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Zhang Y, Wang X, Wang X, Wang Y, Liu J, Wang S, Li W, Jin Y, Akhter D, Chen J, Hu J, Pan R. Bioinformatic analysis of short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase proteins in plant peroxisomes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1180647. [PMID: 37360717 PMCID: PMC10288848 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1180647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are ubiquitous eukaryotic organelles housing not only many important oxidative metabolic reactions, but also some reductive reactions that are less known. Members of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) superfamily, which are NAD(P)(H)-dependent oxidoreductases, play important roles in plant peroxisomes, including the conversion of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) to indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), auxiliary β-oxidation of fatty acids, and benzaldehyde production. To further explore the function of this family of proteins in the plant peroxisome, we performed an in silico search for peroxisomal SDR proteins from Arabidopsis based on the presence of peroxisome targeting signal peptides. A total of 11 proteins were discovered, among which four were experimentally confirmed to be peroxisomal in this study. Phylogenetic analyses showed the presence of peroxisomal SDR proteins in diverse plant species, indicating the functional conservation of this protein family in peroxisomal metabolism. Knowledge about the known peroxisomal SDRs from other species also allowed us to predict the function of plant SDR proteins within the same subgroup. Furthermore, in silico gene expression profiling revealed strong expression of most SDR genes in floral tissues and during seed germination, suggesting their involvement in reproduction and seed development. Finally, we explored the function of SDRj, a member of a novel subgroup of peroxisomal SDR proteins, by generating and analyzing CRISPR/Cas mutant lines. This work provides a foundation for future research on the biological activities of peroxisomal SDRs to fully understand the redox control of peroxisome functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchan Zhang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology & ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology & ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology & ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yukang Wang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology & ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Liu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology & ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Saisai Wang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology & ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiran Li
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology & ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yijun Jin
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology & ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Delara Akhter
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology & ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Jiarong Chen
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology & ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Hu
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory and Plant Biology Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Ronghui Pan
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology & ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, China
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Bibi R, Tariq RM, Rasheed M. Toxic assessment, growth disrupting and neurotoxic effects of red seaweeds' botanicals against the dengue vector mosquito Aedes aegypti L. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 195:110451. [PMID: 32199214 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Application of synthetic pesticides over decades to control insects, pests, and disease vectors has resulted in negative impacts on environment and health. The current study assessed the toxicological effects of 12 botanicals obtained from 4 different red seaweeds against the dengue vector mosquito Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae). Four species of red seaweeds, namely Laurencia karachiana, Gracilaria foliifera, Jania rubens, Asparagopsis taxiformis, were collected from Karachi coast and extracted with hexane, dichloromethane and methanol. The efficiency of these extracts was determined by using a dose-response bioassay method against 4th instar larvae of Ae. aegypti. Separate investigations on the toxicity and IGI effects were done. Comparative studies showed that the hexane extracts induced more toxic effects. Based on the LC50 values, obtained after 24 h of treatments, hexane extract of J. rubens (HJ) exhibited toxic effects with LC50 32 μg/mL, (equivalent to GHS category 3), followed by G. foliifera (HG) (LC50 76.8 μg/mL). HJ also showed prominent neurotoxic effects within 1-6 h. Comparatively, higher morphological abnormalities and growth inhibiting (IGI) effects were obtained in the dichloromethane and methanol extracts treated larvae, after 48-96 h, resulting in the formation of immature life forms such as larvi-pupae and pupi-adult. Presumptive growth inhibiting effects were also noted. These included formation of albino and black pupae, deformities in the internal structure of the treated larvae and the chitin synthesis related effects such as 'inhibiting effect on adult emergence'. Finding revealed that red seaweeds, harvested from the Arabian Sea, have potentials to affect Ae. aegypti survival and thus can be utilized as green pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Bibi
- Centre of Excellence in Marine Biology, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.
| | | | - Munawwer Rasheed
- Centre of Excellence in Marine Biology, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan; Department of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.
