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Jian Y, Han Y, Fu Z, Xia M, Jiang G, Lu D, Wu J, Liu Z. The role of conformational dynamics on the activity of polymer-conjugated CalB in organic solvents. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:22028-22037. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02208g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A perennial interest in enzyme catalysis has been expanding its applicability from aqueous phase where enzymes are naturally evolved to organic solvents in which the majority of industrial chemical synthesis...
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2
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Zhang Y, Xia Y, Liu X, Xiong Z, Wang S, Zhang N, Ai L. High-Level Expression and Substrate-Binding Region Modification of a Novel BL312 Milk-Clotting Enzyme To Enhance the Ratio of Milk-Clotting Activity to Proteolytic Activity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:13684-13693. [PMID: 31742396 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A novel BL312 milk-clotting enzyme (MCE) exhibited high-level expression and remarkable milk-clotting activity (MCA) (865 ± 20 SU/mL) that was 3.3-fold higher than the control by optimizing induction conditions in recombinant Escherichia. coli harboring pET24a-proMCE. Through substrate-binding region analyses and modification, MCE-G165A was identified from nine mutants and showed a proteolytic activity of 49.4 ± 2.4 U/mL and an MCA/PA ratio of 18.2, which were respectively 1.9-fold lower and 2.0-fold higher than those of the control. The purified MCE-G165A (28 kDa) exhibited weak αs-casein, β-casein, and strong κ-casein (κ-CN) hydrolysis levels as assessed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The milk-clotting mechanism for MCE-G165A was the primary hydrolysis of Met106-Ala107 and Asn123-Thr124 bonds in κ-CN, as determined by mass spectrometry. MCE-G165A showed different hydrolysis sites in casein, leading to various functional peptides. Feasible methods for obtaining MCEs suitable as calf rennet substitutes are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering , University of Shanghai for Science and Technology , Shanghai 200093 , China
| | - Yongjun Xia
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering , University of Shanghai for Science and Technology , Shanghai 200093 , China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering , University of Shanghai for Science and Technology , Shanghai 200093 , China
| | - Zhiqiang Xiong
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering , University of Shanghai for Science and Technology , Shanghai 200093 , China
| | - Shijie Wang
- Shijiazhuang Junlebao Dairy Co., Ltd. , Shijiazhuang , Hebei 050221 , China
| | - Na Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Science and Engineering of Heilongjiang Province , Harbin University of Commerce , Harbin 150076 , China
| | - Lianzhong Ai
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering , University of Shanghai for Science and Technology , Shanghai 200093 , China
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3
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Thakur S, Sharma NK, Thakur N, Savitri, Bhalla TC. Organic solvent tolerant metallo protease of novel isolate Serratia marcescens PPB-26: production and characterization. 3 Biotech 2016; 6:180. [PMID: 28330252 PMCID: PMC4999571 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-016-0500-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteases are a class of enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis of peptide bonds of proteins. In this study, 221 proteolytic bacterial isolates were obtained by enrichment culture method from soils of various regions of Himachal Pradesh, India. From these a hyper producer of protease was screened and identified by morphological and physiological testing and by 16S rDNA sequence as Serratia marcescens PPB-26. Statistical optimization of physiochemical parameters enhanced the protease production by 75 %. Protease of S. marcescens PPB-26 was classified as a metalloprotease. It showed optimal activity at 30 °C, pH 7.5 (0.15 M Tris-HCl buffer) and with 0.8 % substrate concentration. It had K m = 0.3 %, V max = 34.5 μmol min-1 mg-1 protein and a half life of 2 days at 30 °C. The enzyme was stable in most metal ions but showed increased activity with Fe2+ and Cu2+ while strong inhibition with Co2+ and Zn2+. Further investigation showed that the enzyme could not only retain its activity in various organic solvents but also showed increased activity with methanol and ethanol. The reported metalloprotease is thus a potential candidate for carrying out industrial peptide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Thakur
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171005, India
| | - Nirmal Kant Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171005, India
| | - Neerja Thakur
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171005, India
| | - Savitri
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171005, India
| | - Tek Chand Bhalla
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171005, India.
