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Zhang J, Sun M, Elmaidomy AH, Youssif KA, Zaki AMM, Hassan Kamal H, Sayed AM, Abdelmohsen UR. Emerging trends and applications of metabolomics in food science and nutrition. Food Funct 2023; 14:9050-9082. [PMID: 37740352 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo01770b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
The study of all chemical processes involving metabolites is known as metabolomics. It has been developed into an essential tool in several disciplines, such as the study of plant physiology, drug development, human diseases, and nutrition. The field of food science, diagnostic biomarker research, etiological analysis in the field of medical therapy, and raw material quality, processing, and safety have all benefited from the use of metabolomics recently. Food metabolomics includes the use of metabolomics in food production, processing, and human diets. As a result of changing consumer habits and the rising of food industries all over the world, there is a remarkable increase in interest in food quality and safety. It requires the employment of various technologies for the food supply chain, processing of food, and even plant breeding. This can be achieved by understanding the metabolome of food, including its biochemistry and composition. Additionally, Food metabolomics can be used to determine the similarities and differences across crop kinds, as an indicator for tracking the process of ripening to increase crops' shelf life and attractiveness, and identifying metabolites linked to pathways responsible for postharvest disorders. Moreover, nutritional metabolomics is used to investigate the connection between diet and human health through detection of certain biomarkers. This review assessed and compiled literature on food metabolomics research with an emphasis on metabolite extraction, detection, and data processing as well as its applications to the study of food nutrition, food-based illness, and phytochemical analysis. Several studies have been published on the applications of metabolomics in food but further research concerning the use of standard reproducible procedures must be done. The results published showed promising uses in the food industry in many areas such as food production, processing, and human diets. Finally, metabolome-wide association studies (MWASs) could also be a useful predictor to detect the connection between certain diseases and low molecular weight biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianye Zhang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Mingna Sun
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Abeer H Elmaidomy
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Khayrya A Youssif
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, El-Saleheya El Gadida University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Adham M M Zaki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Hossam Hassan Kamal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, 7 Universities Zone, New Minia 61111, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Sayed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, 62513 Beni-Suef, Egypt.
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Almaaqal University, 61014 Basra, Iraq
| | - Usama Ramadan Abdelmohsen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt.
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, 7 Universities Zone, New Minia 61111, Egypt
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2
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Wang Y, Zhang X, Hu W, Dong C, Fu D, Habtegabir SG, Han Y. Ultra-fast screening of free fatty acids in human plasma using ion mobility mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:1818-1826. [PMID: 35340115 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Free fatty acids involved in many metabolic regulations in human body. In this work, an ultra-fast screening method was developed for the analysis of free fatty acids using trapped ion mobility spectrometry coupled with mass spectrometry. Thirty-three free fatty acids possessing different unsaturation degrees and different carbon chain lengths were baseline separated and characterized within milliseconds. Saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated free fatty acids showed different linearities between collision cross section values and m/z. Establishment of correlations between structures and collision cross section values provided additional qualitative information and made it possible to determine free fatty acids which were out of the standards pool but possessed the confirmed linearity. Gas-phase separation made the quantitative analysis reliable and repeatable at a much lower time cost than chromatographic methods. The sensitivity was comparable to and even better than the reported results. The method was validated and applied to profiling free fatty acids in human plasma. Saturated free fatty acids abundance in the fasting state was found to be lower than that in the postprandial state, while unsaturated species abundance was found higher. The method was fast and robust with minimum sample pretreatment, so it was promising in high-throughput screening of free fatty acids. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Xianxie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Wenya Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Chenglong Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Dali Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Sara Girmay Habtegabir
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Yehua Han
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