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Zhu Z, Chen J, Wang G, Elsherbini A, Zhong L, Jiang X, Qin H, Tripathi P, Zhi W, Spassieva SD, Morris AJ, Bieberich E. Ceramide regulates interaction of Hsd17b4 with Pex5 and function of peroxisomes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:1514-1524. [PMID: 31176039 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The sphingolipid ceramide regulates beta-oxidation of medium and long chain fatty acids in mitochondria. It is not known whether it also regulates oxidation of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) in peroxisomes. Using affinity chromatography, co-immunoprecipitation, and proximity ligation assays we discovered that ceramide interacts with Hsd17b4, an enzyme critical for peroxisomal VLCFA oxidation and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) generation. Immunocytochemistry showed that Hsd17b4 is distributed to ceramide-enriched mitochondria-associated membranes (CEMAMs). Molecular docking and in vitro mutagenesis experiments showed that ceramide binds to the sterol carrier protein 2-like domain in Hsd17b4 adjacent to peroxisome targeting signal 1 (PTS1), the C-terminal signal for interaction with peroxisomal biogenesis factor 5 (Pex5), a peroxin mediating transport of Hsd17b4 into peroxisomes. Inhibition of ceramide biosynthesis induced translocation of Hsd17b4 from CEMAMs to peroxisomes, interaction of Hsd17b4 with Pex5, and upregulation of DHA. This data indicates a novel role of ceramide as a molecular switch regulating interaction of Hsd17b4 with Pex5 and peroxisomal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Zhu
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Jianzhong Chen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Gill Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Guanghu Wang
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Ahmed Elsherbini
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Liansheng Zhong
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America; School of Life Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Xue Jiang
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America; Department of Rehabilitation, ShengJing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Haiyan Qin
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Priyanka Tripathi
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Wenbo Zhi
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA. United States of America
| | - Stefka D Spassieva
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Andrew J Morris
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Gill Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America; Lexington Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Erhard Bieberich
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America.
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Tsachaki M, Odermatt A. Subcellular localization and membrane topology of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 489:98-106. [PMID: 30864548 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17β-HSDs) comprise enzymes initially identified by their ability to interconvert active and inactive forms of sex steroids, a vital process for the tissue-specific control of estrogen and androgen balance. However, most 17β-HSDs have now been shown to accept substrates other than sex steroids, including bile acids, retinoids and fatty acids, thereby playing unanticipated roles in cell physiology. This functional divergence is often reflected by their different subcellular localization, with 17β-HSDs found in the cytosol, peroxisome, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and in lipid droplets. Moreover, a subset of 17β-HSDs are integral membrane proteins, with their specific topology dictating the cellular compartment in which they exert their enzymatic activity. Here, we summarize the present knowledge on the subcellular localization and membrane topology of the 17β-HSD enzymes and discuss the correlation with their biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tsachaki
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
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Guo X, Zhang H, Zheng X, Zhou Q, Yang Y, Chen X, Du A. Structural and functional characterization of a novel gene, Hc-daf-22, from the strongylid nematode Haemonchus contortus. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:422. [PMID: 27472920 PMCID: PMC4966567 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1704-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The strongylid nematode Haemonchus contortus is a parasite of major concern for modern livestock husbandry because hostile environmental conditions may induce diapause in the early fourth-stage larvae. METHODS A new gene Hc-daf-22 was identified which is the homologue of Ce-daf-22 and human SCPx. Genome walking and RACE were performed to obtain the whole cDNA and genomic sequence of this gene. Using qRT-PCR with all developmental stages as templates to explore the transcription level and micro-injection was applied to confirm the promoter activity of the 5'-flanking region. Overexpression, rescue and RNA interference experiments were performed in N2, daf-22 mutant (ok 693) strains of C. elegans to study the gene function of Hc-daf-22. RESULTS The full length gene of Hc-daf-22 (6,939 bp) contained 16 exons separated by 15 introns, and encoded a cDNA of 1,602 bp (533 amino acids, estimated at about 59.3 kDa) with a peak in L3 and L4 in transcriptional