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4
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Minten IJ, Abello N, Schooneveld-Bergmans MEF, van den Berg MA. Post-production modification of industrial enzymes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:6215-31. [PMID: 24903809 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5799-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Industry has an increasing interest in the use of enzymes as environmentally friendly, highly efficient, and specific bio-catalysts. Enzymes have primarily evolved to function in aqueous environments at ambient temperature and pressure. These conditions however do not always correspond with industrial processes or applications, and only a small portion of all known enzymes are therefore suitable for industrial use. Protein engineering can sometimes be applied to convey more desirable properties to enzymes, such as increased stability, but is limited to the 20 naturally occurring amino acids or homologs thereof. Using post-production modification, which has the potential to combine desirable properties from the enzyme and the conjugated compounds, enzymes can be modified with both natural and synthetic molecules. This offers access to a myriad of possibilities for tuning the properties of enzymes. At this moment, however, the effects of post-production modification cannot yet be reliably predicted. The increasing number of applications will improve this so that the potential of this technology can be fully exploited. This review will focus on post-production modification of enzymes and its use and opportunities in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge J Minten
- DSM Biotechnology Center, Alexander Fleminglaan 1, 2613 AX, Delft, The Netherlands,
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5
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Stepankova V, Bidmanova S, Koudelakova T, Prokop Z, Chaloupkova R, Damborsky J. Strategies for Stabilization of Enzymes in Organic Solvents. ACS Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/cs400684x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Stepankova
- Loschmidt
Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and Research Centre
for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- International
Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
- Enantis,
Ltd., Palackeho trida
1802/129, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sarka Bidmanova
- Loschmidt
Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and Research Centre
for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tana Koudelakova
- Loschmidt
Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and Research Centre
for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Prokop
- Loschmidt
Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and Research Centre
for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Enantis,
Ltd., Palackeho trida
1802/129, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Chaloupkova
- Loschmidt
Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and Research Centre
for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Damborsky
- Loschmidt
Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and Research Centre
for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- International
Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
- Enantis,
Ltd., Palackeho trida
1802/129, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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6
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Tada S, Andou T, Suzuki T, Dohmae N, Kobatake E, Ito Y. Genetic PEGylation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49235. [PMID: 23145132 PMCID: PMC3493536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was genetically incorporated into a polypeptide. Stop-anticodon-containing tRNAs were acylated with PEG-containing amino acids and were then translated into polypeptides corresponding to DNA sequences containing the stop codons. The molecular weights of the PEG used were 170, 500, 700, 1000, and 2000 Da, and the translation was confirmed by mass spectrometry. The PEG incorporation ratio decreased as the molecular weight of PEG increased, and PEG with a molecular weight of 1000 Da was only slightly incorporated. Although improvement is required to increase the efficiency of the process, this study demonstrates the possibility of genetic PEGylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichi Tada
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takashi Andou
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takehiro Suzuki
- Biomolecular Characterization Team, Chemical Biology Core Facility, Chemical Biology Department, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Naoshi Dohmae
- Biomolecular Characterization Team, Chemical Biology Core Facility, Chemical Biology Department, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Eiry Kobatake
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ito
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
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7
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PEGylated antibody in organic media. J Biosci Bioeng 2011; 111:564-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 01/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Castro GR, Knubovets T. Homogeneous Biocatalysis in Organic Solvents and Water-Organic Mixtures. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/bty.23.3.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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9
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Purification and characterization of organic solvent stable protease from Bacillus licheniformis RSP-09-37. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 79:399-405. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1429-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Revised: 02/20/2008] [Accepted: 02/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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10
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Depp V, Kaar JL, Russell AJ, Lele BS. Enzyme Sheathing Enables Nanoscale Solubilization of Biocatalyst and Dramatically Increases Activity in Organic Solvent. Biomacromolecules 2008; 9:1348-51. [DOI: 10.1021/bm701281x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Depp
