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Kai M, Wang S, Gao W, Zhang L. Designs of metal-organic framework nanoparticles for protein delivery. J Control Release 2023; 361:178-190. [PMID: 37532146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Recently, there has been high interest in developing metal-organic framework (MOF) nanoparticles (NPs) for delivering therapeutic proteins, propelled mainly by the unique hierarchical porous structures of MOFs for protein encapsulation. Novel design strategies have emerged for broad therapeutic applications and clinical translations, leading to multifunctional MOF-NPs with improved biointerfacing capabilities and higher potency. This review summarizes recent MOF-NP designs specifically for protein delivery. The summary focuses on four design categories, including environment-responsive MOF-NPs for on-demand protein delivery, cell membrane-coated MOF-NPs for biomimetic protein delivery, cascade reaction-incorporated MOF-NPs for combinatorial protein delivery, and composite MOF-NPs for intelligent protein delivery. The major challenges and opportunities in using MOF-NPs for protein delivery are also discussed. Overall, this review will promote designs of MOF-NPs with unique properties to address unmet medical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxuan Kai
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Shuyan Wang
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Weiwei Gao
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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2
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Becaro AA, Mendes AA, Adriano WS, Lopes LA, Vanzolini KL, Fernandez-Lafuente R, Tardioli PW, Cass QB, Giordano RDLC. Immobilization and stabilization of d-hydantoinase from Vigna angularis and its use in the production of N-carbamoyl-d-phenylglycine. Improvement of the reaction yield by allowing chemical racemization of the substrate. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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3
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Consolati T, Bolivar JM, Petrasek Z, Berenguer J, Hidalgo A, Guisan JM, Nidetzky B. Intraparticle pH Sensing Within Immobilized Enzymes: Immobilized Yellow Fluorescent Protein as Optical Sensor for Spatiotemporal Mapping of pH Inside Porous Particles. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2100:319-333. [PMID: 31939133 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0215-7_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
pH is a fundamental variable in enzyme catalysis and its measurement therefore is crucial for understanding and optimizing enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Whereas measurements within homogeneous bulk liquid solution are prominently used, enzymes immobilized inside porous particles often suffer from pH gradients due to partition effects and heterogeneously catalyzed biochemical reactions. Unfortunately, the measurements of intraparticle pH are not available due to the lack of useful suitable methodologies; as a consequence the biocatalyst characterization is hampered. Here, a fully biocompatible methodology for real-time optical sensing of pH within porous materials is described. A genetically encoded ratiometric pH indicator, the superfolder yellow fluorescent protein (sYFP), is used to functionalize the internal surface of enzyme carrier supports. By using controlled, tailor-made immobilization, sYFP is homogeneously distributed within these materials, and so enables, via self-referenced imaging analysis, pH measurements in high accuracy and with useful spatiotemporal resolution. The hydrolysis of penicillin by a penicillin acylase, taking place in solution or confined to the solid surface of the porous matrix is used to show the monitoring of evolution of internal pH. Thus, pH sensing based on immobilized sYFP represents a broadly applicable technique to the study of the internally heterogeneous environment of immobilized enzymes into solid particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Consolati
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Juan M Bolivar
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Zdenek Petrasek
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jose Berenguer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Center for Molecular Biology 'Severo-Ochoa' (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Aurelio Hidalgo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Center for Molecular Biology 'Severo-Ochoa' (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M Guisan
- Institute of Catalysis and Petroleum Chemistry (ICP-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria.
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria.
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4
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Salami H, Lagerman CE, Harris PR, McDonald MA, Bommarius AS, Rousseau RW, Grover MA. Model development for enzymatic reactive crystallization of β-lactam antibiotics: a reaction–diffusion-crystallization approach. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00276c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A mathematical model for production of β-lactam antibiotics via enzymatic reactive crystallization is developed, and its application for catalyst and process design is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Salami
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
| | - Colton E. Lagerman
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
| | - Patrick R. Harris
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
| | - Matthew A. McDonald
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
| | - Andreas S. Bommarius
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
| | - Ronald W. Rousseau
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
| | - Martha A. Grover
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
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5
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Li K, Mohammed MAA, Zhou Y, Tu H, Zhang J, Liu C, Chen Z, Burns R, Hu D, Ruso JM, Tang Z, Liu Z. Recent progress in the development of immobilized penicillin G acylase for chemical and industrial applications: A mini‐review. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- State Key Laboratory of Gansu Advanced Non‐ferrous Metal MaterialsLanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringLanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
| | - Monier Alhadi Abdelrahman Mohammed
- State Key Laboratory of Gansu Advanced Non‐ferrous Metal MaterialsLanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringLanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
| | - Yongshan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Gansu Advanced Non‐ferrous Metal MaterialsLanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringLanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
