1
|
Xie Q, Zhao S, Liu W, Cui Y, Li F, Li Z, Guo T, Yu W, Guo W, Deng W, Gu C. YBX1 Enhances Metastasis and Stemness by Transcriptionally Regulating MUC1 in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 11:702491. [PMID: 34976785 PMCID: PMC8714800 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.702491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal expression of the transcription factor Y-box-binding protein-1 (YBX1) is associated with the proliferation, migration, aggressiveness, and stem-like properties of various cancers. These characteristics contribute to the tumorigenesis and metastasis of cancer. We found that the expression levels of Mucin-1 (MUC1) and YBX1 were positively correlated in lung adenocarcinoma cells and lung adenocarcinoma tissue. Our retrospective cohort study of 176 lung adenocarcinoma patients after surgery showed that low expression of both YBX1 and MUC1 was an independent predictor of the prognosis and recurrence of lung adenocarcinoma. In lung adenocarcinoma cells, the silencing/overexpression of YBX1 caused a simultaneous change in MUC1, and MUC1 overexpression partially reversed the decreased tumor cell migration, aggressiveness, and stemness caused by YBX1 silencing. Moreover, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and dual-luciferase reporter assays proved that MUC1 was the downstream target of YBX1 and that YBX1 bound to the -1480~-1476 position in the promoter region of MUC1 to regulate its transcription. Furthermore, in mouse xenograft models and a lung cancer metastasis model, MUC1, which is downstream of YBX1, partially reversed the decreased number and size of tumors caused by YBX1 silencing. In conclusion, our findings indicated a novel mechanism by which YBX1 promotes the stemness and metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma by targeting MUC1 and provided a combination approach for diagnosis different from traditional single tumor biomarkers to predict patient prognosis and provide clinical treatment targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Xie
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Lung Cancer Diagnosis, and Treatment Center of Dalian, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Shilei Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Lung Cancer Diagnosis, and Treatment Center of Dalian, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wenzhi Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Lung Cancer Diagnosis, and Treatment Center of Dalian, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yanwei Cui
- Zhongshan Hospital, Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Fengzhou Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Lung Cancer Diagnosis, and Treatment Center of Dalian, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhuoshi Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Lung Cancer Diagnosis, and Treatment Center of Dalian, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Tao Guo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Lung Cancer Diagnosis, and Treatment Center of Dalian, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wendan Yu
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wuguo Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chundong Gu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Lung Cancer Diagnosis, and Treatment Center of Dalian, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lee DH, Choi S, Park Y, Jin HS. Mucin1 and Mucin16: Therapeutic Targets for Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14101053. [PMID: 34681277 PMCID: PMC8537522 DOI: 10.3390/ph14101053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucin (MUC) family is a group of highly glycosylated macromolecules that are abundantly expressed in mammalian epithelial cells. MUC proteins contribute to the formation of the mucus barrier and thus have protective functions against infection. Interestingly, some MUC proteins are aberrantly expressed in cancer cells and are involved in cancer development and progression, including cell growth, proliferation, the inhibition of apoptosis, chemoresistance, metabolic reprogramming, and immune evasion. With their unique biological and structural features, MUC proteins have been considered promising therapeutic targets and also biomarkers for human cancer. In this review, we discuss the biological roles of the transmembrane mucins MUC1 and MUC16 in the context of hallmarks of cancer and current efforts to develop MUC1- and MUC16-targeted therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hee Lee
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea;
| | - Seunghyun Choi
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea;
| | - Yoon Park
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea;
- Correspondence: (Y.P.); (H.-s.J.)