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Lee-Okada HC, Hama K, Yokoyama K, Yokomizo T. Development of a liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric method for the simultaneous analysis of free fatty acids. J Biochem 2021; 170:389-397. [PMID: 34009367 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvab054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) play important roles in several physiological and pathophysiological processes, functioning as both non-esterified free FAs (FFAs) and components of other lipid classes. Although many lipid classes are readily measured using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS), the measurement of FFAs by this method is not straightforward because of inconsistent fragmentation behaviors. In this study, we describe a strategy to measure FFAs using conventional reverse-phase LC-ESI-MS/MS, without derivatization. The strategy combines three key methods: 1) an isocratic LC separation with a high organic solvent ratio, 2) post-column base addition, and 3) pseudo-multiple reaction monitoring. The method facilitates the measurement of ultra-long-chain FAs, the accumulation of which is a common biochemical abnormality in peroxisomal disorders. This study delivers a broad strategy that measures a wide spectrum of FFA species in complex biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Cheol Lee-Okada
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Kotaro Hama
- Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Yokoyama
- Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Takehiko Yokomizo
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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Nagumalli SK, Jacob CC, Gamboa da Costa G. A rapid and highly sensitive UPLC-ESI-MS/MS method for the analysis of the fatty acid profile of edible vegetable oils. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1161:122415. [PMID: 33246283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of the fatty acid profile of triglycerides has long played a central role in the evaluation and classification of edible vegetable oils. However, the range of analytical procedures available to evaluate these profiles remains limited and are typically based on transesterification of the triglyceride fatty acid residues to methyl esters, followed by capillary gas-liquid chromatography (GC) coupled with flame ionization or mass spectrometry detection. Although robust and long-proven, these analytical methods tend to entail long chromatographic runs and are relatively insensitive. In order to expand the range of available techniques for the analysis of the fatty acid profile of triglycerides in vegetable oils, we report herein a novel method based upon a rapid and straightforward transesterification of the triglycerides with dimethylaminoethanol under alkaline conditions, followed by a "dilute-and-shoot" analysis by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. The chromatographic analysis is accomplished in 1.5 min, affording a high throughput of samples compared to techniques based upon GC approaches. The method performance was assessed intra- and inter-day with 10 representative saturated and unsaturated fatty acids ranging from C8 to C18 and afforded fatty acid profile accuracies of 93-108% and imprecisions of only 0.3-2.0%. The limit of quantification of the method, estimated as the minimum amount of derivatized oil sample capable of affording less than 20% accuracy and precision error was determined to be approximately 0.5 pg on-column, making this new method potentially valuable for fields where high sensitivity, precision, and accuracy may be required, such as in toxicology studies, forensics, archeology, or art analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh K Nagumalli
- US Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, United States
| | - Cristina C Jacob
- US Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, United States
| | - Gonçalo Gamboa da Costa
- US Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, United States.
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Randolph CE, Blanksby SJ, McLuckey SA. Enhancing detection and characterization of lipids using charge manipulation in electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Chem Phys Lipids 2020; 232:104970. [PMID: 32890498 PMCID: PMC7606777 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2020.104970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Heightened awareness regarding the implication of disturbances in lipid metabolism with respect to prevalent human-related pathologies demands analytical techniques that provide unambiguous structural characterization and accurate quantitation of lipids in complex biological samples. The diversity in molecular structures of lipids along with their wide range of concentrations in biological matrices present formidable analytical challenges. Modern mass spectrometry (MS) offers an unprecedented level of analytical power in lipid analysis, as many advancements in the field of lipidomics have been facilitated through novel applications of and developments in electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). ESI allows for the formation of intact lipid ions with little to no fragmentation and has become widely used in contemporary lipidomics experiments due to its sensitivity, reproducibility, and compatibility with condensed-phase modes of separation, such as liquid chromatography (LC). Owing to variations in lipid functional groups, ESI enables partial chemical separation of the lipidome, yet the preferred ion-type is not always formed, impacting lipid detection, characterization, and quantitation. Moreover, conventional ESI-MS/MS approaches often fail to expose diverse subtle structural features like the sites of unsaturation in fatty acyl constituents or acyl chain regiochemistry along the glycerol backbone, representing a significant challenge for ESI-MS/MS. To overcome these shortcomings, various charge manipulation strategies, including charge-switching, have been developed to transform ion-type and charge state, with aims of increasing sensitivity and selectivity of ESI-MS/MS approaches. Importantly, charge manipulation approaches afford enhanced ionization efficiency, improved mixture analysis performance, and access to informative fragmentation channels. Herein, we present a critical review of the current suite of solution-based and gas-phase strategies for the manipulation of lipid ion charge and type relevant to ESI-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E Randolph
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, USA
| | - Stephen J Blanksby
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Scott A McLuckey
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, USA.
