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Hömberg N, Adam C, Riedel T, Brenner C, Flatley A, Röcken M, Mocikat R. CD40-independent natural killer-cell help promotes dendritic cell vaccine-induced T-cell immunity against endogenous B-cell lymphoma. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:2825-33. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Hömberg
- Institut für Molekulare Immunologie, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt; München Germany
| | - Christian Adam
- Institut für Molekulare Immunologie, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt; München Germany
| | - Tanja Riedel
- Institut für Molekulare Immunologie, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt; München Germany
| | - Christoph Brenner
- Institut für Molekulare Immunologie, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt; München Germany
| | - Andrew Flatley
- Institut für Molekulare Immunologie, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt; München Germany
| | - Martin Röcken
- Universitäts-Hautklinik, Eberhard-Karls-Universität; Tübingen Germany
| | - Ralph Mocikat
- Institut für Molekulare Immunologie, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt; München Germany
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2
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Naujoks M, Weiß J, Riedel T, Hömberg N, Przewoznik M, Noessner E, Röcken M, Mocikat R. Alterations of costimulatory molecules and instructive cytokines expressed by dendritic cells in the microenvironment of an endogenous mouse lymphoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2014; 63:491-9. [PMID: 24638151 PMCID: PMC11029135 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-014-1538-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Costimulatory surface molecules and instructive cytokines expressed by dendritic cells (DCs) determine the outcome of an immune response. In malignant disease, DCs are often functionally compromised. In most tumors studied so far, the deficient induction of effective T cell responses has been associated with a blockade of DC maturation, but little has been known on DCs infiltrating malignant B cell lymphoma. Here, we investigated for the first time the phenotypic and functional status of DCs in B cell lymphoma, and we analyzed the network of DCs, tumor cells, natural killer (NK) cells and cytokines present in the tumor micromilieu. Therefor, we used an endogenous myc-transgenic mouse lymphoma model, because transplanted tumor cells foster an IFN-γ-driven Th1 antitumor response rather than an immunosuppressive environment, which is observed in autochthonous neoplasias. Lymphoma-infiltrating DCs showed a mature phenotype and a Th2-inducing cytokine pattern. This situation is in contrast to most human malignancies and mouse models described. Cellular contacts between DCs and tumor cells, which involved CD62L on the lymphoma, caused upregulation of costimulatory molecules, whereas IL-10 primarily derived from lymphoma cells induced an IL-12/IL-10 shift in DCs. Thus, alteration of costimulatory molecules and instructive cytokines was mediated by distinct mechanisms. Normal NK cells were able to additionally modulate DC maturation but this effect was absent in the lymphoma environment where IFN-γ production by NK cells was severely impaired. These data are relevant for establishing novel immunotherapeutic approaches against B cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Naujoks
- Institut für Molekulare Immunologie, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Marchioninistr. 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Jakob Weiß
- Institut für Molekulare Immunologie, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Marchioninistr. 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Tanja Riedel
- Institut für Molekulare Immunologie, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Marchioninistr. 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Nadine Hömberg
- Institut für Molekulare Immunologie, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Marchioninistr. 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Margarethe Przewoznik
- Institut für Molekulare Immunologie, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Marchioninistr. 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Elfriede Noessner
- Institut für Molekulare Immunologie, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Marchioninistr. 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Röcken
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard-Karls-Universität, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ralph Mocikat
- Institut für Molekulare Immunologie, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Marchioninistr. 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
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3
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Eissler N, Mysliwietz J, Deppisch N, Ruf P, Lindhofer H, Mocikat R. Potential of the trifunctional bispecific antibody surek depends on dendritic cells: rationale for a new approach of tumor immunotherapy. Mol Med 2013; 19:54-61. [PMID: 23552725 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2012.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Trifunctional bispecific antibodies (trAbs) used in tumor immunotherapy have the unique ability to recruit T cells toward antigens on the tumor cell surface and, moreover, to activate accessory cells through their immunoglobulin Fc region interacting with activating Fcγ receptors. This scenario gives rise to additional costimulatory signals required for T cell-mediated tumor cell destruction and induction of an immunologic memory. Here we show in an in vitro system that most effective trAb-dependent T-cell activation and tumor cell elimination are achieved in the presence of dendritic cells (DCs). On the basis of these findings, we devise a novel approach of cancer immunotherapy that combines the specific advantages of trAbs with those of DC-based vaccination. Simultaneous delivery of trAbs and in vitro differentiated DCs resulted in a markedly improved tumor rejection in a murine melanoma model compared with monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Eissler
