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Mao L, Schneider JW, Robinson AS. Use of single analytic tool to quantify both absolute N-glycosylation and glycan distribution in monoclonal antibodies. Biotechnol Prog 2023; 39:e3365. [PMID: 37221987 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant proteins represent almost half of the top selling therapeutics-with over a hundred billion dollars in global sales-and their efficacy and safety strongly depend on glycosylation. In this study, we showcase a simple method to simultaneously analyze N-glycan micro- and macroheterogeneity of an immunoglobulin G (IgG) by quantifying glycan occupancy and distribution. Our approach is linear over a wide range of glycan and glycoprotein concentrations down to 25 ng/mL. Additionally, we present a case study demonstrating the effect of small molecule metabolic regulators on glycan heterogeneity using this approach. In particular, sodium oxamate (SOD) decreased Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) glucose metabolism and reduced IgG glycosylation by 40% through upregulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reducing the UDP-GlcNAc pool, while maintaining a similar glycan profile to control cultures. Here, we suggest glycan macroheterogeneity as an attribute should be included in bioprocess screening to identify process parameters that optimize culture performance without compromising antibody quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leran Mao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James W Schneider
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anne S Robinson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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2
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Lederle M, Tric M, Roth T, Schütte L, Rattenholl A, Lütkemeyer D, Wölfl S, Werner T, Wiedemann P. Continuous optical in-line glucose monitoring and control in CHO cultures contributes to enhanced metabolic efficiency while maintaining darbepoetin alfa product quality. Biotechnol J 2021; 16:e2100088. [PMID: 34008350 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Great efforts are directed towards improving productivity, consistency and quality of biopharmaceutical processes and products. One particular area is the development of new sensors for continuous monitoring of critical bioprocess parameters by using online or in-line monitoring systems. Recently, we developed a glucose biosensor applicable in single-use, in-line and long-term glucose monitoring in mammalian cell bioreactors. Now, we integrated this sensor in an automated glucose monitoring and feeding system capable of maintaining stable glucose levels, even at very low concentrations. We compared this fed-batch feedback system at both low (< 1 mM) and high (40 mM) glucose levels with traditional batch culture methods, focusing on glycosylation and glycation of the recombinant protein darbepoetin alfa (DPO) produced by a CHO cell line. We evaluated cell growth, metabolite and product concentration under different glucose feeding strategies and show that continuous feeding, even at low glucose levels, has no harmful effects on DPO quantity and quality. We conclude that our system is capable of tight glucose level control throughout extended bioprocesses and has the potential to improve performance where constant maintenance of glucose levels is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Lederle
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany.,Pharmaceutical Biology, Bioanalytics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mircea Tric
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany.,Pharmaceutical Biology, Bioanalytics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tatjana Roth
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Lina Schütte
- Center for Applied Chemistry, Institute of Food Chemistry, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anke Rattenholl
- Faculty of Engineering and Mathematics, Institute of Biotechnological Process Engineering, Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Dirk Lütkemeyer
- Faculty of Engineering and Mathematics, Institute of Biotechnological Process Engineering, Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Stefan Wölfl
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Bioanalytics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Werner
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Philipp Wiedemann
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
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3
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Villacrés C, Tayi VS, Butler M. Strategic feeding of NS0 and CHO cell cultures to control glycan profiles and immunogenic epitopes of monoclonal antibodies. J Biotechnol 2021; 333:49-62. [PMID: 33901620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The control of glycosylation profiles is essential to the consistent manufacture of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies that may be produced from a variety of cell lines including CHO and NS0. Of particular concern is the potential for generating non-human epitopes such as N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) and Galα1-3 Gal that may be immunogenic. We have looked at the effects of a commonly used media supplements of manganese, galactose and uridine (MGU) on Mab production from CHO and NS0 cells in enhancing galactosylation and sialylation as well as the generation of these non-human glycan epitopes. In the absence of the MGU supplement, the humanized IgG1 antibody (Hu1D10) produced from NS0 cells showed a low level of mono- and di-sialylated structures (SI:0.09) of which 75 % of sialic acid was Neu5Gc. The chimeric human-llama Mab (EG2-hFc) produced from CHO cells showed an equally low level of sialylation (SI: 0.12) but the Neu5Gc content of sialic acid was negligible (<3%). Combinations of the MGU supplements added to the production cultures resulted in a substantial increase in the galactosylation of both Mabs (up to GI:0.78 in Hu1D10 and 0.81 in EG2-hFc). However, the effects on sialylation differed between the two Mabs. We observed a slight increase in sialylation of the EG2-hFc Mab by a combination of MG but it appeared that one of the components (uridine) was inhibitory to sialylation. On the other hand, MG or MGU increased sialylation of Hu1D10 substantially (SI:0.72) with an increase that could be attributed predominantly to the formation of Neu5Ac rather than Neu5Gc. The increased level of galactosylation observed with MG or MGU was attributed to an activation of the galactosyl transferase enzymes through enhanced intracellular levels of UDP-Gal and the availability of Mn2+ as an enzymic co-factor. However, this effect not only increased the desirable beta 1-4 Gal linkage to GlcNAc but unfortunately in NS0 cells increased the formation of Galα1-3 Gal which was shown to increase x3 in the presence of combinations of the MGU supplements. Supplementation of media with fetal bovine serum (FBS) increased the availability of free Neu5Ac which resulted in a significant increase in the sialylation of Hu1D10 from NS0 cells. This also resulted in a significant decrease in the proportion of Neu5Gc in the measured sialic acid from the Mab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Villacrés
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T2N2, Canada
| | - Venkata S Tayi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T2N2, Canada
| | - Michael Butler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T2N2, Canada; National Institute for Bioprocessing Research & Training (NIBRT), Fosters Avenue, Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland.
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4
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Afeyan NB, Cooney CL. Professor Daniel I.C. Wang: A Legacy of Education, Innovation, Publication, and Leadership. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 117:3615-3627. [PMID: 33616929 PMCID: PMC7839494 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noubar B Afeyan
- Flagship Ventures, One Memorial Drive, 7th Floor, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 50 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Charles L Cooney
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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5
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Mastrangeli R, Audino MC, Palinsky W, Broly H, Bierau H. The Formidable Challenge of Controlling High Mannose-Type N-Glycans in Therapeutic mAbs. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 38:1154-1168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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6
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Majewska NI, Tejada ML, Betenbaugh MJ, Agarwal N. N-Glycosylation of IgG and IgG-Like Recombinant Therapeutic Proteins: Why Is It Important and How Can We Control It? Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2020; 11:311-338. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-102419-010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory bodies worldwide consider N-glycosylation to be a critical quality attribute for immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgG-like therapeutics. This consideration is due to the importance of posttranslational modifications in determining the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetic properties of biologics. Given its critical role in protein therapeutic production, we review N-glycosylation beginning with an overview of the myriad interactions of N-glycans with other biological factors. We examine the mechanism and drivers for N-glycosylation during biotherapeutic production and the several competing factors that impact glycan formation, including the abundance of precursor nucleotide sugars, transporters, glycosidases, glycosyltransferases, and process conditions. We explore the role of these factors with a focus on the analytical approaches used to characterize glycosylation and associated processes, followed by the current state of advanced glycosylation modeling techniques. This combination of disciplines allows for a deeper understanding of N-glycosylation and will lead to more rational glycan control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia I. Majewska
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA;,
- Cell Culture and Fermentation Sciences, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA
| | - Max L. Tejada
- Bioassay, Impurities and Quality, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA
| | - Michael J. Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA;,
| | - Nitin Agarwal
- Cell Culture and Fermentation Sciences, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA
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7
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Uridine Prevents Negative Effects of OXPHOS Xenobiotics on Dopaminergic Neuronal Differentiation. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111407. [PMID: 31717322 PMCID: PMC6912777 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal differentiation appears to be dependent on oxidative phosphorylation capacity. Several drugs inhibit oxidative phosphorylation and might be detrimental for neuronal differentiation. Some pregnant women take these medications during their first weeks of gestation when fetal nervous system is being developed. These treatments might have later negative consequences on the offspring's health. To analyze a potential negative effect of three widely used medications, we studied in vitro dopaminergic neuronal differentiation of cells exposed to pharmacologic concentrations of azidothymidine for acquired immune deficiency syndrome; linezolid for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis; and atovaquone for malaria. We also analyzed the dopaminergic neuronal differentiation in brains of fetuses from pregnant mice exposed to linezolid. The drugs reduced the in vitro oxidative phosphorylation capacity and dopaminergic neuronal differentiation. This differentiation process does not appear to be affected in the prenatally exposed fetus brain. Nevertheless, the global DNA methylation in fetal brain was significantly altered, perhaps linking an early exposure to a negative effect in older life. Uridine was able to prevent the negative effects on in vitro dopaminergic neuronal differentiation and on in vivo global DNA methylation. Uridine could be used as a protective agent against oxidative phosphorylation-inhibiting pharmaceuticals provided during pregnancy when dopaminergic neuronal differentiation is taking place.