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Narreddula VR, Sadowski P, Boase NRB, Marshall DL, Poad BLJ, Trevitt AJ, Mitchell TW, Blanksby SJ. Structural elucidation of hydroxy fatty acids by photodissociation mass spectrometry with photolabile derivatives. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8741. [PMID: 32012356 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Eicosanoids are short-lived bio-responsive lipids produced locally from oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (FAs) via a cascade of enzymatic or free radical reactions. Alterations in the composition and concentration of eicosanoids are indicative of inflammation responses and there is strong interest in developing analytical methods for the sensitive and selective detection of these lipids in biological mixtures. Most eicosanoids are hydroxy FAs (HFAs), which present a particular analytical challenge due to the presence of regioisomers arising from differing locations of hydroxylation and unsaturation within their structures. METHODS In this study, the recently developed derivatization reagent 1-(3-(aminomethyl)-4-iodophenyl)pyridin-1-ium (4-I-AMPP+ ) was applied to a representative set of HFAs including bioactive eicosanoids. Photodissociation (PD) mass spectra obtained at 266 nm of 4-I-AMPP+ -modified HFAs exhibit abundant product ions arising from photolysis of the aryl-iodide bond within the derivative with subsequent migration of the radical to the hydroxyl group promoting fragmentation of the FA chain and facilitating structural assignment. RESULTS Representative polyunsaturated HFAs (from the hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid families) were derivatized with 4-I-AMPP+ and subjected to a reversed-phase liquid chromatography workflow that afforded chromatographic resolution of isomers in conjunction with structurally diagnostic PD mass spectra. CONCLUSIONS PD of these complex HFAs was found to be sensitive to the locations of hydroxyl groups and carbon-carbon double bonds, which are structural properties strongly associated with the biosynthetic origins of these lipid mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkateswara R Narreddula
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Pawel Sadowski
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Nathan R B Boase
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - David L Marshall
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Berwyck L J Poad
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Adam J Trevitt
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Todd W Mitchell
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Stephen J Blanksby
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
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7
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Xu SL, Wu BF, Orešič M, Xie Y, Yao P, Wu ZY, Lv X, Chen H, Wei F. Double Derivatization Strategy for High-Sensitivity and High-Coverage Localization of Double Bonds in Free Fatty Acids by Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:6446-6455. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-ling Xu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - Bang-fu Wu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - Matej Orešič
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, 702 81 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Ya Xie
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - Ping Yao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P. R. China
| | - Zong-yuan Wu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - Xin Lv
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - Hong Chen
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - Fang Wei
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
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8
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Fit-for-purpose biomarker LC–MS/MS qualification for the quantitation of very long chain fatty acids in human cerebrospinal fluid. Bioanalysis 2020; 12:143-158. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2019-0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) have been identified as biomarkers for several peroxisomal disorders necessitating the need for reliable biomarker assays in particular C20, C22, C24, C26 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Until now no absolute quantitation assay for total VLCFAs in CSF has been successfully developed and qualified for clinical use. Methodology: A quantitative LC–MS/MS assay for total VLCFA in human CSF was developed. Derivatization tag and coupling chemistry were optimized for sensitivity. CSF contamination by blood, non-specific binding of VLCFA to surfaces and exogenous VLCFA contamination was minimized. Discussion/conclusion: This fit for purpose biomarker assay was used to measure baseline healthy human VLCFA levels across multiple subjects to establish an understanding of concentration ranges and feasibility.
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9
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Narreddula VR, Boase NR, Ailuri R, Marshall DL, Poad BL, Kelso MJ, Trevitt AJ, Mitchell TW, Blanksby SJ. Introduction of a Fixed-Charge, Photolabile Derivative for Enhanced Structural Elucidation of Fatty Acids. Anal Chem 2019; 91:9901-9909. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Venkateswara R. Narreddula
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Nathan R. Boase
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Ramesh Ailuri
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - David L. Marshall
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Berwyck L.J. Poad
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Michael J. Kelso
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Adam J. Trevitt
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Todd W. Mitchell
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Blanksby
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
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10
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Sun D, Meng X, Ren T, Fawcett JP, Wang H, Gu J. Establishment of a Charge Reversal Derivatization Strategy to Improve the Ionization Efficiency of Limaprost and Investigation of the Fragmentation Patterns of Limaprost Derivatives Via Exclusive Neutral Loss and Survival Yield Method. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:1365-1375. [PMID: 29633222 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-1924-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sensitivity is generally an issue in bioassays of prostaglandins and their synthetic analogs due to their extremely low concentration in vivo. To improve the ionization efficiency of limaprost, an oral prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) synthetic analog, we investigated a charge reversal derivatization strategy in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). We established that the cholamine derivative exhibits much greater signal intensity in the positive-ion mode compared with limaprost in the negative ion mode. Collision-induced dissociation (CID) involved exclusive neutral mass loss and positive charge migration to form stable cationic product ions with the positive charge on the limaprost residue rather than on the modifying group. This has the effect of maintaining the efficiency and specificity of multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) and avoiding cross talk. CID fragmentation patterns of other limaprost derivatives allowed us to relate the dissociation tendency of different neutral leaving groups to an internal energy distribution scale based on the survival yield method. Knowledge of the energy involved in the production of stabilized positive ions will potentially assist the selection of suitable derivatization reagents for the analysis of a wide variety of lipid acids. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Sun
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Xiuzheng Innovation Medicine Research Institute Co. Ltd., Beijing, 102209, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangjun Meng
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianming Ren
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - John Paul Fawcett
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Hualu Wang
- Beijing Xiuzheng Innovation Medicine Research Institute Co. Ltd., Beijing, 102209, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingkai Gu
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China.