level. The Hc-DAF-22 protein was consisted of a 3-oxoacyl-CoA thiolase domain and a SCP2 domain and evolutionarily conserved. The 1,548 bp fragment upstream of the 5'-flanking region was confirmed to have promoter activity compared with 5'-flanking region of Ce-daf-22. The rescue experiment by micro-injection of daf-22 (ok693) mutant strain showed significant increase in body size and brood size in the rescued worms with significantly reduced or completely absent fat granules confirmed by Oil red O staining, indicating that Hc-daf-22 could partially rescue the function of Ce-daf-22. Furthermore, RNAi with Hc-daf-22 could partially silence the endogenous Ce-daf-22 in N2 worms and mimic the phenotype of daf-22 (ok693) mutants. CONCLUSION The gene Hc-daf-22 was isolated and its function identified using C. elegans as a model organism. Our results indicate that Hc-daf-22 shared similar characteristics and function with Ce-daf-22 and may play an important role in peroxisomal β-oxidation and the development in H. contortus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Guo
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Hongli Zhang
- Zhejiang Center of Animal Disease Control, Hangzhou, 310020 China
| | - Xiuping Zheng
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Qianjin Zhou
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211 China
| | - Yi Yang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Xueqiu Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Aifang Du
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
- Present address: Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058 China
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Mislocalization and inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 by a synthetic small molecule. Biochem J 2013; 448:409-16. [PMID: 23067267 DOI: 10.1042/bj20121158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chromeceptin is a synthetic small molecule that inhibits insulin-induced adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells and impairs the function of IGF2 (insulin-like growth factor 2). The molecular target of this benzochromene derivative is MFP-2 (multifunctional protein 2). The interaction between chromeceptin and MFP-2 activates STAT6 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 6), which subsequently induces IGF inhibitory genes. It was not previously known how the binding of chromeceptin with MFP-2 blocks adipogenesis and activates STAT6. The results of the present study show that the chromeceptin-MFP-2 complex binds to and inhibits ACC1 (acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1), an enzyme important for the de novo synthesis of malonyl-CoA and fatty acids. The formation of this ternary complex removes ACC1 from the cytosol and sequesters it in peroxisomes under the guidance of Pex5p (peroxisomal-targeting signal type 1 receptor). As a result, chromeceptin impairs fatty acid synthesis from acetate where ACC1 is a rate-limiting enzyme. Overexpression of malonyl-CoA decarboxylase or siRNA (small interfering RNA) knockdown of ACC1 results in STAT6 activation, suggesting a role for malonyl-CoA in STAT6 signalling. The molecular mechanism of chromeceptin may provide a new pharmacological approach to selective inhibition of ACC1 for biological studies and pharmaceutical development.
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Kumar RB, Shanmugapriya B, Thiyagesan K, Kumar SR, Xavier SM. A search for mosquito larvicidal compounds by blocking the sterol carrying protein, AeSCP-2, through computational screening and docking strategies. Pharmacognosy Res 2010; 2:247-53. [PMID: 21808576 PMCID: PMC3141136 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8490.69126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Revised: 05/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sterol is a very vital compound for most of the insects and mosquitoes to complete their life cycle. Unfortunately mosquitoes cannot synthesize the sterol, it depends on mammals for the same. Mosquitoes take the sterol from the plant decays during their larval stage in the form of phytosterol, which is then converted to cholesterol for further growth and reproduction. This conversion occurs with the help of the sterol carrier protein 2(SCP2). METHODS Mosquito populations are controlled by plant-based inhibitors, which inhibit sterol carrier protein (SCPI-Sterol carrier protein inhibitor) activity. In this article, we explain the methods of inhibiting Aedes aegypti SCP2 by insilico methods including natural inhibitor selection and filtrations by virtual screening and interaction studies. RESULTS In this study protein-ligand interactions were carried out with various phytochemicals, as a result of virtual screening Alpha-mangostin and Panthenol were found to be good analogs, and were allowed to dock with the mosquito cholesterol carrier protein AeSCP-2. CONCLUSION Computational selections of SCPIs are highly reliable and novel methods for discovering new and more effective compounds to control mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Barani Kumar
- Department of Bioinformatics, Sathyabama University, Chennai-600 119, India.
| | | | - K. Thiyagesan
- Department of Zoology and Division of Wildlife Biology, A.V.C. College, Mayiladuthurai -609305, India.
| | - S. Raj Kumar
- Department of Zoology and Division of Wildlife Biology, A.V.C. College, Mayiladuthurai -609305, India.
| | - Suresh M. Xavier
- Department of Bioinformatics, Sathyabama University, Chennai-600 119, India.