| | - Hyung-seung Jin
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea;
- Correspondence: (Y.P.); (H.-s.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
van Putten JPM, Strijbis K. Transmembrane Mucins: Signaling Receptors at the Intersection of Inflammation and Cancer. J Innate Immun 2017; 9:281-299. [PMID: 28052300 DOI: 10.1159/000453594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces line our body cavities and provide the interaction surface between commensal and pathogenic microbiota and the host. The barrier function of the mucosal layer is largely maintained by gel-forming mucin proteins that are secreted by goblet cells. In addition, mucosal epithelial cells express cell-bound mucins that have both barrier and signaling functions. The family of transmembrane mucins consists of diverse members that share a few characteristics. The highly glycosylated extracellular mucin domains inhibit invasion by pathogenic bacteria and can form a tight mesh structure that protects cells in harmful conditions. The intracellular tails of transmembrane mucins can be phosphorylated and connect to signaling pathways that regulate inflammation, cell-cell interactions, differentiation, and apoptosis. Transmembrane mucins play important roles in preventing infection at mucosal surfaces, but are also renowned for their contributions to the development, progression, and metastasis of adenocarcinomas. In general, transmembrane mucins seem to have evolved to monitor and repair damaged epithelia, but these functions can be highjacked by cancer cells to yield a survival advantage. This review presents an overview of the current knowledge of the functions of transmembrane mucins in inflammatory processes and carcinogenesis in order to better understand the diverse functions of these multifunctional proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jos P M van Putten
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Karbanová J, Laco J, Marzesco AM, Janich P, Voborníková M, Mokrý J, Fargeas CA, Huttner WB, Corbeil D. Human prominin-1 (CD133) is detected in both neoplastic and non-neoplastic salivary gland diseases and released into saliva in a ubiquitinated form. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98927. [PMID: 24911657 PMCID: PMC4050055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Prominin-1 (CD133) is physiologically expressed at the apical membranes of secretory (serous and mucous) and duct cells of major salivary glands. We investigated its expression in various human salivary gland lesions using two distinct anti-prominin-1 monoclonal antibodies (80B258 and AC133) applied on paraffin-embedded sections and characterized its occurrence in saliva. The 80B258 epitope was extensively expressed in adenoid cystic carcinoma, in lesser extent in acinic cell carcinoma and pleomorphic adenoma, and rarely in mucoepidermoid carcinoma. The 80B258 immunoreactivity was predominately detected at the apical membrane of tumor cells showing acinar or intercalated duct cell differentiation, which lined duct- or cyst-like structures, and in luminal secretions. It was observed on the whole cell membrane in non-luminal structures present in the vicinity of thin-walled blood vessels and hemorrhagic areas in adenoid cystic carcinoma. Of note, AC133 labeled only a subset of 80B258–positive structures. In peritumoral salivary gland tissues as well as in obstructive sialadenitis, an up-regulation of prominin-1 (both 80B258 and AC133 immunoreactivities) was observed in intercalated duct cells. In most tissues, prominin-1 was partially co-expressed with two cancer markers: carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and mucin-1 (MUC1). Differential centrifugation of saliva followed by immunoblotting indicated that all three markers were released in association with small membrane vesicles. Immuno-isolated prominin-1–positive vesicles contained CEA and MUC1, but also exosome-related proteins CD63, flotillin-1, flotillin-2 and the adaptor protein syntenin-1. The latter protein was shown to interact with prominin-1 as demonstrated by its co-immunoisolation. A fraction of saliva-associated prominin-1 appeared to be ubiquitinated. Collectively, our findings bring new insights into the biochemistry and trafficking of prominin-1 as well as its immunohistochemical profile in certain types of salivary gland tumors and inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Karbanová
- Tissue Engineering Laboratories, BIOTEC, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Charles University in Prague Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Hradec Králové, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail: (JK); (DC)
| | - Jan Laco
- The Fingerland Department of Pathology, Charles University in Prague Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Hradec Králové, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anne-Marie Marzesco
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Peggy Janich
- Tissue Engineering Laboratories, BIOTEC, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Magda Voborníková
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Charles University in Prague Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Hradec Králové, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Mokrý
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Charles University in Prague Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Hradec Králové, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Christine A. Fargeas
- Tissue Engineering Laboratories, BIOTEC, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wieland B. Huttner
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Denis Corbeil
- Tissue Engineering Laboratories, BIOTEC, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- * E-mail: (JK); (DC)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Expression of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V in the subserosal layer correlates with postsurgical survival of pathological tumor stage 2 carcinoma of the gallbladder. J Gastroenterol 2014; 49:702-14. [PMID: 23588887 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-013-0813-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (GnT-V), an enzyme that catalyzes the β1-6 branching of N-acetylglucosamine on asparagine-linked oligosaccharides of cellular proteins, enhances the malignant behaviors of carcinoma cells in experimental models. The aim of this study was to determine clinical significance of GnT-V expression in human pT2 gallbladder carcinoma with simple in vitro experiments. METHODS Ninety patients with pT2 gallbladder carcinoma were included for this study. The in vitro and in vivo biological effects of GnT-V were investigated using gallbladder carcinoma cells with variable GnT-V expression levels induced by a small interfering RNA. RESULTS Of the 90 cases, 57 showed positive staining and the remaining 33 demonstrated negative staining, the subcellular localization in the 57 cases was classified into the granular-type in 31 cases and the diffuse-type in 26 cases. In 76 cases with curative resection, postsurgical survival was significantly poorer in those showing positive staining than in those showing negative staining (P = 0.028). In all of the 76 cases, postsurgical recurrence was significantly more frequent in those showing diffuse-type localization than in those showing negative staining. Experimental analyses demonstrated that the down-regulation of GnT-V expression in gallbladder carcinoma cells induced suppression of cell growth in vitro. The expression levels of GnT-V in the cells were highly correlated with the rapid in vivo growth coupled with the enhanced angiogenesis, and the tendency to form liver metastasis. CONCLUSIONS GnT-V expression in the subserosal layer of pT2 gallbladder carcinoma is correlated with the aggressiveness of the disease.