| | - Hongyi Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Gansu Advanced Non‐ferrous Metal MaterialsLanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringLanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
| | - Jiachen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Gansu Advanced Non‐ferrous Metal MaterialsLanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringLanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
| | - Chunli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Gansu Advanced Non‐ferrous Metal MaterialsLanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringLanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
| | - Zhenbin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Gansu Advanced Non‐ferrous Metal MaterialsLanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringLanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
| | - Robert Burns
- Department of Physics and EngineeringFrostburg State University Frostburg Maryland
| | - Dongdong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Juan M. Ruso
- Soft Matter and Molecular Biophysics Group, Department of Applied PhysicsUniversity of Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Zhenghua Tang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Surface Chemistry of Energy MaterialsNew Energy Research Institute School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre Guangzhou China
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Surface Chemistry of Energy MaterialsSchool of Environment and Energy South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center Guangzhou China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Physics and EngineeringFrostburg State University Frostburg Maryland
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6
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Bolivar JM, Nidetzky B. The Microenvironment in Immobilized Enzymes: Methods of Characterization and Its Role in Determining Enzyme Performance. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193460. [PMID: 31554193 PMCID: PMC6803829 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The liquid milieu in which enzymes operate when they are immobilized in solid materials can be quite different from the milieu in bulk solution. Important differences are in the substrate and product concentration but also in pH and ionic strength. The internal milieu for immobilized enzymes is affected by the chemical properties of the solid material and by the interplay of reaction and diffusion. Enzyme performance is influenced by the internal milieu in terms of catalytic rate (“activity”) and stability. Elucidation, through direct measurement of differences in the internal as compared to the bulk milieu is, therefore, fundamentally important in the mechanistic characterization of immobilized enzymes. The deepened understanding thus acquired is critical for the rational development of immobilized enzyme preparations with optimized properties. Herein we review approaches by opto-chemical sensing to determine the internal milieu of enzymes immobilized in porous particles. We describe analytical principles applied to immobilized enzymes and focus on the determination of pH and the O2 concentration. We show measurements of pH and [O2] with spatiotemporal resolution, using in operando analysis for immobilized preparations of industrially important enzymes. The effect of concentration gradients between solid particle and liquid bulk on enzyme performance is made evident and quantified. Besides its use in enzyme characterization, the method can be applied to the development of process control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Bolivar
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
- Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib), Petersgasse 14, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
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7
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Chang Y, Tong S, Luo H, Liu Z, Qin B, Zhu L, Sun H, Yu H, Shen Z. Application of ammonium bicarbonate buffer as a smart microenvironmental pH regulator of immobilized cephalosporin C acylase catalysis in different reactors. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 35:e2846. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Chang
- Department of Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource‐oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants Beijing China
| | - Shuangming Tong
- Department of Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource‐oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants Beijing China
- Department of Biological Science and EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing China
| | - Hui Luo
- Department of Biological Science and EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing China
| | - Zijia Liu
- Department of Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource‐oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants Beijing China
| | - Bo Qin
- Department of Biological Science and EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing China
| | - Linlin Zhu
- Department of Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource‐oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants Beijing China
- Department of Biological Science and EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing China
| | - Hongxu Sun
- Department of Biological Science and EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing China
| | - Huimin Yu
- Department of Chemical EngineeringTsinghua University Beijing China
| | - Zhongyao Shen
- Department of Chemical EngineeringTsinghua University Beijing China
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8
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Koszelewski D, Borys F, Brodzka A, Ostaszewski R. Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure 5,6-Dihydropyran-2-ones via Chemoenzymatic Sequential DKR-RCM Reaction. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Koszelewski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Filip Borys
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Anna Brodzka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Ryszard Ostaszewski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
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9
