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Blackburn B, O'Connor J, Parsons H. Becoming needless: A psychoanalytically informed qualitative study exploring the interpersonal and intrapsychic experiences of longstanding anorexia nervosa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED PSYCHOANALYTIC STUDIES 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aps.1679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bríd Blackburn
- Department of Clinical Psychology School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - John O'Connor
- Department of Clinical Psychology School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Harriet Parsons
- Bodywhys, The Eating Disorders Association of Ireland Dublin Ireland
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2
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Monteleone AM, Ruzzi V, Patriciello G, Cascino G, Pellegrino F, Vece A, Monteleone P, Maj M. Emotional reactivity and eating disorder related attitudes in response to the trier social stress test: An experimental study in people with anorexia nervosa and with bulimia nervosa. J Affect Disord 2020; 274:23-30. [PMID: 32469810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to experimentally asses the role of socio-emotional problems in Eating Disorder (ED) psychopathology, we have measured affective states and ED-related attitudes in response to an acute psychosocial stress and their relationships with interpersonal sensitivity in people with Anorexia Nervosa (AN) and Bulimia Nervosa (BN). METHODS Twenty-one women with AN, 21 with BN and 27 healthy women underwent an acute psycho-social challenge, the Trier Social Stress Test. Anxiety feelings, hunger perception, amount of desired food and body dissatisfaction were measured throughout the experimental procedure. The relationships between these variables and with interpersonal sensitivity measures were explored through Pearson's correlation and mediation analyses. RESULTS Stress-induced anxiety was increased in people with EDs. People with AN showed reduced hunger perception, decreased desire for food and a negative association between anxiety feelings and desire for food. In people with EDs, baseline ineffectiveness predicted post-stress body dissatisfaction through the mediation of post-stress anxiety levels. LIMITATIONS The relatively low sample size and the lack of an experimental control condition are the main limitations of the study. CONCLUSIONS The present findings show, for the first time, the relationships between socio-emotional distress and ED-related attitudes in people with EDs, providing experimental support to the interpersonal model of EDs. This gives empirical evidence to treatments targeting interpersonal problems in EDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Maria Monteleone
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" Largo Madonna delle Grazie, 80138 , Naples, Italy.
| | - Valeria Ruzzi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" Largo Madonna delle Grazie, 80138 , Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Patriciello
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" Largo Madonna delle Grazie, 80138 , Naples, Italy
| | - Giammarco Cascino
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Scuola Medica Salernitana', Section of Neurosciences, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Francesca Pellegrino
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" Largo Madonna delle Grazie, 80138 , Naples, Italy
| | - Alfonso Vece
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" Largo Madonna delle Grazie, 80138 , Naples, Italy
| | - Palmiero Monteleone
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Scuola Medica Salernitana', Section of Neurosciences, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Mario Maj
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" Largo Madonna delle Grazie, 80138 , Naples, Italy
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Scott CL, Plateau CR, Haycraft E. Teammate influences, psychological well-being, and athletes' eating and exercise psychopathology: A moderated mediation analysis. Int J Eat Disord 2020; 53:564-573. [PMID: 31922279 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Positive and negative influences from teammates (e.g., supportive teammate friendships, modelling of teammates' disordered eating) have been associated with athletes' eating/exercise psychopathology. However, research is yet to explore how an athlete's psychological well-being and gender may impact upon these relationships. This study aimed to explore whether psychological well-being mediates the relationship between teammate influences and eating/exercise psychopathology, and to determine whether gender moderates the significant mediation effects identified. METHOD Athletes (N = 195, mean age 18.35 years, n = 110 female, n = 81 lean sport athletes) completed a survey three times over an 8-month period exploring teammate influences, psychological well-being (self-esteem, anxiety, depression) and eating/exercise psychopathology. Mediation and moderated-mediation analyses were conducted. RESULTS Higher levels of anxiety significantly mediated the positive relationships between bulimia modelling and teammate pressure with eating and exercise psychopathology. Higher levels of depression significantly mediated the positive relationship between teammate pressure and body dissatisfaction, and the negative relationship between supportive friendships and body dissatisfaction. Higher levels of self-esteem mediated both inverse relationships between supportive friendships and a lower drive for thinness (fully) and body dissatisfaction (partially). Gender did not significantly moderate any mediation relationships. DISCUSSION Male and female athletes with poor psychological well-being (i.e., high levels of anxiety or depression) are more susceptible to negative teammate influences, while athletes with good psychological well-being (i.e., high self-esteem) reap the protective benefits of supportive teammate friendships. Understanding the circumstances under which teammates are influential is vital for the development of targeted intervention and prevention strategies to reduce athlete eating and exercise psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte L Scott
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Carolyn R Plateau
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Emma Haycraft
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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Brugnera A, Carlucci S, Compare A, Tasca GA. Persistence of friendly and submissive interpersonal styles among those with binge-eating disorder: Comparisons with matched controls and outcomes after group therapy. Clin Psychol Psychother 2019; 26:603-615. [PMID: 31219207 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interpersonal problems play a prominent role in the development of binge-eating disorder (BED), so reducing their intensity may be a key focus of many psychological interventions. In recent years, several interpersonal treatments for BED were developed, which posit that binge eating arises to manage relational problems. However, few studies have evaluated the prototypical interpersonal problems, and no studies evaluated the longitudinal changes in interpersonal functioning after treatment within this population. We investigated the severity and prototypicality of interpersonal problems of 101 overweight women with BED from pre-group psychodynamic-interpersonal psychotherapy (GPIP) to 12 months post-GPIP. At baseline, we compared patients' interpersonal problems with two groups of matched controls (46 overweight and 49 normal weight women without a diagnosis of BED) and examined circular correlations between relational problems, depressive symptoms, and binge-eating frequency. Results showed that participants with BED had significantly higher levels of interpersonal problems compared with the matched control samples, with predominantly nonassertive and exploitable styles. Depressive symptoms were related to the presence of friendly-submissive interpersonal problems only among those with BED. Although the intensity of nonassertive interpersonal problems of patients with BED decreased post-group treatment, their profiles remained prototypically nonassertive and exploitable across all time points. Women with BED experience higher levels of interpersonal difficulties exemplified by an exploitable/nonassertive style that significantly improve but continue to prevail even after treatment. Clinicians might modify interventions to focus on increasing interpersonal skills and decreasing interpersonal dysfunctions among those with BED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostino Brugnera