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Long-chain free fatty acid profiling analysis by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in mouse treated with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α agonist. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2013; 77:2288-93. [PMID: 24200804 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.130572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A change in the free fatty acid (FFA) profile reflects an alteration in the lipid metabolism of peripheral tissue. A high-throughput quantitative analysis method for individual FFAs therefore needs to be established. We report here an optimized LC-MS assay for a high-throughput and high-sensitivity analysis of the 10 major long-chain FFAs in mouse plasma and liver. This assay enables quantification of individual FFAs by using trace amounts of samples (2 µL of plasma and 10 mg of liver tissue). We apply this method to analyze the FFA profile of plasma and liver samples from an obese mouse model treated with bezafibrate, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) agonist, and show a change in the FFA profile, particularly in the palmitoleic and oleic acid contents. This assay is useful for quantifying individual FFAs and helpful for monitoring the condition of lipid metabolism.
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12
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Hellmuth C, Weber M, Koletzko B, Peissner W. Nonesterified fatty acid determination for functional lipidomics: comprehensive ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry quantitation, qualification, and parameter prediction. Anal Chem 2012; 84:1483-90. [PMID: 22224852 DOI: 10.1021/ac202602u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite their central importance for lipid metabolism, straightforward quantitative methods for determination of nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) species are still missing. The protocol presented here provides unbiased quantitation of plasma NEFA species by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Simple deproteination of plasma in organic solvent solution yields high accuracy, including both the unbound and initially protein-bound fractions, while avoiding interferences from hydrolysis of esterified fatty acids from other lipid classes. Sample preparation is fast and nonexpensive, hence well suited for automation and high-throughput applications. Separation of isotopologic NEFA is achieved using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled to triple quadrupole LC-MS/MS detection. In combination with automated liquid handling, total assay time per sample is less than 15 min. The analytical spectrum extends beyond readily available NEFA standard compounds by a regression model predicting all the relevant analytical parameters (retention time, ion path settings, and response factor) of NEFA species based on chain length and number of double bonds. Detection of 50 NEFA species and accurate quantification of 36 NEFA species in human plasma is described, the highest numbers ever reported for a LC-MS application. Accuracy and precision are within widely accepted limits. The use of qualifier ions supports unequivocal analyte verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hellmuth
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
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13
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Abstract
LC with atmospheric pressure ionization MS is essential to a large number of quantitative bioanalyses for a variety of compounds, especially nonvolatile or highly polar compounds. However, in many instances, weak ionization, poor LC retention and instability of certain analytes hinder the development of the LC–MS/MS method. Chemical derivatization has been used for different classes of analytes to improve their ionization efficiency, chromatographic separation and chemical stability. This work presents an overview of chemical derivatization methods that have been applied to the quantitative LC–MS/MS analyses of nine classes of molecules, including aldehydes, amino acids, bisphosphonate drugs, carbohydrates, carboxylic acids, nucleosides and their associated analogs, steroids, thiol-containing compounds and vitamin D metabolites, in biological matrices.