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Consolati T, Bolivar JM, Petrasek Z, Berenguer J, Hidalgo A, Guisán JM, Nidetzky B. Biobased, Internally pH-Sensitive Materials: Immobilized Yellow Fluorescent Protein as an Optical Sensor for Spatiotemporal Mapping of pH Inside Porous Matrices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:6858-6868. [PMID: 29384355 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b16639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The pH is fundamental to biological function and its measurement therefore crucial across all biosciences. Unlike homogenous bulk solution, solids often feature internal pH gradients due to partition effects and confined biochemical reactions. Thus, a full spatiotemporal mapping for pH characterization in solid materials with biological systems embedded in them is essential. In here, therefore, a fully biocompatible methodology for real-time optical sensing of pH within porous materials is presented. A genetically encoded ratiometric pH sensor, the enhanced superfolder yellow fluorescent protein (sYFP), is used to functionalize the internal surface of different materials, including natural and synthetic organic polymers as well as silica frameworks. By using controlled, tailor-made immobilization, sYFP is homogenously distributed within these materials and so enables, via self-referenced imaging analysis, pH measurements in high accuracy and with useful spatiotemporal resolution. Evolution of internal pH is monitored in consequence of a proton-releasing enzymatic reaction, the hydrolysis of penicillin by a penicillin acylase, taking place in solution or confined to the solid surface of the porous matrix. Unlike optochemical pH sensors, which often interfere with biological function, labeling with sYFP enables pH sensing without altering the immobilized enzyme's properties in any of the materials used. Fast response of sYFP to pH change permits evaluation of biochemical kinetics within the solid materials. Thus, pH sensing based on immobilized sYFP represents a broadly applicable technique to the study of biology confined to the internally heterogeneous environment of solid matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Consolati
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz , Petersgasse 12, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Juan M Bolivar
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz , Petersgasse 12, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Zdenek Petrasek
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz , Petersgasse 12, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jose Berenguer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Center for Molecular Biology 'Severo-Ochoa' (UAM-CSIC) , Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aurelio Hidalgo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Center for Molecular Biology 'Severo-Ochoa' (UAM-CSIC) , Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M Guisán
- Institute of Catalysis and Petroleum Chemistry (ICP-CSIC) , C/Marie Curie, 2, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz , Petersgasse 12, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology , Petersgasse 14, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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10
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Benítez-Mateos AI, Nidetzky B, Bolivar JM, López-Gallego F. Single-Particle Studies to Advance the Characterization of Heterogeneous Biocatalysts. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201701590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana I. Benítez-Mateos
- Heterogeneous Biocatalysis Group; CIC BiomaGUNE; Paseo Miramon 182 San Sebastian-Donostia 20014 Spain
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering; Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz; Petersgasse 12 8010 Graz Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology; Petersgasse 14 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Juan M. Bolivar
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering; Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz; Petersgasse 12 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Fernando López-Gallego
- Heterogeneous Biocatalysis Group; CIC BiomaGUNE; Paseo Miramon 182 San Sebastian-Donostia 20014 Spain
- IKERBASQUE; Basque Foundation for Science; Bilbao Spain
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11
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Bolivar JM, Eisl I, Nidetzky B. Advanced characterization of immobilized enzymes as heterogeneous biocatalysts. Catal Today 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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12
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Begemann J, Spiess AC. Dual lifetime referencing enables pH-control for oxidoreductions in hydrogel-stabilized biphasic reaction systems. Biotechnol J 2015; 10:1822-9. [PMID: 26257069 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201500198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
pH-shifts are a serious challenge in cofactor dependent biocatalytic oxidoreductions. Therefore, a pH control strategy was developed for reaction systems, where the pH value is not directly measurable. Such a reaction system is the biphasic aqueous-organic reaction system, where the oxidoreduction of hydrophobic substrates in organic solvents is catalysed by hydrogel-immobilized enzymes, and enzyme-coupled cofactor regeneration is accomplished via formate dehydrogenase, leading to a pH-shift. Dual lifetime referencing (DLR), a fluorescence spectroscopic method, was applied for online-monitoring of the pH-value within the immobilizates during the reaction, allowing for a controlled dosage of formic acid. It could be shown that by applying trisodium 8-hydroxypyrene-1, 3, 6-trisulfonate as pH indicator and Ru(II) tris(4, 7-diphenyl-1, 10-phenantroline) (Ru[dpp]) as a reference luminophore the control of the pH-value in a macroscopic gel-bead-stabilized aqueous/organic two phase system in a range of pH 6.5 to 8.0 is possible. An experimental proof of concept could maintain a stable pH of 7.5 ± 0.15 during the reaction for at least 105 h. With these results, it could be shown that DLR is a powerful tool for pH-control within reaction systems with no direct access for conventional pH-measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Begemann
- AVT-Enzyme Process Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Antje C Spiess
- AVT-Enzyme Process Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany. .,DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Research, Aachen, Germany.
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13
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14
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Warmerdam A, Benjamins E, de Leeuw TF, Broekhuis TA, Boom RM, Janssen AE. Galacto-oligosaccharide production with immobilized β-galactosidase in a packed-bed reactor vs. free β-galactosidase in a batch reactor. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Geng C, Paukstelis PJ. DNA crystals as vehicles for biocatalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:7817-20. [PMID: 24835688 DOI: 10.1021/ja502356m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Here we demonstrate that protein enzymes captured in the solvent channels of three-dimensional DNA crystals are catalytically active. Using RNase A as a model enzyme system, we show that crystals infused with enzyme can cleave a dinucleotide substrate with similar kinetic restrictions as other immobilized enzyme systems. This new vehicle for immobilized enzymes, created entirely from biomolecules, opens possibilities for developing modular solid-state catalysts that could be both biocompatible and biodegradable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Geng