- ICX-Agentase, 2240 William Pitt Way, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15238, and McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, 100 Technology Drive, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219
| | - Joel L. Kaar
- ICX-Agentase, 2240 William Pitt Way, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15238, and McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, 100 Technology Drive, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219
| | - Alan J. Russell
- ICX-Agentase, 2240 William Pitt Way, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15238, and McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, 100 Technology Drive, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219
| | - Bhalchandra S. Lele
- ICX-Agentase, 2240 William Pitt Way, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15238, and McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, 100 Technology Drive, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219
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11
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Castillo B, Solá RJ, Ferrer A, Barletta G, Griebenow K. Effect of PEG modification on subtilisin Carlsberg activity, enantioselectivity, and structural dynamics in 1,4-dioxane. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008; 99:9-17. [PMID: 17546684 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The employment of enzymes as catalysts within organic media has traditionally been hampered by the reduced enzymatic activities when compared to catalysis in aqueous solution. Although several complementary hypotheses have provided mechanistic insights into the causes of diminished activity, further development of biocatalysts would greatly benefit from effective chemical strategies (e.g., PEGylation) to ameliorate this event. Herein we explore the effects of altering the solvent composition from aqueous buffer to 1,4-dioxane on structural, dynamical, and catalytic properties of the model enzyme subtilisin Carlsberg (SBc). Furthermore, we also investigate the effects of dissolving the enzyme in 1,4-dioxane through chemical modification with poly(ethylene)-glycol (PEG, M(W) = 20 kDa) on these enzyme properties. In 1,4-dioxane a 10(4)-fold decrease in the enzyme's catalytic activity was observed for the hydrolysis reaction of vinyl butyrate with D(2)O and a 50% decrease in enzyme structural dynamics as evidenced by reduced amide H/D exchange kinetics occurred. Attaching increasing amounts of PEG to the enzyme reversed some of the activity loss. Evaluation of the structural dynamic behavior of the PEGylated enzyme within the organic solvent revealed an increase in structural dynamics at increased PEGylation. Correlation analysis between the catalytic and structural dynamic parameters revealed that the enzyme's catalytic activity and enantioselectivity depended on the changes in protein structural dynamics within 1,4-dioxane. These results demonstrate the importance of protein structural dynamics towards regulating the catalytic behavior of enzymes within organic media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betzaida Castillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23346, San Juan 00931-3346, Puerto Rico
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12
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Improving Activity of Salt-Lyophilized Enzymes in Organic Media. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2007; 146:215-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-007-8033-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2007] [Accepted: 08/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Akbar U, Aschenbrenner CD, Harper MR, Johnson HR, Dordick JS, Clark DS. Direct solubilization of enzyme aggregates with enhanced activity in nonaqueous media. Biotechnol Bioeng 2007; 96:1030-9. [PMID: 17171716 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A protein solubilization method has been developed to directly solubilize protein clusters into organic solvents containing small quantities of surfactant and trace amounts of water. Termed "direct solubilization," this technique was shown to solubilize three distinct proteins - subtilisin Carlsberg, lipase B from Candida antarctica, and soybean peroxidase - with much greater efficiencies than extraction of the protein from aqueous solution into surfactant-containing organic solvents (referred to as extraction). More significant, however, was the dramatic increase in directly solubilized enzyme activity relative to extracted enzyme activity, particularly for subtilisin and lipase in polar organic solvents. For example, in THF the initial rate towards bergenin transesterification was ca. 70 times higher for directly solubilized subtilisin than for the extracted enzyme. Furthermore, unlike their extracted counterparts, the directly solubilized enzymes yielded high product conversions across a spectrum of non-polar and polar solvents. Structural characterization of the solubilized enzymes via light scattering and atomic force microscopy revealed soluble proteins consisting of active enzyme aggregates containing approximately 60 and 100 protein molecules, respectively, for subtilisin and lipase. Formation of such clusters appears to provide a microenvironment conducive to catalysis and, in polar organic solvents at least, may protect the enzyme from solvent-induced inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umar Akbar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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14