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Patil R, Walther J. Continuous Manufacturing of Recombinant Therapeutic Proteins: Upstream and Downstream Technologies. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 165:277-322. [PMID: 28265699 DOI: 10.1007/10_2016_58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Continuous biomanufacturing of recombinant therapeutic proteins offers several potential advantages over conventional batch processing, including reduced cost of goods, more flexible and responsive manufacturing facilities, and improved and consistent product quality. Although continuous approaches to various upstream and downstream unit operations have been considered and studied for decades, in recent years interest and application have accelerated. Researchers have achieved increasingly higher levels of process intensification, and have also begun to integrate different continuous unit operations into larger, holistically continuous processes. This review first discusses approaches for continuous cell culture, with a focus on perfusion-enabling cell separation technologies including gravitational, centrifugal, and acoustic settling, as well as filtration-based techniques. We follow with a review of various continuous downstream unit operations, covering categories such as clarification, chromatography, formulation, and viral inactivation and filtration. The review ends by summarizing case studies of integrated and continuous processing as reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Patil
- Bioprocess Development, Sanofi, Framingham, MA, 01701, USA
| | - Jason Walther
- Bioprocess Development, Sanofi, Framingham, MA, 01701, USA.
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9
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10
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Naik HM, Majewska NI, Betenbaugh MJ. Impact of nucleotide sugar metabolism on protein N-glycosylation in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell culture. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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11
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Wu MJ, Wolska A, Roberts BS, Pearson EM, Gutgsell AR, Remaley AT, Neher SB. Coexpression of novel furin-resistant LPL variants with lipase maturation factor 1 enhances LPL secretion and activity. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:2456-2465. [PMID: 30318473 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d086793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
LPL is a secreted enzyme that hydrolyzes triglycerides from circulating lipoproteins. Individuals lacking LPL suffer from severe hypertriglyceridemia, a risk factor for acute pancreatitis. One potential treatment is to administer recombinant LPL as a protein therapeutic. However, use of LPL as a protein therapeutic is limited because it is an unstable enzyme that is difficult to produce in large quantities. Furthermore, these considerations also limit structural and biochemical studies that are needed for large-scale drug discovery efforts. We demonstrate that the yield of purified LPL can be dramatically enhanced by coexpressing its maturation factor, LMF1, and by introducing novel mutations into the LPL sequence to render it resistant to proteolytic cleavage by furin. One of these mutations introduces a motif for addition of an N-linked glycan to the furin-recognition site. Furin-resistant LPL has previously been reported, but is not commonly used. We show that our modifications do not adversely alter LPL's enzymatic activity, stability, or in vivo function. Together, these data show that furin-resistant LPL is a useful reagent for both biochemical and biomedical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Jing Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Anna Wolska
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Benjamin S Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Ellis M Pearson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Aspen R Gutgsell
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Alan T Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Saskia B Neher
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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12
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Blondeel EJM, Aucoin MG. Supplementing glycosylation: A review of applying nucleotide-sugar precursors to growth medium to affect therapeutic recombinant protein glycoform distributions. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1505-1523. [PMID: 29913209 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a critical quality attribute (CQA) of many therapeutic proteins, particularly monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), and is a major consideration in the approval of biosimilar biologics due to its effects to therapeutic efficacy. Glycosylation generates a distribution of glycoforms, resulting in glycoproteins with inherent molecule-to-molecule heterogeneity, capable of activating (or failing to activate) different effector functions of the immune system. Glycoforms can be affected by the supplementation of nucleotide-sugar precursors, and related components, to culture growth medium, affecting the metabolism of glycosylation. These supplementations has been demonstrated to increase nucleotide-sugar intracellular pools, and impact glycoform distributions, but with varied results. These variations can be attributed to five key factors: Differences between cell platforms (enzyme/transporter expression levels); differences between recombinant proteins produced (glycan-site accessibility); the fermentation and sampling timeline (glucose availability and exoglycosidase accumulation); glutamine levels (affecting ammonia levels, which impact Golgi pH, as well as UDP-GlcNAc pools); and finally, a lack of standardized metrics for observing shifts in glycoform distributions (glycosylation indices) across different experiments. The purpose of this review is to provide detail and clarity on the state of the art of supplementation strategies for nucleotide-sugar precursors for affecting glycosylation in cell culture processes, and to apply glycosylation indices for standardized comparisons across the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J M Blondeel
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Marc G Aucoin
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
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13
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Freund NW, Croughan MS. A Simple Method to Reduce both Lactic Acid and Ammonium Production in Industrial Animal Cell Culture. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020385. [PMID: 29382079 PMCID: PMC5855607 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fed-batch animal cell culture is the most common method for commercial production of recombinant proteins. However, higher cell densities in these platforms are still limited due to factors such as excessive ammonium production, lactic acid production, nutrient limitation, and/or hyperosmotic stress related to nutrient feeds and base additions to control pH. To partly overcome these factors, we investigated a simple method to reduce both ammonium and lactic acid production—termed Lactate Supplementation and Adaptation (LSA) technology—through the use of CHO cells adapted to a lactate-supplemented medium. Using this simple method, we achieved a reduction of nearly 100% in lactic acid production with a simultaneous 50% reduction in ammonium production in batch shaker flasks cultures. In subsequent fed-batch bioreactor cultures, lactic acid production and base addition were both reduced eight-fold. Viable cell densities of 35 million cells per mL and integral viable cell days of 273 million cell-days per mL were achieved, both among the highest currently reported for a fed-batch animal cell culture. Investigating the benefits of LSA technology in animal cell culture is worthy of further consideration and may lead to process conditions more favorable for advanced industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew S Croughan
- Amgen Bioprocessing Center, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, CA 91711, USA.