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | | | - Angelo Compare
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Giorgio A Tasca
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
SummaryInterpersonal psychotherapy is an evidence-based therapy, originally developed to treat major depression. It is cited in numerous good practice guidelines. The biopsychosocial signs of depression are understood in the context of current social and interpersonal stressors, defined in terms of role transitions, disputes, bereavements and sensitivities. In therapy, the patient learns to understand the interactions between symptoms and interpersonal difficulties and the ways in which they are mutually reinforcing. Patients are helped to break this pattern and achieve a reduction in depressive symptoms and improvement in interpersonal functioning through improved communication, expression of affect and proactive engagement with the current interpersonal network. The therapeutic relationship is used as a tool for exploring and modelling external relationships. This article outlines the background to interpersonal psychotherapy, the process of therapy and the expansion of the evidence base.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The current systematic review sought to compare available evidence-based clinical treatment guidelines for all specific eating disorders. RECENT FINDINGS Nine evidence-based clinical treatment guidelines for eating disorders were located through a systematic search. The international comparison demonstrated notable commonalities and differences among these current clinical guidelines. SUMMARY Evidence-based clinical guidelines represent an important step toward the dissemination and implementation of evidence-based treatments into clinical practice. Despite advances in clinical research on eating disorders, a growing body of literature demonstrates that individuals with eating disorders often do not receive an evidence-based treatment for their disorder. Regarding the dissemination and implementation of evidence-based treatments, current guidelines do endorse the main empirically validated treatment approaches with considerable agreement, but additional recommendations are largely inconsistent. An increased evidence base is critical in offering clinically useful and reliable guidance for the treatment of eating disorders. Because developing and updating clinical guidelines is time-consuming and complex, an international coordination of guideline development, for example, across the European Union, would be desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Hilbert
- Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hans W. Hoek
- Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ricarda Schmidt
- Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
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Stein RI, Saelens BE, Dounchis JZ, Lewczyk CM, Swenson AK, Wilfley DE. Treatment of Eating Disorders in Women. COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGIST 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0011000001295004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the most recent treatment literature for anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder and serves as a guide for recommended readings and therapist resources. The primary focus is on empirically tested treatment modalities; for each of these approaches reviewed, the theoretical background, nature of the intervention, and existing empirical support are summarized. The article also presents less researched, albeit promising, approaches to eating disorder treatment, describing the rationale and available research. A focus on multicultural issues, including the paucity of eating disorder treatment research among participants of color, and suggestions for building research and enhancing treatment effectiveness with ethnic minority clients, is incorporated throughout. Recommendations concerning pressing research needs are made, and a summary of clinical recommendations for each disorder is formulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard I. Stein
- San Diego State University and University of California, San Diego,
| | | | - Jennifer Zoler Dounchis
- San Diego State University; University of California, San Diego; and Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minnesota
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Ivanova IV, Tasca GA, Proulx G, Bissada H. Does the interpersonal model apply across eating disorder diagnostic groups? A structural equation modeling approach. Compr Psychiatry 2015; 63:80-7. [PMID: 26555495 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interpersonal model has been validated with binge-eating disorder (BED), but it is not yet known if the model applies across a range of eating disorders (ED). PURPOSE The goal of this study was to investigate the validity of the interpersonal model in anorexia nervosa (restricting type; ANR and binge-eating/purge type; ANBP), bulimia nervosa (BN), BED, and eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS). PROCEDURE Data from a cross-sectional sample of 1459 treatment-seeking women diagnosed with ANR, ANBP, BN, BED and EDNOS were examined for indirect effects of interpersonal problems on ED psychopathology mediated through negative affect. RESULTS Findings from structural equation modeling demonstrated the mediating role of negative affect in four of the five diagnostic groups. There were significant, medium to large (.239, .558), indirect effects in the ANR, BN, BED and EDNOS groups but not in the ANBP group. The results of the first reverse model of interpersonal problems as a mediator between negative affect and ED psychopathology were nonsignificant, suggesting the specificity of these hypothesized paths. However, in the second reverse model ED psychopathology was related to interpersonal problems indirectly through negative affect. CONCLUSION This is the first study to find support for the interpersonal model of ED in a clinical sample of women with diverse ED diagnoses, though there may be a reciprocal relationship between ED psychopathology and relationship problems through negative affect. Negative affect partially explains the relationship between interpersonal problems and ED psychopathology in women diagnosed with ANR, BN, BED and EDNOS. Interpersonal psychotherapies for ED may be addressing the underlying interpersonal-affective difficulties, thereby reducing ED psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna V Ivanova
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Canada; The Ottawa Hospital, Canada.
