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Behere I, Vaidya A, Ingavle G. Chondroitin Sulfate and Hyaluronic Acid-Based PolyHIPE Scaffolds for Improved Osteogenesis and Chondrogenesis In Vitro. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024. [PMID: 39007280 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Osteochondral damage, affecting the articular cartilage and the underlying subchondral bone, presents significant challenges in clinical treatment. Such defects, commonly seen in knee and ankle joints, vary from small localized lesions to larger defects. Current medical therapies encounter several challenges, such as donor shortages, drug side effects, high costs, and rejection problems, often resulting in only temporary relief. Highly porous emulsion-templated polymers (polyHIPEs) offer numerous potential benefits in the fabrication of scaffolds for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Polymeric scaffolds synthesized using a high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) technique, called PolyHIPEs, involve polymerizing a continuous phase surrounding a dispersed internal phase to form a solid, foam-like structure. A dense, porous design encourages cell ingrowth, nutrient delivery, and waste disposal from the scaffold, mimicking the cells' natural microenvironment. This study used hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and acrylamide (AAM) polyHIPE scaffolds combined with extracellular matrix (ECM) components of the tissue, such as methacrylated hyaluronic acid (MHA) and methacrylated chondroitin sulfate (MCS), to prepare polyHIPE scaffolds. The mouse preosteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells and primary rat chondrocytes (harvested from male Wistar rats) were seeded on the scaffolds and cultured for 21 days to assess the osteogenesis and chondrogenesis in vitro. When compared to the AAM-MHA and AAM-MCS groups at day 21, scaffold groups HEMA-MHA and HEMA-MCS showed a significant rise in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and calcium content. Chondrogenic markers such as glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and hydroxyproline were also assessed over a 21-day time point. On day 21, it was found that GAG and hydroxyproline production were considerably higher in the HEMA-MHA and HEMA-MCS scaffolds than in the AAM-MHA and AAM-MCS scaffolds. The overall studies showed that polyHIPE monolith scaffolds could favor cell adherence, survival ability, proliferation, differentiation, and ECM formation over 21 days. Thus, incorporating ECM components enhanced osteogenesis and chondrogenesis in vitro and can be further used as tissue repair models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Behere
- Symbiosis Centre for Stem Cell Research (SCSCR), Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune 412115, India
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences (SSBS), Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune 412115, India
| | - Anuradha Vaidya
- Symbiosis Centre for Stem Cell Research (SCSCR), Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune 412115, India
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences (SSBS), Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune 412115, India
| | - Ganesh Ingavle
- Symbiosis Centre for Stem Cell Research (SCSCR), Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune 412115, India
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences (SSBS), Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune 412115, India
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Chinnasami H, Dey MK, Devireddy R. Three-Dimensional Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:759. [PMID: 37508786 PMCID: PMC10376773 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10070759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Immobilization using external or internal splints is a standard and effective procedure to treat minor skeletal fractures. In the case of major skeletal defects caused by extreme trauma, infectious diseases or tumors, the surgical implantation of a bone graft from external sources is required for a complete cure. Practical disadvantages, such as the risk of immune rejection and infection at the implant site, are high in xenografts and allografts. Currently, an autograft from the iliac crest of a patient is considered the "gold standard" method for treating large-scale skeletal defects. However, this method is not an ideal solution due to its limited availability and significant reports of morbidity in the harvest site (30%) as well as the implanted site (5-35%). Tissue-engineered bone grafts aim to create a mechanically strong, biologically viable and degradable bone graft by combining a three-dimensional porous scaffold with osteoblast or progenitor cells. The materials used for such tissue-engineered bone grafts can be broadly divided into ceramic materials (calcium phosphates) and biocompatible/bioactive synthetic polymers. This review summarizes the types of materials used to make scaffolds for cryo-preservable tissue-engineered bone grafts as well as the distinct methods adopted to create the scaffolds, including traditional scaffold fabrication methods (solvent-casting, gas-foaming, electrospinning, thermally induced phase separation) and more recent fabrication methods (fused deposition molding, stereolithography, selective laser sintering, Inkjet 3D printing, laser-assisted bioprinting and 3D bioprinting). This is followed by a short summation of the current osteochondrogenic models along with the required scaffold mechanical properties for in vivo applications. We then present a few results of the effects of freezing and thawing on the structural and mechanical integrity of PLLA scaffolds prepared by the thermally induced phase separation method and conclude this review article by summarizing the current regulatory requirements for tissue-engineered products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish Chinnasami
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Mohan Kumar Dey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Ram Devireddy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Wang K, Huang YQ, Cheng XH, Yeh JT. Micro foaming performance of scCO 2-aid glutaraldehyde/hexametaphosphate/thermoplastic starch foams modified by alkali treatment and montmorillonite nano-platelets. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/02624893211073539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The micro foaming performance, moisture resistance and dynamic viscosity of scCO2-aid glutaraldehyde/hexametaphosphate/thermoplastic tapioca starch (GA/SHMP/TOS) foams were considerably improved by proper NaOH treatment. The expansion ratio, resilience rate, dynamic viscosity values of these NaOH modified foams improved to a maximum, as the time for NaOH treatment approached a proper value. The dynamic viscosity, expansion ratio and resilience rate of the scCO2-aid GA/SHMP/TOS foams modified using 110 atm scCO2-pressure, the proper alkali treatment time, SHMP loading and varying montmorillonite (MMT) loadings improved further, as their MMT loadings approached a proper value of 2.5 part per hundred parts of tapioca starch (PHTOS). Relatively large dynamic viscosity (7.1x104 Pa·s), extremely large expansion ratio (∼75), cell density (1.1x109 cells/cm3) and/or resilience rate (∼80%) were acquired for the scCO2-aid GA/SHMP/TOS/MMT foam modified using the proper alkali treatment time and MMT loading. Thermal analyses results showed that crystallization onset temperatures and crystallization rates of scCO2-aid GA/SHMP/TOS/MMT foams modified using the proper alkali treatment time and varying MMT loadings improved to a highest value by adding 2.5 PHTOS of MMT nano-platelets. Possible reasons accounting for the considerably improved micro foaming performance of scCO2-aid GA/SHMP/TOS/MMT foams modified using the proper alkali treatment time and MMT loading are proposed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya-qiong Huang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-han Cheng
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jen-taut Yeh
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