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14
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Drew BG, Carey AL, Natoli AK, Formosa MF, Vizi D, Reddy-Luthmoodoo M, Weir JM, Barlow CK, van Hall G, Meikle PJ, Duffy SJ, Kingwell BA. Reconstituted high-density lipoprotein infusion modulates fatty acid metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Lipid Res 2011; 52:572-81. [PMID: 21224289 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p012518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that reconstituted high-density lipoprotein (rHDL) modulates glucose metabolism in humans via both AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in muscle and by increasing plasma insulin. Given the key roles of both AMPK and insulin in fatty acid metabolism, the current study investigated the effect of rHDL infusion on fatty acid oxidation and lipolysis. Thirteen patients with type 2 diabetes received separate infusions of rHDL and placebo in a randomized, cross-over study. Fatty acid metabolism was assessed using steady-state tracer methodology, and plasma lipids were measured by mass spectrometry (lipidomics). In vitro studies were undertaken in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. rHDL infusion inhibited fasting-induced lipolysis (P = 0.03), fatty acid oxidation (P < 0.01), and circulating glycerol (P = 0.04). In vitro, HDL inhibited adipocyte lipolysis in part via activation of AMPK, providing a possible mechanistic link for the apparent reductions in lipolysis observed in vivo. In contrast, circulating NEFA increased after rHDL infusion (P < 0.01). Lipidomic analyses implicated phospholipase hydrolysis of rHDL-associated phosphatidylcholine as the cause, rather than lipolysis of endogenous fat stores. rHDL infusion inhibits fasting-induced lipolysis and oxidation in patients with type 2 diabetes, potentially through both AMPK activation in adipose tissue and elevation of plasma insulin. The phospholipid component of rHDL also has the potentially undesirable effect of increasing circulating NEFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G Drew
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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15
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Santa T. Derivatization reagents in liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 25:1-10. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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16
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Bielawska K, Dziakowska I, Roszkowska-Jakimiec W. Chromatographic determination of fatty acids in biological material. Toxicol Mech Methods 2010; 20:526-37. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2010.515081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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17
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Kushnir MM, Rockwood AL, Bergquist J. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry applications in endocrinology. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2010; 29:480-502. [PMID: 19708015 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has been recognized as a primary methodology for the accurate analysis of endogenous steroid hormones in biological samples. This review focuses on the use of LC-MS/MS in clinical laboratories to assist with the diagnosis of diverse groups of endocrine and metabolic diseases. Described analytical methods use on-line and off-line sample preparation and analytical derivatization to enhance analytical sensitivity, specificity, and clinical utility. Advantages of LC-MS/MS as an analytical technique include high specificity, possibility to simultaneously measure multiple analytes, and the ability to assess the specificity of the analysis in every sample. All described analytical methods were extensively validated, utilized in routine diagnostic practice, and were applied in a number of clinical and epidemiological studies, including a study of the steroidogenesis in ovarian follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Kushnir
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
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18
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Quantitative LC-ESI-MS/MS metabolic profiling method for fatty acids and lipophilic metabolites in fermentation broths from β-lactam antibiotics production. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 397:147-160. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3340-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Revised: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Zaikin VG, Halket JM. Derivatization in mass spectrometry--8. Soft ionization mass spectrometry of small molecules. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2006; 12:79-115. [PMID: 16723751 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This is the first of two reviews devoted to derivatization approaches for "soft" ionization mass spectrometry (FAB, MALDI, ESI, APCI) and deals, in particular, with small molecules. The principles of the main "soft" ionization mass spectrometric methods as well as the reasons for derivatizing small molecules are briefly described. Derivatization methods for modification of amines, carboxylic acids, amino acids, alcohols, carbonyl compounds, monosaccharides, thiols, unsaturated and aromatic compounds etc. to improve their ionizability and to enhance structure information content are discussed. The use of "fixed"-charge bearing derivatization reagents is especially emphasized. Chemical aspects of derivatization and "soft" ionization mass spectrometric properties of derivatives are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir G Zaikin
- Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 29, 119991Moscow, Russia.
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20
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Abstract
The development of HPLC-atmospheric pressure ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) has presented clinical laboratories with a powerful analytic tool. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the current status of HPLC-MS in the clinical laboratory; to discuss the challenges to mass spectrometry in this setting; and to present some of the latest developments in instrumentation and illustrate their potential application. Currently, the major clinical applications for HPLC-MS are neonatal screening for metabolic disorders, therapeutic drug monitoring of immunosuppressant and HIV/AIDS drugs, and toxicological investigations. The major barrier to the uptake of this technology in the clinical laboratory is the initial capital outlay for instrumentation. A secondary reason is the lack of suitably trained scientists. The challenges that clinical HPLC-MS face are (I) ease of use and automation, (2) interpatient variability in relation to matrix effects, (3) availability of suitable internal standards, and (4) harmonization of methods to meet regulatory requirements. The development of the triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass analyzer allows the quantification power of a triple quadrupole mass analyzer to be combined with the scanning ability of an ion trap.This hybrid instrument allows different permutations of scan combinations. The combination of selected reactant monitoring and MS3 is an attractive combination for quantification. The ion source, atmospheric pressure photoionization, has recently been developed and is well suited to nonpolar analytes, although its role is yet to be established. This ion source complements other interfaces used in HPLC-MS. Both of these advances in instrumentation add to the potential applications of HPLC-MS. How HPLC-MS goes forward into the clinical laboratory is dependent on clinical scientists, instrument manufacturers, and regulatory authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Taylor
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Australian Bioanalytical Services Pty Ltd, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland, Australia.