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Organization, and Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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16
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Bortone N, Fidaleo M, Moresi M. Internal and external mass transfer limitations on the activity of immobilised acid urease derivatives differing in enzyme loading. Biochem Eng J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2013.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Zahel T, Boniello C, Nidetzky B. Real-time measurement and modeling of intraparticle pH gradient formation in immobilized cephalosporin C amidase. Process Biochem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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18
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Bolivar JM, Consolati T, Mayr T, Nidetzky B. Quantitating intraparticle O2gradients in solid supported enzyme immobilizates: Experimental determination of their role in limiting the catalytic effectiveness of immobilized glucose oxidase. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 110:2086-95. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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19
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Bolivar JM, Consolati T, Mayr T, Nidetzky B. Shine a light on immobilized enzymes: real-time sensing in solid supported biocatalysts. Trends Biotechnol 2013; 31:194-203. [PMID: 23384504 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme immobilization on solid supports has been key to biotransformation development. Although technologies for immobilization have largely reached maturity, the resulting biocatalysts are not well understood mechanistically. One limitation is that their internal environment is usually inferred from external data. Therefore, biological consequences of the immobilization remain masked by physical effects of mass transfer, obstructing further development. Work reviewed herein shows that opto-chemical sensing performed directly within the solid support enables the biocatalyst's internal environment to be uncovered quantitatively and in real time. Non-invasive methods of intraparticle pH and O2 determination are presented, and their use as process analytical tools for development of heterogeneous biocatalysts is described. Method diversification to other analytes remains a challenging task for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Bolivar
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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20
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Abstract
In this chapter, as a general introduction, we summarize our personal point of view on immobilization technique in order to prepare optimal and cost-effective biocatalysts. Special attention is paid to the improvement of enzyme properties via immobilization techniques. From the stabilization by multipoint covalent attachment to the generation of hydrophilic environments via post-immobilization techniques are here discussed. Immobilization techniques, a necessary tool to reuse enzyme, have to be simple and, if possible, may become a very powerful tool to greatly improve properties of every kind of enzymes: monomeric, multimeric, stable, labile, poorly selective, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Guisan
- Instituto de Catalisis y Petroleoquimica, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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21
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Bortone N, Fidaleo M, Moresi M. Immobilization/stabilization of acid urease on Eupergit® supports. Biotechnol Prog 2012; 28:1232-44. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 06/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Boniello C, Mayr T, Bolivar JM, Nidetzky B. Dual-lifetime referencing (DLR): a powerful method for on-line measurement of internal pH in carrier-bound immobilized biocatalysts. BMC Biotechnol 2012; 12:11. [PMID: 22455624 PMCID: PMC3359222 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-12-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Industrial-scale biocatalytic synthesis of fine chemicals occurs preferentially as continuous processes employing immobilized enzymes on insoluble porous carriers. Diffusional effects in these systems often create substrate and product concentration gradients between bulk liquid and the carrier. Moreover, some widely-used biotransformation processes induce changes in proton concentration. Unlike the bulk pH, which is usually controlled at a suitable value, the intraparticle pH of immobilized enzymes may deviate significantly from its activity and stability optima. The magnitude of the resulting pH gradient depends on the ratio of characteristic times for enzymatic reaction and on mass transfer (the latter is strongly influenced by geometrical features of the porous carrier). Design and selection of optimally performing enzyme immobilizates would therefore benefit largely from experimental studies of the intraparticle pH environment. Here, a simple and non-invasive method based on dual-lifetime referencing (DLR) for pH determination in immobilized enzymes is introduced. The technique is applicable to other systems in which particles are kept in suspension by agitation. Results The DLR method employs fluorescein as pH-sensitive luminophore and Ru(II) tris(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenantroline), abbreviated Ru(dpp), as the reference luminophore. Luminescence intensities of the two luminophores are converted into an overall phase shift suitable for pH determination in the range 5.0-8.0. Sepabeads EC-EP were labeled by physically incorporating lipophilic variants of the two luminophores into their polymeric matrix. These beads were employed as carriers for immobilization of cephalosporin C amidase (a model enzyme of industrial relevance). The luminophores did not interfere with the enzyme immobilization characteristics. Analytical intraparticle pH determination was optimized for sensitivity, reproducibility and signal stability under conditions of continuous measurement. During hydrolysis of cephalosporin C by the immobilizate in a stirred reactor with bulk pH maintained at 8.0, the intraparticle pH dropped initially by about 1 pH unit and gradually returned to the bulk pH, reflecting the depletion of substrate from solution. These results support measurement of intraparticle pH as a potential analytical processing tool for proton-forming/consuming biotransformations catalyzed by carrier-bound immobilized enzymes. Conclusions Fluorescein and Ru(dpp) constitute a useful pair of luminophores in by DLR-based intraparticle pH monitoring. The pH range accessible by the chosen DLR system overlaps favorably with the pH ranges at which enzymes are optimally active and stable. DLR removes the restriction of working with static immobilized enzyme particles, enabling suspensions of particles to be characterized also. The pH gradient developed between particle and bulk liquid during reaction steady state is an important carrier selection parameter for enzyme immobilization and optimization of biocatalytic conversion processes. Determination of this parameter was rendered possible by the presented DLR method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Boniello