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Heo SY, Ko SC, Oh GW, Kim N, Choi IW, Park WS, Jung WK. Fabrication and characterization of the 3D-printed polycaprolactone/fish bone extract scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2018; 107:1937-1944. [PMID: 30508311 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fish bone extract (FBE) containing a trioligopeptide (FBP-KSA, Lys-Ser-Ala) isolated from Johnius belengerii could induce osteogenic activities on MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts in our previous study. Regarding the osteogenic effect of FBE, in the present study, we fabricated the three-dimensional (3D) interconnected polycaprolactone (PCL)/FBE scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration. After fabrication of PCL scaffolds using 3D printing, FBE was coated on the surface of PCL scaffolds by self-assembly process. In the physical characteristic and mechanical property tests, the results demonstrated that the fabricated scaffolds have the strut diameter (between 340 and 345 μm), pore size (between 470 and 480 μm), porosity (between 50% and 55%), and tensile properties (Young's modulus: 9.18-9.42 MPa; max tensile strengths 82.3-87.4 MPa) were similar to those of PCL scaffold. In the cell proliferation and osteogenic assay, the results showed that PCL/FBE scaffolds could significantly induce cell proliferation, calcium deposition, and the expression of osteogenic phenotype markers such as alkaline phosphatase, osteopontin, osteocalcin, and bone morphogenetic protein-2 in the osteoblasts. These results suggest that FBE-coated PCL scaffolds are promising materials for use in biomedical application to promote bone tissue regeneration. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B: 1937-1944, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Yeong Heo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Center for Marine-Integrated Biomedical Technology (BK21 Plus), Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Marine-Integrated Bionics Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Chun Ko
- Marine-Integrated Bionics Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun-Woo Oh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Center for Marine-Integrated Biomedical Technology (BK21 Plus), Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Marine-Integrated Bionics Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Namwon Kim
- Ingram School of Engineering, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas
| | - Il-Whan Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Sun Park
- Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Kyo Jung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Center for Marine-Integrated Biomedical Technology (BK21 Plus), Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Marine-Integrated Bionics Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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Chartrain NA, Williams CB, Whittington AR. A review on fabricating tissue scaffolds using vat photopolymerization. Acta Biomater 2018; 74:90-111. [PMID: 29753139 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vat Photopolymerization (stereolithography, SLA), an Additive Manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing technology, holds particular promise for the fabrication of tissue scaffolds for use in regenerative medicine. Unlike traditional tissue scaffold fabrication techniques, SLA is capable of fabricating designed scaffolds through the selective photopolymerization of a photopolymer resin on the micron scale. SLA offers unprecedented control over scaffold porosity and permeability, as well as pore size, shape, and interconnectivity. Perhaps even more significantly, SLA can be used to fabricate vascular networks that may encourage angio and vasculogenesis. Fulfilling this potential requires the development of new photopolymers, the incorporation of biochemical factors into printed scaffolds, and an understanding of the effects scaffold geometry have on cell viability, proliferation, and differentiation. This review compares SLA to other scaffold fabrication techniques, highlights significant advances in the field, and offers a perspective on the field's challenges and future directions. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Engineering de novo tissues continues to be challenging due, in part, to our inability to fabricate complex tissue scaffolds that can support cell proliferation and encourage the formation of developed tissue. The goal of this review is to first introduce the reader to traditional and Additive Manufacturing scaffold fabrication techniques. The bulk of this review will then focus on apprising the reader of current research and provide a perspective on the promising use of vat photopolymerization (stereolithography, SLA) for the fabrication of complex tissue scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Chartrain
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Christopher B Williams
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Abby R Whittington
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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Chinnasami H, Gimble J, Devireddy RV. Structure–property relation of porous poly (l-lactic acid) scaffolds fabricated using organic solvent mixtures and controlled cooling rates and its bio-compatibility with human adipose stem cells. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911518758354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Thermally induced phase separation method was used to make porous three-dimensional poly (l-lactic acid) scaffolds. The effect of imposed thermal profile during freezing of the poly (l-lactic acid) in dioxane solution on the scaffold was characterized by their micro-structure, porosity (%), pore sizes’ distribution, and mechanical strength. The porosity (%) decreased considerably with increasing concentrations of poly (l-lactic acid) in the solution, while a decreasing trend was observed with increasing cooling rates. The mechanical strength increases with increase in poly (l-lactic acid) concentration and also with increase in the cooling rate for both types of solvents. Therefore, mechanical strength was increased by higher cooling rates while the porosity (%) remained relatively consistent. Scaffolds made using higher concentrations of poly (l-lactic acid; 7% and 10% w/v) in solvent showed better mechanical strength which improved relatively with increasing cooling rates (1°C–40°C/min). This phenomenon of enhanced structural integrity with increasing cooling rates was more prominent in scaffolds made from higher initial poly (l-lactic acid) concentrations. Human adipose–derived stem cells were cultured on these scaffold (7% and 10% w/v) prepared by thermally induced phase separation at all cooling rates to measure the cell proliferation efficiency as a function of their micro-structural properties. Mean pore sizes played a crucial role in cell proliferation than percent porosity since all scaffolds were >88% porous. The viability percent of human adipose tissue–derived adult stem cells increased consistently with longer periods of culture. Thus, poly (l-lactic acid) scaffolds prepared by thermally controlled thermally induced phase separation method could be a prime candidate for making ex vivo tissue-engineered grafts for surgical implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish Chinnasami
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Jeff Gimble
- LaCell, LLC and Tulane Center for Stem Cell Research & Regenerative Medicine and Departments of Medicine, Structural & Cellular Biology and Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Ram V Devireddy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Jiang S, Agarwal S, Greiner A. Offenzellige Schwämme mit niedrigen Dichten als Funktionsmaterialien. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201700684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Jiang
- Makromolekulare Chemie II, Bayerisches Polymerinstitut; Universität Bayreuth; Universitätsstraße 30 95440 Bayreuth Deutschland
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Nanjing Forestry University; Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Seema Agarwal
- Makromolekulare Chemie II, Bayerisches Polymerinstitut; Universität Bayreuth; Universitätsstraße 30 95440 Bayreuth Deutschland
| | - Andreas Greiner
- Makromolekulare Chemie II, Bayerisches Polymerinstitut; Universität Bayreuth; Universitätsstraße 30 95440 Bayreuth Deutschland
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Abstract
Low-density macroporous sponges with densities less than 100 mg cm-3 are both a challenge and an opportunity for advanced chemistry and material science. The challenge lies in the precise preparation of the sponges with property combinations that lead to novel applications. Bottom-up and top-down chemical and engineering methods for the preparation of sponges are a major focus of this Review, with an emphasis on carbon and polymer materials. The light weight, sustainability, breathability, special wetting characteristics, large mass transfer, mechanical stability, and large pore volume are typical characteristics of sponges made of advanced materials and could lead to novel applications. Some selected sponge properties and potential applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Jiang