- Institut für Molekulare Immunologie, Helmholtz Zentrum München - Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, Munich, Germany
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4
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Turek MM, Thamm DH, Mitzey A, Kurzman ID, Huelsmeyer MK, Dubielzig RR, Vail DM. Human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor DNA cationic-lipid complexed autologous tumour cell vaccination in the treatment of canine B-cell multicentric lymphoma. Vet Comp Oncol 2009; 5:219-31. [PMID: 19754780 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2007.00128.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the development of an human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor DNA cationic-lipid complexed autologous tumour cell vaccine (hGM-CSF CLDC ATCV) and its implementation, following a chemotherapy treatment protocol, in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded clinical trial in pet dogs with naturally occurring lymphoma. We hypothesized that the use of this vaccine would result in an antitumour immune response leading to improved first remission duration and overall survival in dogs with B-cell lymphoma when compared with chemotherapy alone. Immune stimulation generated by hGM-CSF CLDC ATCV was assessed by means of surrogate in vivo analysis (delayed-type hypersensitivity [DTH]) as well as an ex vivo cellular assay (lymphocyte proliferation assay). The vaccine approach considered in the current report did not result in clinically improved outcomes. A small measure of immunomodulation was documented by DTH and several modifications to the approach are suggested. This report illustrates the feasibility of clinical trials with vaccine strategies using companion animals with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Turek
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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5
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A polyvalent cellular vaccine induces T-cell responses against specific self-antigens overexpressed in chronic lymphocytic B-cell leukemia. J Immunother 2009; 31:723-30. [PMID: 18779747 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e318183af26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
B cell-derived chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is an incurable disease that requires innovative therapeutic regimens. Experimental approaches of immunotherapy aiming at induction of systemic T-cell responses have been developed. Trioma cells provide a potent vaccine derived from malignant B cells that allows multiple antigens (Ags) from the parental tumor to be ingested by Ag-presenting cells. Like other strategies using modified whole tumor cells, this approach induces polyvalent responses. Using trioma cell-pulsed dendritic cells (DCs) for T-cell activation in vitro, we asked whether specific Ags overexpressed by CLL can be identified as target structures of such responses and what is the nature of these Ags. Expression levels of several genes in CLL samples were quantitated by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. T lymphocytes were polyvalently stimulated by trioma-pulsed DCs and specificities were tested by determining cytokine secretion in the presence of target cells transfected with RNA coding for those Ags that were found to be overexpressed. We demonstrate that DCs pulsed with the modified tumor cells efficiently activate T lymphocytes against CLL and that overexpressed Ags related to leukemogenesis, such as BCL-2, MDM2, and ETV5, serve as targets for those T cells. Immune escape by Ag loss or mutation is less likely to occur if immunity is directed against altered self-proteins that are involved in malignant transformation. Therefore, vaccines based on modified tumor cells such as triomas hold promise for immunotherapy of CLL and other malignancies. Polyvalent vaccines originally designed as individualized therapeutics may be more broadly applicable, at least in patients showing similar Ag patterns.
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6
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Lüking C, Kronenberger K, Frankenberger B, Nößner E, Röcken M, Mocikat R. Antitumor effector functions of T cells are dependent on in vivo priming and restricted T-cell receptor expression. Int J Cancer 2008; 122:2280-5. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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7
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Adam C, Mysliwietz J, Mocikat R. Specific targeting of whole lymphoma cells to dendritic cells ex vivo provides a potent antitumor vaccine. J Transl Med 2007; 5:16. [PMID: 17359532 PMCID: PMC1832176 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-5-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2006] [Accepted: 03/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dendritic cells (DC) pulsed with tumor-derived antigenic material have widely been used in antitumor vaccination protocols. However, the optimal strategy of DC loading has not yet been established. Our aim was to define requirements of optimal DC vaccines in terms of in vivo protection in a murine B-cell lymphoma model. Methods We compare various loading reagents including whole parental and modified tumor cells and a single tumor-specific antigen, namely the lymphoma idiotype (Id). Bone marrow-derived DC were pulsed in vitro and used for therapy of established A20 lymphomas. Results We show that a vaccine with superior antitumor efficacy can be generated when DC are loaded with whole modified tumor cells which