Collapse
|
6
|
Targeting Underglycosylated MUC1 for the Selective Capture of Highly Metastatic Breast Cancer Cells Under Flow. Cell Mol Bioeng 2013; 6:148-159. [PMID: 23805168 PMCID: PMC3689911 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-013-0282-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The underglycosylated form of the MUC1 glycoprotein, uMUC1, has been identified as a ligand for both E-selectin and ICAM-1 and can play multiple potential roles during rolling and firm adhesion events in the metastatic cascade. Using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, the T47D and ZR-75-1 cell lines were verified to highly express uMUC1, however it was found that only ZR-75-1 cells expressed the E-selectin binding moiety sialyl Lewis x (sLex). Furthermore, perfusing T47D cells through E-selectin coated microtubes resulted in fast rolling velocities and low numbers of interacting cells and blocking uMUC1 with the SM3 antibody had no effect. ZR-75-1 cells, on the other hand, were highly dependent on the E-selectin:uMUC1 interaction as exemplified by significant increases in cell rolling velocities and decreases in the number of interacting cells when blocking with SM3 or when uMUC1 expression was knocked down via siRNA transfection. Whereas uMUC1 interactions with E-selectin supported cell rolling, P-selectin: uMUC1 interactions exclusively facilitated cell tethering, while L-selectin surfaces supported no cell adhesive interactions. These experimental observations are consistent with molecular dynamics simulations of uMUC1 bound to E-, P-, and L-selectin where the degree of residue contact correlated with the differential adhesion of uMUC1 to each selectin. Finally, an E-selectin and SM3 combined surface coating captured approximately 30% of the total number of interacting cancer cells comparable to the number of adhered cells when utilizing E-selectin and ICAM-1 combined surfaces. The E-selectin/SM3 surface strategy offers a viable method to selectively capture cancer cells from whole blood samples.
Collapse
|
7
|
Constantinou PE, Danysh BP, Dharmaraj N, Carson DD. Transmembrane mucins as novel therapeutic targets. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2011; 6:835-848. [PMID: 22201009 PMCID: PMC3245640 DOI: 10.1586/eem.11.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Membrane-tethered mucin glycoproteins are abundantly expressed at the apical surfaces of simple epithelia, where they play important roles in lubricating and protecting tissues from pathogens and enzymatic attack. Notable examples of these mucins are MUC1, MUC4 and MUC16 (also known as cancer antigen 125). In adenocarcinomas, apical mucin restriction is lost and overall expression is often highly increased. High-level mucin expression protects tumors from killing by the host immune system, as well as by chemotherapeutic agents, and affords protection from apoptosis. Mucin expression can increase as the result of gene duplication and/or in response to hormones, cytokines and growth factors prevalent in the tumor milieu. Rises in the normally low levels of mucin fragments in serum have been used as markers of disease, such as tumor burden, for many years. Currently, several approaches are being examined that target mucins for immunization or nanomedicine using mucin-specific antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela E Constantinou
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251-1892, USA
| | - Brian P Danysh
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251-1892, USA
| | - Neeraja Dharmaraj
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251-1892, USA
| | - Daniel D Carson
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251-1892, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
von Mensdorff-Pouilly S, Moreno M, Verheijen RHM. Natural and Induced Humoral Responses to MUC1. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:3073-103. [PMID: 24212946 PMCID: PMC3759187 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3033073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
MUC1 is a membrane-tethered mucin expressed on the ductal cell surface of glandular epithelial cells. Loss of polarization, overexpression and aberrant glycosylation of MUC1 in mucosal inflammation and in adenocarcinomas induces humoral immune responses to the mucin. MUC1 IgG responses have been associated with a benefit in survival in patients with breast, lung, pancreatic, ovarian and gastric carcinomas. Antibodies bound to the mucin may curb tumor progression by restoring cell-cell interactions altered by tumor-associated MUC1, thus preventing metastatic dissemination, as well as counteracting the immune suppression exerted by the molecule. Furthermore, anti-MUC1 antibodies are capable of effecting tumor cell killing by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Although cytotoxic T cells are indispensable to achieve anti-tumor responses in advanced disease, abs to tumor-associated antigens are ideally suited to address minimal residual disease and may be sufficient to exert adequate immune surveillance in an adjuvant setting, destroying tumor cells as they arise or maintaining occult disease in an equilibrium state. Initial evaluation of MUC1 peptide/glycopeptide mono and polyvalent vaccines has shown them to be immunogenic and safe; anti-tumor responses are scarce. Progress in carbohydrate synthesis has yielded a number of sophisticated substrates that include MUC1 glycopeptide epitopes that are at present in preclinical testing. Adjuvant vaccination with MUC1 glycopeptide polyvalent vaccines that induce strong humoral responses may prevent recurrence of disease in patients with early stage carcinomas. Furthermore, prophylactic immunotherapy targeting MUC1 may be a strategy to strengthen immune surveillance and prevent disease in subjects at hereditary high risk of breast, ovarian and colon cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia von Mensdorff-Pouilly