- Macromolecular Chemistry II, Department of Chemistry, Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany.,College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Seema Agarwal
- Macromolecular Chemistry II, Department of Chemistry, Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Andreas Greiner
- Macromolecular Chemistry II, Department of Chemistry, Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
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Fu N, Liao J, Lin S, Sun K, Tian T, Zhu B, Lin Y. PCL-PEG-PCL film promotes cartilage regeneration in vivo. Cell Prolif 2016; 49:729-739. [PMID: 27647680 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Management of chondral defects has long been a challenge due to poor self-healing capacity of articular cartilage. Many approaches, ranging from symptomatic treatment to structural cartilage regeneration, have obtained very limited satisfactory results. Cartilage tissue engineering, which involves optimized combination of novel scaffolds, cell sources and growth factors, has emerged as a promising strategy for cartilage regeneration and repair. In this study, the aim was to investigate the role of poly(ε-caprolactone)-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL-PEG-PCL, PCEC) PCEC scaffold in cartilage repair. MATERIALS AND METHODS First, PCEC film was fabricated, and its characteristics were tested using SEM and AFM. Cell (rASC - rat adipose-derived stem cells, and mASCs - green fluorescent mouse adipose-derived stem cells) morphologies on PCEC film were observed using SEM and fluorescence microscopy, after cell seeding. Tests of cell viability on PCEC film were conducted using the CCK-8 assay. Furthermore, full cartilage defects in rats were created, and PCEC films were implanted, to evaluate their healing effects, over 8 weeks. RESULTS It was found that PCEC film, as a biomaterial implant, possessed good in vitro properties for cell adhesion, migration and proliferation. Importantly, in the in vivo experiment, PCEC film exhibited desirable healing outcomes. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrated that PCEC film was a good scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering for improving cell proliferation and adhesion and could lead to excellent repair of cartilage defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Jinfeng Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiyu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ke Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Taoran Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bofeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research,College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi, China.,Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi, China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Gualandi C, Bloise N, Mauro N, Ferruti P, Manfredi A, Sampaolesi M, Liguori A, Laurita R, Gherardi M, Colombo V, Visai L, Focarete ML, Ranucci E. Poly-l-Lactic Acid Nanofiber-Polyamidoamine Hydrogel Composites: Preparation, Properties, and Preliminary Evaluation as Scaffolds for Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Culturing. Macromol Biosci 2016; 16:1533-1544. [PMID: 27282336 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201600061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Electrospun poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA) nanofiber mats carrying surface amine groups, previously introduced by nitrogen atmospheric pressure nonequilibrium plasma, are embedded into aqueous solutions of oligomeric acrylamide-end capped AGMA1, a biocompatible polyamidoamine with arg-gly-asp (RGD)-reminiscent repeating units. The resultant mixture is finally cured giving PLLA-AGMA1 hydrogel composites that absorb large amounts of water and, in the swollen state, are translucent, soft, and pliable, yet as strong as the parent PLLA mat. They do not split apart from each other when swollen in water and remain highly flexible and resistant, since the hydrogel portion is covalently grafted onto the PLLA nanofibers via the addition reaction of the surface amine groups to a part of the terminal acrylic double bonds of AGMA1 oligomers. Preliminary tested as scaffolds, the composites prove capable of maintaining short-term undifferentiated cultures of human pluripotent stem cells in feeder-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Gualandi
- Department of Chemistry ''G. Ciamician'' and INSTM UdR of Bologna, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Nora Bloise
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Center for Health Technologies (CHT), INSTM UdR of Pavia, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Nicolò Mauro
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano and INSTM - UdR Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, University of Palermo, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Paolo Ferruti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano and INSTM - UdR Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Amedea Manfredi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano and INSTM - UdR Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Maurilio Sampaolesi
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology and Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Division of Human Anatomy, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy.,Translational Cardiomyology Laboratory, Department of Development and Regeneration, KUL University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anna Liguori
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DIN) and Advanced Mechanics and Materials - Interdepartmental Center, University of Bologna, 40131, Bologna, Italy
| | - Romolo Laurita
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DIN) and Advanced Mechanics and Materials - Interdepartmental Center, University of Bologna, 40131, Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Gherardi
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DIN) and Advanced Mechanics and Materials - Interdepartmental Center, University of Bologna, 40131, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vittorio Colombo
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DIN) and Advanced Mechanics and Materials - Interdepartmental Center, University of Bologna, 40131, Bologna, Italy
| | - Livia Visai
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Center for Health Technologies (CHT), INSTM UdR of Pavia, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.,Laboratory of Nanotechnology, Department of Occupational Medicine, Toxicology and Environmental Risks, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation, IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Focarete
- Department of Chemistry ''G. Ciamician'' and INSTM UdR of Bologna, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy. .,Health Sciences and Technologies - Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Ranucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano and INSTM - UdR Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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11
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Sano S, Nishioka K, Matsutani A, Isobe T, Nakajima A, Matsushita S. Simple fabrication of micro-polygons and micro-honeycombs utilizing thermal deformation of monolayer colloidal crystals during reactive ion etching. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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McKeon-Fischer KD, Browe DP, Olabisi RM, Freeman JW. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) nanoparticle and poly(ɛ-caprolactone) electrospun scaffold characterization for skeletal muscle regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res A 2015; 103:3633-41. [PMID: 25855940 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Injuries to peripheral nerves and/or skeletal muscle can cause scar tissue formation and loss of function. The focus of this article is the creation of a conductive, biocompatible scaffold with appropriate mechanical properties to regenerate skeletal muscle. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) nanoparticles (Np) were electrospun with poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL) to form conductive scaffolds. During electrospinning, ribboning, larger fiber diameters, and unaligned scaffolds were observed with increasing PEDOT amounts. To address this, PEDOT Np were sonicated prior to electrospinning, which resulted in decreased conductivity and increased mechanical properties. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) were added to the 1:2 solution in an effort to increase conductivity. However, the addition of MWCNT had little effect on scaffold conductivity, and the elastic modulus and yield stress of the scaffold increased as a result. Rat muscle cells attached and were active on the 1-10, 1-2, 3-4, and 1-1 PCL-PEDOT scaffolds; however, the 3-4 scaffolds had the lowest level of metabolic activity. Although the scaffolds were cytocompatible, further development of the fabrication method is necessary to produce more highly aligned scaffolds capable of promoting skeletal muscle cell alignment and eventual regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel P Browe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854