provide both (i) antigenic polyvalency and (ii) receptor-mediated antigen internalization. Uptake of cellular material was greatly enhanced when the tumor cells used for DC pulsing were engineered to express an anti-Fc receptor immunoglobulin specificity. Upon transfer of these DC, established tumor burdens were eradicated in 50% of mice. By contrast, pulsing DC with unmodified lymphoma cells or with the lymphoma Id, even when it was endowed with the anti-Fc receptor binding arm, was far less effective. A specific humoral anti-Id response could be detected, particularly following delivery of Id protein-pulsed DC, but it was not predictive of tumor protection. Instead a T-cell response was pivotal for successful tumor protection. Interaction of the transferred DC with CD8+ T lymphocytes seemed to play a role for induction of the immune response but was dispensable when DC had received an additional maturation stimulus. Conclusion Our analyses show that the advantages of specific antigen redirection and antigenic polyvalency can be combined to generate DC-based vaccines with superior antitumor efficacy. This mouse model may provide information for the standardization of DC-based vaccination protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Adam
- GSF-Institut für Molekulare Immunologie, Marchioninistr. 25, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Josef Mysliwietz
- GSF-Institut für Molekulare Immunologie, Marchioninistr. 25, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Ralph Mocikat
- GSF-Institut für Molekulare Immunologie, Marchioninistr. 25, 81377 München, Germany
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8
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Allgeier T, Garhammer S, Nössner E, Wahl U, Kronenberger K, Dreyling M, Hallek M, Mocikat R. Dendritic cell-based immunogens for B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Lett 2007; 245:275-83. [PMID: 16516377 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2006.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2005] [Revised: 11/22/2005] [Accepted: 01/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Hybrids generated from tumor cells and dendritic cells (DC) have been proposed as tools for treating malignant disease. Here, we study the underlying principles and the feasibility for the adjuvant therapy of human B cell chronic-lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL). CLL cells and allogeneic DC were only mixed or additionally fused. Using a combination of FACS and fluorescence microscopic analyses, we show that DC-CLL hybrids can be successfully generated. However, fusion frequencies have to be critically evaluated because the number of fused cells is overestimated when based on FACS analyses alone. The capability of activating patients' PBMC was examined by measuring cytokine secretion in co-culture assays. We made a systematic comparison of the immunostimulatory capacities of different stimulator cell populations, including DC-CLL fusion samples, unfused mixtures of DC and CLL cells as well as DC or tumor cells alone. Surprisingly, even unfused mixtures had a pronounced tumor-directed immunostimulatory effect. This could be explained by the capture of antigens from surrounding leukemia cells by DC during co-cultivation. Although fusion frequencies were low, PBMC stimulation was significantly more effective when the mixtures were subjected to cell fusion. The most potent stimulus was provided by DC-CLL fusion samples derived from mature DC, probably due to their enhanced costimulatory capacity. In summary, DC-tumor cell hybrids might be feasible in the treatment of B-CLL. It should be considered that FACS analysis is not sufficient to assess fusion frequencies and that interactions between unfused DC and CLL cells also result in PBMC activation.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antigens, CD19/analysis
- B7-1 Antigen/analysis
- B7-2 Antigen/analysis
- CD11c Antigen/analysis
- CD3 Complex/analysis
- CD5 Antigens/analysis
- Coculture Techniques
- Dendritic Cells/cytology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- HLA-DR Antigens/analysis
- Humans
- Hybrid Cells/immunology
- Immunoglobulins/analysis
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/cytology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/analysis
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Middle Aged
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- CD83 Antigen
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Allgeier
- GSF-Institut für Molekulare Immunologie, Marchioninistr. 25, D-81377 München, Germany
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9
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Hellebrand E, Mautner J, Reisbach G, Nimmerjahn F, Hallek M, Mocikat R, Hammerschmidt W. Epstein-Barr virus vector-mediated gene transfer into human B cells: potential for antitumor vaccination. Gene Ther 2006; 13:150-62. [PMID: 16136164 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The efficient gene transfer of immunostimulatory cytokines into autologous tumor cells or the transfer of tumor-associated antigens into professional antigen-presenting cells is a prerequisite for many immunotherapeutic approaches. In particular with B cells, the efficiency of gene uptake is one of the limiting factors in cell-based vaccine strategies, since normal and malignant human B cells are commonly refractory to transducing gene vectors. Due to its natural tropism for human B cells, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a human herpes virus, might be an option, which we wanted to explore. EBV efficiently infects human B cells and establishes a latent infection, while the viral genome is maintained extrachromosomally. Although these characteristics are attractive, EBV is an oncogenic virus. Here, we present a novel EBV-derived vector, which lacks three EBV genes including two viral oncogenes and an essential lytic gene, and encodes granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) as a cytokine of therapeutic interest. We could show that EBV vectors efficiently transduce different B-cell lines, primary resting B cells, and tumor cells of B-cell lineage. Vector-derived GM-CSF was expressed in sufficient amounts to support the maturation of dendritic cells and their presentation of model antigens to cognate T-cell clones in autologous settings and an allogeneic, HLA-matched assay. We conclude that the EBV vector system might offer an option for ex vivo manipulation of B cells and gene therapy of B-cell lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hellebrand