| | | | | | - Hany Bissada
- The Ottawa Hospital, Canada; University of Ottawa, Canada
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Martinez MA, Craighead LW. Toward Person(ality)-Centered Treatment: How Consideration of Personality and Individual Differences in Anorexia Nervosa May Improve Treatment Outcome. CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY-SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/cpsp.12111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Jones A, Lindekilde N, Lübeck M, Clausen L. The association between interpersonal problems and treatment outcome in the eating disorders: A systematic review. Nord J Psychiatry 2015; 69:563-73. [PMID: 25768663 DOI: 10.3109/08039488.2015.1019924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review systematically the eating disorder literature in order to examine the association between pre-treatment interpersonal problems and treatment outcome in people diagnosed with an eating disorder. METHODS Six relevant databases were searched for studies in which interpersonal problems prior to treatment were examined in relation to treatment outcome in patients diagnosed with anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN) or eating disorders not otherwise specified (EDNOS). RESULTS Thirteen studies were identified (containing 764 AN, 707 BN and 48 EDNOS). The majority of studies indicated that interpersonal problems at the start of therapy were associated with a detrimental treatment outcome. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with a binge/purge-type of eating disorder may be particularly vulnerable to interpersonal issues and these issues may lead to poorer treatment recovery by reducing the individual's ability to engage in the treatment process on a functional level. The clinical and research implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Jones
- a Allan Jones, Institute of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark , Denmark
| | - Nanna Lindekilde
- b Nanna Lindekilde, Institute of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark , Denmark
| | - Marlene Lübeck
- c Marlene Lübeck, Institute of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark , Denmark
| | - Loa Clausen
- d Loa Clausen, Centre of Child- and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University Hospital , Risskov , Denmark
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Eating Psychopathology in Athletes and Nonathletes: The Effect of Situational and Dispositional Interpersonal Difficulties. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL SPORT PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1123/jcsp.2014-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, we had two aims. First, we investigated the associations between eating psychopathology, situational interpersonal difficulties, and dispositional interpersonal difficulties among athletes and nonathletes. Second, we examined the mediating role of self-critical perfectionism, self-esteem, and depression in these associations. A total of 152 athletes and 147 nonathletes completed self-report instruments pertaining to relationship quality with significant others, as well as social anxiety, loneliness, self-critical perfectionism, self-esteem, depression, and eating psychopathology. Social anxiety and loneliness were found to be the only significant independent predictors of eating psychopathology among both athletes and nonathletes. However, such associations were indirectly mediated through depression for athletes and through self-critical perfectionism, self-esteem, and depression for nonathletes. The findings of this study suggest that the psychosocial mechanisms involved in the eating psychopathology of athletes are relatively similar to that of nonathletes. Thus, it can be tentatively proposed that treatments and interventions that target reducing interpersonal conflicts currently available for the general population should also be offered to athletes.
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A Case of Strategic Couples Therapy in Adult Anorexia Nervosa: The Importance of Symptoms in Context. CONTEMPORARY FAMILY THERAPY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10591-014-9301-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Katayama H, Kohmura K, Tanaka S, Imaeda M, Kawano N, Noda Y, Nishioka K, Ando M, Aleksic B, Iidaka T, Ozaki N. Social insecurity in relation to orbitofrontal activity in patients with eating disorders: a near-infrared spectroscopy study. BMC Psychiatry 2014; 14:173. [PMID: 24924100 PMCID: PMC4067083 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-14-173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional neuroimaging techniques are widely used to elucidate changes in brain activity, and various questionnaires are used to investigate psychopathological features in patients with eating disorders (ED). It is well known that social skills and interpersonal difficulties are strongly associated with the psychopathology of patients with ED. However, few studies have examined the association between brain activity and social relationships in patients with ED, particularly in patients with extremely low body weight. METHODS In this study, 22-channel near-infrared spectroscopy was used to quantify regional hemodynamic changes during a letter fluency task (LFT) in 20 female patients with ED with a mean body mass index of 14.0 kg/m(2) and 31 female controls (CTLs). Symptoms were assessed using the Eating Disorder Inventory-2 and Beck Depression Inventory. We hypothesized that frontal activity in patients with ED would be lower than in CTLs and would show different correlations with psychopathological features compared with CTLs. RESULTS The LFT performance and score on the social insecurity subscale of the Eating Disorder Inventory-2 were significantly higher in the ED group than in the CTL group. The mean change in oxygenated hemoglobin (oxy-Hb) in bilateral frontal regions during the LFT was significantly smaller in the ED group than in the CTL group. Social insecurity score was positively correlated with the concentration of oxy-Hb in the bilateral orbitofrontal cortex in the ED group but not in the CTL group. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that activity of the orbitofrontal cortex is associated with social insecurity and disturbed in patients with ED. Therefore, disturbed orbitofrontal cortex activity may underlie the lack of insight and social isolation that is characteristic of patients with ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Katayama
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi-ken 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Kohmura
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi-ken 466-8550, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tanaka
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Hospital, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi-ken 466-8550, Japan
| | - Miho Imaeda
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi-ken 466-8550, Japan
| | - Naoko Kawano
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi-ken 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Noda
- Division of Clinical Science and Neuropsychopharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tenpaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi-ken 468-8503, Japan