| | - Ronke M Olabisi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854
| | - Joseph W Freeman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854
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Fu N, Deng S, Fu Y, Li G, Cun X, Hao L, Wei X, Cai X, Peng Q, Lin Y. Electrospun P34HB fibres: a scaffold for tissue engineering. Cell Prolif 2014; 47:465-75. [PMID: 25124858 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Amongst the fourth generation of PHAs is bio-plasticpoly3-hydroxybutyrate4-hydroxybutyrate (P34HB); it is thus appropriate to perform novel research on its uses and applications. The main objective of this study was to determine whether electrospun P34HB fibres would accommodate viability, growth and differentiation of mouse adipose-derived stem cells (mASCs). MATERIALS AND METHODS In the present study, we looked at P34HB in two forms, electrospun P34HB fibres and P34HB film. Morphology of electrospun P34HB fibres and P34HB film were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, fluorescence microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy, after cell seeding. Cell adhesion, proliferation and cytotoxicity tests were conducted on both by MTT and CCK-8 assays, respectively. After being cultured with osteogenic induction, expression of adipogenic genes Runx2, OPN and OCN, were examined by real-time PCR. RESULTS By scanning electron microscopy, light microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy, we observed that the mASCs grew well associated with the P34HB materials. After MTT and CCK-8 assay, we concluded that P34HB would, indeed, be a material suitable for further cell adhesion and proliferation studies. More importantly, we found that the P34HB matrices promoted expression of Runx2, OPN and OCN with osteogenic induction. CONCLUSIONS In this investigation, we can confirm that the electrospun P34HB fibres accommodated survival, proliferation and differentiation of mASCs, and we have been able to draw the conclusion that fibre scaffolds produced by the electrospinning process are promising for application of bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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Jang YJ, Chun SY, Kim GN, Kim JR, Oh SH, Lee JH, Kim BS, Song PH, Yoo ES, Kwon TG. Characterization of a novel composite scaffold consisting of acellular bladder submucosa matrix, polycaprolactone and Pluronic F127 as a substance for bladder reconstruction. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:3117-25. [PMID: 24632539 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The bladder is an organ susceptible to a variety of congenital anomalies, injuries and disorders. To address the clinical limitations of existing scaffolds, we fabricated a novel scaffold that can be applied to morphological and functional bladder reconstruction. As a first step to prove the benefit of the scaffold, intensive in vitro and in vivo analyses were conducted. The novel composite scaffold was fabricated using polycaprolactone/Pluronic F127 (PCL/F127) and variable proportions (1, 3, 5 and 10wt.%) of porcine acellular bladder submucosa matrix (BSM). Physicochemical properties and biocompatibilities of the scaffolds were characterized. For cell-mediated analysis, upper-urinary-tract-derived urine stem cells were used. Observations of tensile strength, modulus, porosity, cell adhesion, viability and proliferation characteristics of scaffolds indicated that the optimum proportion of BSM in the composite scaffolds was 3 or 5 wt.%. Based on comparison of 3 and 5 wt.% BSM/PCL/F127 scaffolds with respect to degradability, hydrophilicity, surface properties and functional group presence, the 3 wt.% BSM was chosen for in vivo studies. 8 weeks after kidney-subcapsular implantation of the 3 wt.% BSM/PCL/F127 scaffold, cells remained attached to the surface and there was no evidence of teratomas. A BSM content of 3 wt.% was the optimum proportion for fabrication of the neo scaffold. We predict that the 3 wt.% BSM/PCL/F127 composite scaffold could act as an ideal matrix after cystectomy based on its favorable physicochemical properties and biocompatibilities.
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Seliktar D, Dikovsky D, Napadensky E. Bioprinting and Tissue Engineering: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives. Isr J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201300084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Mosanenzadeh SG, Naguib HE, Park CB, Atalla N. Development of polylactide open-cell foams with bimodal structure for high-acoustic absorption. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hani E. Naguib
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto Canada
| | - Chul B. Park
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto Canada
| | - Noureddine Atalla
- Groupe d'Acoustique de l'Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke (GAUS) Quebec Canada
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Simeonova S, Evstatiev M, Li W, Burkhart T. Fabrication and characterization of biodegradable polymer scaffolds adapting microfibrillar composite concept. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Simeonova
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy; Laboratory on Polymers, Sofia University; 1 J. Boucher Bl. 1126 1126 Sofia Bulgaria
| | - M. Evstatiev
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy; Laboratory on Polymers, Sofia University; 1 J. Boucher Bl. 1126 1126 Sofia Bulgaria
| | - W. Li
- Institute of Optical and Electronic Materials; Hamburg University of Technology; Eissendorfer Strasse 38 D-21073 Hamburg Germany
| | - T. Burkhart
- Institute for Composite Materials; University of Kaiserslautern; Erwin Schrodinger Str. 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
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Mosanenzadeh SG, Naguib HE, Park CB, Atalla N. Development, characterization, and modeling of environmentally friendly open-cell acoustic foams. POLYM ENG SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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20
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Physical non-viral gene delivery methods for tissue engineering. Ann Biomed Eng 2012; 41:446-68. [PMID: 23099792 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-012-0678-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The integration of gene therapy into tissue engineering to control differentiation and direct tissue formation is not a new concept; however, successful delivery of nucleic acids into primary cells, progenitor cells, and stem cells has proven exceptionally challenging. Viral vectors are generally highly effective at delivering nucleic acids to a variety of cell populations, both dividing and non-dividing, yet these viral vectors are marred by significant safety concerns. Non-viral vectors are preferred for gene therapy, despite lower transfection efficiencies, and possess many customizable attributes that are desirable for tissue engineering applications. However, there is no single non-viral gene delivery strategy that "fits-all" cell types and tissues. Thus, there is a compelling opportunity to examine different non-viral vectors, especially physical vectors, and compare their relative degrees of success. This review examines the advantages and disadvantages of physical non-viral methods (i.e., microinjection, ballistic gene delivery, electroporation, sonoporation, laser irradiation, magnetofection, and electric field-induced molecular vibration), with particular attention given to electroporation because of its versatility, with further special emphasis on Nucleofection™. In addition, attributes of cellular character that can be used to improve differentiation strategies are examined for tissue engineering applications. Ultimately, electroporation exhibits a high transfection efficiency in many cell types, which is highly desirable for tissue engineering applications, but electroporation and other physical non-viral gene delivery methods are still limited by poor cell viability. Overcoming the challenge of poor cell viability in highly efficient physical non-viral techniques is the key to using gene delivery to enhance tissue engineering applications.