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Castro LFC, Rocha MJ, Lobo-da-Cunha A, Batista-Pinto C, Machado A, Rocha E. The 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 4: Gender-specific and seasonal gene expression in the liver of brown trout (Salmo trutta f. fario). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 153:157-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2009.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2008] [Revised: 02/21/2009] [Accepted: 02/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Larson RT, Wessely V, Jiang Z, Lan Q. Larvicidal activity of sterol carrier protein-2 inhibitor in four species of mosquitoes. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2008; 45:439-444. [PMID: 18533437 PMCID: PMC2670991 DOI: 10.1603/0022-2585(2008)45[439:laoscp]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A previous report has shown that mosquito sterol carrier protein-2 inhibitors (SCPIs) are larvicidal to larvae of the yellowfever mosquito, Aedes aegypti (L.) (J. Lipid Res. 46: 650-657, 2005). In the current study, we tested SCPI-1 in an additional four mosquito species for larvicidal activities: Culex pipiens pipiens, Anopheles gambiae, Culex restuans, and Aedes vexans. Cholesterol accumulation in SCPI-treated Ae. aegypti fourth instars was examined. SCPI-1 is lethal to all tested mosquito species, with the LC50 value ranging from 5.2 to 15 microM when treatments started at the first to third instar. However, LC50 values increase to from 5.2 to 38.7 microM in treatments started at first and fourth instar, respectively. The results indicate that the lethal effect of SCPI-1 decreases with the growth of larvae, which suggests that SCPI-1 is more effective before the larvae reach final growth period (the last instar). SCPI-1 suppressed cholesterol uptake in Ae. aegypti fourth instars, suggesting that one of the modes of action of SCPI-1 is via reduction in cholesterol absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Que Lan
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
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Vyazunova I, Wessley V, Kim M, Lan Q. Identification of two sterol carrier protein-2 like genes in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 16:305-14. [PMID: 17433070 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2007.00729.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Two genes encoding sterol carrier protein-2 like proteins are identified from fourth instar cDNAs of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. The predicted AeSCP-2like1 (AeSCP-2L1) and AeSCP-2like2 (AeSCP-2L2) proteins are small, acidic and lacking the peroxisomal targeting sequence at the C-termini. Purified recombinant AeSCP-2L1 and -2L2 bind to cholesterol with a Kd of 5.4 x 10(-6) M and 2.6 x 10(-6) M, respectively. The Kd values of AeSCP-2L1 and -2L2 to palmitic acid are 3.7 x 10(-7) M and 2.6 x 10(-7) M, respectively. Both genes are expressed predominantly in gut tissues. The transcripts of the AeSCP-2L1 gene are only detected in larval stages, whereas AeSCP-2L2 is expressed in larval and adult stages. AeSCP-2L2 transcription increases within 5 h after a bloodmeal and stays at high levels during vitellogenesis. In in vitro larval gut tissue cultures, AeSCP-2L1 transcripts were increased in the presence of juvenile hormone III, whereas AeSCP-2L2 mRNA levels increased in the presence 20-hydroxylecdysone. The results suggest that transcription of AeSCP-2L1 and -2L2 genes are regulated differently through the mosquito life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Vyazunova
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Huyghe S, Mannaerts GP, Baes M, Van Veldhoven PP. Peroxisomal multifunctional protein-2: the enzyme, the patients and the knockout mouse model. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2006; 1761:973-94. [PMID: 16766224 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2006.