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14
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Li MY, Ebel B, Paris C, Chauchard F, Guedon E, Marc A. Real-time monitoring of antibody glycosylation site occupancy by in situ Raman spectroscopy during bioreactor CHO cell cultures. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 34:486-493. [PMID: 29314747 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The glycosylation of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), a known critical quality attribute, is often greatly modified during the production process by animal cells. It is essential for biopharmaceutical industries to monitor and control this glycosylation. However, current glycosylation characterization techniques involve time- and labor-intensive analyses, often carried out at the end of the culture when the product is already synthesized. This study proposes a novel methodology for real-time monitoring of antibody glycosylation site occupancy using Raman spectroscopy. It was first observed in CHO cell batch culture that when low nutrient concentrations were reached, a decrease in mAb glycosylation was induced, which made it essential to rapidly detect this loss of product quality. By combining in situ Raman spectroscopy with chemometric tools, efficient prediction models were then developed for both glycosylated and nonglycosylated mAbs. By comparing variable importance in projection profiles of the prediction models, it was confirmed that Raman spectroscopy is a powerful method to distinguish extremely similar molecules, despite the high complexity of the culture medium. Finally, the Raman prediction models were used to monitor batch and feed-harvest cultures in situ. For the first time, it was demonstrated that the concentrations of glycosylated and nonglycosylated mAbs could be successfully and simultaneously estimated in real time with high accuracy, including their sudden variations due to medium exchanges. Raman spectroscopy can thus be considered as a promising PAT tool for feedback process control dedicated to on-line optimization of mAb quality. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 34:486-493, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yao Li
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, CNRS-Lorraine University, UMR 7274, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Bruno Ebel
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, CNRS-Lorraine University, UMR 7274, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Cédric Paris
- Platform of Structural and Metabolomics Analyses, SF4242, EFABA, Lorraine University, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | | | - Emmanuel Guedon
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, CNRS-Lorraine University, UMR 7274, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Annie Marc
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, CNRS-Lorraine University, UMR 7274, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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15
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Kozma B, Hirsch E, Gergely S, Párta L, Pataki H, Salgó A. On-line prediction of the glucose concentration of CHO cell cultivations by NIR and Raman spectroscopy: Comparative scalability test with a shake flask model system. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 145:346-355. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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Karengera E, Durocher Y, De Crescenzo G, Henry O. Combining metabolic and process engineering strategies to improve recombinant glycoprotein production and quality. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:7837-7851. [PMID: 28924963 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8513-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Increasing recombinant protein production while ensuring a high and consistent protein quality remains a challenge in mammalian cell culture process development. In this work, we combined a nutrient substitution approach with a metabolic engineering strategy that improves glucose utilization efficiency. This combination allowed us to tackle both lactate and ammonia accumulation and investigate on potential synergistic effects on protein production and quality. To this end, HEK293 cells overexpressing the pyruvate yeast carboxylase (PYC2) and their parental cells, both stably producing the therapeutic glycoprotein interferon α2b (IFNα2b), were cultured in media deprived of glutamine but containing chosen substitutes. Among the tested substitutes, pyruvate led to the best improvement in growth (integral of viable cell density) for both cell lines in batch cultures, whereas the culture of PYC2 cells without neither glutamine nor any substitute displayed surprisingly enhanced IFNα2b production. The drastic reduction in both lactate and ammonia in the cultures translated into extended high viability conditions and an increase in recombinant protein titer by up to 47% for the parental cells and the PYC2 cells. Product characterization performed by surface plasmon resonance biosensing using Sambucus nigra (SNA) lectin revealed that the increase in yield was however accompanied by a reduction in the degree of sialylation of the product. Supplementing cultures with glycosylation precursors and a cofactor were effective at counterbalancing the lack of glutamine and allowed improvement in IFNα2b quality as evaluated by lectin affinity. Our study provides a strategy to reconcile protein productivity and quality and highlights the advantages of PYC2-overexpressing cells in glutamine-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Karengera
- Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, P.O. Box 6079, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Yves Durocher
- Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Canada
| | - Gregory De Crescenzo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, P.O. Box 6079, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Olivier Henry
- Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, P.O. Box 6079, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada.
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Hayes JM, Frostell A, Karlsson R, Müller S, Martín SM, Pauers M, Reuss F, Cosgrave EF, Anneren C, Davey GP, Rudd PM. Identification of Fc Gamma Receptor Glycoforms That Produce Differential Binding Kinetics for Rituximab. Mol Cell Proteomics 2017; 16:1770-1788. [PMID: 28576848 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m117.066944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fc gamma receptors (FcγR) bind the Fc region of antibodies and therefore play a prominent role in antibody-dependent cell-based immune responses such as ADCC, CDC and ADCP. The immune effector cell activity is directly linked to a productive molecular engagement of FcγRs where both the protein and glycan moiety of antibody and receptor can affect the interaction and in the present study we focus on the role of the FcγR glycans in this interaction. We provide a complete description of the glycan composition of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) expressed human Fcγ receptors RI (CD64), RIIaArg131/His131 (CD32a), RIIb (CD32b) and RIIIaPhe158/Val158 (CD16a) and analyze the role of the glycans in the binding mechanism with IgG. The interactions of the monoclonal antibody rituximab with each FcγR were characterized and we discuss the CHO-FcγRIIIaPhe158/Val158 and CHO-FcγRI interactions and compare them to the equivalent interactions with human (HEK293) and murine (NS0) produced receptors. Our results reveal clear differences in the binding profiles of rituximab, which we attribute in each case to the differences in host cell-dependent FcγR glycosylation. The glycan profiles of CHO expressed FcγRI and FcγRIIIaPhe158/Val158 were compared with the glycan profiles of the receptors expressed in NS0 and HEK293 cells and we show that the glycan type and abundance differs significantly between the receptors and that these glycan differences lead to the observed differences in the respective FcγR binding patterns with rituximab. Oligomannose structures are prevalent on FcγRI from each source and likely contribute to the high affinity rituximab interaction through a stabilization effect. On FcγRI and FcγRIIIa large and sialylated glycans have a negative impact on rituximab binding, likely through destabilization of the interaction. In conclusion, the data show that the IgG1-FcγR binding kinetics differ depending on the glycosylation of the FcγR and further support a stabilizing role of FcγR glycans in the antibody binding interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerrard M Hayes
- From the ‡School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Pearse St. Dublin 2, Ireland;
| | - Asa Frostell
- §GE Healthcare, Björkgatan, SE-75184 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Steffen Müller
- ¶NIBRT-Glycoscience Group, NIBRT-The National Institute for Bioprocessing, Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Blackrock, County Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Martin Pauers
- ‖Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma, Biberach/Riss, Germany
| | | | - Eoin F Cosgrave
- ¶NIBRT-Glycoscience Group, NIBRT-The National Institute for Bioprocessing, Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Blackrock, County Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Gavin P Davey
- From the ‡School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Pearse St. Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Pauline M Rudd
- ¶NIBRT-Glycoscience Group, NIBRT-The National Institute for Bioprocessing, Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Blackrock, County Dublin, Ireland
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18