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MCKEON-FISCHER KD, FREEMAN JW. ADDITION OF CONDUCTIVE ELEMENTS TO POLYMERIC SCAFFOLDS FOR MUSCLE TISSUE ENGINEERING. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1793984412300117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac and skeletal muscles are two tissues that would benefit from an electrically conductive scaffold to regenerate lost or lower functioning areas. By augmenting polymeric scaffolds with conductive elements, the contractile process for both muscles could increase. In this review, the components reviewed include polyaniline (PANi), gold (Au) nanoparticles, and carbon nanotubes (CNT). PANi has been combined with several polymers and increased the conductivity of the scaffolds. It is biocompatible, but increases mechanical properties and decreases scaffold elongation. Tissue engineering using nanoparticles is an emerging area and considerable research focuses on determining possible toxicity due to nanoparticle concentration. Contradicting data exists for both Au nanoparticles and CNT. Smaller Au nanoparticles damage cardiac tissue in vivo while larger ones do not. By comparison, in vitro data shows no harmful results for skeletal muscle cells. Data for CNT is just as diverse as the amount, orientation and further purification or functionalization could all play a role in determining biocompatibility. Future research should focus on establishing the conductivity level needed for each muscle tissue to ascertain the amount of conductive element needed so the most suitable one can be utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. D. MCKEON-FISCHER
- Virginia Tech-Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - J. W. FREEMAN
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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Kim SH, Kwon JH, Chung MS, Chung E, Jung Y, Kim SH, Kim YH. Fabrication of a new tubular fibrous PLCL scaffold for vascular tissue engineering. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 17:1359-74. [PMID: 17260508 DOI: 10.1163/156856206778937244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable macroporous scaffolds have been developed for tissue-engineering applications. We fabricated and characterized a new tubular, macroporous, fibrous scaffold using a very elastic biodegradable co-polymer, poly(L-lactide-co-caprolactone) (PLCL, 5:5) in a gel-spinning process. A viscous PLCL solution was spun as a gel-phase under swirl-flow conditions and was subsequently fabricated to produce a tubular fibrous scaffold on a rotating cylindrical shaft in a methanol solution. The porosity and median pore size of the fibrous PLCL scaffolds were 55-75% and 120-150 microm, respectively, using a 5-10% PLCL solution. The use of a 7.5% (w/v) solution resulted in scaffolds with tensile strength and elastic modulus of 3.39 MPa and 1.22 MPa, respectively. The scaffolds exhibited 500-600% elongation-at-break. The tensile strength and modulus of fibrous PLCL scaffolds were proven to decrease on lowering the concentration of the PLCL spinning solution; however, the tensile strength and modulus of fibrous PLCL scaffolds, produced from 5% solutions, are approximately 4- and 5-times higher than those of extruded PLCL scaffolds. These properties indicated that the fibrous PLCL scaffolds were very elastic and mechanically strong. The scaffolds appeared to be well inter-connected between the pores as determined by SEM imaging analysis. In addition, the cell-seeding efficiency was 2-fold higher using gel-spun scaffolds than using extruded scaffolds. These results suggest that the gel-spun fibrous PLCL scaffold is an excellent matrix for vascular tissue-engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Heon Kim
- Biomaterial Research Center Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 39-1 Hawolgok-Dong, Seongbook-Ku, Seoul 136-791, South Korea
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Cao Y, Croll TI, Oconnor AJ, Stevens GW, Cooper-White JJ. Systematic selection of solvents for the fabrication of 3D combined macro- and microporous polymeric scaffolds for soft tissue engineering. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 17:369-402. [PMID: 16768291 DOI: 10.1163/156856206776374142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigate the fabrication of 3D porous poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffolds using the thermally-induced phase separation technique. The current study focuses on the selection of alternative solvents for this process using a number of criteria, including predicted solubility, toxicity, removability and processability. Solvents were removed via either vacuum freeze-drying or leaching, depending on their physical properties. The residual solvent was tested using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A large range of porous, highly interconnected scaffold architectures with tunable pore size and alignment was obtained, including combined macro- and microporous structures and an entirely novel 'porous-fibre' structure. The morphological features of the most promising poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) scaffolds were analysed via scanning electron microscopy and X-ray micro-computed tomography in both two and three dimensions. The Young's moduli of the scaffolds under conditions of temperature, pH and ionic strength similar to those found in the body were tested and were found to be highly dependent on the architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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24
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Kim BS, Choi JS, Kim JD, Choi YC, Cho YW. Recellularization of decellularized human adipose-tissue-derived extracellular matrix sheets with other human cell types. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 348:559-67. [PMID: 22447167 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1391-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Decellularized human extracellular matrices (ECMs) are an extremely appealing biomaterial for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In this study, we decellularized human adipose tissue, fabricated a thin ECM sheet and explored the potential of this human adipose-derived ECM sheet as a substrate to support the formation of tissues other than adipose tissue. Acellular ECM sheets were fabricated from human adipose tissue through successive physical and chemical treatments: homogenization, centrifugation, casting, freeze-drying and sodium dodecyl sulfate treatment. The ECM sheets exhibited good mechanical properties, despite their porous structure. They degraded quickly in the presence of collagenase and the degradation rate increased with the collagenase concentration in phosphate-buffered saline. Five different human cell types, covering a broad range of cells and applications (normal human dermal fibroblasts, human aortic smooth muscle cells, human chondrocytes, human umbilical vein endothelial cells and human adipose-derived stem cells), were seeded onto the ECM sheets. All the human cell types spread well, proliferated and were successfully integrated into the decellularized ECM sheet. Overall, the results suggest that recellularized ECM sheets are a promising substitute for defective or damaged human tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beob Soo Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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25
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Acharya G, Hopkins RA, Lee CH. Advanced polymeric matrix for valvular complications. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 100:1151-9. [PMID: 22337643 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) matrix systems incorporated with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) containing nitric oxide (NO) donors (DETA NONOate) were developed for prevention of heart valve complications through sustained and controlled release of NO. PLLA matrices were prepared using the salt leaching method and the properties and drug release profiles were characterized. For assessment of the effects of PLLA systems on the pharmacological responses and cytotoxicity, various factors, such as calcium content, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) expression, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) expression and cell viability of porcine aortic valve interstitial cells (PAVICs), were evaluated. PLLA matrices embedded with PLGA- NPs demonstrated its usefulness in alleviating the calcification rate of the VICs. The cGMP levels under osteoblastic conditions significantly increased, supporting that anticalcification activity of NO is mediated through NO-cGMP signaling pathway. The level of ICAM-1 expression in cells exposed to NO was lowered, suggesting that NO has an inhibitory activity against tissue inflammation. NO releases from PLLA matrix embedded with PLGA NPs prevented valvular calcification and inflammation without causing any cytotoxic activities. PLLA matrix system loaded with NPs containing NO donors could provide a new platform for sustained and controlled delivery of NO, significantly reducing valvular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri Acharya
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64108, USA
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26
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Abstract
Poly(butylene succinate)(PBS) is a kind of biodegradable materials. In this paper PBS foaming materials is prepared by physical foaming method of one-step compression molding. The influences of blowing agent and nucleating agent, the foaming temperature and foaming time on the cellular morphology of PBS foaming materials have been studied. The results showed that when the foaming temperature was 160°C,the blowing agent content was 5 parts, the foaming pressure was higher than 10 MPa, and the foaming time was 20 minutes with nucleating agent addition, the cellular morphology and mechanical properties of the foaming materials were better. The results showed that the foaming technology influenced greatly on the properties of foam of PBS materials. The expansion ratio had a small drop when the temperature increased. The addition of nucleator talc and foaming aids urea increased first then decreased the expansion ratio of the PBS foaming materials.