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2006] [Revised: 04/04/2006] [Accepted: 04/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian multifunctional protein-2 (MFP-2, also called multifunctional enzyme 2, D-bifunctional enzyme or 17-beta-estradiol dehydrogenase type IV) was identified by several groups about a decade ago. It plays a central role in peroxisomal beta-oxidation as it handles most, if not all, peroxisomal beta-oxidation substrates. Deficiency of this enzyme in man causes a severe developmental syndrome with abnormalities in several organs but in particular in the brain, leading to death within the first year of life. Accumulation of branched-long-chain fatty acids and very-long-chain fatty acids and a disturbed synthesis of bile acids were documented in these patients. A mouse model with MFP-2 deficiency only partly phenocopies the human disease. Although the expected metabolic abnormalities are present, no neurodevelopmental aberrations are observed. However, the survival of these mice into adulthood allowed to document the importance of this enzyme for the normal functioning of the brain, eyes and testis. In the present review, the identification and biochemical characteristics of MFP-2, and the consequences of MFP-2 dysfunction in humans and in mice will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Huyghe
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Onderwijs en Navorsing II, bus 823, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Jianfeng D, Pingxin L, Chaoneng J, Congjing F, Min G, Yaqiong S, Jiyuan Z, Jiangyan Z, Chao D, Shaohua G, Yi X, Yumin M. Cloning and Characterization of a Novel Mouse Short-Chain Dehydrogenases/Reductases cDNA, mHsdl2, Encoding a Protein with an SDR Domain and an SCP2 Domain. Mol Biol 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11008-005-0084-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Abstract
A mosquito sterol carrier protein-2, AeSCP-2, has been shown to aid in the uptake of cholesterol in mosquito cells. The discovery of chemical inhibitors of AeSCP-2 is reported here. AeSCP-2 inhibitors (SCPIs) belong to several chemotypes of hydrophobic compounds. Those inhibitors competed with cholesterol for AeSCP-2, binding with relatively high binding affinities. In cultured insect cells, SCPIs reduced cholesterol uptake by as much as 30% at 1-5 microM concentrations. SCPIs were potent larvicides to the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, and to the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, with 50% lethal doses (LD50s) of 5-21 microM and 0.013-15 ng/mg diet, respectively. The results indicate that sterol carrier protein-2 has functional similarity in two different insect species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-sik Kim
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Brown KA, Boerboom D, Bouchard N, Doré M, Lussier JG, Sirois J. Human chorionic gonadotropin-dependent regulation of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 4 in preovulatory follicles and its potential role in follicular luteinization. Endocrinology 2004; 145:1906-15. [PMID: 14726434 DOI: 10.1210/en.2003-1715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
17Beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 4 (17betaHSD4) has a unique multidomain structure, with one domain involved in 17beta-estradiol inactivation. The objective of the study was to investigate the regulation of 17betaHSD4 during human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)-induced ovulation/luteinization. The equine 17betaHSD4 cDNA was cloned and was shown to encode a 735-amino acid protein that is highly conserved (81-87% identity) compared with other mammalian orthologs. RT-PCR/Southern blot analyses were performed to study the regulation of 17betaHSD4 transcripts in equine preovulatory follicles isolated between 0-39 h after hCG treatment. Results showed the presence of basal 17betaHSD4 mRNA expression before hCG treatment, but an increase was observed in follicles obtained 24 h after hCG (P < 0.05). Analyses of isolated preparations of granulosa and theca interna cells identified basal mRNA expression in both layers, but granulosa cells appeared as the predominant site of follicular 17betaHSD4 mRNA induction. A specific polyclonal antibody was raised against a fragment of the equine protein and used to study regulation of the 17betaHSD4 protein. Immunoblots showed an increase in full-length 17betaHSD4 protein in follicles 24 h after hCG (P < 0.05), in keeping with mRNA results. Immunohistochemical data confirmed the induction of the enzyme in follicular cells after hCG treatment. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the gonadotropin-dependent induction of follicular luteinization is accompanied by an increase in 17betaHSD4 expression. Considering the estrogen-inactivating function of 17betaHSD4, its regulated expression in luteinizing preovulatory follicles appears as a potential complementary mechanism to reduce circulating levels of 17beta-estradiol after the LH surge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy A Brown
