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Wu Y, Zhang P, Shi T, Cao D, Pan W. Deficiency of immunoglobulin IgSF6 enhances antibacterial effects by promoting endoplasmic reticulum stress and the inflammatory response in intestinal macrophages. Mucosal Immunol 2024; 17:288-302. [PMID: 38387824 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2024.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) members are known for their role as glycoproteins expressed on the surface of immune cells, enabling protein-protein interactions to sense external signals during immune responses. However, the functions of immunoglobulins localized within subcellular compartments have been less explored. In this study, we identified an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized immunoglobulin, IgSF member 6 (IgSF6), that regulates ER stress and the inflammatory response in intestinal macrophages. Igsf6 expression is sustained by microbiota and significantly upregulated upon bacterial infection. Mice lacking Igsf6 displayed resistance to Salmonella typhimurium challenge but increased susceptibility to dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. Mechanistically, deficiency of Igsf6 enhanced inositol-requiring enzyme 1α/-X-box binding protein 1 pathway, inflammatory response, and reactive oxygen species production leading to increased bactericidal activity of intestinal macrophages. Inhibition of reactive oxygen species or inositol-requiring enzyme 1α-X-box binding protein 1 pathway reduced the advantage of Igsf6 deficiency in bactericidal capacity. Together, our findings provide insight into the role of IgSF6 in intestinal macrophages that modulate the ER stress response and maintain intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Panrui Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Tianlu Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Dan Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Wen Pan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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3
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Zhukovsky MA, Basmaciogullari S, Pacheco B, Wang L, Madani N, Haim H, Sodroski J. Thermal stability of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) receptors, CD4 and CXCR4, reconstituted in proteoliposomes. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13249. [PMID: 20967243 PMCID: PMC2954141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The entry of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) into host cells involves the interaction of the viral exterior envelope glycoprotein, gp120, and receptors on the target cell. The HIV-1 receptors are CD4 and one of two chemokine receptors, CCR5 or CXCR4. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We created proteoliposomes that contain CD4, the primary HIV-1 receptor, and one of the coreceptors, CXCR4. Antibodies against CD4 and CXCR4 specifically bound the proteoliposomes. CXCL12, the natural ligand for CXCR4, and the small-molecule CXCR4 antagonist, AMD3100, bound the proteoliposomes with affinities close to those associated with the binding of these molecules to cells expressing CXCR4 and CD4. The HIV-1 gp120 exterior envelope glycoprotein bound tightly to proteoliposomes expressing only CD4 and, in the presence of soluble CD4, bound weakly to proteoliposomes expressing only CXCR4. The thermal stability of CD4 and CXCR4 inserted into liposomes was examined. Thermal denaturation of CXCR4 followed second-order kinetics, with an activation energy (E(a)) of 269 kJ/mol (64.3 kcal/mol) and an inactivation temperature (T(i)) of 56°C. Thermal inactivation of CD4 exhibited a reaction order of 1.3, an E(a) of 278 kJ/mol (66.5 kcal/mol), and a T(i) of 52.2°C. The second-order denaturation kinetics of CXCR4 is unusual among G protein-coupled receptors, and may result from dimeric interactions between CXCR4 molecules. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our studies with proteoliposomes containing the native HIV-1 receptors allowed an examination of the binding of biologically important ligands and revealed the higher-order denaturation kinetics of these receptors. CD4/CXCR4-proteoliposomes may be useful for the study of virus-target cell interactions and for the identification of inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail A. Zhukovsky
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Pathology, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Structural Dynamics of (Bio)chemical Systems, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stéphane Basmaciogullari
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Pathology, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Beatriz Pacheco
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Pathology, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Pathology, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Navid Madani
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Pathology, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hillel Haim
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Pathology, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joseph Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Pathology, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Luthra PM, Kumar R, Prakash A. Demethoxycurcumin induces Bcl-2 mediated G2/M arrest and apoptosis in human glioma U87 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 384:420-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.04.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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5
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p38 MAPK contributes to CD54 expression and the enhancement of phagocytic activity during macrophage development. Cell Immunol 2009; 256:6-11. [PMID: 19185295 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2008.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Revised: 10/30/2008] [Accepted: 12/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
p38 is a subfamily of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) superfamily with four isoforms. It has been well established that p38 plays a central role in the production of inflammatory molecules and is therefore required for the activation of macrophages in response to inflammatory stimuli. However, little is known about the roles of p38 in macrophage development. The difficulty to get mice deficient in multiple p38 isoforms complicates the study of p38 in macrophage development. With the model of bone marrow-derived murine macrophages and highly selective p38alpha/beta inhibitors SB203580 and SB239063, here we report that macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) induces p38 activation during macrophage development. Inhibition of p38 activity showed minor effects on macrophage proliferation or survival, and did not block CD14, F4/80 expression. However, p38 inhibitors resulted in a significant reduction in CD54 expression and impaired phagocytic activity. Taken together, our data suggest that p38 contributes to macrophage development.