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +3170-325-9603; Fax: +3120-444-3114
| | - Maria Moreno
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands; E-Mail:
| | - René H. M. Verheijen
- Department of Woman & Baby, Division of Surgical & Oncological Gynaecology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht 3508 GA, The Netherlands; E-Mail:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
St Hill CA, Baharo-Hassan D, Farooqui M. C2-O-sLeX glycoproteins are E-selectin ligands that regulate invasion of human colon and hepatic carcinoma cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16281. [PMID: 21283832 PMCID: PMC3023807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Similar to mechanisms of recruitment of activated leukocytes to inflamed tissues, selectins mediate adhesion and extravasation of circulating cancer cells. Our objective was to determine whether sialyl Lewis X modified core 2 O-glycans (C2-O-sLeX) present on colon and hepatic carcinoma cells promote their adhesion and invasion. We examined membrane expression of C2-O-sLeX, selectin binding, invasion of human colon and hepatic carcinoma cell lines, and mRNA levels of alpha-2,3 fucosyltransferase (FucT-III) and core 2 beta-1,6 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (C2GnT1) genes, necessary for C2-O-sLeX synthesis, by quantitative reverse-transcriptase (RT) PCR. Synthesis of core 2 branched O-glycans decorated by sLeX is dependent on C2GnT1 function and thus we determined enzyme activity of C2GnT1. The cell lines that expressed C2GnT1 and FucT-III mRNA by quantitative RT-PCR were highly positive for C2-O-sLeX by flow cytometry, and colon carcinoma cells possessed highly active C2GnT1 enzyme. Cells bound avidly to E-selection but not to P- and L-selectin. Gene knock-down of C2GnT1 in colon and hepatic carcinoma cells using short hairpin RNAs (shRNA) resulted in a 40–90% decrease in C2-O-sLeX and a 30–50% decrease in E-selectin binding compared to control cells. Invasion of hepatic and colon carcinoma cells containing C2GnT1 shRNA was significantly reduced compared to control cells in Matrigel assays and C2GnT1 activity was down-regulated in the latter cells. The sLeX epitope was predominantly distributed on core 2 O-glycans on colon and hepatic carcinoma cells. Our findings indicate that C2GnT1 gene expression and the resulting C2-O-sLeX carbohydrates produced mediate the adhesive and invasive behaviors of human carcinomas which may influence their metastatic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A St Hill
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jin S, Cheng Y, Reid S, Li M, Wang B. Carbohydrate recognition by boronolectins, small molecules, and lectins. Med Res Rev 2010; 30:171-257. [PMID: 19291708 PMCID: PMC2829346 DOI: 10.1002/med.20155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are known to mediate a large number of biological and pathological events. Small and macromolecules capable of carbohydrate recognition have great potentials as research tools, diagnostics, vectors for targeted delivery of therapeutic and imaging agents, and therapeutic agents. However, this potential is far from being realized. One key issue is the difficulty in the development of "binders" capable of specific recognition of carbohydrates of biological relevance. This review discusses systematically the general approaches that are available in developing carbohydrate sensors and "binders/receptors," and their applications. The focus is on discoveries during the last 5 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jin
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-4098, USA
| | - Yunfeng Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-4098, USA
| | - Suazette Reid
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-4098, USA
| | - Minyong Li
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-4098, USA
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-4098, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sackstein R. Glycosyltransferase-programmed stereosubstitution (GPS) to create HCELL: engineering a roadmap for cell migration. Immunol Rev 2009; 230:51-74. [PMID: 19594629 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2009.00792.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
During evolution of the vertebrate cardiovascular system, the vast endothelial surface area associated with branching vascular networks mandated the development of molecular processes to efficiently and specifically recruit circulating sentinel host defense cells and tissue repair cells at localized sites of inflammation/tissue injury. The forces engendered by high-velocity blood flow commensurately required the evolution of specialized cell surface molecules capable of mediating shear-resistant endothelial adhesive interactions, thus literally capturing relevant cells from the blood stream onto the target endothelial surface and permitting subsequent extravasation. The principal effectors of these shear-resistant binding interactions comprise a family of C-type lectins known as 'selectins' that bind discrete sialofucosylated glycans on their respective ligands. This review explains the 'intelligent design' of requisite reagents to convert native CD44 into the sialofucosylated glycoform known as hematopoietic cell E-/L-selectin ligand (HCELL), the most potent E-selectin counter-receptor expressed on human cells, and will describe how ex vivo glycan engineering of HCELL expression may open the 'avenues' for the efficient vascular delivery of cells for a variety of cell therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Sackstein