- Department of Gene Vectors, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Munich, Germany
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10
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Adam C, King S, Allgeier T, Braumüller H, Lüking C, Mysliwietz J, Kriegeskorte A, Busch DH, Röcken M, Mocikat R. DC-NK cell cross talk as a novel CD4+ T-cell-independent pathway for antitumor CTL induction. Blood 2005; 106:338-44. [PMID: 15769894 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-09-3775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally accepted that priming of antitumor CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) needs help that can be provided by CD4+ T cells. We show that interactions between dendritic cells (DCs) and natural killer (NK) cells can bypass the T helper arm in CTL induction. Bone marrow-derived DCs caused rejection of the A20 lymphoma and induced tumor-specific long-term memory, although they were not loaded with tumor-derived antigen. Experiments using CD40(-) knock-out mice and cell depletion showed that this effect did not require CD4+ cells. Both primary rejection and long-term CTL memory were the result of NK cell activation by DCs. NK cytotoxicity, which was necessary for primary rejection, was dependent on expression of natural killer group 2 D (NKG2D) ligands on tumor cells. Blocking of these ligands using NKG2D tetramers abrogated tumor killing in vitro and in vivo. The long-term response was due to CTLs directed against antigen(s) expressed on A20 and in vitro-differentiated DCs. The mechanism leading to CD4+ helper cell-independent CTL responses was elucidated as a cascade that was initiated by NK cell activation. This pathway was dependent on inter-feron-gamma expression and involved priming endogenous DCs for interleukin-12 production. Our data suggest a novel pathway linking innate and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Adam
- GSF-Institut für Molekulare Immunologie, Marchioninistr. 25, D-81377 München, Germany
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11
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Zibert A, Balzer S, Souquet M, Quang TH, Paris-Scholz C, Roskrow M, Dilloo D. CCL3/MIP-1αIs a Potent Immunostimulator When Coexpressed with Interleukin-2 or Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor in a Leukemia/Lymphoma Vaccine. Hum Gene Ther 2004; 15:21-34. [PMID: 14965375 DOI: 10.1089/10430340460732436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines orchestrate trafficking of immune effector cells during inflammation. Here we demonstrate that chemokines also serve to potentiate effector cell-mediated antineoplastic immune responses in vaccination strategies. As a critical mediator of inflammation, macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha (CCL3/MIP-1alpha) attracts and stimulates both antigen-presenting and cytotoxic cells. In the A20 leukemia/lymphoma vaccine model, we explored the efficacy of MIP-1alpha in combination with interleukin-2 (IL-2) or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). After subcutaneous injection of the MIP-1alpha + IL-2 or MIP-1alpha + GM-CSF combination vaccine, focal but pronounced infiltrates of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were observed at the vaccination sites. In mice with preestablished leukemia/lymphoma, survival is significantly improved in animals treated with MIP-1alpha + GM-CSF- and MIP-1alpha + IL-2-secreting vaccines. Protection is superior in the MIP-1alpha + GM-CSF group, with the effects of MIP-1alpha and GM-CSF being synergistic. In contrast, suppression of lymphoblast proliferation by single-immunogen vaccines secreting MIP-1alpha, GM-CSF, or IL-2 alone does not translate to improved survival. The systemic protective effects afforded by the MIP-1alpha + IL-2 or MIP-1alpha + GM-CSF combination are mediated by different effector cell populations. In the MIP-1alpha + IL-2 group, antineoplastic defense is mediated by CD8+ T and NK cells, whereas in the MIP-1alpha + GM-CSF group CD4+ T cells are involved in addition to CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, underscoring that T cell help is critical for long-term protection. Thus combination of MIP-1alpha with different cytokines recruits different sets of effector cells into a potent antineoplastic immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andree Zibert
- Clinic for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Immunology, University Hospital Dusseldorf, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
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12
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Abstract