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6
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Hamza A, Zhan CG. How can (-)-epigallocatechin gallate from green tea prevent HIV-1 infection? Mechanistic insights from computational modeling and the implication for rational design of anti-HIV-1 entry inhibitors. J Phys Chem B 2007; 110:2910-7. [PMID: 16471901 DOI: 10.1021/jp0550762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Possible inhibitors preventing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) entry into the cells are recognized as hopeful next-generation anti-HIV-1 drugs. It is highly desirable to develop a potent inhibitor blocking binding of glycoprotein CD4 of the cell with glycoprotein gp120 of HIV-1, because the gp120-CD4 binding is the initial step of HIV-1 entry into the cells. It has been recently reported that (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) from green tea is an inhibitor blocking gp120-CD4 binding. But the inhibitory mechanism remains unknown. For understanding the inhibitory mechanism, extensive molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and binding free-energy calculations have been performed in this study to predict the most favorable structures of CD4-EGCG, gp120-CD4, and gp120-CD4-EGCG binding complexes in water. The results reveal that EGCG binds with CD4 in such a way that the calculated binding affinity of gp120 with the CD4-EGCG complex is negligible. So, the favorable binding of EGCG with CD4 can effectively block gp120-CD4 binding. The calculated CD4-EGCG binding affinity (DeltaG(bind) = -5.5 kcal/mol, K(d) = 94 microM) is in excellent agreement with available experimental data suggesting IC(50) approximately 100 microM for EGCG-blocking CD4-gp120 binding. These results and insights provide a rational basis for future design of novel, more potent inhibitors to block gp120-CD4 binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Hamza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 725 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
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Yin H, Hamilton AD. Strategies for targeting protein-protein interactions with synthetic agents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 44:4130-63. [PMID: 15954154 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200461786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The development of small-molecule modulators of protein-protein interactions is a formidable goal, albeit one that possesses significant potential for the discovery of novel therapeutics. Despite the daunting challenges, a variety of examples exists for the inhibition of two large protein partners with low-molecular-weight ligands. This review discusses the strategies for targeting protein-protein interactions and the state of the art in the rational design of molecules that mimic the structures and functions of their natural targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yin
- Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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8
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Liu J, Ying J, Chow VTK, Hruby VJ, Satyanarayanajois SD. Structure-activity studies of peptides from the "hot-spot" region of human CD2 protein: development of peptides for immunomodulation. J Med Chem 2005; 48:6236-49. [PMID: 16190751 PMCID: PMC1351114 DOI: 10.1021/jm0503547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
CD2 is a cell surface protein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) that plays a key role in mediating adhesion between human T-lymphocytes and target cells. The interaction between cell-adhesion molecules CD2 and CD58 is critical for immune response. Modulation or inhibition of these interactions has been shown to be therapeutically useful. Synthetic 12-mer linear and cyclic peptides and cyclic hexapeptides from the beta-turn and beta-strand region (hot spot) of human CD2 protein were designed to modulate CD2-CD58 interaction. The 12-amino acid synthetic cyclic peptides effectively blocked the interaction between CD2 and CD58 proteins as demonstrated by E-rosetting and heterotypic adhesion assays. NMR and molecular modeling studies indicated that these cyclic peptides exhibit beta-turn structure in solution and closely mimic the beta-turn structure of the surface epitopes of CD2 protein. The designed cyclic peptides with beta-turn structure have the ability to modulate CD2-CD58 interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Seetharama D. Satyanarayanajois
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed: Department of Pharmacy, 18 Science Drive 4, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543. Telephone: (65)-6-874-2653. Fax: (65)-6-779-1554. E-mail:
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9
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Yin H, Hamilton AD. Strategien zur Modulation von Protein-Protein-Wechselwirkungen mit synthetischen Substanzen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200461786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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10
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Lefranc MP, Pommié C, Kaas Q, Duprat E, Bosc N, Guiraudou D, Jean C, Ruiz M, Da Piédade I, Rouard M, Foulquier E, Thouvenin V, Lefranc G. IMGT unique numbering for immunoglobulin and T cell receptor constant domains and Ig superfamily C-like domains. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 29:185-203. [PMID: 15572068 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2004.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2004] [Accepted: 07/16/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
IMGT, the international ImMunoGeneTics information system (http://imgt.cines.fr) provides a common access to expertly annotated data on the genome, proteome, genetics and structure of immunoglobulins (IG), T cell receptors (TR), major histocompatibility complex (MHC), and related proteins of the immune system (RPI) of human and other vertebrates. The NUMEROTATION concept of IMGT-ONTOLOGY has allowed to define a unique numbering for the variable domains (V-DOMAINs) and for the V-LIKE-DOMAINs. In this paper, this standardized characterization is extended to the constant domains (C-DOMAINs), and to the C-LIKE-DOMAINs, leading, for the first time, to their standardized description of mutations, allelic polymorphisms, two-dimensional (2D) representations and tridimensional (3D) structures. The IMGT unique numbering is, therefore, highly valuable for the comparative, structural or evolutionary studies of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) domains, V-DOMAINs and C-DOMAINs of IG and TR in vertebrates, and V-LIKE-DOMAINs and C-LIKE-DOMAINs of proteins other than IG and TR, in any species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Paule Lefranc
- IMGT, the International ImMunoGeneTics Information System, LIGM, Laboratoire d'ImmunoGénétique Moléculaire, Université Montpellier II, UPR CNRS 1142, IGH, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
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Srinivasan M, Lu D, Eri R, Brand DD, Haque A, Blum JS. CD80 binding polyproline helical peptide inhibits T cell activation. J Biol Chem 2004; 280:10149-55. [PMID: 15598660 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m409521200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The critical role played by the CD28/CD152-CD80/CD86 costimulatory molecules in mediating T cell activation and suppression provides attractive targets for therapeutic strategies. CD28 and CD152 share a conserved polyproline motif in the ligand-binding region. Similar proline-rich regions in globular domains preferentially adopt a polyproline type II (PP) helical conformation and are involved in transient (II)protein-protein interactions. Interestingly, in the human CD80-CD152 complex, Pro(102) of CD152 restricts the preceding proline to PP(II) helix in the binding orientation in relation to the shallow binding pocket of CD80. Peptide agents derived from binding sites of receptors that mimic the bioactive conformation have been shown to block receptor-ligand interactions. Contact preferences of the interface amino acids at the protein-protein interaction sites and the propensity of each residue to form PP(II) helix were integrated in the design of novel peptide agents referred to as CD80 competitive antagonist peptides. Structural and functional studies suggest potential therapeutic value for select CD80 competitive antagonist peptides.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/chemistry
- Antigens, Differentiation/chemistry
- Arthritis, Experimental
- B7-1 Antigen/chemistry
- B7-1 Antigen/metabolism
- B7-2 Antigen
- Binding, Competitive
- CD28 Antigens/chemistry
- CTLA-4 Antigen
- Cell Proliferation
- Circular Dichroism
- Collagen/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Humans
- Ligands
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Membrane Glycoproteins/chemistry
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Models, Molecular
- Peptides/chemistry
- Proline/chemistry
- Protein Binding
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Mythily Srinivasan
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, 1121 W. Michigan St., Indianapolis 46202, USA.