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhao Q, Guo X, Nash GB, Stone PC, Hilkens J, Rhodes JM, Yu LG. Circulating galectin-3 promotes metastasis by modifying MUC1 localization on cancer cell surface. Cancer Res 2009; 69:6799-806. [PMID: 19690136 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-1096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion of circulating tumor cells to the blood vessel endothelium is a critical step in cancer metastasis. We show in this study that galectin-3, the concentration of which is greatly increased in the circulation of cancer patients, increases cancer cell adhesion to macrovascular and microvascular endothelial cells under static and flow conditions, increases transendothelial invasion, and decreases the latency of experimental metastasis in athymic mice. These effects of galectin-3 are shown to be a consequence of its interaction with cancer-associated MUC1, which breaks the "protective shield" of the cell-surface MUC1 by causing MUC1 polarization, leading to exposure of smaller cell-surface adhesion molecules/ligands including CD44 and ligand(s) for E-selectin. Thus, the interaction in the bloodstream of cancer patients between circulating galectin-3 and cancer cells expressing MUC1 bearing the galectin-3 ligand TF (Galbeta1,3GalNAc-) promotes metastasis. This provides insight into the molecular regulation of metastasis and has important implications for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for prevention of metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qicheng Zhao
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
In 1865, Armand Trousseau noted that unexpected or migratory thrombophlebitis could be a forewarning of an occult visceral malignancy. An analysis by Sack and colleagues in 1977 extended the term Trousseau's syndrome to include chronic disseminated intravascular coagulopathy associated with microangiopathy, verrucous endocarditis, and arterial emboli in patients with cancer, often occurring with mucin-positive carcinomas. In recent times the term has been ascribed to various clinical situations, ranging all the way from these classic descriptions to any kind of coagulopathy occurring in the setting of any kind of malignancy. These multiple definitions of Trousseau's syndrome are partly the consequence of multiple pathophysiologic mechanisms that apparently contribute to the hypercoagulability associated with cancer. Even the classic syndrome probably represents a spectrum of disorders, ranging from exaggerated fluid-phased thrombosis dependent on prothrombotic agents such as tissue factor to a platelet- and endotheliumum-based selectin-dependent microangiopathy associated with mucin-producing carcinomas, along with thrombin and fibrin production. Also considered here are recent hypotheses about genetic pathways within tumor cells that might trigger these thrombotic phenomena, and the reasons why therapy with heparins of various kinds remain the preferred treatment, probably because of their salutary actions on several of the proposed pathologic mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Varki
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA 92093-0687, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cozzi PJ, Wang J, Delprado W, Perkins AC, Allen BJ, Russell PJ, Li Y. MUC1, MUC2, MUC4, MUC5AC and MUC6 expression in the progression of prostate cancer. Clin Exp Metastasis 2006; 22:565-73. [PMID: 16475027 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-005-5376-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2005] [Accepted: 11/22/2005] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Molecular changes are vital for the development of prognostic markers and therapeutic modalities of prostate cancer (CaP). There is growing interest in mucins as treatment targets in human malignancies, including CaP. The role of their expression in the progression of CaP is however unclear. We examined the expressions MUC1, MUC2, MUC4, MUC5AC and MUC6 in CaP tissues using tissue microarrays (TMAs) to look for tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) for targeted therapy. In this study, 120 paraffin-embedded specimens were selected from patients who underwent radical retro-pubic prostatectomy (RRP) or trans-urethral-resection of the prostate (TURP) for primary, untreated CaP and 10 matched lymph node metastases. A series of MUC monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was used on TMAs by standard immunohistochemistry. Our results indicate that the over-expression of MUC1 was detected in 58% of primary CaP tissues and 90% of lymph node metastases but not in normal prostate or benign tissues, while the expression of MUC2, MUC4, MUC5AC and MUC6 was found to be negative in both normal and cancer tissues. Of the MUC1 positive tumors 86% were Gleason grade 7 or higher. Over-expression of MUC1 was found in late stage CaP while MUC2, 4, 5AC and 6 were negative in CaP. MUC1 is a TAA that is highly related to tumor progression in CaP patients. This antigen is ideal for targeted therapy to control micrometastases and hormone refractory disease but additional studies are necessary to assess its usefulness in patient biopsies and CaP bone metastases before clinical trial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Cozzi