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Enzyme-mediated enantioselective crystallization of racemic ketoprofen in organic solvents. Sep Purif Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2006.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Castillo B, Méndez J, Al-Azzam W, Barletta G, Griebenow K. On the relationship between the activity and structure of PEG-alpha-chymotrypsin conjugates in organic solvents. Biotechnol Bioeng 2006; 94:565-74. [PMID: 16496401 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes are attractive catalysts for the production of optically active compounds in organic solvents. However, their often low catalytic activity in such applications hampers their practical use. To overcome this, we investigated the effectiveness of the covalent modification of alpha-chymotrypsin with methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) with a Mw of 5,000 to enhance its activity. The model transesterification reaction between sec-phenethyl alcohol and vinyl butyrate in various neat dry organic solvents and at a controlled water activity of 0.008 in two solvents was employed to measure the effect of PEGylation on activity and enantioselectivity. Synthesis conditions were varied to obtain various conjugates with average molar ratios of PEG-to-chymotrypsin ranging from ca. 1 to 7. While the enantioselectivity increased only modestly from ca. 4.4 to 6.1 when averaging results in all solvents, PEG was very efficient in increasing the activity of alpha-chymotrypsin up to more than 400-fold compared to that of the powder lyophilized from buffer alone. The activity increase was more pronounced in apolar than in polar organic solvents and also depended on the amount of PEG bound to the enzyme. For example, the activity of the modified enzyme towards the most reactive "S" enantiomer in octane increased 440-fold but increasing the molar ratio of PEG-to-enzyme from 1.1 to 7.1 resulted in a more than twofold decrease in enzyme activity. Controlling the water activity did not prevent the drop in activity. To investigate the possible origin of the activity changes, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy experiments were conducted. It was found that PEGylation reduced lyophilization-induced structural perturbations, but exposure to the organic solvents caused structural perturbations. These perturbations were more pronounced in polar than in apolar solvents. The pronounced activity drop in polar solvents at increasing PEG-modification levels correlated with an increasing level of solvent-induced structural perturbations. This correlation was less pronounced in apolar solvents where both, activity drop and structural perturbations, were less pronounced at increasing PEGylation levels. In summary, PEG-modified alpha-chymotrypsin might be an interesting system to catalyze reactions, particularly in apolar organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betzaida Castillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23346, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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17
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Schroeder M, Lenting HBM, Kandelbauer A, Silva CJSM, Cavaco-Paulo A, Gübitz GM. Restricting detergent protease action to surface of protein fibres by chemical modification. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 72:738-44. [PMID: 16850302 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0352-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2005] [Revised: 01/23/2006] [Accepted: 01/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Due to their excellent properties, such as thermostability, activity over a broad range of pH and efficient stain removal, proteases from Bacillus sp. are commonly used in the textile industry including industrial processes and laundry and represent one of the most important groups of enzymes. However, due to the action of proteases, severe damage on natural protein fibres such as silk and wool result after washing with detergents containing proteases. To include the benefits of proteases in a wool fibre friendly detergent formulation, the soluble polymer polyethylene glycol (PEG) was covalently attached to a protease from Bacillus licheniformis. In contrast to activation of PEG with cyanuric chloride (50%) activation with 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) lead to activity recovery above 90%. With these modified enzymes, hydrolytic attack on wool fibres could be successfully prevented up to 95% compared to the native enzymes. Colour difference (DeltaE) measured in the three dimensional colour space showed good stain removal properties for the modified enzymes. Furthermore, half-life of the modified enzymes in buffers and commercial detergents solutions was nearly twice as high as those of the non-modified enzymes with values of up to 63 min. Out of the different modified proteases especially the B. licheniformis protease with the 2.0-kDa polymer attached both retained stain removal properties and did not hydrolyse/damage wool fibres.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schroeder
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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18
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Yang L, Dordick JS, Garde S. Hydration of enzyme in nonaqueous media is consistent with solvent dependence of its activity. Biophys J 2005; 87:812-21. [PMID: 15298890 PMCID: PMC1304491 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.104.041269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Water plays an important role in enzyme structure and function in aqueous media. That role becomes even more important when one focuses on enzymes in low water media. Here we present results from molecular dynamics simulations of surfactant-solubilized subtilisin BPN' in three organic solvents (octane, tetrahydrofuran, and acetonitrile) and in pure water. Trajectories from simulations are analyzed with a focus on enzyme structure, flexibility, and the details of enzyme hydration. The overall enzyme and backbone structures, as well as individual residue flexibility, do not show significant differences between water and the three organic solvents over a timescale of several nanoseconds currently accessible to large-scale molecular dynamics simulations. The key factor that distinguishes molecular-level details in different media is the partitioning of hydration water between the enzyme and the bulk solvent. The enzyme surface and the active site region are well hydrated in aqueous medium, whereas with increasing polarity of the organic solvent (octane --> tetrahydrofuran --> acetonitrile) the hydration water is stripped from the enzyme surface. Water stripping is accompanied by the penetration of tetrahydrofuran and acetonitrile molecules into crevices on the enzyme surface and especially into the active site. More polar organic solvents (tetrahydrofuran and acetonitrile) replace mobile and weakly bound water molecules in the active site and leave primarily the tightly bound water in that region. In contrast, the lack of water stripping in octane allows efficient hydration of the active site uniformly by mobile and weakly bound water and some structural water similar to that in aqueous solution. These differences in the active site hydration are consistent with the inverse dependence of enzymatic activity on organic solvent polarity and indicate that the behavior of hydration water on the enzyme surface and in the active site is an important determinant of biological function especially in low water media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