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Taylor PJ. Matrix effects: the Achilles heel of quantitative high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray–tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Biochem 2005; 38:328-34. [PMID: 15766734 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2004.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 890] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2004] [Revised: 11/17/2004] [Accepted: 11/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
High-performance liquid chromatography coupled by an electrospray ion source to a tandem mass spectrometer (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) is the current analytical method of choice for quantitation of analytes in biological matrices. With HPLC-ESI-MS/MS having the characteristics of high selectivity, sensitivity, and throughput, this technology is being increasingly used in the clinical laboratory. An important issue to be addressed in method development, validation, and routine use of HPLC-ESI-MS/MS is matrix effects. Matrix effects are the alteration of ionization efficiency by the presence of coeluting substances. These effects are unseen in the chromatogram but have deleterious impact on methods accuracy and sensitivity. The two common ways to assess matrix effects are either by the postextraction addition method or the postcolumn infusion method. To remove or minimize matrix effects, modification to the sample extraction methodology and improved chromatographic separation must be performed. These two parameters are linked together and form the basis of developing a successful and robust quantitative HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method. Due to the heterogenous nature of the population being studied, the variability of a method must be assessed in samples taken from a variety of subjects. In this paper, the major aspects of matrix effects are discussed with an approach to address matrix effects during method validation proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Taylor
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Australian Bioanalytical Services Pty Ltd, , 3rd Floor-R wing, Building One, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Ipswich Road, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia.
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Nagy K, Jakab A, Fekete J, Vékey K. An HPLC-MS approach for analysis of very long chain fatty acids and other apolar compounds on octadecyl-silica phase using partly miscible solvents. Anal Chem 2005; 76:1935-41. [PMID: 15053654 DOI: 10.1021/ac034944t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach for analyzing underivatized very long chain fatty acids (C16-C26) and other apolar compounds such as triacylglycerols is described. It is based on reversed-phase HPLC separation followed by mass spectrometric detection. Partly miscible solvents are used for stepwise gradient elution starting with a methanol/water and ending with a methanol/n-hexane binary mixture. The developed technique does not need derivatization, and analysis is fast (fatty acids were separated in 2-min-long chromatograms) and robust. The developed method is also very sensitive; a quantitation limit in the low-picogram range was achieved for fatty acids. The separation mechanism and advantages of the suggested technique are discussed and illustrated in the case of blood analysis and plant oil characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornél Nagy
- Institute of Chemistry, Chemical Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1025 Pusztaszeri út 59-67, Budapest, Hungary
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23
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Liu DQ, Hop CECA. Strategies for characterization of drug metabolites using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry in conjunction with chemical derivatization and on-line H/D exchange approaches. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 37:1-18. [PMID: 15664738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2004] [Accepted: 09/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Strategies using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in conjunction with techniques such as chemical derivatization and on-line hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange for structural elucidation of drug metabolites in crude samples are reviewed. Useful mass spectrometric scan techniques discussed include product ion scan, constant neutral-loss scan, precursor ion scan, multistage MS(n), and accurate mass measurements. In biological systems, xenobiotics are transformed into metabolites, which usually involves introduction of one or more polar functional groups or removal or blockage of such structural moieties. Therefore, chemical derivatization strategies for determination of functional groups and on-line H/D exchange approaches for probing number of exchangeable hydrogens are powerful tools for structural elucidation of drug metabolites in drug metabolism studies. More importantly, these experiments can be carried out on crude samples in microscale, providing sufficient material for LC-MS/MS analysis. Therefore, labor intensive and technically challenging purification of low levels of drug metabolites from complex biological matrices can be avoided. It is the authors' conclusion that strategies such as chemical derivatization and on-line H/D exchange should be used more routinely in drug metabolism studies in order to facilitate metabolite identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Q Liu
- Analytical Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, UW2940, P.O. Box 1539, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA.