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Torkashvand F, Vaziri B. Main Quality Attributes of Monoclonal Antibodies and Effect of Cell Culture Components. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2017; 21:131-41. [PMID: 28176518 PMCID: PMC5392216 DOI: 10.18869/acadpub.ibj.21.3.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The culture media optimization is an inevitable part of upstream process development in therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) production. The quality by design (QbD) approach defines the assured quality of the final product through the development stage. An important step in QbD is determination of the main quality attributes. During the media optimization, some of the main quality attributes such as glycosylation pattern, charge variants, aggregates, and low-molecular-weight species, could be significantly altered. Here, we provide an overview of how cell culture medium components affects the main quality attributes of the mAbs. Knowing the relationship between the culture media components and the main quality attributes could be successfully utilized for a rational optimization of mammalian cell culture media for industrial mAbs production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Behrouz Vaziri
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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19
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Fan Y, Kildegaard HF, Andersen MR. Engineer Medium and Feed for Modulating N-Glycosylation of Recombinant Protein Production in CHO Cell Culture. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1603:209-226. [PMID: 28493133 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6972-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells have become the primary expression system for the production of complex recombinant proteins due to their long-term success in industrial scale production and generating appropriate protein N-glycans similar to that of humans. Control and optimization of protein N-glycosylation is crucial, as the structure of N-glycans can largely influence both biological and physicochemical properties of recombinant proteins. Protein N-glycosylation in CHO cell culture can be controlled and tuned by engineering medium, feed, culture process, as well as genetic elements of the cell. In this chapter, we will focus on how to carry out experiments for N-glycosylation modulation through medium and feed optimization. The workflow and typical methods involved in the experiment process will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhou Fan
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Helene Faustrup Kildegaard
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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20
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Del Val IJ, Polizzi KM, Kontoravdi C. A theoretical estimate for nucleotide sugar demand towards Chinese Hamster Ovary cellular glycosylation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28547. [PMID: 27345611 PMCID: PMC4921913 DOI: 10.1038/srep28547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation greatly influences the safety and efficacy of many of the highest-selling recombinant therapeutic proteins (rTPs). In order to define optimal cell culture feeding strategies that control rTP glycosylation, it is necessary to know how nucleotide sugars (NSs) are consumed towards host cell and rTP glycosylation. Here, we present a theoretical framework that integrates the reported glycoproteome of CHO cells, the number of N-linked and O-GalNAc glycosylation sites on individual host cell proteins (HCPs), and the carbohydrate content of CHO glycosphingolipids to estimate the demand of NSs towards CHO cell glycosylation. We have identified the most abundant N-linked and O-GalNAc CHO glycoproteins, obtained the weighted frequency of N-linked and O-GalNAc glycosites across the CHO cell proteome, and have derived stoichiometric coefficients for NS consumption towards CHO cell glycosylation. By combining the obtained stoichiometric coefficients with previously reported data for specific growth and productivity of CHO cells, we observe that the demand of NSs towards glycosylation is significant and, thus, is required to better understand the burden of glycosylation on cellular metabolism. The estimated demand of NSs towards CHO cell glycosylation can be used to rationally design feeding strategies that ensure optimal and consistent rTP glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioscani Jimenez Del Val
- School of Chemical &Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield campus, Dublin 4, Ireland.,Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Karen M Polizzi
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.,Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Cleo Kontoravdi
- Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
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21
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Planinc A, Dejaegher B, Heyden YV, Viaene J, Van Praet S, Rappez F, Van Antwerpen P, Delporte C. LC-MS analysis combined with principal component analysis and soft independent modelling by class analogy for a better detection of changes in N-glycosylation profiles of therapeutic glycoproteins. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 409:477-485. [PMID: 27287011 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9683-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins are among the top selling drugs in the pharmaceutical industry. More than 60 % of the approved therapeutic proteins are glycosylated. Nowadays, it is well accepted that changes in glycosylation may affect the safety and the efficacy of the therapeutic proteins. For this reason, it is important to characterize both the protein and the glycan structures. In this study, analytical and data processing methods were developed ensuring an easier characterization of glycoprofiles. N-glycans were (i) enzymatically released using peptide-N-glycosidase F (PNGase F), (ii) reduced, and (iii) analyzed by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to a high-resolution mass spectrometer (HILIC-HRMS). Glycosylation changes were analyzed in human plasma immunoglobulin G samples which had previously been artificially modified by adding other glycoproteins (such as ribonuclease B and fetuin) or by digesting with enzyme (neuraminidase). Principal component analysis (PCA) and classification through soft independent modelling by class analogy (SIMCA) were used to detect minor glycosylation changes. Using HILIC-MS-PCA/SIMCA approach, it was possible to detect small changes in N-glycosylation, which had not been detected directly from the extracted-ion chromatograms, which is current technique to detect N-glycosylation changes in batch-to-batch analysis. The HILIC-MS-PCA/SIMCA approach is highly sensitive approach due to the sensitivity of MS and appropriate data processing approaches. It could help in assessing the changes in glycosylation, controlling batch-to-batch consistency, and establishing acceptance limits according to the glycosylation changes, ensuring safety and efficacy. Graphical abstract N-glycosylation characterization using LC-MS-PCA approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Planinc
- Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy and Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, Campus Plaine, CP 205/05B, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Bieke Dejaegher
- Laboratory of Instrumental Analysis and Bioelectrochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology (FABI), Center for Pharmaceutical Research (CePhaR), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yvan Vander Heyden
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology (FABI), Center for Pharmaceutical Research (CePhaR), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Johan Viaene
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology (FABI), Center for Pharmaceutical Research (CePhaR), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Serge Van Praet
- Pharmacy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Florence Rappez
- Pharmacy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Van Antwerpen
- Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy and Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, Campus Plaine, CP 205/05B, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cédric Delporte
- Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy and Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, Campus Plaine, CP 205/05B, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
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22
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Planinc A, Bones J, Dejaegher B, Van Antwerpen P, Delporte C. Glycan characterization of biopharmaceuticals: Updates and perspectives. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 921:13-27. [PMID: 27126786 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins are rapidly becoming the most promising class of pharmaceuticals on the market due to their successful treatment of a vast array of serious diseases, such as cancers and immune disorders. Therapeutic proteins are produced using recombinant DNA technology. More than 60% of therapeutic proteins are posttranslationally modified following biosynthesis by the addition of N- or O-linked glycans. Glycosylation is the most common posttranslational modifications of proteins. However, it is also the most demanding and complex posttranslational modification from the analytical point of view. Moreover, research has shown that glycosylation significantly impacts stability, half-life, mechanism of action and safety of a therapeutic protein. Considering the exponential growth of biotherapeutics, this present review of the literature (2009-2015) focuses on the characterization of protein glycosylation, which has witnessed an improvement in methodology. Furthermore, it discusses current issues in the fields of production and characterization of therapeutic proteins. This review also highlights the problem of non-standard requirements for the approval of biosimilars with regard to their glycosylation and discusses recent developments and perspectives for improved glycan characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Planinc
- Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy and Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universite Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Bones
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, NIBRT - The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland
| | - Bieke Dejaegher
- Laboratory of Instrumental Analysis and Bioelectrochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology (FABI), Center for Pharmaceutical Research (CePhaR), Faculty of Medicines and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Van Antwerpen
- Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy and Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universite Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cédric Delporte
- Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy and Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universite Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
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23
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Markely LRA, Cheung L, Choi YJ, Ryll T, Estes S, Prajapati S, Turyan I, Frenkel R, Sosic Z, Lambropoulos J, Tescione L, Ryll T, Berman M. A high-throughput capillary isoelectric focusing immunoassay for fingerprinting protein sialylation. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 32:235-41. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lam Raga Anggara Markely
- Cell Culture Development-High-Throughput Analytical Group; Biogen, 125 Broadway Cambridge MA 02142
| | - Lila Cheung
- Cell Culture Development-High-Throughput Analytical Group; Biogen, 125 Broadway Cambridge MA 02142
| | - Young Jun Choi
- Cell Culture Development-High-Throughput Analytical Group; Biogen, 125 Broadway Cambridge MA 02142
| | - Thomas Ryll
- Cell Culture Development-High-Throughput Analytical Group; Biogen, 125 Broadway Cambridge MA 02142
| | - Scott Estes
- Cell Culture Development-High-Throughput Analytical Group; Biogen, 125 Broadway Cambridge MA 02142
| | - Shashi Prajapati
- Cell Culture Development-High-Throughput Analytical Group; Biogen, 125 Broadway Cambridge MA 02142
| | - Iva Turyan
- Analytical Development - High-Throughput Analytical Group; Biogen, 125 Broadway Cambridge MA 02142
| | - Ruth Frenkel
- Analytical Development - High-Throughput Analytical Group; Biogen, 125 Broadway Cambridge MA 02142
| | - Zoran Sosic
- Analytical Development - High-Throughput Analytical Group; Biogen, 125 Broadway Cambridge MA 02142
| | | | - Lia Tescione
- Cell Culture Development; Biogen, 125 Broadway Cambridge MA 02142
| | - Thomas Ryll
- Cell Culture Development; Biogen, 125 Broadway Cambridge MA 02142
| | - Melissa Berman
- Biomolecular and Small Molecule Science; Biogen, 125 Broadway Cambridge MA 02142
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24
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Feng M, Fang Y, Han B, Xu X, Fan P, Hao Y, Qi Y, Hu H, Huo X, Meng L, Wu B, Li J. In-Depth N-Glycosylation Reveals Species-Specific Modifications and Functions of the Royal Jelly Protein from Western (Apis mellifera) and Eastern Honeybees (Apis cerana). J Proteome Res 2015; 14:5327-40. [PMID: 26496797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Royal jelly (RJ), secreted by honeybee workers, plays diverse roles as nutrients and defense agents for honeybee biology and human health. Despite being reported to be glycoproteins, the glycosylation characterization and functionality of RJ proteins in different honeybee species are largely unknown. An in-depth N-glycoproteome analysis and functional assay of RJ produced by Apis mellifera lingustica (Aml) and Apis cerana cerana (Acc) were conducted. RJ produced by Aml yielded 80 nonredundant N-glycoproteins carrying 190 glycosites, of which 23 novel proteins harboring 35 glycosites were identified. For Acc, all 43 proteins glycosylated at 138 glycosites were reported for the first time. Proteins with distinct N-glycoproteomic characteristics in terms of glycoprotein species, number of N-glycosylated sites, glycosylation motif, abundance level of glycoproteins, and N-glycosites were observed in this two RJ samples. The fact that the low inhibitory efficiency of N-glycosylated major royal jelly protein 2 (MRJP2) against Paenibacillus larvae (P. larvae) and the absence of antibacterial related glycosylated apidaecin, hymenoptaecin, and peritrophic matrix in the Aml RJ compared to Acc reveal the mechanism for why the Aml larvae are susceptible to P. larvae, the causative agent of a fatal brood disease (American foulbrood, AFB). The observed antihypertension activity of N-glycosylated MRJP1 in two RJ samples and a stronger activity found in Acc than in Aml reveal that specific RJ protein and modification are potentially useful for the treatment of hypertensive disease for humans. Our data gain novel understanding that the western and eastern bees have evolved species-specific strategies of glycosylation to fine-tune protein activity for optimizing molecular function as nutrients and immune agents for the good of honeybee and influence on the health promoting activity for human as well. This serves as a valuable resource for the targeted probing of the biological functions of RJ proteins for honeybee and medical communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Feng
- Institute of Apicultural Research/Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yu Fang
- Institute of Apicultural Research/Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100093, China
| | - Bin Han
- Institute of Apicultural Research/Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xiang Xu
- Institute of Apicultural Research/Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100093, China
| | - Pei Fan
- Institute of Apicultural Research/Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100093, China.,College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology , Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yue Hao
- Institute of Apicultural Research/Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yuping Qi
- Institute of Apicultural Research/Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100093, China
| | - Han Hu
- Institute of Apicultural Research/Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xinmei Huo
- Institute of Apicultural Research/Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100093, China
| | - Lifeng Meng
- Institute of Apicultural Research/Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100093, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Institute of Apicultural Research/Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jianke Li
- Institute of Apicultural Research/Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100093, China
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25
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Tuning a MAb glycan profile in cell culture: Supplementing N-acetylglucosamine to favour G0 glycans without compromising productivity and cell growth. J Biotechnol 2015; 214:105-12. [PMID: 26387447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a critical quality attribute of many therapeutic proteins, particularly monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). Nucleotide-sugar precursors supplemented to growth medium to affect the substrate supply chain of glycosylation has yielded promising but varied results for affecting glycosylation. Glucosamine (GlcN), a precursor for N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), is a major component of mammalian glycans. The supplementation of GlcN to CHO cells stably-expressing a chimeric heavy-chain monoclonal antibody, EG2-hFc, reduces the complexity of glycans to favour G0 glycoforms, while also negatively impacting cell growth. Although several researchers have examined the supplementation of glucosamine, no clear explanation of its impact on cell growth has been forthcoming. In this work, the glucosamine metabolism is examined. We identified the acetylation of GlcN to produce GlcNAc to be the most likely cause for the negative impact on growth due to the depletion of intracellular acetyl-CoA pools in the cytosol. By supplementing GlcNAc in lieu of GlcN to CHO cells producing EG2-hFc, we achieve the same shift in glycan complexity with marginal impacts on the cell growth and protein production.
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26
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Baik JY, Dahodwala H, Oduah E, Talman L, Gemmill TR, Gasimli L, Datta P, Yang B, Li G, Zhang F, Li L, Linhardt RJ, Campbell AM, Gorfien SF, Sharfstein ST. Optimization of bioprocess conditions improves production of a CHO cell-derived, bioengineered heparin. Biotechnol J 2015; 10:1067-81. [PMID: 26037948 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Heparin is the most widely used anticoagulant drug in the world today. Heparin is currently produced from animal tissues, primarily porcine intestines. A recent contamination crisis motivated development of a non-animal-derived source of this critical drug. We hypothesized that Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells could be metabolically engineered to produce a bioengineered heparin, equivalent to current pharmaceutical heparin. We previously engineered CHO-S cells to overexpress two exogenous enzymes from the heparin/heparan sulfate biosynthetic pathway, increasing the anticoagulant activity ∼100-fold and the heparin/heparan sulfate yield ∼10-fold. Here, we explored the effects of bioprocess parameters on the yield and anticoagulant activity of the bioengineered GAGs. Fed-batch shaker-flask studies using a proprietary, chemically-defined feed, resulted in ∼two-fold increase in integrated viable cell density and a 70% increase in specific productivity, resulting in nearly three-fold increase in product titer. Transferring the process to a stirred-tank bioreactor increased the productivity further, yielding a final product concentration of ∼90 μg/mL. Unfortunately, the product composition still differs from pharmaceutical heparin, suggesting that additional metabolic engineering will be required. However, these studies clearly demonstrate bioprocess optimization, in parallel with metabolic engineering refinements, will play a substantial role in developing a bioengineered heparin to replace the current animal-derived drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Youn Baik
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Hussain Dahodwala
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Eziafa Oduah
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Lee Talman
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Trent R Gemmill
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, NY, USA.,Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Leyla Gasimli
- Department of Biology and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Payel Datta
- Department of Biology and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Guoyun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Lingyun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Biology and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Susan T Sharfstein
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, NY, USA.