- The Academic Frontier Project for Private Universities, Comparative Cognitive Science Institutes, Meijo University, 1-501 Shiogamaguchi, Tenpaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi-ken 468-8502, Japan
| | - Kazuo Nishioka
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi-ken 466-8550, Japan
| | - Masahiko Ando
- Center for Advanced Medicine and Clinical Research, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Aichi-ken 466-8550, Japan
| | - Branko Aleksic
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi-ken 466-8550, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Iidaka
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi-ken 466-8550, Japan
| | - Norio Ozaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi-ken 466-8550, Japan
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Espina A, Joaristi L, Ortego MA, de Alda ÍO. Trastornos alimentarios, intervenciones familiares y cambios en los perfiles del MMPI. Un estudio exploratorio. STUDIES IN PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1174/021093903770411238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Heled E, Hoofien D, Bachner-Melman R, Bachar E, Ebstein RP. The sorting test of the D-KEFS in current and weight restored anorexia nervosa patients. Int J Eat Disord 2014; 47:92-8. [PMID: 24166931 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Efforts have been made to characterize executive functions (EF) in anorexia nervosa (AN) both in the acute stage of the illness and after weight gain, yet many questions remain. The question of verbal versus visuo-perceptual stimuli in this regard has not been adequately addressed. The aim of this study is to further examine EF in women with past and present AN and to compare their performances in verbal and visual modalities with women who have never suffered from an eating disorder. METHOD Thirty-five underweight AN patients, 33 weight-restored patients symptom-free for at least 2 years, and 48 healthy female controls completed the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System Sorting Test, so as to evaluate their EF. RESULTS No differences were observed between the scores of women with current and past AN. Both groups scored lower than controls on most test variables. However, while in the visuo-perceptual domain the performance of the AN groups was worse than that of controls, in the verbal domain they performed similarly to them. DISCUSSION Women with a past or present diagnosis of AN show difficulties in visuo-perceptual EF, whereas verbal EF seem to be preserved. There may be a dissociation between verbal and visuo-perceptual EF that persists after weight restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyal Heled
- Day Treatment Rehabilitation Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Department of Psychology, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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16
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Hay PJ, Cho K. A Qualitative Exploration of Influences on the Process of Recovery from Personal Written Accounts of People with Anorexia Nervosa. Women Health 2013; 53:730-40. [DOI: 10.1080/03630242.2013.821694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Phillipa J. Hay
- a School of Medicine , University of Western Sydney , Penrith , NSW , Australia
- b School of Medicine , James Cook University , Townsville , North Queensland , Australia
| | - Kenneth Cho
- a School of Medicine , University of Western Sydney , Penrith , NSW , Australia
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Shanmugam V, Jowett S, Meyer C. Interpersonal difficulties as a risk factor for athletes' eating psychopathology. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2013; 24:469-76. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Shanmugam
- School of Psychology; University of Central Lancashire; Preston UK
| | - S. Jowett
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences; Loughborough University; Loughborough UK
| | - C. Meyer
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences; Loughborough University; Loughborough UK
- Loughborough Centre for Research into Eating Disorders; School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences; Loughborough University; Loughborough UK
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Arcelus J, Haslam M, Farrow C, Meyer C. The role of interpersonal functioning in the maintenance of eating psychopathology: a systematic review and testable model. Clin Psychol Rev 2012. [PMID: 23195616 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to systematically evaluate the empirical literature relating to the interpersonal functioning of those with eating disorder psychopathology and presents a preliminary model to help the formulation of patients' problems. Following a thorough literature search, 35 papers were included in this systematic review. The vast majority of studies indicate a strong association between eating psychopathology and certain maladaptive personality traits. The origins of social anxiety and poor social support that have been described as maintaining eating disorders appear to differ according to diagnostic groups. Interpersonal difficulties in people with restrictive behaviors such as anorexia appear to be related to the avoidance of expressing feelings to others and to giving priority to other people's feeling over their own. While interpersonal difficulties in patients with bulimia nervosa appear to be more related to interpersonal distrust and negative interaction and conflict with others. These concepts are presented in a preliminary model of interpersonal functioning in the eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Arcelus
- Loughborough University Centre for Research into Eating Disorders, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK.
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Carter JC, Kelly AC, Norwood SJ. Interpersonal problems in anorexia nervosa: Social inhibition as defining and detrimental. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2012.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Mason Z, Cooper M, Turner H. The experience of pregnancy in women with a history of anorexia nervosa: An interpretive phenomenological analysis. J Behav Addict 2012; 1:59-67. [PMID: 26165307 DOI: 10.1556/jba.1.2012.2.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS To explore the experience of pregnancy for women who have a history of anorexia nervosa (AN), in relation to the impact of AN on pregnancy, and pregnancy on AN. METHODS Semi-structured interviews were conducted with six women with a history of AN. Data were analysed using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis. RESULTS Four super-ordinate themes emerged: 'Effortful resistance of AN'; 'The unvalued self, valued other dialectic'; 'In new territory'; and 'Feeling distanced'. CONCLUSIONS Various factors motivated the women to try and change their AN behaviours. This was achieved with varying degrees of success. Attempts to manage AN cognitions and emotions were less successful, and this aspect of their illness persisted. Whilst the baby was viewed as worthy of nurturance, the self was not. Pregnancy represented an unfamiliar experience, and was a time of relative isolation and lack of psychological support. Findings are discussed in the context of theory, research and practice.