- Austrian Center for Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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Batch reactor performance for the enzymatic synthesis of cephalexin: influence of catalyst enzyme loading and particle size. N Biotechnol 2012; 29:218-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Garcia-Galan C, Berenguer-Murcia Á, Fernandez-Lafuente R, Rodrigues RC. Potential of Different Enzyme Immobilization Strategies to Improve Enzyme Performance. Adv Synth Catal 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201100534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1243] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Andrich L, Esti M, Moresi M. Urea degradation in some white wines by immobilized acid urease in a stirred bioreactor. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:6747-6753. [PMID: 20446734 DOI: 10.1021/jf1006837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A purified acid urease preparation was covalently immobilized onto either Eupergit C 250 L or glutaraldehyde-cross-linked chitosan-derivative beads (i.e., Chitopearls BCW-3003 and BCW-3010). The kinetics of urea degradation in two target Italian white (i.e., Grechetto and Sauvignon Blanc) wines, as well as in a model wine solution, by using the above Eupergit C 250 L-, BCW-3003-, or BCW-3010-based biocatalysts, was confirmed to be of the pseudofirst order with respect to the urea concentration in the liquid bulk and not limited by urea mass transfer. In Grechetto and Sauvignon Blanc wines, the corresponding kinetic rate constants were quite similar, being about 7, 18, or 17% of that observed for free enzyme in the model wine solution, respectively. Owing to their minor sensitivity to the phenolic content of the wines tested, the chitosan-based biocatalysts might be potentially employable in the make up of packed-bed cartridges to continuously remove urea from commercial wines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Andrich
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
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Temporini C, Bonomi P, Serra I, Tagliani A, Bavaro T, Ubiali D, Massolini G, Terreni M. Characterization and Study of the Orientation of Immobilized Enzymes by Tryptic Digestion and HPLC-MS: Design of an Efficient Catalyst for the Synthesis of Cephalosporins. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:1623-32. [DOI: 10.1021/bm100259a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Temporini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 12, Pavia I-27100, Italy, and Italian Biocatalysis Center, viale Taramelli 12, Pavia I-27100, Italy
| | - Paolo Bonomi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 12, Pavia I-27100, Italy, and Italian Biocatalysis Center, viale Taramelli 12, Pavia I-27100, Italy
| | - Immacolata Serra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 12, Pavia I-27100, Italy, and Italian Biocatalysis Center, viale Taramelli 12, Pavia I-27100, Italy
| | - Auro Tagliani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 12, Pavia I-27100, Italy, and Italian Biocatalysis Center, viale Taramelli 12, Pavia I-27100, Italy
| | - Teodora Bavaro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 12, Pavia I-27100, Italy, and Italian Biocatalysis Center, viale Taramelli 12, Pavia I-27100, Italy
| | - Daniela Ubiali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 12, Pavia I-27100, Italy, and Italian Biocatalysis Center, viale Taramelli 12, Pavia I-27100, Italy
| | - Gabriella Massolini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 12, Pavia I-27100, Italy, and Italian Biocatalysis Center, viale Taramelli 12, Pavia I-27100, Italy
| | - Marco Terreni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 12, Pavia I-27100, Italy, and Italian Biocatalysis Center, viale Taramelli 12, Pavia I-27100, Italy
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Andrich L, Esti M, Moresi M. Urea degradation kinetics in model wine solutions by acid urease immobilised onto chitosan-derivative beads of different sizes. Enzyme Microb Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2009.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Zavrel M, Michalik C, Schwendt T, Schmidt T, Ansorge-Schumacher M, Janzen C, Marquardt W, Büchs J, Spiess AC. Systematic determination of intrinsic reaction parameters in enzyme immobilizates. Chem Eng Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2009.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Boniello C, Mayr T, Klimant I, Koenig B, Riethorst W, Nidetzky B. Intraparticle concentration gradients for substrate and acidic product in immobilized cephalosporin C amidase and their dependencies on carrier characteristics and reaction parameters. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 106:528-40. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Andrich L, Esti M, Moresi M. Urea degradation in model wine solutions by free or immobilized acid urease in a stirred bioreactor. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:3533-3542. [PMID: 19323469 DOI: 10.1021/jf803962b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a purified acid urease preparation was covalently immobilized on Eupergit C 250 L and stabilized with glycine. Its average activity was found to be 69 +/- 16% of the initial one after 34-day storage at 4 degrees C . The kinetics of urea degradation in a model wine solution by immobilized enzyme was confirmed to be of pseudo-first-order with respect to the urea concentration in the liquid bulk, its apparent pseudo-first-order kinetic rate constant (k(Ii)) being about one-fourth of that (k(If)) pertaining to the free enzyme. In the operating conditions tested, the reaction kinetics was estimated as unaffected by the contribution of the external film and intraparticle diffusion mass transfer resistances. Because in the presence of the high-inhibitory tannins extracted from grape seeds in the range of 3-620 g of GAE m(-3) the loss in k(Ii) was quite smaller than that in k(If), the biocatalyst tested here is likely to overcome the present limits to the application of free acid urease in wine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Andrich
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
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Roa Engel CA, Straathof AJJ, van Gulik WM, van de Sandt EJAX, van der Does T, van der Wielen LAM. Conceptual Process Design of Integrated Fermentation, Deacylation, and Crystallization in the Production of β-Lactam Antibiotics. Ind Eng Chem Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ie801335r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carol A. Roa Engel