- Department of Surgery, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Suzuki H, Shoda J, Kawamoto T, Shinozaki E, Miyahara N, Hotta S, Iizuka Y, Nakahara A, Tanaka N, Yanaka A, Irimura T. Expression of MUC1 recognized by monoclonal antibody MY.1E12 is a useful biomarker for tumor aggressiveness of advanced colon carcinoma. Clin Exp Metastasis 2004; 21:321-9. [PMID: 15554388 DOI: 10.1023/b:clin.0000046133.35133.cc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To address the need for new prognostic parameters in advanced colon carcinoma that could add insights into the aggressiveness of tumors, the expression levels of MUC1 recognized by a monoclonal antibody (mAb) MY.1E12 in archival specimens from 123 Japanese patients with colon carcinomas were evaluated by immunohistochemistry to correlate the results with clinicopathological characteristics. The localization of mAb MY.1E12-reactive-MUC1 (MY.1E12-MUC1) was classified into apical, cytoplasmic and stromal types based on the predominant cellular distribution. The MUC1 mRNA levels revealed by in situ hybridization were not a determinant for the localization types of MY.1E12-MUC1. Immunostaining of MY.1E12-MUC1 was recognized in the cancerous epithelia of pT1 carcinoma in 61%, pT2 in 78%, pT3 in 98% and pT4 in 90% of the cases at the deepest invading sites. At the deepest invading sites, apical-type localization was found to predominate in pT1 carcinoma, but stromal-type localization was found to increase in pT2-4 carcinomas in parallel with the depth of invasion. The frequency of synchronous distant organ metastasis at the time of diagnosis tended to be higher in cases of pT3 and pT4 carcinomas in the stromal-type localization-dominant group than in cases in the apical-type localization-dominant group. The post-surgical survival outcome of cases of pT3 and pT4 carcinomas was significantly poorer in the former than in the latter (P = 0.002). The stromal-type localization of MY.1E12-MUC1 may be a phenotype serving as a unique biological feature associated with the tumor aggressiveness of advanced colon carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mathieu S, Prorok M, Benoliel AM, Uch R, Langlet C, Bongrand P, Gerolami R, El-Battari A. Transgene expression of alpha(1,2)-fucosyltransferase-I (FUT1) in tumor cells selectively inhibits sialyl-Lewis x expression and binding to E-selectin without affecting synthesis of sialyl-Lewis a or binding to P-selectin. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2004; 164:371-83. [PMID: 14742243 PMCID: PMC1602278 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63127-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
During inflammation, E- and P-selectins appear on activated endothelial cells to interact with leukocytes through sialyl-Lewis x and sialyl-Lewis a antigens (sLe(x/a)). These selectins can also interact with tumor cells in a sialyl-Lewis-dependent manner and for this reason, they are thought to play a key role in metastasis. Diverting the biosynthesis of sialyl-Lewis antigens toward nonadhesive structures is an attractive gene therapy for preventing the hematogenous metastatic spread of cancers. We have previously shown that transfection of alpha(1,2)-fucosyltransferase-I (FUT1) in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells had a slight effect on the overall sialylation while the synthesis of sLE(x) was dramatically prevented. We herein delivered the gene of FUT1 by a human immunodeficiency virus-derived lentiviral vector to three human cancer cell lines including pancreatic (BxPC3), hepatic (HepG2), and colonic (HT-29) cancer cells. We found that on FUT1 transduction, all cells exhibited a dramatic decrease in sLe(x) synthesis with a concomitant increase in Le(y) and Le(b) expression, without any detectable effect on the level of cell surface sLe(a) antigens. In parallel, FUT1-transduced HT-29 and HepG2 cells, but not BxPC3 cells, failed to interact with E-selectin as assessed by E-selectin-binding assay or dynamic adhesion to activated endothelial cells. We show also that transduced FUT1 efficiently fucosylates the P-selectin ligand PSGL-1 without altering P-selectin binding. These results have important implications for understanding cell-specific reactions underlying the synthesis of selectin ligands in cancer cells and may provide a basis for the development of anti-metastatic gene therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Mathieu
- Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U-559/UEA-3289, Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Brayman M, Thathiah A, Carson DD. MUC1: a multifunctional cell surface component of reproductive tissue epithelia. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2004; 2:4. [PMID: 14711375 PMCID: PMC320498 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2003] [Accepted: 01/07/2004] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
MUC1 is a large, transmembrane mucin glycoprotein expressed at the apical surface of a variety of reproductive tract epithelia. Functions attributed to MUC1 include those generally associated with mucins such as lubrication and hydration of cell surfaces as well as protection from microorganisms and degradative enzymes. In addition, MUC1 is an effective inhibitor of both cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions in both normal and malignant contexts. Moreover, a series of recent studies has shown that the highly conserved cytoplasmic tail of MUC1 interacts specifically with a series of important signal transducing molecules including beta-catenin, Grb2 and erbB family members. MUC1 expression in normal epithelia can be quite dynamic, varying in response to steroid hormone or cytokine influences. Following malignant transformation, MUC1 often becomes highly overexpressed, loses its apical restriction, and displays aberrant glycosylation and altered mRNA splice variants. Regulation of MUC1 expression can occur at the transcriptional level. In addition, post-translational regulation of cell surface expression occurs via the activity of cell surface proteases or "sheddases" that release soluble forms of the large ectodomains. This review will briefly summarize studies of MUC1 expression and function in reproductive tissues with particular emphasis on the uterus. In addition, current knowledge of the mechanisms of MUC1 gene regulation, metabolic processing and potential signal transducing functions will be presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Brayman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE USA 19716