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Morris J. Interpersonal psychotherapy in child and adolescent mental health services. Clin Psychol Psychother 2012; 19:141-9. [PMID: 22473763 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.1779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) has shown itself to be one of only two evidence-based psychotherapies for the treatment of depression in adolescence-an age group where the prescribing of antidepressant medication is limited and where morbidity and recurrence are high. We review the literature on the development and research studies of the IPT model for depressed adolescent patients, as well as recent developments expanding its use to other cultures and different diagnostic areas. An overview is provided of the model in action, using a fictionalized case vignette. Finally, we consider the future of IPT for the treatment and prevention of affective disorders in the under 18 age group and in the context of other generations in vulnerable families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Morris
- Eden Unit, Royal Cornhill Hospital, Aberdeen, UK.
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Wilson C, Wallis DJ. Attentional Bias and Slowed Disengagement from Food and Threat Stimuli in Restrained Eaters Using a Modified Stroop Task. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-012-9451-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
The authors briefly describe the origins, theory, and development of interpersonal psychotherapy: its roots in clinical outcome research, its spread from major depression to other psychiatric disorders and its increasing dissemination as an empirically validated clinical intervention included in treatment guidelines. They attempt to forecast research, organizational and training issues the growing interpersonal psychotherapy community may face in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Markowitz
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
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Oldershaw A, DeJong H, Hambrook D, Broadbent H, Tchanturia K, Treasure J, Schmidt U. Emotional processing following recovery from anorexia nervosa. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2012; 20:502-9. [PMID: 22241653 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evidence suggests that poor emotional processing perpetuates anorexia nervosa (AN); however, emotional processing following recovery and interactions between aspects of processing remain unknown. This study examined beliefs about emotions, emotional tolerance and avoidance and emotion suppression to preserve relationships in recovered AN patients. It also explored whether beliefs about emotion are related to emotional avoidance. DESIGN A cross-sectional between-groups design was employed. METHOD Currently ill (n = 40), recovered AN patients (n = 24) and a sample of healthy controls (n = 48) completed measures of clinical and demographic background in addition to the Beliefs About Emotions, Distress Tolerance and Silencing the Self emotional processing questionnaires. RESULTS Recovered and healthy control groups were comparable (except for higher externalised self-perception in recovered participants) and both had better emotional processing than current AN patients. Beliefs about emotions correlated with level of emotional avoidance. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates functional levels of emotional processing following recovery from AN. It substantiates models proposing that maladaptive beliefs about emotions link to emotional avoidance and supports inclusion of these factors as treatment foci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Oldershaw
- Section of Eating Disorders, Division of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK.
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Carter FA, Jordan J, McIntosh VVW, Luty SE, McKenzie JM, Frampton CMA, Bulik CM, Joyce PR. The long-term efficacy of three psychotherapies for anorexia nervosa: a randomized, controlled trial. Int J Eat Disord 2011; 44:647-54. [PMID: 21997429 DOI: 10.1002/eat.20879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the long-term efficacy of three psychotherapies for anorexia nervosa. METHOD Participants were women with broadly defined anorexia nervosa who had participated in a RCT comparing specialized psychotherapies (cognitive behavior therapy, CBT, and interpersonal psychotherapy, IPT) with a control condition (specialist supportive clinical management, SSCM), and attended long-term follow-up assessment (mean 6.7 years ± 1.2). RESULTS Forty three of the original sample of 56 women participated in long-term follow-up assessment (77%). No significant differences were found on any pre-selected primary, secondary or tertiary outcome measures among the three psychotherapies at long-term follow-up assessment. Significantly different patterns of recovery were identified for the psychotherapies across time on the primary global outcome measure. Although SSCM was associated with a more rapid response than IPT, by follow-up all three treatments were indistinguishable. DISCUSSION Potential implications for the timing of interventions to improve treatment response in anorexia nervosa are critically examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances A Carter
- University Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Application of the Transdiagnostic Cognitive-Behavioral Model of Eating Disorders to the Athletic Population. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL SPORT PSYCHOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1123/jcsp.5.2.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was twofold: to explore the utility of components related to the transdiagnostic cognitive-behavioral model of eating disorders within an athletic population and to investigate the extent to which the model can be applied across gender, sport type, and performance standard to explain eating psychopathology. Five hundred and eighty-eight (N = 588) male and female British athletes completed a battery of self-report instruments related to eating psychopathology, interpersonal diffculties, perfectionism, self-esteem, and mood. Structural equation modeling revealed that eating psychopathology may arise from an interaction of interpersonal diffculties, low self-esteem, high levels of self-critical perfectionism, and depressive symptoms. Analysis further highlighted that the manner in which eating psychopathology may arise is invariant across athletes’ sport type and performance standard, but not across gender. The current findings suggest that the tested components of the transdiagnostic cognitive-behavioral model are pertinent and useful in explaining eating psychopathology among athletes.
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Schmidt U, Oldershaw A, van Elburg A. Translating experimental neuroscience into treatment of eating disorders: two examples. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2011; 6:253-268. [PMID: 21243480 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2010_76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a serious mental disorder with impaired functioning including not only the cognitive and socio-emotional but also physical domains. Improved treatments, especially for adults with AN, are urgently needed. The insights gained from basic research in experimental animal models and the advent of cognitive neuroscience have produced major advances in our understanding of the condition, but translating these into clinical research or practice remains a challenge. We describe here what the eating disorders field can gain from schizophrenia research in this area. We use the example of socio-emotional impairments in AN to describe the iterative process between basic research and intervention development for neurobiologically informed and based treatments for this condition and briefly touch on some other examples that stem from translational science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Schmidt
- Section of Eating Disorders, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK.