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands, and DSM Biotechnology Center, P. O. Box 1, 2600 MA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Adrie J. J. Straathof
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands, and DSM Biotechnology Center, P. O. Box 1, 2600 MA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Walter M. van Gulik
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands, and DSM Biotechnology Center, P. O. Box 1, 2600 MA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Emile J. A. X. van de Sandt
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands, and DSM Biotechnology Center, P. O. Box 1, 2600 MA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Thom van der Does
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands, and DSM Biotechnology Center, P. O. Box 1, 2600 MA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Luuk A. M. van der Wielen
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands, and DSM Biotechnology Center, P. O. Box 1, 2600 MA Delft, The Netherlands
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Giordano RC, Ribeiro MPA, Giordano RLC. Kinetics of β-lactam antibiotics synthesis by penicillin G acylase (PGA) from the viewpoint of the industrial enzymatic reactor optimization. Biotechnol Adv 2006; 24:27-41. [PMID: 15990267 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2005.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2005] [Accepted: 05/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Competition with well-established, fine-tuned chemical processes is a major challenge for the industrial implementation of the enzymatic synthesis of beta-lactam antibiotics. Enzyme-based routes are acknowledged as an environmental-friendly approach, avoiding organochloride solvents and working at room temperatures. Among different alternatives, the kinetically controlled synthesis, using immobilized penicillin G acylase (PGA) in aqueous environment, with the simultaneous crystallization of the product, is the most promising one. However, PGA may act either as a transferase or as a hydrolase, catalyzing two undesired side reactions: the hydrolysis of the acyl side-chain precursor (an ester or amide, a parallel reaction) and the hydrolysis of the antibiotic itself (a consecutive reaction). This review focuses specially on aspects of the reactions' kinetics that may affect the performance of the enzymatic reactor.
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Chuang GS, Chiou MS, Ho PY, Li HY. Computational Multiple Steady States of the Penicillin G Acylase-Catalyzed Hydrolysis in an Isothermal CFSTR. Eng Life Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.200520096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Kallenberg A, van Rantwijk F, Sheldon R. Immobilization of Penicillin G Acylase: The Key to Optimum Performance. Adv Synth Catal 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200505042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Schroën CGPH, Fretz CB, DeBruin VH, Berendsen W, Moody HM, Roos EC, VanRoon JL, Kroon PJ, Strubel M, Janssen AEM, Tramper J. Modelling of the enzymatic kinetically controlled synthesis of cephalexin: influence of diffusion limitation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2002; 80:331-40. [PMID: 12226866 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this study the influence of diffusion limitation on enzymatic kinetically controlled cephalexin synthesis from phenylglycine amide and 7-aminodeacetoxycephalosporinic acid (7-ADCA) was investigated systematically. It was found that if diffusion limitation occurred, both the synthesis/hydrolysis ratio (S/H ratio) and the yield decreased, resulting in lower product and higher by-product concentrations. The effect of pH, enzyme loading, and temperature was investigated, their influence on the course of the reaction was evaluated, and eventually diffusion limitation was minimised. It was found that at pH >or=7 the effect of diffusion limitation was eminent; the difference in S/H ratio and yield between free and immobilised enzyme was considerable. At lower pH, the influence of diffusion limitation was minimal. At low temperature, high yields and S/H ratios were found for all enzymes tested because the hydrolysis reactions were suppressed and the synthesis reaction was hardly influenced by temperature. The enzyme loading influenced the S/H ratio and yield, as expected for diffusion-limited particles. For Assemblase 3750 (the number refers to the degree of enzyme loading), it was proven that both cephalexin synthesis and hydrolysis were diffusion limited. For Assemblase 7500, which carries double the enzyme load of Assemblase 3750, these reactions were also proven to be diffusion limited, together with the binding-step of the substrate phenylglycine amide to the enzyme. For an actual process, the effects of diffusion limitation should preferably be minimised. This can be achieved at low temperature, low pH, and high substrate concentrations. An optimum in S/H ratio and yield was found at pH 7.5 and low temperature, where a relatively low reaction pH can be combined with a relatively high solubility of 7-ADCA. When comparing the different enzymes at these conditions, the free enzyme gave slightly better results than both immobilised biocatalysts, but the effect of diffusion limitation was minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G P H Schroën
- Wageningen University, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Food and Bioprocess Engineering Group, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Schroën CGPH, Nierstrasz VA, Bosma R, Kroon PJ, Tjeerdsma PS, DeVroom E, VanderLaan JM, Moody HM, Beeftink HH, Janssen AEM, Tramper J. Integrated reactor concepts for the enzymatic kinetic synthesis of cephalexin. Biotechnol Bioeng 2002; 80:144-55. [PMID: 12209770 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Integrated process concepts for enzymatic cephalexin synthesis were investigated by our group, and this article focuses on the integration of reactions and product removal during the reactions. The last step in cephalexin production is the enzymatic kinetic coupling of activated phenylglycine (phenylglycine amide or phenylglycine methyl ester) and 7-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid (7-ADCA). The traditional production of 7-ADCA takes place via a chemical ring expansion step and an enzymatic hydrolysis step starting from penicillin G. However, 7-ADCA can also be produced by the enzymatic hydrolysis of adipyl-7-ADCA. In this work, this reaction was combined with the enzymatic synthesis reaction and performed simultaneously (i.e., one-pot synthesis). Furthermore, in situ product removal by adsorption and complexation were investigated as means of preventing enzymatic hydrolysis of cephalexin. We found that adipyl-7-ADCA hydrolysis