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12
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Jining L, Makagiansar I, Yusuf-Makagiansar H, Chow VTK, Siahaan TJ, Jois SDS. Design, structure and biological activity of β-turn peptides of CD2 protein for inhibition of T-cell adhesion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 271:2873-86. [PMID: 15233784 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04198.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between cell-adhesion molecules CD2 and CD58 is critical for an immune response. Modulation or inhibition of these interactions has been shown to be therapeutically useful. Synthetic 12-mer linear and cyclic peptides, and cyclic hexapeptides based on rat CD2 protein, were designed to modulate CD2-CD58 interaction. The synthetic peptides effectively blocked the interaction between CD2-CD58 proteins as demonstrated by antibody binding, E-rosetting and heterotypic adhesion assays. NMR and molecular modeling studies indicated that the synthetic cyclic peptides exhibit beta-turn structure in solution and closely mimic the beta-turn structure of the surface epitopes of the CD2 protein. Docking studies of CD2 peptides and CD58 protein revealed the possible binding sites of the cyclic peptides on CD58 protein. The designed cyclic peptides with beta-turn structure have the ability to modulate the CD2-CD58 interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Jining
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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13
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Kawai K, Tsuno NH, Kitayama J, Okaji Y, Yazawa K, Asakage M, Hori N, Watanabe T, Takahashi K, Nagawa H. Epigallocatechin gallate, the main component of tea polyphenol, binds to CD4 and interferes with gp120 binding. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 112:951-7. [PMID: 14610487 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6749(03)02007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the major component of tea polyphenol, has been reported to have various physiologic modulatory activities. Several reports also have shown that catechin has a protective effect against HIV infection, part of which is mediated by inhibiting virions to bind to the target cell surface. OBJECTIVE We investigated the effect of EGCG on the expression of CD4 molecules and on its ability to bind gp120, an envelope protein of HIV-1. METHODS Peripheral blood CD4+ T cells were incubated in the presence of EGCG, and the expression of CD4 was evaluated by means of flow cytometry. The effect of EGCG on the antibody binding to CD4 was investigated by using a sandwich ELISA, and the effect on the gp120 binding to CD4 was analyzed by means of flow cytometry. RESULTS EGCG efficiently inhibited binding of anti-CD4 antibody to its corresponding antigen. This effect was mediated by the direct binding of EGCG to the CD4 molecule, with consequent inhibition of antibody binding, as well as gp120 binding. CONCLUSION The present results suggest a potential preventive effect of EGCG on HIV-1 infection by modulating binding to CD4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushige Kawai
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Sun C, Kilburn D, Lukashin A, Crowell T, Gardner H, Brundiers R, Diefenbach B, Carulli JP. Kirrel2, a novel immunoglobulin superfamily gene expressed primarily in beta cells of the pancreatic islets. Genomics 2003; 82:130-42. [PMID: 12837264 DOI: 10.1016/s0888-7543(03)00110-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A novel immunoglobulin superfamily (Igsf) protein gene was discovered by computational analysis of human draft genomic DNA, and multiple cDNA clones were obtained. The protein encoded by this gene contains five Ig domains, one transmembrane domain, and an intracellular domain. It has significant similarity with several known Igsf proteins, including Drosophila RST (irregular chiasm C-roughest) protein and mammalian KIRREL (kin of irregular chiasm C-roughest), NEPH1, and NPHS1 (nephrin) proteins. All these proteins have multiple Ig domains, possess properties of cell adhesion molecules, and play important roles in organ development. RT-PCR and Northern blot results indicate this gene is predominantly expressed in pancreas, and public sequence databases indicate there is also expression in the nervous system. We have named this gene Kirrel2 (kin of irregular chiasm-like 2), to reflect its similarity to irregular chiasm C-roughest and Kirrel. Four splice forms of Kirrel2 were observed, including two that we cloned from pancreas mRNA as well as two GenBank entries, one from the brain and one from a retinoblastoma cell line. A partial cDNA clone of the mouse orthologue was obtained by RT-PCR from mouse brain, and the inferred protein sequence has 85% sequence identity to the human protein. Immunohistochemical staining results indicate that the KIRREL2 protein is conserved from rodents to primates, and it is highly expressed in pancreatic islets. RT-PCR results on mouse pancreatic cell lines indicate that expression in the pancreas is restricted to beta cells. Thus, KIRREL2 protein is a beta-cell-expressed Ig domain protein and may be involved in pancreas development or beta cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Sun