| | - Amantha Thathiah
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE USA 19716
| | - Daniel D Carson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE USA 19716
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wahrenbrock M, Borsig L, Le D, Varki N, Varki A. Selectin-mucin interactions as a probable molecular explanation for the association of Trousseau syndrome with mucinous adenocarcinomas. J Clin Invest 2003; 112:853-62. [PMID: 12975470 PMCID: PMC193671 DOI: 10.1172/jci18882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Trousseau described spontaneous, recurrent superficial migratory thrombophlebitis associated with occult cancers, and this was later correlated with disseminated microangiopathy (platelet-rich clots in small blood vessels). Trousseau syndrome often occurs with mucinous adenocarcinomas, which secrete abnormally glycosylated mucins and mucin fragments into the bloodstream. Since carcinoma mucins can have binding sites for selectins, we hypothesized that selectin-mucin interactions might trigger this syndrome. When highly purified, tissue-factor free carcinoma mucin preparations were intravenously injected into mice, platelet-rich microthrombi were rapidly generated. This pathology was markedly diminished in P- or L-selectin-deficient mice. Heparin (an antithrombin-potentiating agent that can also block P- and L-selectin recognition of ligands) ameliorated this platelet aggregation, but had no additional effect in P- or L-selectin-deficient mice. Inhibition of endogenous thrombin by recombinant hirudin also did not block platelet aggregation. Mucins generated platelet aggregation in vitro in hirudinized whole blood, but not in platelet-rich leukocyte-free plasma nor in whole blood from L-selectin-deficient mice. Thus, Trousseau syndrome is likely triggered by interactions of circulating carcinoma mucins with leukocyte L-selectin and platelet P-selectin without requiring accompanying thrombin generation. These data may also explain why heparin ameliorates Trousseau syndrome, while vitamin K antagonists that merely depress thrombin production do not.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Wahrenbrock
- Department of Medicine,Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0687, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
López-Ferrer A, de Bolós C. The expression of human FUT1 in HT-29/M3 colon cancer cells instructs the glycosylation of MUC1 and MUC5AC apomucins. Glycoconj J 2002; 19:13-21. [PMID: 12652076 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022576712961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we have reported that in normal gastric epithelium, the expression of gastric apomucins MUC5AC and MUC6 is associated with the specific expression of type 1 and type 2 Lewis antigens, and FUT2 and FUT1 fucosyltransferases, respectively. Until now, there are no data demonstrating the direct implication of specific glycosyltransferases in the specific patterns of apomucin glycosylation. HT29/M3 colon cancer cell line express MUC1, MUC5AC, type 1 Lewis antigens and FUT2 but not type 2 structures and FUT1, as it occurs in the epithelial cells of the gastric superficial epithelium. These cells were transfected with the cDNA of human FUT1, the alpha-1,2-fucosyltransferase responsible for the synthesis of type 2 Lewis antigens, to assess the implication of FUT1 in the glycosylation of MUC1 and MUC5AC. The M3-FUT1 clones obtained express high levels of type 2 Lewis antigens: H type 2 and Ley antigens. Immunoprecipitation of MUC1 and MUC5AC apomucins gives the direct evidence that FUT1 catalyses the addition of alpha-1,2-fucose to these apomucins, supporting the hypothesis that the pattern of apomucin glycosylation is not only instructed by the mucin primary sequence but also by the set of glycosyltransferases expressed in each specific cell type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna López-Ferrer
- Unitat de Biologia Cel-lular i Molecular, Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Fernandez-Rodriguez J, Dwir O, Alon R, Hansson GC. Tumor cell MUC1 and CD43 are glycosylated differently with sialyl-Lewis a and x epitopes and show variable interactions with E-selectin under physiological flow conditions. Glycoconj J 2001; 18:925-30. [PMID: 12820726 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022208727512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The mucins secreted from the colon carcinoma cell line COLO 205 have the MUC1 and CD43 (leukosialin) as core proteins, where both carry sialyl-Lewis a and MUC1 sialyl-Lewis x epitopes. The adhesion of E-selectin expressing CHO cells to the coated mucins was analyzed in a flow system revealing that the MUC1 mucin adhered better than the CD43 mucin. One reason could be their different glycosylation, a difference that was explored by analyzing the biosynthesis of MUC1 and CD43 in COLO 205 cells. Both the MUC1 and CD43 mucins became sialyl-Lewis a reactive, but after different times as revealed by pulse-chase studies. However, only MUC1 became sialyl-Lewis x reactive. These differences suggest that MUC1 and CD43 are synthesized in different compartments of the cell. It was also observed that the mucins from colon carcinoma patients had MUC1-type mucins that carried both sialyl-Lewis a and x epitopes and CD43-type sialyl-Lewis a mucins with only low levels of sialyl-Lewis x epitopes. One could hypothesize that colon carcinoma derived MUC1 is decorated with potent E-selectin epitopes, and that this could be one of several reasons for the involvement of MUC1 in cancer development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Fernandez-Rodriguez