and cephalexin synthesis could be performed simultaneously. The maximum yield on conversion (reaction) of the combined process was very similar to the yield of the separate processes performed under the same reaction conditions with the enzyme concentrations adjusted correctly. This implied that the number of reaction steps in the cephalexin process could be reduced significantly. The removal of cephalexin by adsorption was not specific enough to be applied in situ. The adsorbents also bound the substrates and therewith caused lower yields. Complexation with beta-naphthol proved to be an effective removal technique; however, it also showed a drawback in that the activity of the cephalexin-synthesizing enzyme was influenced negatively. Complexation with beta-naphthol rendered a 50% higher cephalexin yield and considerably less byproduct formation (reduction of 40%) as compared to cephalexin synthesis only. If adipyl-7-ADCA hydrolysis and cephalexin synthesis were performed simultaneously and in combination with complexation with beta-naphthol, higher cephalexin concentrations also were found. In conclusion, a highly integrated process (two reactions simultaneously combined with in situ product removal) was shown possible, although further optimization is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G P H Schroën
- Wageningen University, Department of Food Science, Food and Bioprocess Engineering Group, Biotechnion, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Janssen MHA, van Langen LM, Pereira SRM, van Rantwijk F, Sheldon RA. Evaluation of the performance of immobilized penicillin G acylase using active-site titration. Biotechnol Bioeng 2002; 78:425-32. [PMID: 11948449 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Penicillin G acylase from Escherichia coli was immobilized on Eupergit C with different enzyme loading. The activity of the immobilized preparations was assayed in the hydrolysis of penicillin G and was found to be much lower than would be expected on the basis of the residual enzyme activity in the immobilization supernatant. Active-site titration demonstrated that the immobilized enzyme molecules on average had turnover rates much lower than that of the dissolved enzyme. This was attributed to diffusion limitations of substrate and product inhibition. Indeed, when the immobilized preparations were crushed, the activity increased from 587 U g-1 to up to 974 U g-1. The immobilized preparations exhibited up to 15% lower turnover rates than the dissolved enzyme in cephalexin synthesis from 7-ADCA and D-(-)-phenylglycine amide. The synthesis over hydrolysis ratios of the immobilized preparations were also much lower than that of the dissolved enzyme. This was partly due to diffusion limitations but also to an intrinsic property of the immobilized enzyme because the synthesis over hydrolysis ratio of the crushed preparations was much lower than that of the dissolved enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel H A Janssen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL, Delft, The Netherlands
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Özdural AR, Tanyolaç D, Demircan Z, Boyaci İH, Mutlu M, Webb C. A new method for determination of apparent kinetics parameters in recirculating packed-bed immobilized enzyme reactors. Chem Eng Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2509(01)00049-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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41
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Schroën CG, Nierstrasz VA, Moody HM, Hoogschagen MJ, Kroon PJ, Bosma R, Beeftink HH, Janssen AE, Tramper J. Modeling of the enzymatic kinetic synthesis of cephalexin--influence of substrate concentration and temperature. Biotechnol Bioeng 2001; 73:171-8. [PMID: 11257599 DOI: 10.1002/bit.1049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
During enzymatic kinetic synthesis of cephalexin, an activated phenylglycine derivative (phenylglycine amide or phenylglycine methyl ester) is coupled to the nucleus 7-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid (7-ADCA). Simultaneously, hydrolysis of phenylglycine amide and hydrolysis of cephalexin take place. This results in a temporary high-product concentration that is subsequently consumed by the enzyme. To optimize productivity, it is necessary to develop models that predict the course of the reaction. Such models are known from literature but these are only applicable for a limited range of experimental conditions. In this article a model is presented that is valid for a wide range of substrate concentrations (0-490 mM for phenylglycine amide and 0-300 mM for 7-ADCA) and temperatures (273-298 K). The model was built in a systematic way with parameters that were, for an important part, calculated from independent experiments. With the constants used in the model not only the synthesis reaction but also phenylglycine amide hydrolysis and cephalexin hydrolysis could be described accurately. In contrast to the models described in literature, only a limited number (five) of constants was required to describe the reaction at a certain temperature. For the temperature dependency of the constants, the Arrhenius equation was applied, with the constants at 293 K as references. Again, independent experiments were used, which resulted in a model with high statistic reliability for the entire temperature range. Low temperatures were found beneficial for the process because more cephalexin and less phenylglycine is formed. The model was used to optimize the reaction conditions using criteria such as the yield on 7-ADCA or on activated phenylglycine. Depending on the weight of the criteria, either a high initial phenylglycine amide concentration (yield on 7-ADCA) or a high initial 7-ADCA concentration (yield on phenylglycine amide) is beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Schroën
- Wageningen University, Department of Food Science, Food and Bioprocess Engineering Group, Biotechnion, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Spiess AC, Kasche V. Direct measurement of pH profiles in immobilized enzyme carriers during kinetically controlled synthesis using CLSM. Biotechnol Prog 2001; 17:294-303. [PMID: 11312707 DOI: 10.1021/bp000149e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Confocal laser scanning microscopy was applied to measure the pH value in the carrier of immobilized enzymes during the enzyme-catalyzed synthesis. pH profiles with a high resolution are shown, with the pH increasing in the core of the particles. Significant differences occur for different carrier material, particle size, porosity and surface modification. The increased pH value is identified as one of the reasons leading to reduced enzyme selectivity in the penicillin amidase catalyzed synthesis of cephalosporins and penicillins.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Spiess
- Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg, Biotechnologie II (2-10), Denickestr. 15, 21071 Hamburg, Germany.
