments, we found that the limitations of DC-based immunotherapy to solid RCC likely result from tumor-mediated TGF-beta hindrance of immune attack rather than insufficient immune induction by DC therapy. In fact, the CTL response induced by DC therapy was quite sufficient and functional for the inhibition of tumor recurrence after surgery or of tumor metastasis induced by additional tumor-challenge to the tumor-bearing mice. Taken together, our present results obtained in mouse model suggest the potential of DC immunotherapy in tumor patients for hindering or blocking disease progression by inhibition of tumor metastasis and/or tumor recurrence after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Seog Lim
- Research Institute for DC immunotherapy, CreaGene Inc., 2F Jungang Induspia V, 138-6 Sangdaewon-dong, Jungwon-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 462-120 South Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwan Kim
- Research Institute for DC immunotherapy, CreaGene Inc., 2F Jungang Induspia V, 138-6 Sangdaewon-dong, Jungwon-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 462-120 South Korea
| | - Dong-Seong Lee
- Research Institute for DC immunotherapy, CreaGene Inc., 2F Jungang Induspia V, 138-6 Sangdaewon-dong, Jungwon-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 462-120 South Korea
| | - Cheol-Hee Yoon
- Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, 300 Cheoncheon-dong, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 440–746 South Korea
| | - Yong-Soo Bae
- Research Institute for DC immunotherapy, CreaGene Inc., 2F Jungang Induspia V, 138-6 Sangdaewon-dong, Jungwon-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 462-120 South Korea
- Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, 300 Cheoncheon-dong, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 440–746 South Korea
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Seike M, Yanaihara N, Bowman ED, Zanetti KA, Budhu A, Kumamoto K, Mechanic LE, Matsumoto S, Yokota J, Shibata T, Sugimura H, Gemma A, Kudoh S, Wang XW, Harris CC. Use of a cytokine gene expression signature in lung adenocarcinoma and the surrounding tissue as a prognostic classifier. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007; 99:1257-69. [PMID: 17686824 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djm083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A 17-cytokine gene expression signature in noncancerous hepatic tissue from patients with metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was recently found to predict HCC metastasis and recurrence. We examined whether the cytokine gene expression profile of noncancerous lung tissue could predict the metastatic capability of adjacent lung adenocarcinoma. METHODS We analyzed a 15-cytokine gene expression profile in noncancerous lung tissue and corresponding lung tumor tissue from 80 US lung adenocarcinoma patients using real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. We then used unsupervised hierarchical clustering and Prediction Analysis of Microarray classification to test the prognostic ability of the 15-cytokine gene profile in the US patients and in an independent validation set comprising 50 Japanese patients with stage I disease. Survival was analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method using the log-rank test, and univariate and multivariable Cox proportional hazards modeling were used to analyze the association of clinical variables with patient survival. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS A 15-cytokine gene signature in noncancerous lung tissue primarily reflected the lymph node status of 80 lung adenocarcinoma patients, whereas the gene signature of the corresponding lung tumor tissue was associated with prognosis independent of lymph node status. Cytokine Lung Adenocarcinoma Survival Signature of 11 genes (CLASS-11), a refined 11-gene signature, accurately classified patients, including those with stage I disease, according to risk of death from adenocarcinoma. CLASS-11 prognostic classification was statistically significantly associated with survival and was an independent prognostic factor for stage I patients (hazard ratio for death in the high-risk CLASS-11 group compared with the low-risk CLASS-11 reference group = 7.46, 95% confidence interval = 2.14 to 26.05; P = .002). CLASS-11 also classified patients in the validation set according to risk of recurrence. CONCLUSION CLASS-11, which consists of genes for pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, identifies stage I lung adenocarcinoma patients who have a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Seike
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4258, USA
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Abstract
A wide array of immunologic tests are available for immune monitoring in cancer vaccine trials, and the number of novel assays and technical modifications continues to burgeon. Because only a small fraction of all proposed vaccine trials tested in phase I-II trials, for practical reasons, will ultimately move forward to be tested in phase III trials, there must be a system of establishing the most promising immunization strategies. This evaluation of cancer vaccine will require standardization of the immune assays and statistical methods used in immunologic monitoring. Furthermore, the use of a systematic approach to evaluating and adopting novel technologies for immunologic assessment would likely lead to timely implementation of more reliable, practical and cost-effective methods of immune. It should be the goal and expectation that this rational approach to immune monitoring will allow the critical appraisal of the most promising vaccine candidates in the context of pivotal, multi-center trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Mosca