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24
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Griffiths WJ. Tandem mass spectrometry in the study of fatty acids, bile acids, and steroids. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2003; 22:81-152. [PMID: 12820273 DOI: 10.1002/mas.10046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 50 years, the mass spectrometry of lipids has evolved to become one of the most mature techniques in biomolecule analysis. Many volatile and non-polar lipids are directly amenable to analysis by gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), a technique that combines the unsurpassed separation properties of gas-chromatography with the sensitivity and selectivity of electron ionization mass spectrometry. Less volatile and/or thermally labile lipids can be analyzed by GC-MS, following appropriate sample derivatization. However, many complex lipids are not readily analyzed by GC-MS, and it is these molecules that are the subject of the current review. Since the early 1970s, there have been three outstanding developments in mass spectrometry that are particularly appropriate in lipid analysis; i.e., the introduction of (i) fast atom bombardment (FAB); (ii) electrospray (ES); and (iii) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The FAB and ES ionization techniques will be discussed in relation to MS/MS, and examples of their application in biochemical studies will be presented. The review will concentrate on the analysis of fatty acids, bile acids, steroid conjugates, and neutral steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Griffiths
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom.
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25
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Rezanka T, Votruba J. Chromatography of very long-chain fatty acids from animal and plant kingdoms. Anal Chim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(02)00011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Development of fatty acid analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, and related techniques. Anal Chim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)01467-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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27
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Carpenter KH, Wiley V. Application of tandem mass spectrometry to biochemical genetics and newborn screening. Clin Chim Acta 2002; 322:1-10. [PMID: 12104075 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-8981(02)00135-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) has become a key technology in the fields of biochemical genetics and newborn screening. The development of electrospray ionisation (ESI) and associated automation of sample handling and data manipulation have allowed the introduction of expanded newborn screening for disorders which feature accumulation of acylcarnitines and certain amino acids in a number of programs worldwide. In addition, the technique has proven valuable in several areas of biochemical genetics including quantification of carnitine and acylcarnitines, in vitro studies of metabolic pathways (in particular beta-oxidation), and diagnosis of peroxisomal and lysosomal disorders. This review covers some of the basic theory of MS/MS and focuses on the practical application of the technique in these two interrelated areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin H Carpenter
- New South Wales Biochemical Genetics, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW 2145, Sydney, Australia.
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28
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Gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric methods for the characterisation of long-chain fatty acids. Anal Chim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(02)00401-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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29
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Quirke JM, Van Berkel GJ. Electrospray tandem mass spectrometric study of alkyl 1-methylpyridinium ether derivatives of alcohols. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2001; 36:1294-1300. [PMID: 11754121 DOI: 10.1002/jms.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The fragmentation of 15 alkyl 1-methylpyridinium ether derivatives (D+) of primary and secondary alcohols, benzylic alcohols and phenyl-substituted alcohols was investigated using energy-resolved tandem mass spectrometry. Fragmentation pathways and mechanisms, including the influence of substituents, on the formation of the major product ions, which appear at m/z 110, [D - 109]+ and [D - 111]+, were postulated. Comparison of the abundances of these ions in the product ion spectra of isomeric alcohol derivatives, obtained at the same center-of-mass collision energy (2.0 eV), was found to provide the ability to differentiate among some isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Quirke
- Department of Chemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA
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30
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Johnson D, ten Brink H, Jakobs C. A rapid screening procedure for cholesterol and dehydrocholesterol by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Lipid Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)32225-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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31
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Johnson DW. Analysis of alcohols, as dimethylglycine esters, by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2001; 36:277-283. [PMID: 11312519 DOI: 10.1002/jms.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Dimethylglycine (DMG) esters are new derivatives for the rapid, sensitive and selective analysis of primary and secondary alcohols, in complex mixtures, by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). Their development was inspired by the use of the complementary dimethylaminoethyl esters for the trace, rapid analysis of fatty acids. DMG esters are simply prepared by heating a dichloromethane solution of the imidazolide of dimethylglycine, containing triethylamine, and an alcohol. DMG esters of long-chain fatty alcohols, isoprenoidal alcohols and hydroxy-acids are analysed by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry with a precursor ion of m/z 104 scan. Diols, glyceryl esters, glyceryl ethers and some sterols are analysed by a neutral loss of 103 Da scan. Trimethylglycine (TMG) ester iodides, prepared by alkylation of DMG esters with methyl iodide, are more sensitive derivatives for molecules containing secondary alcohol groups, such as cholesterol and gibberellic acid. They are analysed by a precursor ion of m/z 118 scan. DMG or TMG derivatives were shown to be at least comparable and sometimes an order of magnitude more sensitive than N-methylpyridyl ether derivatives for ESI-MS/MS analysis of the different classes of alcohols. Applications of these derivatives for the diagnosis of inherited disorders and the analysis of natural products are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Johnson
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Women's and Children's Hospital, 72 King William Road, North Adelaide, South Australia 5006 Australia.