- Gene Discovery Department, Biogen, Inc., 12 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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15
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Taheri M, Saragovi HU, Stanners CP. The adhesion and differentiation-inhibitory activities of the immunoglobulin superfamily member, carcinoembryonic antigen, can be independently blocked. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:14632-9. [PMID: 12571231 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m212500200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The external domains of Ig superfamily members are involved in multiple binding interactions, both homophilic and heterophilic, that initiate molecular events leading to the execution of diverse cell functions. Human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), an Ig superfamily cell surface glycoprotein used widely as a clinical tumor marker, undergoes homophilic interactions that mediate intercellular adhesion. Recent evidence supports the view that deregulated overexpression of CEA has an instrumental role in tumorigenesis through the inhibition of cell differentiation and the disruption of tissue architecture. The CEA-mediated block of the myogenic differentiation of rat L6 myoblasts depends on homophilic binding of its external domains. We show here that L6 transfectant cells expressing CEA can "trans-block" the myogenesis of juxtaposed differentiation-competent L6 transfectant cells expressing a deletion mutant of CEA (DeltaNCEA). This result implies the efficacy of antiparallel CEA-CEA interactions between cells in the differentiation block. In addition, DeltaNCEA can acquire differentiation blocking activity by cross-linking with specific anti-CEA antibodies, thus implying the efficacy of parallel CEA-CEA interactions on the same cell surface. The myogenic differentiation blocking activity of CEA was demonstrated by site-directed mutations to involve three subdomains of the amino-terminal domain, shown previously to be critical for its intercellular adhesion function. Monovalent Fab fragments of monoclonal antibodies binding to the region bridging subdomains 1 and 2 could both inhibit intercellular adhesion and release the myogenic differentiation block. Amino acid substitutions Q80A, Q80R, and D82N in subdomain 3, QNDTG, however, were found to completely ablate the differentiation blocking activity of CEA but had no effect on intercellular adhesion activity. A cyclized peptide representing this subdomain was the most effective at releasing the differentiation block.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Taheri
- McGill Cancer Centre and Departments of Biochemistry and Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada
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Srinivasan M, Gienapp IE, Stuckman SS, Rogers CJ, Jewell SD, Kaumaya PTP, Whitacre CC. Suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis using peptide mimics of CD28. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:2180-8. [PMID: 12165548 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.4.2180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The B7:CD28/CTLA-4 costimulatory pathway plays a critical role in regulating the immune response and thus provides an ideal target for therapeutic manipulation of autoimmune disease. Previous studies have shown that blockade of CD28 signaling by mAbs can both prevent and exacerbate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In this study, we have designed two CD28 peptide mimics that selectively block B7:CD28 interactions. By surface plasmon resonance, both the end group-blocked CD28 peptide (EL-CD28) and its retro-inverso isomer (RI-CD28) compete effectively with the extracellular domain of CD28 for binding to B7-1. Both the CD28 peptide mimics inhibited expansion of encephalitogenic T cells in vitro. A single administration of EL-CD28 or RI-CD28 peptide significantly reduced disease severity in EAE. Importantly, we show that either CD28 peptide mimic administered during acute disease dramatically improved clinical signs of EAE, suppressing ongoing disease. The ratio of CD80:CD86 expression was significantly lower on CD4(+) and F4/80(+) spleen cells in CD28 peptide-treated mice. Peripheral deletion of Ag-specific CD4(+) T cells occurs following in vivo blockade of CD28 with synthetic CD28 peptides.