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Le Floc'h A, Jalil A, Vergnon I, Le Maux Chansac B, Lazar V, Bismuth G, Chouaib S, Mami-Chouaib F. Alpha E beta 7 integrin interaction with E-cadherin promotes antitumor CTL activity by triggering lytic granule polarization and exocytosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:559-70. [PMID: 17325197 PMCID: PMC2137907 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20061524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Various T cell adhesion molecules and their cognate receptors on target cells promote T cell receptor (TCR)–mediated cell killing. In this report, we demonstrate that the interaction of epithelial cell marker E-cadherin with integrin αE(CD103)β7, often expressed by tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), plays a major role in effective tumor cell lysis. Indeed, we found that although tumor-specific CD103+ TIL-derived cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones are able to kill E-cadherin+/intercellular adhesion molecule 1− autologous tumor cells, CD103− peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL)-derived counterparts are inefficient. This cell killing is abrogated after treatment of the TIL clones with a blocking anti-CD103 monoclonal antibody or after targeting E-cadherin in the tumor using ribonucleic acid interference. Confocal microscopy analysis also demonstrated that αEβ7 is recruited at the immunological synapse and that its interaction with E-cadherin is required for cytolytic granule polarization and subsequent exocytosis. Moreover, we report that the CD103− profile, frequently observed in PBL-derived CTL clones and associated with poor cytotoxicity against the cognate tumor, is up-regulated upon TCR engagement and transforming growth factor β1 treatment, resulting in strong potentiation of antitumor lytic function. Thus, CD8+/CD103+ tumor-reactive T lymphocytes infiltrating epithelial tumors most likely play a major role in antitumor cytotoxic response through αEβ7–E-cadherin interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Le Floc'h
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U753 and 2Unité de génomique fonctionnelle, Institut Fédératif de Recherche (IFR)-54, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif Cedex 94805, France
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Poch B, Lotspeich E, Ramadani M, Gansauge S, Beger HG, Gansauge F. Systemic immune dysfunction in pancreatic cancer patients. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2007; 392:353-8. [PMID: 17235586 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-006-0140-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2006] [Accepted: 11/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS We investigated the immune status in 32 pancreatic cancer patients (PC) in comparison with healthy controls (HC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Using flow cytometry, peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were characterized by the expression of surface markers for T helper cells (CD4), T suppressor cells (CD8), B cells (CD19) and NK cells (CD56). The blastogenic response of PBL was analyzed after stimulation with concavalin A (ConA), phytohemagglutinin (PHA), pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and anti-CD3 antibodies. The serum levels of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, IL-1RA, sIL-2R and TGF-beta were determined by ELISA. RESULTS No differences in the distribution of peripheral immunocytes in PC were found, whereas the blastogenic response of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) after stimulation with PHA or anti-CD3 antibodies was significantly decreased in PC. In PC, we found reduced serum levels of IL-2 and significantly elevated levels of TNF-alpha, TGF-beta1, IL-10, IL-2R, IL-1beta and IL-1RA. CONCLUSION These data provide evidence for a systemic immune dysfunction in pancreatic cancer patients characterized by a shift towards a T helper cell type 2 cytokine profile, a significant elevation of substances related to T cell suppression and a reduced blastogenic response to PHA and anti-CD3 antibodies of PBL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertram Poch
- Center for Oncological, Endocrinological and Minimal-access Surgery, Silcherstr. 36, 89231 Neu-Ulm, Germany
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Evans ES, Kocak Z, Zhou SM, Kahn DA, Huang H, Hollis DR, Light KL, Anscher MS, Marks LB. Does transforming growth factor-beta1 predict for radiation-induced pneumonitis in patients treated for lung cancer? Cytokine 2006; 35:186-92. [PMID: 16979900 PMCID: PMC1829192 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2006.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2005] [Revised: 05/22/2006] [Accepted: 07/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to reassess the utility of transforming growth factor-beta-1 (TGF-beta1) together with dosimetric and tumor parameters as a predictor for radiation pneumonitis (RP). Of the 121 patients studied, 32 (26.4%) developed grade > or =1 RP, and 27 (22.3%) developed grade > or =2 RP. For the endpoint of grade > or =1 RP, those with V30>30% and an end-RT/baseline TGF-beta1 ratio> or =1 had a significantly higher incidence of RP than did those with V30>30% and an end-RT/baseline TGF-beta1 ratio<1. For most other patient groups, there were no clear associations between TGF-beta1 values and rates of RP. These findings suggest that TGF-beta1 is generally not predictive for RP except for the group of patients with a high V30.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S. Evans
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3085, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Zafer Kocak
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3085, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Su-Min Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3085, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Daniel A. Kahn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3085, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Hong Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3085, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Donna R. Hollis