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27
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Villacrés C, Tayi VS, Lattová E, Perreault H, Butler M. Low glucose depletes glycan precursors, reduces site occupancy and galactosylation of a monoclonal antibody in CHO cell culture. Biotechnol J 2015; 10:1051-66. [PMID: 26058832 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Controlled feeding of glucose has been employed previously to enhance the productivity of recombinant glycoproteins but there is a concern that low concentrations of glucose could limit the synthesis of precursors of glycosylation. Here we investigate the effect of glucose depletion on the metabolism, productivity and glycosylation of a chimeric human-llama monoclonal antibody secreted by CHO cells. The cells were inoculated into media containing varying concentrations of glucose. Glucose depletion occurred in cultures with an initial glucose ≤5.5 mM and seeded at low density (2.5 × 10(5) cells/mL) or at high cell inoculum (≥2.5 × 10(6) cells/mL) at higher glucose concentration (up to 25 mM). Glucose-depleted cultures produced non-glycosylated Mabs (up to 51%), lower galactosylation index (GI <0.43) and decreased sialylation (by 85%) as measured by mass spectrometry and HPLC. At low glucose a reduced intracellular pool of nucleotides (0.03-0.23 fmoles/cell) was measured as well as a low adenylate energy charge (<0.57). Low glucose also reduced GDP-sugars (by 77%) and UDP-hexosamines (by 90%). The data indicate that under glucose deprivation, low levels of intracellular nucleotides and nucleotide sugars reduced the availability of the immediate precursors of glycosylation. These results are important when applied to the design of fed-batch cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Villacrés
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Venkata S Tayi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Erika Lattová
- Chemistry Department, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Masaryk University, CEITEC, Proteomics, Czech Republic
| | - Hélène Perreault
- Chemistry Department, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Michael Butler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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Martínez VS, Buchsteiner M, Gray P, Nielsen LK, Quek LE. Dynamic metabolic flux analysis using B-splines to study the effects of temperature shift on CHO cell metabolism. Metab Eng Commun 2015; 2:46-57. [PMID: 34150508 PMCID: PMC8193249 DOI: 10.1016/j.meteno.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic flux analysis (MFA) is widely used to estimate intracellular fluxes. Conventional MFA, however, is limited to continuous cultures and the mid-exponential growth phase of batch cultures. Dynamic MFA (DMFA) has emerged to characterize time-resolved metabolic fluxes for the entire culture period. Here, the linear DMFA approach was extended using B-spline fitting (B-DMFA) to estimate mass balanced fluxes. Smoother fits were achieved using reduced number of knots and parameters. Additionally, computation time was greatly reduced using a new heuristic algorithm for knot placement. B-DMFA revealed that Chinese hamster ovary cells shifted from 37 °C to 32 °C maintained a constant IgG volume-specific productivity, whereas the productivity for the controls peaked during mid-exponential growth phase and declined afterward. The observed 42% increase in product titer at 32 °C was explained by a prolonged cell growth with high cell viability, a larger cell volume and a more stable volume-specific productivity. New dynamic MFA framework using B-spline (B-DMFA) generates smooth fit. B-DMFA performs better than linear DMFA when fitting fast dynamic changes. Heuristic algorithm for knot placement dramatically reduced computation time. Temperature shifted cultures maintain a constant IgG volume specific productivity. CHO cells shifted to 32 °C have a 42% higher IgG titer due to larger cell volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica S Martínez
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Maria Buchsteiner
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Peter Gray
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Lars K Nielsen
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Lake-Ee Quek
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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Brühlmann D, Jordan M, Hemberger J, Sauer M, Stettler M, Broly H. Tailoring recombinant protein quality by rational media design. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:615-29. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Brühlmann
- Merck Serono SA, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Biotech Process Sciences, Zone Industrielle B; CH-1809 Fenil-sur-Corsier Switzerland
- Dept. of Biotechnology and Biophysics; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Biozentrum; Am Hubland DE-97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Martin Jordan
- Merck Serono SA, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Biotech Process Sciences, Zone Industrielle B; CH-1809 Fenil-sur-Corsier Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Hemberger
- Inst. for Biochemical Engineering and Analytics; University of Applied Sciences Giessen; Wiesenstrasse 14, DE-35390 Giessen Germany
| | - Markus Sauer
- Dept. of Biotechnology and Biophysics; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Biozentrum; Am Hubland DE-97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Matthieu Stettler
- Merck Serono SA, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Biotech Process Sciences, Zone Industrielle B; CH-1809 Fenil-sur-Corsier Switzerland
| | - Hervé Broly
- Merck Serono SA, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Biotech Process Sciences, Zone Industrielle B; CH-1809 Fenil-sur-Corsier Switzerland
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30
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Huang CJ, Lin H, Yang JX. A robust method for increasing Fc glycan high mannose level of recombinant antibodies. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:1200-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Jr Huang
- Cell Science & Technology; Process and Product Development; Amgen Inc.; One Amgen Center Drive Thousand Oaks California 91320
| | - Henry Lin
- Cell Science & Technology; Process and Product Development; Amgen Inc.; One Amgen Center Drive Thousand Oaks California 91320
| | - Jerry Xiaoming Yang
- Cell Science & Technology; Process and Product Development; Amgen Inc.; One Amgen Center Drive Thousand Oaks California 91320
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31
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Abstract
Complexity and heterogeneity of oligosaccharides present a considerable challenge to the biopharmaceutical industry to manufacture biotherapeutics with reproducible and consistent glycoform profiles. Mammalian cells, especially Chinese hamster ovary cells, are the most widely used platform for the production of biotherapeutics. The glycans produced are predominantly of the complex type, with some differences between human and nonhuman mammalian glycosylation existing. This review briefly summarizes metabolic glyco-engineering strategies used in mammalian cells in order to alter the glycosylation patterns attached to proteins applied for diverse biotechnology applications.
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Surve T, Gadgil M. Manganese increases high mannose glycoform on monoclonal antibody expressed in CHO when glucose is absent or limiting: Implications for use of alternate sugars. Biotechnol Prog 2014; 31:460-7. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanaya Surve
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Pune 411008 India
| | - Mugdha Gadgil
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Pune 411008 India
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34
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Fan Y, Jimenez Del Val I, Müller C, Wagtberg Sen J, Rasmussen SK, Kontoravdi C, Weilguny D, Andersen MR. Amino acid and glucose metabolism in fed-batch CHO cell culture affects antibody production and glycosylation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014; 112:521-35. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhou Fan
- Network Engineering of Eukaryotic Cell Factories; Department of Systems Biology; Technical University of Denmark; Building 223 2800 Kgs Lyngby Denmark
- Symphogen A/S; Pederstrupvej 93; 2750 Ballerup Denmark
| | - Ioscani Jimenez Del Val
- Center for Process Systems Engineering; Department of Chemical Engineering; Imperial College London; London UK
| | | | | | | | - Cleo Kontoravdi
- Center for Process Systems Engineering; Department of Chemical Engineering; Imperial College London; London UK
| | | | - Mikael Rørdam Andersen
- Network Engineering of Eukaryotic Cell Factories; Department of Systems Biology; Technical University of Denmark; Building 223 2800 Kgs Lyngby Denmark
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35
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Evaluating the impact of cell culture process parameters on monoclonal antibody N-glycosylation. J Biotechnol 2014; 188:88-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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36
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Aghamohseni H, Ohadi K, Spearman M, Krahn N, Moo-Young M, Scharer JM, Butler M, Budman HM. Effects of nutrient levels and average culture pH on the glycosylation pattern of camelid-humanized monoclonal antibody. J Biotechnol 2014; 186:98-109. [PMID: 25014402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The impact of operating conditions on the glycosylation pattern of humanized camelid monoclonal antibody, EG2-hFc produced by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells has been evaluated by a combination of experiments and modeling. Cells were cultivated under different levels of glucose and glutamine concentrations with the goal of investigating the effect of nutrient depletion levels and ammonia build up on the cell growth and the glycoprofiles of the monoclonal antibody (Mab). The effect of average pH reduction on glycosylation level during the entire culture time or during a specific time span was also investigated. The relative abundance of glycan structures was quantified by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and the galactosylation index (GI) and the sialylation index (SI) were determined. Lower initial concentrations of glutamine resulted in lower glucose consumption and lower cell yield but increased GI and SI levels when compared to cultures started with higher initial glutamine levels. Similarly, reducing the average pH of culture resulted in lower growth but higher SI and GI levels. These findings indicate that there is a tradeoff between cell growth, resulting Mab productivity and the achievement of desirable higher glycosylation levels. A dynamic model, based on a metabolic flux analysis (MFA), is proposed to describe the metabolism of nutrients, cell growth and Mab productivity. Finally, existing software (GLYCOVIS) that describes the glycosylation pathways was used to illustrate the impact of extracellular species on the glycoprofiles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaveh Ohadi
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
| | - Maureen Spearman
- Microbiology Department, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
| | - Natalie Krahn
- Microbiology Department, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
| | - Murray Moo-Young
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
| | - Jeno M Scharer
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
| | - Mike Butler
- Microbiology Department, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
| | - Hector M Budman
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
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37
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You L, Zhang B, Tang YJ. Application of stable isotope-assisted metabolomics for cell metabolism studies. Metabolites 2014; 4:142-65. [PMID: 24957020 PMCID: PMC4101500 DOI: 10.3390/metabo4020142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The applications of stable isotopes in metabolomics have facilitated the study of cell metabolisms. Stable isotope-assisted metabolomics requires: (1) properly designed tracer experiments; (2) stringent sampling and quenching protocols to minimize isotopic alternations; (3) efficient metabolite separations; (4) high resolution mass spectrometry to resolve overlapping peaks and background noises; and (5) data analysis methods and databases to decipher isotopic clusters over a broad m/z range (mass-to-charge ratio). This paper overviews mass spectrometry based techniques for precise determination of metabolites and their isotopologues. It also discusses applications of isotopic approaches to track substrate utilization, identify unknown metabolites and their chemical formulas, measure metabolite concentrations, determine putative metabolic pathways, and investigate microbial community populations and their carbon assimilation patterns. In addition, 13C-metabolite fingerprinting and metabolic models can be integrated to quantify carbon fluxes (enzyme reaction rates). The fluxome, in combination with other "omics" analyses, may give systems-level insights into regulatory mechanisms underlying gene functions. More importantly, 13C-tracer experiments significantly improve the potential of low-resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for broad-scope metabolism studies. We foresee the isotope-assisted metabolomics to be an indispensable tool in industrial biotechnology, environmental microbiology, and medical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le You
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
| | - Baichen Zhang
- Plant Metabolomics Group, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, CAS, Shanghai 20032, China.