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MESH Headings
- Abatacept
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- Apoptosis
- B7-1 Antigen/metabolism
- B7-2 Antigen
- Binding Sites
- Binding, Competitive
- CD28 Antigens/chemistry
- CD28 Antigens/genetics
- CD28 Antigens/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- CTLA-4 Antigen
- Drug Design
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Female
- Immunoconjugates
- Macrophages/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Molecular Mimicry
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peptides/administration & dosage
- Peptides/chemistry
- Peptides/genetics
- Peptides/immunology
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Mythily Srinivasan
- Department of Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Bès C, Briant-Longuet L, Cerruti M, De Berardinis P, Devauchelle G, Devaux C, Granier C, Chardès T, DeBerardinis P. Efficient CD4 binding and immunosuppressive properties of the 13B8.2 monoclonal antibody are displayed by its CDR-H1-derived peptide CB1. FEBS Lett 2001; 508:67-74. [PMID: 11707270 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(01)03036-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A systematic exploration of the V(H)2/V(kappa)12-13 variable domains of the anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody (mAb) 13B8.2 was performed by the Spot method to screen for paratope-derived peptides (PDPs) demonstrating CD4 binding ability. Nine peptides, named CB1 to CB9, were identified, synthesized in a cyclic and soluble form and tested for binding to recombinant soluble CD4. Among them, CB1, CB2 and CB8 showed high anti-CD4 activity. Competition studies for CD4 binding indicated that PDPs CB1, CB8, and the parental mAb 13B8.2 recognized the same complementarity determining region (CDR)3-like loop region. PDP CB1 was shown to mimic the biological properties of 13B8.2 mAb in two independent cellular assays, demonstrating inhibitory activities in the micromolar range on antigen presentation and human immunodeficiency virus promoter activation. Our results indicate that the bioactive CDR-H1 PDP CB1 has retained a significant part of the parental 13B8.2 mAb properties and might be a lead for the design of anti-CD4 peptidomimetics of clinical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bès
- CNRS-UMR 5094, Faculté de Pharmacie, Institut de Biotechnologie et Pharmacologie, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
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18
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Gáspár R, Bagossi P, Bene L, Matkó J, Szöllosi J, Tozsér J, Fésüs L, Waldmann TA, Damjanovich S. Clustering of class I HLA oligomers with CD8 and TCR: three-dimensional models based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer and crystallographic data. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:5078-86. [PMID: 11290789 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.8.5078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) data, in accordance with lateral mobility measurements, suggested the existence of class I HLA dimers and oligomers at the surface of live human cells, including the B lymphoblast cell line (JY) used in the present study. Intra- and intermolecular class I HLA epitope distances were measured on JY B cells by FRET using fluorophore-conjugated Ag-binding fragments of mAbs W6/32 and L368 directed against structurally well-characterized heavy and light chain epitopes, respectively. Out-of-plane location of these epitopes relative to the membrane-bound BODIPY-PC (2-(4,4-difluoro-5-(4-phenyl-1,3-butadienyl)-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-pentanoyl)-1-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) was also determined by FRET. Computer-simulated docking of crystallographic structures of class I HLA and epitope-specific Ag-binding fragments, with experimentally determined interepitope and epitope to cell surface distances as constraints, revealed several sterically allowed and FRET-compatible class I HLA dimeric and tetrameric arrangements. Extension of the tetrameric class I HLA model with interacting TCR and CD8 resulted in a model of a supramolecular cluster that may exist physiologically and serve as a functionally significant unit for a network of CD8-HLA-I complexes providing enhanced signaling efficiency even at low MHC-peptide concentrations at the interface of effector and APCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gáspár
- Department of Biophysics, Biophysics Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Center, Debrecen, Hungary.