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction Animale, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 7C6
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15
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Krazeisen A, Breitling R, Möller G, Adamski J. Human 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 5 is inhibited by dietary flavonoids. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 505:151-61. [PMID: 12083459 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-5235-9_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Phytoestrogens contained in a vegetarian diet are supposed to have beneficial effects on the development and progression of a variety of endocrine-related cancers. We have tested the effect of a variety of dietary phytoestrogens, especially flavonoids, on the activity of human 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 5 (17beta-HSD 5), a key enzyme in the metabolism of estrogens and androgens. Our studies show that reductive and oxidative activity of the enzyme are inhibited by many compounds, especially zearalenone, coumestrol, quercetin and biochanin A. Among flavones, inhibitor potency is enhanced with increased degree of hydroxylation. The most effective inhibitors seem to bind to the hydrophilic cofactor binding pocket of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Krazeisen
- GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Institute for Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Neuherberg, Germany
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16
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Ferrer-Martínez A, Ruiz-Lozano P, Chien KR. Mouse PeP: a novel peroxisomal protein linked to myoblast differentiation and development. Dev Dyn 2002; 224:154-67. [PMID: 12112469 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.10099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of several peroxisomal proteins in the past decade has deepened our understanding of the biology of peroxisomes and their involvement in human disorders. We report the cloning and expression pattern during the mouse development of a cDNA encoding a novel protein, named PeP, and show that its product is imported specifically to the peroxisome matrix in a variety of cell types. We also demonstrate that PeP is imported to the organelle through the PEX5 receptor pathway, which indicates that the C-terminal tripeptide SKI behaves as a type 1 peroxisomal targeting signal (PTS1). PeP expression is tightly regulated, as shown by Northern and in situ hybridization experiments. Thus during embryonic development in the mouse, PeP mRNA is detected almost exclusively in the skeletal muscle, whereas in adult mice, strong expression is also found in the heart and brain. In addition, PeP mRNA accumulation is induced after myoblast differentiation in vitro, when myotube formation is promoted. Sequence analysis reveals that PeP has no significant homology to any known protein, except for a short stretch of amino acids containing the fingerprint of the fibronectin type III superfamily, a domain present in proteins often related to molecular and cellular recognition and binding processes. Thus our data suggest a connection between the function of PeP and murine cell differentiation and development.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Bezafibrate/pharmacology
- Blotting, Northern
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Fibronectins/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Gene Library
- Green Fluorescent Proteins
- Humans
- Hypolipidemic Agents/pharmacology
- In Situ Hybridization
- Luminescent Proteins/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Models, Genetic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Muscles/cytology
- Muscles/embryology
- Myoblasts/cytology
- Peptides/chemistry
- Peroxisomes/metabolism
- Plasmids/metabolism
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Protein Biosynthesis
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Proteins/chemistry
- Proteins/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Time Factors
- Tissue Distribution
- Transfection
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreu Ferrer-Martínez
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.