- Department of Biostatistics, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3958, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kim L. Light
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3085, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Mitchell S. Anscher
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3085, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Lawrence B. Marks
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3085, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Ito M, Minamiya Y, Kawai H, Saito S, Saito H, Nakagawa T, Imai K, Hirokawa M, Ogawa JI. Tumor-derived TGFbeta-1 induces dendritic cell apoptosis in the sentinel lymph node. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:5637-43. [PMID: 16622033 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.9.5637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic flux from a primary tumor initially flows into a tumor-draining lymph node (LN), the so-called sentinel LN (SLN). Carried by the lymph fluid are a variety of mediators produced by the tumor that can influence immune responses within the SLN, making it a good model with which to investigate tumor-related immunology. For instance, dendritic cell (DC) numbers are reduced in SLNs from melanoma and breast cancer patients. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism by which DC numbers were reduced within SLNs from patients with non-small cell lung cancer. We found that the incidence of apoptosis among DCs was higher in SLNs than in non-SLNs, as were levels of TGFbeta-1. In contrast, levels of TGFbeta-1 mRNA did not differ between SLNs and non-SLNs, but were 30 times higher in tumors than in either LN type. In vitro, incubation for 2 days with TGFbeta-1 induced apoptosis among both cultured DCs and DCs acutely isolated from normal thoracic LNs, effects that were blocked by the TGFbeta-1 inhibitor DAN/Fc chimera. Taken together, these results suggest that tumor-derived TGFbeta-1 induces immunosuppression within SLNs before the movement of tumor cells into the SLNs, thereby facilitating metastasis within those nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Ito
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Akita university School of medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita City 01-8543, Japan
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Àvila-Moreno F, López-González JS, Galindo-Rodríguez G, Prado-García H, Bajaña S, Sánchez-Torres C. Lung squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma cell lines use different mediators to induce comparable phenotypic and functional changes in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2006; 55:598-611. [PMID: 16133109 PMCID: PMC11029896 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-005-0060-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2005] [Accepted: 07/18/2005] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-derived immunosuppressive factors contribute to the evasion of malignant cells from the immune response, partially by hampering dendritic cell (DC) differentiation. Here, we analyze whether soluble mediators released by the most frequent histological types of non-small cell lung carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and adenocarcinoma (AD) cells, affect the development and functionality of DC. Monocytes from healthy donors were differentiated in vitro into DC with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin (IL)-4, in the absence or presence of soluble factors (SF) from SCC or AD cell lines. Monocytes were differentiated in parallel into macrophages (MPhi s) with macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). SF-treated DC were phenotypically and functionally more similar to MPhi s than to untreated DC [control DC (Ctrl-DC)]. Both tumors increased myelomonocytic markers (CD14, CD16, CD32, and CD163) and impaired CD1a expression on DC. SF-treated DC increased their endocytic capacity, and released higher levels of IL-6, IL-10, and lower levels of IL-12, compared to Ctrl-DC. SF-treated DC were poor stimulators in mixed lymphocyte reactions, and naïve CD4(+) T lymphocytes stimulated by SF-treated DC secreted lower levels of interferon (IFN)-gamma and higher amounts of IL-10 than controls. In contrast to AD, the effects caused by SCC were mostly abolished by IL-6 neutralization during monocyte differentiation. However, tumor-derived prostanoid blockade recovered the IFN-gamma levels secreted by lymphocytes stimulated with SF-treated DC, whereas prostanoid/IL-6 or prostanoid/IL-10 blockade decreased IL-10 production only by SCC-DC-stimulated lymphocytes. Thus, we provide evidence that lung SCC and AD cause comparable deficiencies on DC in vitro, skewing monocyte differentiation from DC to MPhi -like cells, but most of these changes occurred via different mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Àvila-Moreno
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados-IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN 2508, CP 07360 Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias (INER), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Sullivan López-González
- Departamento de Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias (INER), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Griselda Galindo-Rodríguez
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados-IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN 2508, CP 07360 Mexico City, Mexico
- Rheumatic Disease Unit, Hospital de Especialidades Centro Medico Nacional La Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Heriberto Prado-García
- Departamento de Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias (INER), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sandra Bajaña
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carmen Sánchez-Torres
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados-IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN 2508, CP 07360 Mexico City, Mexico
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