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The socio-emotional processing stream in Anorexia Nervosa. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2010; 35:970-88. [PMID: 21070808 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 10/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The significance of socio-emotional factors in development and maintenance of Anorexia Nervosa (AN) has been noted, but the literature is poorly integrated without clear models guiding research or treatment. This systematic review retrieved experimental studies of social-cognitive or affective processing in AN and categorised them using Ochsner's "Social-Emotional Processing Stream." Ochsner's "Processing Stream", based on healthy data, comprises five constructs: (1) acquisition of and (2) recognition and response to social-affective stimuli, (3) low-level and (4) high-level mental state inference and (5) context-sensitive emotion regulation. Thirty-seven experimental studies in Anorexia Nervosa were identified, mapping on to four of the five constructs (not Construct 3). A meta-analysis of nine affect recognition studies was conducted. AN patients demonstrated impairments in each of the four domains with preliminary reports that some difficulties are trait-like, and others ameliorate following recovery. Socio-emotional data was integrated with previous reports of neural abnormalities to generate an AN specific model of socio-emotional processing. Additional research is required for further definition and to translate experimental findings into clinical practice.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Eating disorders are often chronic in nature and lead to a number of problems among which interpersonal issues are suggested to be central. Although research has shown that individuals with disturbed patterns of eating consistently report problems in social interactions, this study is unique in assessing a range of interpersonal problems among patients with all types of eating disorders before and after intensive hospital-based treatment. METHOD A total of 208 patients receiving a primary diagnosis of restrictive anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, or anorexia nervosa of the binge/purging-subtype were included in the study. Eating pathology, symptom severity, and interpersonal patterns were examined before and after treatment. RESULTS Patients with eating disorders exhibited a generally nonassertive, submissive interpersonal style, with anorexic patients of the binge/purging-subtype reporting more difficulties with social inhibition and nonaffiliation. These patterns were found to change over the course of treatment with interpersonal problems at intake predictive of greater binge severity at discharge. Furthermore, issues of dominance and social avoidance predicted outcome for specific subgroups of patients. DISCUSSION Results underscore the importance of interpersonal problems in eating disorders and suggest that interpersonal patterns remain a focus of treatment and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Hartmann
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 8, Freiburg, Germany.
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Tanofsky-Kraff M, Wilfley DE, Young JF, Mufson L, Yanovski SZ, Glasofer DR, Salaita CG. Preventing excessive weight gain in adolescents: interpersonal psychotherapy for binge eating. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007; 15:1345-55. [PMID: 17557971 PMCID: PMC1949388 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2007.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The most prevalent disordered eating pattern described in overweight youth is loss of control (LOC) eating, during which individuals experience an inability to control the type or amount of food they consume. LOC eating is associated cross-sectionally with greater adiposity in children and adolescents and seems to predispose youth to gain weight or body fat above that expected during normal growth, thus likely contributing to obesity in susceptible individuals. No prior studies have examined whether LOC eating can be decreased by interventions in children or adolescents without full-syndrome eating disorders or whether programs reducing LOC eating prevent inappropriate weight gain attributable to LOC eating. Interpersonal psychotherapy, a form of therapy that was designed to treat depression and has been adapted for the treatment of eating disorders, has shown efficacy in reducing binge eating episodes and inducing weight stabilization among adults diagnosed with binge eating disorder. In this paper, we propose a theoretical model of excessive weight gain in adolescents at high risk for adult obesity who engage in LOC eating and associated overeating patterns. A rationale is provided for interpersonal psychotherapy as an intervention to slow the trajectory of weight gain in at-risk youth, with the aim of preventing or ameliorating obesity in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Tanofsky-Kraff
- Unit on Growth and Obesity, Developmental Endocrinology Branch, NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Abstract
A new and easy evaluation method of communication skills has been developed using the Communication Skills Questionnaire (CSQ), which can be self-administered or administered by family members and medical staff. The reliability and validity of this CSQ were evaluated. Eighty-seven patients with mental disorders and 100 normal controls participated in a self-rating evaluation of the CSQ, and 55 family members and four medical personnel also participated in objective rating. The CSQ contained 29 items and these items were divided into three categories: cooperative skills (17 items), assertive skills (six items) and general communication skills (six items, mainly non-verbal skills). Internal consistencies of all groups were between 0.91 and 0.97. Test-retest reliability values for patients, family members and medical staff were between 0.90 and 0.95. Interrater reliability of medical staff was 0.73. The total scores had a moderate positive correlation with Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) score and doctor's impression of communication skill evaluated on a 10-point scale. The patient group had a lower CSQ score than that of controls and the score differences between controls and patients with schizophrenia, mood disorders or eating disorders were statistically significant. This questionnaire is a good psychometric method of evaluating the communication skills of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Takahashi
- Department of Psychiatry, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Dirmaier J, Harfst T, Koch U, Schulz H. Therapy goals in inpatient psychotherapy: differences between diagnostic groups and psychotherapeutic orientations. Clin Psychol Psychother 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/cpp.470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Miller-Day M, Marks JD. Perceptions of parental communication orientation, perfectionism, and disordered eating behaviors of sons and daughters. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2006; 19:153-63. [PMID: 16548706 DOI: 10.1207/s15327027hc1902_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of perceived parental communication orientation and individual perfectionism on late adolescent offspring's maladaptive eating behaviors using a nonclinical sample ( N=424). College students' perceptions of their communication patterns with parents, self- and parentally prescribed perfectionism, and perceptions of personal control were measured to explore possible associations among these variables and whether they, in combination, predicted maladaptive eating. Results revealed that 23% of the sample participated in maladaptive eating behaviors; in addition, a father-child conformity communication pattern and paternally prescribed perfectionism predicted maladaptive eating within this sample when controlling for individual factors such as offspring's perfectionism and perceived loss of personal control. These findings suggest that father-child communicative interaction that emphasizes conformity to high paternal standards may increase offspring's risk of developing maladaptive eating behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Miller-Day
- Department of Communication Arts and Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, PA 16802, USA.