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17
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Krazeisen A, Breitling R, Möller G, Adamski J. Phytoestrogens inhibit human 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 5. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2001; 171:151-62. [PMID: 11165023 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-7207(00)00422-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 5 (17beta-HSD 5) is involved in estrogen and androgen metabolism. In our study we tested the influence of environmental hormones, such as phytoestrogens (flavonoids, coumarins, coumestans), on reductive and oxidative 17beta-HSD activity of the human 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 5 (17beta-HSD 5). These dietary substances were shown to be potent inhibitors of aromatase, different 17beta-HSDs and seem to play an important role in delay of development of hormone dependent cancers. Our studies show that reductive and oxidative activity of the enzyme are inhibited by many dietary compounds, especially zearalenone, coumestrol, quercetin and biochanin A. Among the group of flavones inhibitor potency is growing with increasing number of hydroxylations. We suggest that these substances are bound to the hydrophilic cofactor-binding pocket of the enzyme. An interesting inhibition pattern is observed for 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid, which has no influence on the oxidative but only on the reductive reaction. This indicates that this substrate binds to pH- and cofactor-depending sites at the active center of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Krazeisen
- GSF National Research Center for Environment and Health, Institute for Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
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18
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Abstract
Peroxisomal disorders appear with a frequency of 1:5000 in newborns. They are caused either by peroxisomal assembly defects or by deficiencies of single peroxisomal enzymes. The phenotypes vary widely: affected humans may die very early in life within a few days to several months as a result of the impairment in essential peroxisomal functions as, for example, in Zellweger syndrome, or they may show only minor disabilities as is in acatalasemia. The deficiency of D-bifunctional protein, an enzyme involved in peroxisomal beta-oxidation of certain fatty acids and the synthesis of bile acids, causes a very severe, Zellweger-like phenotype. A number of different mutations in the gene coding for the enzyme were found in humans causing the total or partial loss of its enzymatic function. This paper gives a review of cases and their molecular basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Möller
- GSF-National Research Center of Environment and Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
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19
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Breitling R, Marijanović Z, Perović D, Adamski J. Evolution of 17beta-HSD type 4, a multifunctional protein of beta-oxidation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2001; 171:205-10. [PMID: 11165031 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-7207(00)00415-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
17beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 4 (17beta-HSD4) is the most unusual among human 17beta-HSDs. It is characterized by a multidomain structure, in which the dehydrogenase domain is fused to a hydratase and a lipid transfer domain. 17beta-HSD4 not only inactivates estradiol by conversion to estrone but its three protein domains also participate in successive steps of peroxisomal beta-oxidation of long- and branched-chain fatty acids. We have compared the genomic structure of human 17beta-HSD4 and several homologous genes from lower animals and fungi. Our data suggest an evolutionary scenario for the three protein domains and indicate a highly dynamic history of the enzyme but also a very high conservation of multifunctionality. This suggests that the main function of human 17beta-HSD4 is still its involvement in fatty-acid metabolism, while steroid conversion is only a secondary and possibly minor activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Breitling
- GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Institute for Experimental Genetics, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
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20
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Amery L, Fransen M, De Nys K, Mannaerts GP, Van Veldhoven PP. Mitochondrial and peroxisomal targeting of 2-methylacyl-CoA racemase in humans. J Lipid Res 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)31968-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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21
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Maebuchi M, Togo SH, Yokota S, Ghenea S, Bun-Ya M, Kamiryo T, Kawahara A. Type-II 3-oxoacyl-CoA thiolase of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is located in peroxisomes, highly expressed during larval stages and induced by clofibrate. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1999; 264:509-15. [PMID: 10491098 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00655.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We examined the expression and localization of type-II 3-oxoacyl-CoA thiolase in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Type-II thiolase acts on 3-oxoacyl-CoA esters with a methyl group at the alpha carbon, whereas conventional thiolases do not. Mammalian type-II thiolase, which is also termed sterol carrier protein x (SCPx) or SCP2/3-oxoacyl-CoA thiolase, is located in the peroxisomes and involved in phytanic acid degradation and most probably in bile acid synthesis. The nematode enzyme lacks the SCP2 domain, which carries the peroxisomal-targeting signal, but produces bile acids in a cell-free system. Northern and Western blot analyses demonstrated that C. elegans expressed type-II thiolase throughout its life cycle, especially during the larval stages, and that the expression was significantly enhanced by the addition of clofibrate at 5 mM or more to the culture medium. Whole-mount in situ hybridization and immunostaining of L4 larvae revealed that the enzyme was mainly expressed in intestinal cells, which are multifunctional like many of the cell types in C. elegans. Subcellular fractionation and indirect immunoelectron microscopy of the nematode detected the enzyme in the matrix of peroxisomes. These results indicate the fundamental homology between mammalian SCPx and the nematode enzyme regardless of whether the SCP2 part is fused, suggesting their common physiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maebuchi
- Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
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