| | - Yinjie J Tang
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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38
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Zhang L, Han B, Li R, Lu X, Nie A, Guo L, Fang Y, Feng M, Li J. Comprehensive identification of novel proteins and N-glycosylation sites in royal jelly. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:135. [PMID: 24529077 PMCID: PMC3942810 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Royal jelly (RJ) is a proteinaceous secretion produced from the hypopharyngeal and mandibular glands of nurse bees. It plays vital roles in honeybee biology and in the improvement of human health. However, some proteins remain unknown in RJ, and mapping N-glycosylation modification sites on RJ proteins demands further investigation. We used two different liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry techniques, complementary N-glycopeptide enrichment strategies, and bioinformatic approaches to gain a better understanding of novel and glycosylated proteins in RJ. Results A total of 25 N-glycosylated proteins, carrying 53 N-glycosylation sites, were identified in RJ proteins, of which 42 N-linked glycosylation sites were mapped as novel on RJ proteins. Most of the glycosylated proteins were related to metabolic activities and health improvement. The 13 newly identified proteins were also mainly associated with metabolic processes and health improvement activities. Conclusion Our in-depth, large-scale mapping of novel glycosylation sites represents a crucial step toward systematically revealing the functionality of N-glycosylated RJ proteins, and is potentially useful for producing a protein with desirable pharmacokinetic and biological activity using a genetic engineering approach. The newly-identified proteins significantly extend the proteome coverage of RJ. These findings contribute vital and new knowledge to our understanding of the innate biochemical nature of RJ at both the proteome and glycoproteome levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jianke Li
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100093, China.
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39
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Role of Chinese hamster ovary central carbon metabolism in controlling the quality of secreted biotherapeutic proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4155/pbp.13.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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40
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Wahrheit J, Nicolae A, Heinzle E. Dynamics of growth and metabolism controlled by glutamine availability in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:1771-83. [PMID: 24362913 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5452-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The physiology of animal cells is characterized by constantly changing environmental conditions and adapting cellular responses. Applied dynamic metabolic flux analysis captures metabolic dynamics and can be applied to industrially relevant cultivation conditions. We investigated the impact of glutamine availability or limitation on the physiology of CHO K1 cells in eight different batch and fed-batch cultivations. Varying glutamine availability resulted in global metabolic changes. We observed dose-dependent effects of glutamine in batch cultivation. Identifying metabolic links from the glutamine metabolism to specific metabolic pathways, we show that glutamine feeding results in its coupling to tricarboxylic acid cycle fluxes and in its decoupling from metabolic waste production. We provide a mechanistic explanation of the cellular responses upon mild or severe glutamine limitation and ammonia stress. The growth rate of CHO K1 decreased with increasing ammonia levels in the supernatant. On the other hand, growth, especially culture longevity, was stimulated at mild glutamine-limiting conditions. Flux rearrangements in the pyruvate and amino acid metabolism compensate glutamine limitation by consumption of alternative carbon sources and facilitating glutamine synthesis and mitigate ammonia stress as result of glutamine abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Wahrheit
- Biochemical Engineering Institute, Saarland University, Campus A1.5, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
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41
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Liu B, Spearman M, Doering J, Lattová E, Perreault H, Butler M. The availability of glucose to CHO cells affects the intracellular lipid-linked oligosaccharide distribution, site occupancy and the N-glycosylation profile of a monoclonal antibody. J Biotechnol 2013; 170:17-27. [PMID: 24286971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The glycosylation pattern of a chimeric heavy chain antibody (EG2) produced from CHO cells was affected by the glucose concentration (0-25mM) of cultures established at high density (>10(6)ml(-1)) over 24h. The resulting proportion of non-glycosylated Mab was directly correlated to the exposure time of cells to media depleted of glucose. Deprivation of glucose for the full 24h resulted in a 45% non-glycosylated Mab fraction. Analysis of steady state levels of intracellular lipid-linked oligosaccharides (LLOs) showed that under glucose limitation there was a reduction in the amount of full length LLO (Glc3Man9GlcNac2), with a concomitant increase in the smaller mannosyl-glycans (Man2-5GlcNAc2). Glycan microheterogeneity was quantified by galactosylation and sialylation indices (GI and SI) which showed a direct correlation to the cell specific glucose uptake. The GI increased to 0.83 following media supplementation with a cocktail of uridine, manganese and galactose. This is significantly higher than for a fully humanized antibody (DP12) produced under the similar conditions or for similar antibodies reported in the literature. The high GI of the chimeric antibody (EG2) may be due to its low molecular weight and unusual structure. These findings are important in relation to the low substrate that may occur in fed-batch cultures for Mab production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Maureen Spearman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - John Doering
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Erica Lattová
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Hélène Perreault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Michael Butler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2.