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Schroën CG, VandeWiel S, Kroon PJ, DeVroom E, Janssen AE, Tramper J. Equilibrium position, kinetics, and reactor concepts for the adipyl-7-ADCA-hydrolysis process. Biotechnol Bioeng 2000; 70:654-61. [PMID: 11064334 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0290(20001220)70:6<654::aid-bit7>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
One of the building blocks of cephalosporin antibiotics is 7-amino-deacetoxycephalosporanic acid (7-ADCA). It is currently produced from penicillin G using an elaborate chemical ring-expansion step followed by an enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis. However, 7-ADCA-like components can also be produced by direct fermentation. This is of scientific and economic interest because the elaborate ring-expansion step is performed within the microorganism. In this article, the hydrolysis of the fermentation product adipyl-7-ADCA is studied. Adipyl-7-ADCA can be hydrolyzed in an equilibrium reaction to adipic acid and 7-ADCA using glutaryl-acylase. The equilibrium reaction yield is described as a function of pH, temperature, and initial adipyl-7-ADCA concentration. Reaction rate equations were derived for adipyl-7-ADCA-hydrolysis using three (pH-independent) reaction rate constants and the apparent equilibrium constant. The reaction rate constants were calculated from experimental data. Based on the equilibrium position and reaction rate equations the hydrolysis reaction was optimized and standard reactor configurations were evaluated. It was found that equilibrium yields are high at high pH, high temperature and low-initial adipyl-7-ADCA concentration. The course of the reaction could be described well as a function of pH (7-9), temperature (20-40 degrees C) and concentration using the reaction rate equations. It was shown that a series of CSTR's is the best alternative for the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Schroën
- Wageningen University, Department of Food Science, Food and Bioprocess Engineering Group, Biotechnion, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Monti D, Carrea G, Riva S, Baldaro E, Frare G. Characterization of an industrial biocatalyst: immobilized glutaryl-7-ACA acylase. Biotechnol Bioeng 2000; 70:239-44. [PMID: 10972935 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0290(20001020)70:2<239::aid-bit13>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A batch of the immobilized industrial biocatalyst glutaryl-7-ACA acylase (GA), one of the two enzymes involved in the biotransformation of cephalosporin C (CefC) into 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA), was characterized. K(m) value for glutaryl-7-ACA was 5 mM. Enzyme activity was found to be optimal at pH between 7 and 9.5 and to increase with temperature and in buffered solutions. To avoid product degradation, optimal reaction conditions were obtained working at 25 degrees C using a 50-mM phosphate buffer, pH 8.0. Immobilized GA showed good stability at pH value below 9 and at temperature up to 30 degrees C. The inactivation of immobilized GA in the presence of different amounts of H(2)O(2), a side product that might be present in the plant-scale industrial solutions of glutaryl-7-ACA, was also investigated, but the deactivation rates were negligible at H(2)O(2) concentration that might be reached under operative conditions. Finally, biocatalyst performance in the complete two-step enzymatic conversion process from CefC to 7-ACA was determined on a laboratory scale. Following the complete conversion of a 75 mM solution of CefC into glutaryl-7-ACA catalyzed by an immobilized D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO), immobilized GA was used for the transformation of this intermediate into the final product 7-ACA. This reaction was repeated for 42 cycles. An estimation of the residual activity of the biocatalyst showed that 50% inactivation of immobilized GA was reached after approximately 300 cycles, corresponding to an enzyme consumption of 0.4 kU per kg of isolated 7-ACA.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Monti
- Istituto di Biocatalisi e Riconoscimento Molecolare, C. N. R., Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italy
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Katchalski-Katzir E, Kraemer DM. Eupergit® C, a carrier for immobilization of enzymes of industrial potential. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1177(00)00124-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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