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Abstract
TOPIC Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that extends beyond the well-known phenomenon of self-starvation to include dynamic psychological themes of autonomy and ego disturbances as well as self-regulation through eating disordered behaviors. PURPOSE AND SOURCE Exploration of these themes within Mahler's (1975) object relational framework provides the opportunity to examine the genesis of these themes during early psychological ego development and how they may characterize the development of the anorectic experience. CONCLUSION The Mahlerian perspective can provide psychiatric nursing with a psychoanalytical perspective outside of standard practice, thus promoting critical analysis and integration among the varying professions of psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandi Newton
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Turrell SL, Davis R, Graham H, Weiss I. Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa: Multiple Perspectives of Discharge Readiness. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRIC NURSING 2005; 18:116-26. [PMID: 16137269 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-6171.2005.00021.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PROBLEM Little is known about the conditions that must be in place to help adolescent patients and their families gain the confidence needed to continue recovery at home, following the adolescents' hospitalization for anorexia nervosa. METHODS Beliefs about discharge readiness were obtained through an open-ended questionnaire following the patients' first weekend pass home from an in-patient unit. The perceptions of patients, parents, and registered nurses were obtained using parallel versions of a questionnaire. FINDINGS An examination of the responses revealed four themes; medical stability, education, psychological changes, and community resource planning, that were common to all respondents, as well as themes specific to adolescents and to nurses. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that each group of respondents has unique discharge readiness needs and that registered nurses have an important role to play in helping patients and families make the transition home as successful as possible. Implications for nursing practice are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheri L Turrell
- Eating Disorders Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Fassino S, Abbate Daga G, Delsedime N, Busso F, Pierò A, Rovera GG. Baseline personality characteristics of responders to 6-month psychotherapy in eating disorders: preliminary data. Eat Weight Disord 2005; 10:40-50. [PMID: 15943171 DOI: 10.1007/bf03353418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Karolinska Psychodynamic Profile (KAPP) was used for the assessment of the six-month outcome of Brief Adlerian Psychodynamic Psychotherapy (B-APP). METHOD Fifty-seven eating disordered women (28 with anorexia nervosa, 29 with bulimia nervosa), were included in the study. The sample was evaluated at baseline (time 0) and after six months (T6) with a clinical assessment and with Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI-2), State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI), and KAPP. RESULTS Based on symptomatologic improvement, two sub-groups were obtained: responders (66.6%) and non-responders (33.3%). Significantly higher baseline scores emerged in the responders group on Ineffectiveness and Impulsivity (EDI-2) and on Harm Avoidance (TCI). Several KAPP items and areas improved in both groups at T6. CONCLUSION Multimodal treatment centered on B-APP lead to both a global clinical improvement and an improvement in several psychological and psychopathological features as assessed by EDI-2, STAXI and KAPP. The results suggest interesting clinical implications, though outcome predictors are quite weak.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fassino
- Department of Neurosciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Turin, Italy.
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Gowers S, Bryant-Waugh R. Management of child and adolescent eating disorders: the current evidence base and future directions. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2004; 45:63-83. [PMID: 14959803 DOI: 10.1046/j.0021-9630.2003.00309.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Although eating disorders in children and adolescents remain a serious cause of morbidity and mortality, the evidence base for effective interventions is surprisingly weak. The adult literature is growing steadily, but this is mainly with regard to psychological therapies for bulimia nervosa and to some extent in the field of pharmacotherapy. This review summarises the recent research literature covering management in three areas, namely physical management, psychological therapies, and service issues, and identifies prognostic variables. Findings from the adult literature are presented where there is good reason to believe that these might be applied to younger patients. Evidence-based good practice recommendations from published clinical guidelines are also discussed. Suggestions for future research are made, focusing on 1) the need for trials of psychological therapies in anorexia nervosa, 2) applications of evidence-based treatments for adult bulimia nervosa to the treatment of adolescents, and 3) clarification of the benefits and costs of different service models.
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Fairburn CG, Cooper Z, Shafran R. Cognitive behaviour therapy for eating disorders: a "transdiagnostic" theory and treatment. Behav Res Ther 2003; 41:509-28. [PMID: 12711261 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-7967(02)00088-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1837] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This paper is concerned with the psychopathological processes that account for the persistence of severe eating disorders. Two separate but interrelated lines of argument are developed. One is that the leading evidence-based theory of the maintenance of eating disorders, the cognitive behavioural theory of bulimia nervosa, should be extended in its focus to embrace four additional maintaining mechanisms. Specifically, we propose that in certain patients one or more of four additional maintaining processes interact with the core eating disorder maintaining mechanisms and that when this occurs it is an obstacle to change. The additional maintaining processes concern the influence of clinical perfectionism, core low self-esteem, mood intolerance and interpersonal difficulties. The second line of argument is that in the case of eating disorders shared, but distinctive, clinical features tend to be maintained by similar psychopathological processes. Accordingly, we suggest that common mechanisms are involved in the persistence of bulimia nervosa, anorexia nervosa and the atypical eating disorders. Together, these two lines of argument lead us to propose a new transdiagnostic theory of the maintenance of the full range of eating disorders, a theory which embraces a broader range of maintaining mechanisms than the current theory concerning bulimia nervosa. In the final sections of the paper we describe a transdiagnostic treatment derived from the new theory, and we consider in principle the broader relevance of transdiagnostic theories of maintenance.