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19
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Castellanos IJ, Al-Azzam W, Griebenow K. Effect of the Covalent Modification with Poly(ethylene glycol) on α-Chymotrypsin Stability upon Encapsulation in Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) Microspheres. J Pharm Sci 2005; 94:327-40. [PMID: 15570602 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of the covalent modification of alpha-chymotrypsin with methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) to afford its stabilization during encapsulation in poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) microspheres by a solid-in-oil-in-water method was investigated. alpha-Chymotrypsin was chemically modified with PEG (M(w) = 5000) using molar ratios of PEG-to-chymotrypsin ranging from 0.4 to 96. Various conjugates were obtained and the amount of PEG modification was determined by capillary electrophoresis. In this investigation, only those conjugates with PEG/chymotrypsin molar ratios between approximately 1 and 8 were considered because higher levels of modification caused protein instability even before encapsulation. The stability and functionality of the chymotrypsin formulations were investigated before encapsulation by measuring enzyme kinetics, thermal stability, and tertiary structure intactness, and after the initial lyophilization process by determining the secondary structure content. These stability parameters were related to select ones after encapsulation in PLGA microspheres (specifically, the amount of insoluble aggregates, residual enzyme activity, and magnitude of protein structural perturbations). The results show that the more stable the protein conformation before encapsulation was, the higher was the retention of the specific activity after encapsulation. In contrast, no relationship was found between the protein stability before encapsulation and the magnitude of encapsulation-induced protein aggregation. Even the lowest level of modification (PEG-to-chymotrypsin molar ratio of 0.7) drastically reduced the amount of insoluble aggregates from 18% for the nonmodified protein to 4%. The results demonstrate that PEG modification was able to largely prevent chymotrypsin aggregation and activity loss upon solid-in-oil-in-water encapsulation in PLGA microspheres. It is demonstrated that it is essential to optimize the degree of protein modification to ascertain protein stability upon encapsulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid J Castellanos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23346, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931-3346
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20
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Altreuter DH, Dordick JS, Clark DS. Solid-phase peptide synthesis by ion-paired alpha-chymotrypsin in nonaqueous media. Biotechnol Bioeng 2003; 81:809-17. [PMID: 12557314 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Solid-phase synthesis of dipeptides in low-water media was achieved using AOT ion-paired alpha-chymotrypsin solubilized in organic solvents. Multiple solvents and systematic variation of water activity, a(w), were used to examine the rate of coupling between N-alpha-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester (Z-Phe-OMe) and leucine as a function of the reaction medium for both solid-phase and solution-phase reactions. In solution, the observed maximum reaction rate in a given solvent generally correlated with measures of hydrophobicity such as the log of the 1-octanol/water partitioning coefficient (log P) and the Hildebrand solubility parameter. The maximum rate for solution-phase synthesis (13 mmol/h g-enzyme) was obtained in a 90/10 (v/v) isooctane/tetrahydrofuran solvent mixture at an a(w) of 0.30. For the synthesis of dipeptides from solid-phase leucine residues, the highest synthetic rates (0.14-1.3 mmol/h g-enzyme) were confined to solvent environments that fell inside abruptly defined regions of solvent parameter space (e.g., log P > 2.3 and normalized electron acceptance index <0.13). The maximum rate for solid-phase synthesis was obtained in a 90/10 (v/v) isooctane/tetrahydrofuran solvent mixture at an a(w) of 0.14. In 90/10 and 70/30 (v/v) isooctane/tetrahydrofuran environments with a(w) set to 0.14, seven different N-protected dipeptides were synthesized on commercially available Tentagel support with yields of 74-98% in 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Altreuter
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1462, USA
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Abstract
Dextran, a natural glucose-containing polysaccharide, has been acylated by Proleather FG-F and lipase AY, a protease and lipase from Bacillus sp. and Candida rugosa, respectively, in anhydrous dimethylsulfoxide in the presence of vinyl acrylate (VA). The efficiency of the reaction in the presence of Proleather FG-F and the isolated yields were ca. 71% and 45%, respectively. Dextran derivatized with VA (dexT70-VA) was characterized by gel permeation chromatography and its structure was established by NMR indicating two positional isomers at the 2 and 3 positions on the glucose moieties in equal amounts. Furthermore, the dextran glucopyranose residues were mono-substituted. The benefits of the biocatalytic synthesis of dextran acrylates was demonstrated using 4-dimethylaminopyridine as a chemical catalyst. Gels were prepared by free radical polymerization of aqueous solutions of dexT70-VA with different degrees of substitution and monomer concentrations. Intermolecular linkages and physical entanglements are predominantly formed by concentrated solutions, however, a part of the acrylate groups did not react. Gel pore sizes were calculated from swelling experiments and ranged from ca. 18 to 182 A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lino Ferreira
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
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Affiliation(s)
- O H Kwon
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Kumoh National University of Technology, 188 Shinpyung-dong, Kumi, Kyungbuk 730-701, Korea
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