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19
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Taheri M, Saragovi U, Fuks A, Makkerh J, Mort J, Stanners CP. Self Recognition in the Ig Superfamily. J Biol Chem 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)61463-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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20
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Wang JL, Liu D, Zhang ZJ, Shan S, Han X, Srinivasula SM, Croce CM, Alnemri ES, Huang Z. Structure-based discovery of an organic compound that binds Bcl-2 protein and induces apoptosis of tumor cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:7124-9. [PMID: 10860979 PMCID: PMC16510 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.13.7124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 964] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bcl-2 and related proteins are key regulators of apoptosis or programmed cell death implicated in human disease including cancer. We recently showed that cell-permeable Bcl-2 binding peptides could induce apoptosis of human myeloid leukemia in vitro and suppress its growth in severe combined immunodeficient mice. Here we report the discovery of HA14-1, a small molecule (molecular weight = 409) and nonpeptidic ligand of a Bcl-2 surface pocket, by using a computer screening strategy based on the predicted structure of Bcl-2 protein. In vitro binding studies demonstrated the interaction of HA14-1 with this Bcl-2 surface pocket that is essential for Bcl-2 biological function. HA14-1 effectively induced apoptosis of human acute myeloid leukemia (HL-60) cells overexpressing Bcl-2 protein that was associated with the decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential and activation of caspase-9 followed by caspase-3. Cytokine response modifier A, a potent inhibitor of Fas-mediated apoptosis, did not block apoptosis induced by HA14-1. Whereas HA14-1 strongly induced the death of NIH 3T3 (Apaf-1(+/+)) cells, it had little apoptotic effect on Apaf-1-deficient (Apaf-1(-/-)) mouse embryonic fibroblast cells. These data are consistent with a mechanism by which HA14-1 induces the activation of Apaf-1 and caspases, possibly by binding to Bcl-2 protein and inhibiting its function. The discovery of this cell-permeable molecule provides a chemical probe to study Bcl-2-regulated apoptotic pathways in vivo and could lead to the development of new therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Wang
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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21
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Huang Z. Structural chemistry and therapeutic intervention of protein-protein interactions in immune response, human immunodeficiency virus entry, and apoptosis. Pharmacol Ther 2000; 86:201-15. [PMID: 10882809 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(00)00052-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions involved in diverse biological functions are largely unexplored therapeutic targets, and present a major challenge and opportunity for drug design research. Encouraging new approaches to this problem recently have emerged from studies of small molecule regulators of protein-protein complexes. This review outlines the basic concepts for two of these approaches, based on structural and chemical strategies, by illustrating their application in the design of small molecule inhibitors for three biological systems: (1) cell surface molecules CD4 and CD8 involved in immune response, (2) chemokine receptor-ligand interactions implicated in human immunodeficiency virus entry, and (3) B-cell leukemia/lymphoma-2 family proteins essential for regulation of programmed cell death or apoptosis. The design and discovery of these novel reagents provide valuable tools to probe fundamental questions about a particular protein-protein complex, and may lead to a new generation of potential therapeutic agents. Furthermore, these studies suggest a framework for chemical intervention of other protein-protein interactions involved in many pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Huang
- Kimmel Cancer Institute, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 802 BLSB, 233 South 10th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA.
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22
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Abstract
The affinity maturation of antibody 48G7 from its germline predecessor 48G7g has been studied at a molecular level through a combination of structural and biochemical means. Each of the nine somatic mutations accumulated during affinity maturation has been assessed for gain or loss of function in both the germline and affinity-matured antibodies. Individual somatic mutations were found to be either positive or neutral in their effects on affinity for hapten JWJ1, with a marked context-dependence for some sites of mutation. In a number of cases significant cooperativity was found between pairs of somatically mutated residues. Interpretation of the structural changes introduced by many of the point mutations has been possible due to the availability of high-resolution crystal structures of 48G7g and 48G7, and mechanisms by which these structural changes may result in enhanced affinity for hapten have been identified. Precise dissection of structure-function relationships in this system provides additional insights into the role of cooperativity in the evolution of antibody affinity. Comparison of 48G7 with previously characterized systems provides a varied view of the structure-function mechanisms by which the humoral immune system produces large increases in affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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23
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Deigin VI, Poverenny AM, Semina OV, Semenets TN. Reciprocal effect of optical isomerism of EW-dipeptides on immune response. Immunol Lett 1999; 67:41-6. [PMID: 10217204 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(98)00149-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptides of the EW-sequence, consisting of D-amino acids, were shown to inhibit spleen colony formation both after in vitro treatment of bone marrow and after the peptide injection to the donor 2-48 h prior to bone marrow taking. The inhibiting effect of D-(EW) peptides can be eliminated by injection of thymic cells to the recipient. L-(EW) peptides have no influence on colony forming activity of intact bone marrow cells but stimulate regeneration of colony formation by irradiated (1 Gy) bone marrow. Unlike L-(EW), the D-(EW) peptides suppress the development of hemopoietic stem cells into the S-phase. Supposedly, D-(EW) represent a new generation of immunoactive peptides possessing of inhibiting activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- V I Deigin
- Peptide Engineering Centre PEPTOS, Miklukho-Maklaya, Moscow, Russian Federation.