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42
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del Val IJ, Kyriakopoulos S, Polizzi KM, Kontoravdi C. An optimized method for extraction and quantification of nucleotides and nucleotide sugars from mammalian cells. Anal Biochem 2013; 443:172-80. [PMID: 24036437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a critical attribute of therapeutic proteins given its impact on the clinical safety and efficacy of these molecules. The biochemical process of glycosylation is inextricably dependent on metabolism and ensuing availability of nucleotides and nucleotide sugars (NSs) during cell culture. Herein, we present a comprehensive methodology to extract and quantify these metabolites from cultured cells. To establish the full protocol, two methods for the extraction of these compounds were evaluated for efficiency, and the requirement for quenching and washing the sample was assessed. A chromatographic method based on anion exchange has been optimized to separate and quantify eight nucleotides and nine NSs in less than 30 min. Degradation of nucleotides and NSs under extraction conditions was evaluated to aid in selection of the most efficient extraction protocol. We conclude that the optimized chromatographic method is quick, robust, and sensitive for quantifying nucleotides and NSs. Furthermore, our results show that samples taken from cell culture should be treated with 50% v/v acetonitrile and do not require quenching or washing for reliable extraction of nucleotides and NSs. This comprehensive protocol should prove useful in determining the impact of nucleotide and NS metabolism on protein glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioscani Jimenez del Val
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemical Technology, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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43
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Costa AR, Rodrigues ME, Henriques M, Oliveira R, Azeredo J. Glycosylation: impact, control and improvement during therapeutic protein production. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2013; 34:281-99. [PMID: 23919242 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2013.793649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of the biopharmaceutical industry represented a major revolution for modern medicine, through the development of recombinant therapeutic proteins that brought new hope for many patients with previously untreatable diseases. There is a ever-growing demand for these therapeutics that forces a constant technological evolution to increase product yields while simultaneously reducing costs. However, the process changes made for this purpose may also affect the quality of the product, a factor that was initially overlooked but which is now a major focus of concern. Of the many properties determining product quality, glycosylation is regarded as one of the most important, influencing, for example, the biological activity, serum half-life and immunogenicity of the protein. Consequently, monitoring and control of glycosylation is now critical in biopharmaceutical manufacturing and a requirement of regulatory agencies. A rapid evolution is being observed in this context, concerning the influence of glycosylation in the efficacy of different therapeutic proteins, the impact on glycosylation of a diversity of parameters/processes involved in therapeutic protein production, the analytical methodologies employed for glycosylation monitoring and control, as well as strategies that are being explored to use this property to improve therapeutic protein efficacy (glycoengineering). This work reviews the main findings on these subjects, providing an up-to-date source of information to support further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Costa
- IBB - Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar , Braga , Portugal
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44
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Biological Insights into Therapeutic Protein Modifications throughout Trafficking and Their Biopharmaceutical Applications. Int J Cell Biol 2013; 2013:273086. [PMID: 23690780 PMCID: PMC3652174 DOI: 10.1155/2013/273086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the lifespan of therapeutic proteins, from the point of biosynthesis to the complete clearance from tested subjects, they undergo various biological modifications. Therapeutic influences and molecular mechanisms of these modifications have been well appreciated for some while remained less understood for many. This paper has classified these modifications into multiple categories, according to their processing locations and enzymatic involvement during the trafficking events. It also focuses on the underlying mechanisms and structural-functional relationship between modifications and therapeutic properties. In addition, recent advances in protein engineering, cell line engineering, and process engineering, by exploring these complex cellular processes, are discussed and summarized, for improving functional characteristics and attributes of protein-based biopharmaceutical products.
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45
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Applying quality by design to glycoprotein therapeutics: experimental and computational efforts of process control. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4155/pbp.13.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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46
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Rödig JV, Rapp E, Bohne J, Kampe M, Kaffka H, Bock A, Genzel Y, Reichl U. Impact of cultivation conditions onN-glycosylation of influenza virus a hemagglutinin produced in MDCK cell culture. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 110:1691-703. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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47
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Mueller D, Heinzle E. Stable isotope-assisted metabolomics to detect metabolic flux changes in mammalian cell cultures. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2012; 24:54-9. [PMID: 23142545 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2012.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The determination of metabolic fluxes provides detailed information of cellular physiology, and the assessment of metabolic flux changes upon a certain perturbation can help to improve biotechnological and pharmaceutical processes. Stable isotope-assisted metabolomics using tracer-labeled substrates is the method of choice to determine the fluxes. Though well-established for microbial cultures, the application to mammalian cells is generally complex and still limited. However, there have been great achievements in recent years and it is now emerging that stable isotope-assisted metabolic flux analysis in mammalian cell cultures will help improving biotechnological production and will also support drug development and discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mueller
- Biochemical Engineering, Campus A1 5, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany.
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48
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Ahn WS, Antoniewicz MR. Towards dynamic metabolic flux analysis in CHO cell cultures. Biotechnol J 2011; 7:61-74. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201100052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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49
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Burleigh SC, van de Laar T, Stroop CJM, van Grunsven WMJ, O'Donoghue N, Rudd PM, Davey GP. Synergizing metabolic flux analysis and nucleotide sugar metabolism to understand the control of glycosylation of recombinant protein in CHO cells. BMC Biotechnol 2011; 11:95. [PMID: 22008152 PMCID: PMC3219575 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-11-95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glycosylation of recombinant proteins can be altered by a range of parameters including cellular metabolism, metabolic flux and the efficiency of the glycosylation process. We present an experimental set-up that allows determination of these key processes associated with the control of N-linked glycosylation of recombinant proteins. RESULTS Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) were cultivated in shake flasks at 0 mM glutamine and displayed a reduced growth rate, glucose metabolism and a slower decrease in pH, when compared to other glutamine-supplemented cultures. The N-linked glycosylation of recombinant human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) was also altered under these conditions; the sialylation, fucosylation and antennarity decreased, while the proportion of neutral structures increased. A continuous culture set-up was subsequently used to understand the control of HCG glycosylation in the presence of varied glutamine concentrations; when glycolytic flux was reduced in the absence of glutamine, the glycosylation changes that were observed in shake flask culture were similarly detected. The intracellular content of UDP-GlcNAc was also reduced, which correlated with a decrease in sialylation and antennarity of the N-linked glycans attached to HCG. CONCLUSIONS The use of metabolic flux analysis illustrated a case of steady state multiplicity, where use of the same operating conditions at each steady state resulted in altered flux through glycolysis and the TCA cycle. This study clearly demonstrated that the control of glycoprotein microheterogeneity may be examined by use of a continuous culture system, metabolic flux analysis and assay of intracellular nucleotides. This system advances our knowledge of the relationship between metabolic flux and the glycosylation of biotherapeutics in CHO cells and will be of benefit to the bioprocessing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C Burleigh
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Jimenez del Val I, Nagy JM, Kontoravdi C. A dynamic mathematical model for monoclonal antibody N-linked glycosylation and nucleotide sugar donor transport within a maturing Golgi apparatus. Biotechnol Prog 2011; 27:1730-43. [PMID: 21956887 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are one of the most important products of the biopharmaceutical industry. Their therapeutic efficacy depends on the post-translational process of glycosylation, which is influenced by manufacturing process conditions. Herein, we present a dynamic mathematical model for mAb glycosylation that considers cisternal maturation by approximating the Golgi apparatus to a plug flow reactor and by including recycling of Golgi-resident proteins (glycosylation enzymes and transport proteins [TPs]). The glycosylation reaction rate expressions were derived based on the reported kinetic mechanisms for each enzyme, and transport of nucleotide sugar donors [NSDs] from the cytosol to the Golgi lumen was modeled to serve as a link between glycosylation and cellular metabolism. Optimization-based methodologies were developed for estimating unknown enzyme and TP concentration profile parameters. The resulting model is capable of reproducing glycosylation profiles of commercial mAbs. It can further reproduce the effect gene silencing of the FucT glycosylation enzyme and cytosolic NSD depletion have on the mAb oligosaccharide profile. All novel elements of our model are based on biological evidence and generate more accurate results than previous reports. We therefore believe that the improvements contribute to a more detailed representation of the N-linked glycosylation process. The overall results show the potential of our model toward evaluating cell engineering strategies that yield desired glycosylation profiles. Additionally, when coupled to cellular metabolism, this model could be used to assess the effect of process conditions on glycosylation and aid in the design, control, and optimization of biopharmaceutical manufacturing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioscani Jimenez del Val
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering and Chemical Technology, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK
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