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Surgenor LJ, Horn J, Hudson SM. Empirical scrutiny of a familiar narrative: sense of control in anorexia nervosa. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/erv.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fassino S, Daga GA, Pierò A, Rovera GG. Dropout from brief psychotherapy in anorexia nervosa. PSYCHOTHERAPY AND PSYCHOSOMATICS 2002; 71:200-6. [PMID: 12097785 DOI: 10.1159/000063645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dropout from psychotherapy is an important issue that has received little systematic attention. This study investigated the phenomenon of dropout from brief psychotherapy for anorexia nervosa (AN). METHODS 99 outpatients suffering from AN of the restrictor type (n = 53) or binge/purging type (n = 46) were evaluated. Their clinical and personal characteristics were recorded, and body mass index was calculated for participants. They were administered the Eating Disorder Inventory-II (EDI-II), the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI) and the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). RESULTS Significant differences in some baseline psychopathologic (EDI-II, STAXI) and personality (TCI) variables emerged from the comparison between dropouts and completers. Patients who dropped out of the treatment showed higher levels of anger temperament, anger expression-in and expression-out and lower scores for the dimensions of character (low self-directedness and low cooperativeness). No differences were found between the two groups regarding sociodemographic and clinical variables. CONCLUSIONS Dropout from brief psychotherapy seems to be related to either psychopathologic or personality aspects, such as the tendency to repress anger, which is encountered also in psychosomatic disorders, and the presence of more compromised dimensions of character, typical of subjects with personality disorders. This study of dropout from brief psychotherapy in AN provided interesting results that will need further confirmation. Possible implications for treatment are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fassino
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry Section, Service for Eating Disorders, Turin University, Turin, Italy.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the development,evolution and philosophy of a clinical research unit. METHOD The 20-year history of clinical psychiatric research in Christchurch is described. The variety of influences which have impacted upon the studies undertaken is acknowledged,as are the personal histories of key staff. CONCLUSIONS Clinical research is potentially endangered. The maintenance and development of clinical research requires a mix of individual inquisitiveness and determination,local opportunity and political will. Despite a political desire for evidence-based medicine; most political policies and practices impede the development of new knowledge and the collection of new evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Joyce
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Christchurch School of Medicine and Health Sciences, New Zealand.
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Abstract
New Zealand has been inhabited by the indigenous Maori people for more than 1000 years. The first European (Pakeha) to see the country, in 1642, was the Dutch explorer Abel Tasman. But the English explorer James Cook, who landed there in 1769, was responsible for New Zealand becoming part of the British Empire and, later, the British Commonwealth. In 1840 the Treaty of Waitangi was signed between Maori leaders and Lieutenant-Governor Hobson on behalf of the British Government. The three articles of the Treaty gave powers of Sovereignty to the Queen of England; guaranteed to the Maori Chiefs and tribes full, exclusive and undisturbed possession of their lands, estates, forests and fisheries; and extended to the Maori people Royal protection and all the rights and privileges of British subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Joyce
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Christchurch School of Medicine, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, New Zealand
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McDermott BM, Harris C, Gibbon P. Individual psychotherapy for children and adolescents with an eating disorder from historical precedent toward evidence-based practice. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2002; 11:311-29, ix-x. [PMID: 12109323 DOI: 10.1016/s1056-4993(01)00010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the place of individual therapy in the suite of treatment services required by children and adolescents with an eating disorder. Individual therapy is defined and traced from historical origins in psychoanalytic practice with later important modifications by Hilda Bruch and Arthur Crisp. More recent developments, based primarily on cognitive and learning theory are discussed, as is the timing of individual therapy with respect to illness stage and patient motivation. Evidence for therapy effectiveness is reviewed where possible. At present, treatment evidence in the pediatric mental health field must be inferred from adult research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett M McDermott
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of Western Australia, Department of Paediatrics, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, GPO Box D184, Perth WA 6001, Australia.
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Martin R, al Adawi S. Psychiatric treatments: an exciting new century. HOSPITAL MEDICINE (LONDON, ENGLAND : 1998) 2000; 61:524-5. [PMID: 11045217 DOI: 10.12968/hosp.2000.61.8.1391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
At the beginning of the 1900s, effective psychiatric treatments were almost non-existent (Freud's discovery of the unconscious and his psychoanalysis based on this perhaps being the noteworthy exception). In many parts of the world a person with unusual behaviour was thought to be possessed by evil spirits. These demons were exorcised by such techniques as prayer, incantation, magic and the use of purgatives concocted from herbs. If these interventions were unsuccessful, more extreme measures were taken to ensure that the body would be an unpleasant dwelling place for the evil spirit. Flogging, starving, burning, and causing the person to bleed profusely were frequent forms of intervention (Atkinson et al, 1998).
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