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24
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Li S, Satoh T, Korngold R, Huang Z. CD4 dimerization and oligomerization: implications for T-cell function and structure-based drug design. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1998; 19:455-62. [PMID: 9785669 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5699(98)01325-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies of CD4 structure and function have revealed possible mechanisms for CD4 self-association, with implications for its role in T-cell activation. Here, the authors discuss the formulation of a hypothetical three-dimensional model of CD4 oligomerization and how it impacts on the understanding of T-cell function and rational drug design targeting specific CD4 surface functional sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Li
- Kimmel Cancer Institute, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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25
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Koch U, Choksi S, Marcucci L, Korngold R. A Synthetic CD4-CDR3 Peptide Analog Enhances Skin Allograft Survival Across a MHC Class II Barrier. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.1.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The efficacy of a synthetic peptide analogue (rD-mPGPtide), mimicking the CDR3 region in the first domain of the CD4 surface molecule, was investigated in a murine model for CD4+ T cell-mediated skin allograft rejection. A single injection of rD-mPGPtide shortly before transplantation exhibited significantly prolonged graft survival in the B6 anti-B6.C-H2bm12 MHC class II-disparate strain combination. Long-term graft survival (>100 days) was achieved when thymectomized adult recipient mice were transplanted along with rD-mPGPtide treatment. The peptide also affected secondary rechallenge responses with MHC class II allografts. In addition, the inhibitory effect of the rD-mPGPtide in this transplantation model was directed against CD4+ T cells and was exclusively specific toward donor alloantigen. In vitro analysis of CD4+ T cells isolated from the draining lymph nodes of rD-mPGPtide-treated recipients indicated a 450-fold decrease in precursor frequency in response to donor allostimulation compared with the untreated control group. There was also significant down-regulation of the frequency of IL-2-, IFN-γ-, and IL-4-producing CD4+ T cells upon in vitro allogeneic restimulation of host cells 4 days posttransplantation. However, these same CD4+ T cells maintained the capacity to produce normal cytokine levels upon third-party allostimulation. Thus, these studies demonstrate that a CD4-CDR3 peptide analogue can specifically and effectively prolong skin graft survival across MHC class II barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Koch
- Kimmel Cancer Institute, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Swati Choksi
- Kimmel Cancer Institute, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Lisa Marcucci
- Kimmel Cancer Institute, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Robert Korngold
- Kimmel Cancer Institute, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA 19107
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26
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Li S, Choksi S, Shan S, Hu X, Gao J, Korngold R, Huang Z. Identification of the CD8 DE loop as a surface functional epitope. Implications for major histocompatibility complex class I binding and CD8 inhibitor design. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:16442-5. [PMID: 9632710 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.26.16442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We used an approach of protein surface epitope mapping by synthetic peptides to analyze the surface structure-function relationship of the CD8 protein. Small synthetic peptide mimics of the CD8 DE loop were shown to effectively block CD8 binding to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules and possess significant inhibitory activity on in vitro CD8(+) T cell function. These results suggested that the DE loop region of the CD8 protein is an important functional epitope mediating CD8-MHC class I interaction and the activation of CD8(+) T cells, a finding that is consistent with the recently reported crystal structure of the CD8-MHC class I complex. The structural basis for the biological activity of the DE loop peptide was further analyzed in a series of analogs containing alanine substitutions. This study provides support for the concept of bioactive peptide design based on protein surface epitopes and suggests that such an approach may be applicable to other protein-protein complexes, particularly those of immunoglobulin superfamily molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Li
- Kimmel Cancer Institute, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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