Trioma cell vaccination is a potent new immunotherapeutic strategy for the treatment of B cell neoplasias. It is based on the specific redirection of tumor antigens against surface receptors on professional antigen-presenting cells (APC) that internalize antigens and present immunogenic peptides to T-lymphocytes. Tumor cells are converted to trioma cells by fusion with xenogeneic hybridomas expressing an anti-APC specificity. The trioma cell is a polyvalent vaccine that contains potentially all lymphoma-derived antigens. Apart from the expression of the APC-binding arm by the trioma cell, another requirement for successful tumor protection is the xenogeneic moiety of the trioma cells. We show that, despite their xenogenicity, trioma cells persist for extended periods in vaccinated animals. Trioma cells could be identified in spleens as long as about 12 weeks post vaccination. By using a suicide gene approach, trioma cells could partly be eliminated from immunized mice, whereby the antitumor effect was partly abrogated. We argue that not all trioma cells are immediately lysed in vivo and that the cell cycle of the remaining cells is arrested after having undergone few divisions. Trioma cells surviving in vivo may be instrumental for efficient induction of tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Graf
- GSF-Institut für Molekulare Immunologie, München, Germany
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13
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Abstract
Malignant lymphomas are clonal neoplasms of lymphoid origin. By definition, all cells of the malignant clone have undergone the same rearrangement of antigen receptor genes and express identical antigen receptor molecules (immunoglobulin for B cell lymphomas, T cell receptor for T cell lymphomas). The hypervariable stretches within the variable regions of these receptors are considered true tumor-specific antigens ('idiotypes'). In several animal models, protective humoral or cellular immunity can be induced against the malignant lymphoma by vaccination with the tumor-derived idiotype. Successful experimental immunization strategies in animals include idiotype protein vaccines combined with various adjuvants, genetically or immunologically modified lymphoma cells, idiotype-presenting dendritic cells, idiotype-encoding viral vectors, and DNA immunization. Firm evidence for the induction of lymphoma-specific immunity has also been obtained from human idiotype vaccination trials. Furthermore, some trials have provided strong but hitherto formally unproven evidence for clinical benefit of idiotype-vaccinated patients. Alternative vaccination approaches are based on immunologically modified tumor cells. Current research efforts concentrate on the identification of the most efficacious vaccination route, on definitive proof of clinical efficacy, and on the development of convenient methods to manufacture individual idiotype vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Veelken
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Freiburg University Medical Center, Germany.
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14
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Kronenberger K, Dieckmann A, Selmayr M, Strehl J, Wahl U, Lindhofer H, Kraal G, Mocikat R. Impact of the lymphoma idiotype on in vivo tumor protection in a vaccination model based on targeting antigens to antigen-presenting cells. Blood 2002; 99:1327-31. [PMID: 11830483 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v99.4.1327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trioma cell vaccination is a potent new immunologic approach for the therapy of malignant B-cell lymphoma. It is based on targeting tumor antigens to internalizing receptors on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Tumor cells are fused to an APC-specific hybridoma, where they are converted to trioma cells that include potentially all lymphoma-derived antigens and that express the APC-binding arm. In this study, the mechanisms of trioma-mediated tumor immunity in immunocompetent mice were dissected, and it was shown in this model system that humoral anti-idiotypic immunity is indeed detectable after idiotype-specific immunization but that it does not reflect the degree of tumor protection obtained in vivo. Immunization against the idiotype alone was not sufficient for efficient tumor rejection in vivo. Targeting tumor antigens to APCs is only successful in terms of inducing tumor protection when designed as a polyvalent vaccination protocol.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/immunology
- Antibody Formation/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/cytology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Cancer Vaccines/standards
- Female
- Hybridomas/cytology
- Hybridomas/immunology
- Hybridomas/transplantation
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/prevention & control
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Rats
- Receptors, Fc/immunology
- Survival Rate
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/cytology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/transplantation
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15
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Abstract
Cancer vaccines are conceived as therapeutic tools, in contrast to the prophylactic vaccines that have resolved the problem of a number of infectious diseases in a highly cost-effective way. Over the last decade, anti-idiotype vaccines for human follicular lymphoma have started to come into their own. Whereas 10 years ago it was not even known whether patients could be immunized against an antigen of their own tumor, a phase III clinical trial based on this finding is now already underway. The rapidity of this development encourages the hope that active immunotherapy may become decisive in oncology sooner than expected. Many important results have already been achieved. These include evidence of vaccine-induced, tumor-specific humoral and cellular responses along with the first documented molecular remissions following vaccination. Crucial questions still awaiting an answer include: do Id vaccines actually cure at least a fraction of FL patients? What is the most effective vaccine formulation? Is it possible to reduce the workload involved in producing an effective Id vaccine?
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bendandi
- Institute of Hematology and Medical Oncology, L e A Seragnoli, University of Bologna, Italy
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