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27
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Lim YW, Kwon SY, Sun DH, Kim YS. The Otto Aufranc Award: enhanced biocompatibility of stainless steel implants by titanium coating and microarc oxidation. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2011; 469:330-8. [PMID: 20936386 PMCID: PMC3018231 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-010-1613-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stainless steel is one of the most widely used biomaterials for internal fixation devices, but is not used in cementless arthroplasty implants because a stable oxide layer essential for biocompatibility cannot be formed on the surface. We applied a Ti electron beam coating, to form oxide layer on the stainless steel surface. To form a thicker oxide layer, we used a microarc oxidation process on the surface of Ti coated stainless steel. Modification of the surface using Ti electron beam coating and microarc oxidation could improve the ability of stainless steel implants to osseointegrate. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES The ability of cells to adhere to grit-blasted, titanium-coated, microarc-oxidated stainless steel in vitro was compared with that of two different types of surface modifications, machined and titanium-coated, and microarc-oxidated. METHODS We performed energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy investigations to assess the chemical composition and structure of the stainless steel surfaces and cell morphology. The biologic responses of an osteoblastlike cell line (SaOS-2) were examined by measuring proliferation (cell proliferation assay), differentiation (alkaline phosphatase activity), and attraction ability (cell migration assay). RESULTS Cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity, migration, and adhesion were increased in the grit-blasted, titanium-coated, microarc-oxidated group compared to the two other groups. Osteoblastlike cells on the grit-blasted, titanium-coated, microarc-oxidated surface were strongly adhered, and proliferated well compared to those on the other surfaces. CONCLUSIONS The surface modifications we used (grit blasting, titanium coating, microarc oxidation) enhanced the biocompatibility (proliferation and migration of osteoblastlike cells) of stainless steel. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This process is not unique to stainless steel; it can be applied to many metals to improve their biocompatibility, thus allowing a broad range of materials to be used for cementless implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Wook Lim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul St Mary’s Hospital, 505, Banpo-dong,Seocho-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soon Yong Kwon
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St Mary’s Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Doo Hoon Sun
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sun Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yong Sik Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul St Mary’s Hospital, 505, Banpo-dong,Seocho-gu, Seoul, Korea
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Li S, Chen X, Li M. EFFECT OF SOME FACTORS ON FABRICATION OF POLY(L-LACTIC ACID) MICROPOROUS FOAMS BY THERMALLY INDUCED PHASE SEPARATION USINGN,N-DIMETHYLACETAMIDE AS SOLVENT. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2010; 41:53-72. [DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2010.534222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Zhang W, Yao D, Zhang Q, Zhou JG, Lelkes PI. Fabrication of interconnected microporous biomaterials with high hydroxyapatite nanoparticle loading. Biofabrication 2010; 2:035006. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5082/2/3/035006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Li S, Wang K, Li M. Morphology and Pore Size Distribution of Biocompatible Interconnected Porous Poly(L-lactic acid) Foams with Nanofibrous Structure Prepared by Thermally Induced Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation. J MACROMOL SCI B 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00222341003609138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shirong Li
- a Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Resources Protection and Utilization , Hubei University for Nationalities , Enshi, Hubei, China
| | - Kemin Wang
- b Hubei Key Laboratory of Chemical Reactor and Green Chemical Technology , Wuhan Institute of Technology , Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Muzi Li
- b Hubei Key Laboratory of Chemical Reactor and Green Chemical Technology , Wuhan Institute of Technology , Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Nair A, Thevenot P, Dey J, Shen J, Sun MW, Yang J, Tang L. Novel polymeric scaffolds using protein microbubbles as porogen and growth factor carriers. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2010; 16:23-32. [PMID: 19327002 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2009.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymeric tissue engineering scaffolds prepared by conventional techniques like salt leaching and phase separation are greatly limited by their poor biomolecule-delivery abilities. Conventional methods of incorporation of various growth factors, proteins, and/or peptides on or in scaffold materials via different crosslinking and conjugation techniques are often tedious and may affect scaffold's physical, chemical, and mechanical properties. To overcome such deficiencies, a novel two-step porous scaffold fabrication procedure has been created in which bovine serum albumin microbubbles (henceforth MB) were used as porogen and growth factor carriers. Polymer solution mixed with MB was phase separated and then lyophilized to create porous scaffold. MB scaffold triggered substantially lesser inflammatory responses than salt-leached and conventional phase-separated scaffolds in vivo. Most importantly, the same technique was used to produce insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)-eluting porous scaffolds, simply by incorporating IGF-1-loaded MB (MB-IGF-1) with polymer solution before phase separation. In vitro such MB-IGF-1 scaffolds were able to promote cell growth to a much greater extent than scaffold soaked in IGF-1, confirming the bioactivity of the released IGF-1. Further, such MB-IGF-1 scaffolds elicited IGF-1-specific collagen production in the surrounding tissue in vivo. This novel growth factor-eluting scaffold fabrication procedure can be used to deliver a range of single or combination of bioactive biomolecules to substantially promote cell growth and function in degradable scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Nair
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas, Arlington, TX, USA
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Geometrical Confining Effects in Compression Molding of Co-continuous Polymer Blends. Ann Biomed Eng 2010; 38:1954-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-010-0026-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Preparation and characterization of porous titania-grafted poly(styrene-divinylbenzene)/maleic anhydride nanocomposite microspheres. Sci China Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-009-0175-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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McKeon KD, Lewis A, Freeman JW. Electrospun poly(D,L-lactide) and polyaniline scaffold characterization. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.31296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Xu L, Xiong ZC, Yang D, Zhang LF, Chang J, Xiong CD. Preparation andin vitrodegradation of novel bioactive polylactide/wollastonite scaffolds. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.28475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Liu SJ, Hsueh CL, Wen-Neng Ueng S, Lin SS, Chen JK. Manufacture of solvent-free polylactic-glycolic acid (PLGA) scaffolds for tissue engineering. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Safinia L, Wilson K, Mantalaris A, Bismarck A. Through-thickness plasma modification of biodegradable and nonbiodegradable porous polymer constructs. J Biomed Mater Res A 2008; 87:632-42. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Rücker M, Laschke MW, Junker D, Carvalho C, Tavassol F, Mülhaupt R, Gellrich NC, Menger MD. Vascularization and biocompatibility of scaffolds consisting of different calcium phosphate compounds. J Biomed Mater Res A 2008; 86:1002-11. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Sohier J, Moroni L, van Blitterswijk C, de Groot K, Bezemer JM. Critical factors in the design of growth factor releasing scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2008; 5:543-66. [PMID: 18491981 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.5.5.543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trauma or degenerative diseases of the joints are common clinical problems resulting in high morbidity. Although various orthopedic treatments have been developed and evaluated, the low repair capacities of articular cartilage renders functional results unsatisfactory in the long term. Over the last decade, a different approach (tissue engineering) has emerged that aims not only to repair impaired cartilage, but also to fully regenerate it, by combining cells, biomaterials mimicking extracellular matrix (scaffolds) and regulatory signals. The latter is of high importance as growth factors have the potency to induce, support or enhance the growth and differentiation of various cell types towards the chondrogenic lineage. Therefore, the controlled release of different growth factors from scaffolds appears to have great potential to orchestrate tissue repair effectively. OBJECTIVE This review aims to highlight considerations and limitations of the design, materials and processing methods available to create scaffolds, in relation to the suitability to incorporate and release growth factors in a safe and defined manner. Furthermore, the current state of the art of signalling molecules release from scaffolds and the impact on cartilage regeneration in vitro and in vivo is reported and critically discussed. METHODS The strict aspects of biomaterials, scaffolds and growth factor release from scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering applications are considered. CONCLUSION Engineering defined scaffolds that deliver growth factors in a controlled way is a task seldom attained. If growth factor delivery appears to be beneficial overall, the optimal delivery conditions for cartilage reconstruction should be more thoroughly investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sohier
- Laboratory for osteo-articular and dental tissue engineering (LIOAD), Faculté de chirurgie dentaire de Nantes, Inserm U791, 1 Place Alexis Ricordeau, 44042 Nantes Cedex 1, France.