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32
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Quirke JM, Van Berkel GJ. Electrospray tandem mass spectrometric study of ferrocene carbamate ester derivatives of saturated primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2001; 36:179-187. [PMID: 11288200 DOI: 10.1002/jms.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The fragmentation pathways and mechanisms for 27 ferrocene carbamate esters of saturated alkyl primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols were investigated using energy-resolved electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (ES-MS/MS). The mechanisms that control the formation and abundance of the three product ions common to all the derivatives, which appear at m/z 201, 227 and 245, were elucidated. Plotting the relative abundances of the three product ions versus a range of center-of-mass collision energies provided a graphical representation of the behavior of the fragmentation process that was directly comparable from compound to compound. As a result, it was possible to compare product ion spectra of the different derivatives to distinguish among different alcohol structural types. Straight-chain primary alcohols were easily distinguished from tertiary alcohols. Both of these structural types, including positional isomers, produced product ion spectra that were distinct from those of beta-branched primary alcohols, or acyclic secondary alcohols or cyclic secondary alcohols. The latter three alcohol types display similar product ion spectra and therefore cannot be distinguished from one another on the basis of these spectra alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Quirke
- Department of Chemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Chace
- Division of Bio-Analytical Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Neo Gen Screening, Inc., P.O. Box 219, Bridgeville, Pennsylvania 15017, USA.
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Murphy
- Division of Cell Biology, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA.
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35
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Johnson D, ten Brink H, Schuit R, Jakobs C. Rapid and quantitative analysis of unconjugated C27 bile acids in plasma and blood samples by tandem mass spectrometry. J Lipid Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)32330-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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36
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Johnson DW. Analysis of amino acids as formamidene butyl esters by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2001; 15:2198-2205. [PMID: 11746885 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Amino acid formamidene butyl esters are optimally prepared by heating amino acids with dimethylformamide dimethylacetal (DMF-DMA) for 2 minutes at 65 degrees C and then with n-butanol/hydrogen chloride for 15 minutes at 65 degrees C. The formamidene butyl esters of simple alpha-amino acids and beta-amino acids afford between 1.1 and 20 times the signal intensity of the corresponding butyl esters during electrospray ionization tandem mass spectral analysis. Complex alpha-amino acids, such as ornithine, arginine and citrulline, and gamma-amino acids are better analyzed as butyl esters. Secondary alpha-amino acids, such as proline and sarcosine, give a mixture of two iminium salts with the DMF-DMA derivatization method. A derivative incorporating two molecules of the amino acid predominates at higher derivatization temperatures. Contrary to a previous report, N-formylamino acids were not detected. The presence of secondary amino acids in amino acid mixtures, derivatized as formamidene butyl esters, affords derivatives that incorporate two different amino acids. The new formamidene butylation method is unlikely to replace the butylation procedure used by neonatal blood spot screening programs for amino acid disorders, since a much poorer response was obtained with formamidene butyl esters of arginine and citrulline, important in the diagnosis of arginase deficiency and citrullinaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Johnson
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Women's and Children's Hospital, 72 King William Rd, North Adelaide, South Australia 5006, Australia.
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37
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Johnson DW. Alkyldimethylaminoethyl ester iodides for improved analysis of fatty acids by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2000; 14:2019-2024. [PMID: 11085412 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0231(20001115)14:21<2019::aid-rcm121>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The development of a new class of derivatives, the alkyldimethylaminoethyl ester iodides, for the analysis of fatty acids by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry is described. They are prepared by quaternization of dimethylaminoethyl esters with alkyl iodides. The trimethylaminoethyl (choline) ester iodide affords between 8 and 12 times greater signal intensity than the corresponding dimethylaminoethyl ester used in the analysis of long to very long chain fatty acids in plasma samples. It is a superior derivative for unsaturated and monohydroxylated long chain fatty acids but unsuitable for bile acids and dicarboxylic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Johnson
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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