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Göteborg University, Box 440, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
MUC1 is a large, heavily glycosylated mucin expressed on the apical surfaces of most simple, secretory epithelia including the mammary gland, gastrointestinal, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts. Although MUC1 was thought to be an epithelial-specific protein, it is now known to be expressed on a variety of hematopoietic cells as well. Mucins function in protection and lubrication of epithelial surfaces. Transmembrane mucins, which contain cytoplasmic tail domains, appear to have additional functions through their abilities to interact with many proteins involved in signal transduction and cell adhesion. The goal of this review is to highlight recent discoveries that suggest that MUC1 may be a multifunctional protein, located on the surfaces of cells as a sensor of the environment, poised to signal to the interior when things go awry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S J Gendler
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kim YJ, Borsig L, Han HL, Varki NM, Varki A. Distinct selectin ligands on colon carcinoma mucins can mediate pathological interactions among platelets, leukocytes, and endothelium. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1999; 155:461-72. [PMID: 10433939 PMCID: PMC1866847 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65142-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Selectins are adhesion molecules that mediate calcium-dependent cell-cell interactions among leukocytes, platelets, and endothelial cells. The naturally occurring vascular ligands for the selectins are mostly mucin-type glycoproteins. Increased expression and altered glycosylation of mucins are known to be prominent features of carcinoma progression. We have previously shown that all three selectins bind to colon carcinoma cell lines in a calcium-dependent fashion and that carcinoma growth and metastasis formation are attenuated in P-selectin-deficient mice. Here we show that the three recombinant soluble selectins recognize ligands within primary colon carcinoma tissue samples. Affinity chromatography showed that the ligands for all three selectins are O-sialoglycoprotease-sensitive mucins that are recognized in a calcium- and sialic acid-dependent manner. Furthermore, there are separate binding sites on the mucins for each selectin, allowing cross-binding of a single mucin molecule by more than one selectin. We also show that the selectin ligands on purified carcinoma mucins can mediate at least four different pathological interactions among platelets, leukocytes, and endothelial cells. These findings could explain some of the adhesive events of blood-borne tumor cells reported to occur with leukocytes, platelets, and endothelial cells, which are believed to play a part in modulating some early events in tumor metastases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y J Kim
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, Division Hematology-Oncology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Parmley RR, Gendler SJ. Cystic fibrosis mice lacking Muc1 have reduced amounts of intestinal mucus. J Clin Invest 1998; 102:1798-806. [PMID: 9819365 PMCID: PMC509129 DOI: 10.1172/jci3820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Normally a thin layer of mucus covers the surface of the gastrointestinal tract protecting the epithelial cells from their environment. In cystic fibrosis (CF), mucus accumulation is abnormally high, resulting in severe intestinal obstruction. The major structural components of mucus are large mucin glycoproteins. We determined specific mucin RNA and protein expression in the gastrointestinal tract of inbred CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) knockout (CF) mice and correlated expression with histological analyses of tissues. Mucins were detected histochemically using general carbohydrate stains and specific mucin antibodies. Mucin RNA levels were determined by reverse transcription-PCR. Comparisons were made between CF mice and control siblings, all maintained on a liquid diet after weaning. Analyses of the mucins Muc2, Muc3, and Muc5ac showed lower levels of RNA expression in the CF mice and similar levels of protein. Significantly, there was a sixfold increase in Muc1 RNA expression in the colon of the CF mouse and a moderate increase in Muc1 protein. Further, CF mice lacking Muc1 exhibited greatly diminished intestinal mucus obstruction when compared with Muc1- expressing CF mice and had better survival on solid food. We suggest that Muc1 plays an important role in the mucus obstructions observed in the gastrointestinal tract of the CFTR knockout mouse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R R Parmley
- Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kim YJ, Varki A. Perspectives on the significance of altered glycosylation of glycoproteins in cancer. Glycoconj J 1997; 14:569-76. [PMID: 9298689 DOI: 10.1023/a:1018580324971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Y J Kim
- UCSD Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|