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40
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Moroni L, de Wijn JR, van Blitterswijk CA. Integrating novel technologies to fabricate smart scaffolds. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2008; 19:543-72. [PMID: 18419938 DOI: 10.1163/156856208784089571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering aims at restoring or regenerating a damaged tissue by combining cells, derived from a patient biopsy, with a 3D porous matrix functioning as a scaffold. After isolation and eventual in vitro expansion, cells are seeded on the 3D scaffolds and implanted directly or at a later stage in the patient's body. 3D scaffolds need to satisfy a number of requirements: (i) biocompatibility, (ii) biodegradability and/or bioresorbability, (iii) suitable mechanical properties, (iv) adequate physicochemical properties to direct cell-material interactions matching the tissue to be replaced and (v) ease in regaining the original shape of the damaged tissue and the integration with the surrounding environment. Still, it appears to be a challenge to satisfy all the aforementioned requisites with the biomaterials and the scaffold fabrication technologies nowadays available. 3D scaffolds can be fabricated with various techniques, among which rapid prototyping and electrospinning seem to be the most promising. Rapid prototyping technologies allow manufacturing scaffolds with a controlled, completely accessible pore network--determinant for nutrient supply and diffusion--in a CAD/CAM fashion. Electrospinning (ESP) allows mimicking the extracellular matrix (ECM) environment of the cells and can provide fibrous scaffolds with instructive surface properties to direct cell faith into the proper lineage. Yet, these fabrication methods have some disadvantages if considered alone. This review aims at summarizing conventional and novel scaffold fabrication techniques and the biomaterials used for tissue engineering and drug-delivery applications. A new trend seems to emerge in the field of scaffold design where different scaffolds fabrication technologies and different biomaterials are combined to provide cells with mechanical, physicochemical and biological cues at the macro-, micro- and nano-scale. If merged together, these integrated technologies may lead to the generation of a new set of 3D scaffolds that satisfies all of the scaffolds' requirements for tissue-engineering applications and may contribute to their success in a long-term scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Moroni
- Institute for BioMedical Technology (BMTI), University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
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41
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Preparation of porous poly(ɛ-caprolactone) scaffolds by gas foaming process and in vitro/in vivo degradation behavior using γ-ray irradiation. J IND ENG CHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2008.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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42
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Chiu JB, Liu C, Hsiao BS, Chu B, Hadjiargyrou M. Functionalization of poly(L-lactide) nanofibrous scaffolds with bioactive collagen molecules. J Biomed Mater Res A 2008; 83:1117-1127. [PMID: 17593546 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The utilization of electrospun biodegradable scaffolds by fine-tuning their biofunctionalities through a simple mixing method was demonstrated in this study. Poly(L-lactide) (PLLA)-based scaffolds containing small amounts of bioactive collagen type I molecules were investigated for enhancements in cellular behavior. Electron microscopy revealed no topological alterations of the fibers in the collagen/PLLA scaffolds when compared with pure PLLA scaffolds. Cell attachment after 24 h was robust on collagen/PLLA scaffolds, with cytoskeletal analysis showing that the attached cells were aligned along the fibers assuming a spindle-shape appearance. Despite these morphological differences, gene expression analyses revealed no apparent alterations in mRNA levels of four genes involved in cell attachment across the various scaffolds. Although cell proliferation was not adversely affected, there were clear differences in cell penetration; after 1 week, cells migrated through 32 and 85% of PLLA and collagen/PLLA scaffolds, respectively. Mineralization of primary calvaria osteoblasts provided further evidence that collagen-containing electrospun PLLA scaffolds could sustain cell differentiation. Overall, the inclusion of collagen type I in even miniscule amounts (<1 wt %) within electrospun PLLA scaffolds could effectively modulate certain aspects of cellular behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Chiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8181
| | - Cheng Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8181
| | - Benjamin S Hsiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8181
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400
| | - Benjamin Chu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8181
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-2275
| | - Michael Hadjiargyrou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8181
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43
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Vezzù K, Betto V, Elvassore N. High-pressure gas-assisted absorption of protein within biopolymeric micro-patterned membrane. Biochem Eng J 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2007.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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44
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Fukuhira Y, Kaneko H, Yamaga M, Tanaka M, Yamamoto S, Shimomura M. Effect of honeycomb-patterned structure on chondrocyte behavior in vitro. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2007.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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45
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Wang W, Wu L, Huang Y, Li BG. Melt polycondensation ofL-lactic acid catalyzed by 1,3-dialkylimidazolium ionic liquids. POLYM INT 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.2421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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46
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Liao X, Nawaby AV, Whitfield P, Day M, Champagne M, Denault J. Layered Open Pore Poly(l-lactic acid) Nanomorphology. Biomacromolecules 2006; 7:2937-41. [PMID: 17096516 DOI: 10.1021/bm060738u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports on specific open and interconnected CO(2) foams of poly(L-lactic acid). The effect of varying gas concentration and hence physical changes induced by CO(2) has been investigated and thus used to generate specific structures. The developed morphologies have a skin core structure with larger pores in the core and open and interconnected smaller pores in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liao
- Institute for Chemical Process and Environmental Technology, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6 Canada
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47
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Chim H, Hutmacher DW, Chou AM, Oliveira AL, Reis RL, Lim TC, Schantz JT. A comparative analysis of scaffold material modifications for load-bearing applications in bone tissue engineering. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2006; 35:928-34. [PMID: 16762529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2006.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2005] [Accepted: 03/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To facilitate optimal application of appropriate scaffold architectures for clinical trials, there is a need to compare different scaffold modifications under similar experimental conditions. In this study was assessed the effectiveness of poly-e-caprolactone (PCL) scaffolds fabricated by fused deposition modelling (FDM), with varying material modifications, for the purposes of bone tissue engineering. The incorporation of hydroxyapatite (HA) in PCL scaffolds, as well as precalcification through immersion in a simulated body fluid (SBF) to produce a biomimetic apatite coating on the scaffolds, was assessed. A series of in vitro studies spanning 3 weeks as well as in vivo studies utilizing a subcutaneous nude mouse model were carried out. PCL and HA-PCL scaffolds demonstrated increasing tissue growth extending throughout the implants, as well as superior mechanical strength and mineralization, as evidenced by X-ray imaging after 14 weeks in vivo. No significant difference was found between PCL and HA-PCL scaffolds. Precalcification with SBF did not result in increased osteoconductivity and cell proliferation as previously reported. Conversely, tensile forces exerted by tissue sheets bridging adjacent struts of the PCL scaffold caused flaking of the apatite coating that resulted in impaired cell attachment, growth and mineralization. The results suggest that scaffolds fabricated by FDM may have load-bearing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Chim
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, National University Hospital, Singapore 119074, Singapore
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48
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Rücker M, Laschke MW, Junker D, Carvalho C, Schramm A, Mülhaupt R, Gellrich NC, Menger MD. Angiogenic and inflammatory response to biodegradable scaffolds in dorsal skinfold chambers of mice. Biomaterials 2006; 27:5027-38. [PMID: 16769111 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2006] [Accepted: 05/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
For tissue engineering, scaffolds should be biocompatible and promote neovascularization. Because little is known on those specific properties, we herein studied in vivo the host angiogenic and inflammatory response after implantation of commonly used scaffold materials. Porous poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and collagen-chitosan-hydroxyapatite hydrogel scaffolds were implanted into dorsal skinfold chambers of balb/c mice. Additional animals received cortical bone as an isogeneic, biological implant, while chambers of animals without implants served as controls. Angiogenesis and neovascularization as well as leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction and microvascular permeability were analyzed over 14 day using intravital fluorescence microscopy. PLGA scaffolds showed a slight increase in leukocyte recruitment compared to controls. This was associated with an elevation of microvascular permeability, which was comparable to that observed in isogeneic bone tissue. Of interest, PLGA induced a marked angiogenic response, revealing a density of newly formed capillaries almost similar to that observed in bone implants. Histology showed infiltration of macrophages, probably indicating resorption of the biomaterial. In contrast, hydrogel scaffolds induced a severe inflammation, as indicated by an approximately 15-fold increase of leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction and a marked elevation of microvascular permeability. This was associated by induction of apoptotic cell death within the surrounding tissue and a complete lack of ingrowth of newly formed microvessels. Histology confirmed adequate engraftment of PLGA and isogeneic bone but not hydrogel within the host tissue. PLGA scaffolds show a better biocompatibility than hydrogel scaffolds and promote vascular ingrowth, guaranteeing adequate engraftment within the host tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rücker
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
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49
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Gao J, Crapo PM, Wang Y. Macroporous elastomeric scaffolds with extensive micropores for soft tissue engineering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 12:917-25. [PMID: 16674303 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2006.12.917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Macroporous scaffolds are of great value in tissue engineering. We have developed a method to fabricate macroporous scaffolds from a biocompatible and biodegradable elastomer, poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS). This method is potentially very useful for soft tissue engineering. Our fabrication method produced macroporous scaffolds with extensive micropores. We fabricated flat scaffolds and tubular scaffolds of uniform thickness. This fabrication method demonstrated good control of variables such as pore size, porosity, and pore interconnectivity. Sodium chloride (salt) crystals, which served as solid porogens, were packed into a mold and fused in a humid chamber. PGS was cured while dispersed throughout the fused salt template. Dissolution of the salt and subsequent lyophilization produced elastomer sponges with approximately 90% porosity, interconnected macropores (75-150 microm), and extensive micropores (5-20 microm). The macropores were generated by the salt particles, while the micropores were likely generated by glycerol vapor formed during PGS curing. Such numerous micropores could facilitate cell-cell interactions and mass transport. Fibroblasts adhered to and proliferated well within the PGS scaffolds and formed three-dimensional tissue-engineered constructs within 8 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Gao
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, 30332-0535, USA
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50
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Wu L, Zhang J, Jing D, Ding J. "Wet-state" mechanical properties of three-dimensional polyester porous scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A 2006; 76:264-71. [PMID: 16265648 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.30544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Porous poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffolds under a simulated physiological environment were investigated to estimate their "true" mechanical properties, with emphasis on the effect of "wet-state" on the compressive behaviors. The effect of the history of ethanol sterilization was also investigated. The studies were focused upon the "wet-state" mechanical properties of polyester porous scaffolds, because the potential implants must be used under a wet environment. The measurements of three-dimensional porous scaffolds composed of amorphous PLGA with five polymer formulations including poly(D,L-lactic acid) (PDLLA) demonstrated that the mechanical properties of PLGA scaffolds significantly decreased in phosphate buffer saline solution (PBS) at 37 degrees C and/or with an ethanol sterilization history, even though PLGA is a hydrophobic material. The decrease extent depends on the copolymer composition: when the porosity is about 90%, a PDLLA scaffold remained about 75-80% of initial mechanical properties in the dry state at 25 degrees C, whereas PLGA 85:15, 75:25, and 65:35 scaffolds remained only about 10% or less, and the PLGA 50:50 scaffolds examined were not sufficiently strong for mechanical tests. If scaffolds were prewetted with ethanol ahead of prewetting with PBS, the mechanical properties further decreased compared with those merely prewetted with PBS. These phenomena were elucidated experimentally from plasticization of PLGA with water or ethanol, and the consequent reduction of glass transition temperature. The results might be helpful for designing polyester porous scaffolds for tissue engineering or in situ tissue induction applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linbo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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