1
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Gonzalez A, Hammock EAD. Oxytocin and microglia in the development of social behaviour. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210059. [PMID: 35858111 PMCID: PMC9272152 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxytocin is a well-established regulator of social behaviour. Microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, regulate brain development and maintenance in health and disease. Oxytocin and microglia interact: microglia appear to regulate the oxytocin system and are, in turn, regulated by oxytocin, which appears to have anti-inflammatory effects. Both microglia and oxytocin are regulated in sex-specific ways. Oxytocin and microglia may work together to promote experience-dependent circuit refinement through multiple developmental-sensitive periods contributing to individual differences in social behaviour. This article is part of the theme issue 'Interplays between oxytocin and other neuromodulators in shaping complex social behaviours'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Gonzalez
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, 1107 West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. D. Hammock
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, 1107 West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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2
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Chneiweiss H. [On the shoulders of the giants who preceded us: Jacques Glowinski, from biochemical neuropharmacology to architecture]. Med Sci (Paris) 2021; 37:185-188. [PMID: 33591262 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2021015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Chneiweiss
- Président du Comité d'éthique de l'Inserm, Directeur du laboratoire Neuroscience Paris Seine - IBPS, Équipe Plasticité gliale et tumeurs cérébrales, UMR8246 CNRS/U1130 Inserm/Sorbonne Université, Campus Pierre et Marie Curie, 7 quai Saint-Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
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3
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Lelios I, Cansever D, Utz SG, Mildenberger W, Stifter SA, Greter M. Emerging roles of IL-34 in health and disease. J Exp Med 2020; 217:133604. [PMID: 31940023 PMCID: PMC7062519 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are part of the innate immune system and are present in every organ of the body. They fulfill critical roles in tissue homeostasis and development and are involved in various pathologies. An essential factor for the development, homeostasis, and function of mononuclear phagocytes is the colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R), which has two known ligands: CSF-1 and interleukin-34 (IL-34). While CSF-1 has been extensively studied, the biology and functions of IL-34 are only now beginning to be uncovered. In this review, we discuss recent advances of IL-34 biology in health and disease with a specific focus on mononuclear phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Lelios
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dilay Cansever
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian G Utz
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wiebke Mildenberger
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian A Stifter
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Greter
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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4
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Kana V, Desland FA, Casanova-Acebes M, Ayata P, Badimon A, Nabel E, Yamamuro K, Sneeboer M, Tan IL, Flanigan ME, Rose SA, Chang C, Leader A, Le Bourhis H, Sweet ES, Tung N, Wroblewska A, Lavin Y, See P, Baccarini A, Ginhoux F, Chitu V, Stanley ER, Russo SJ, Yue Z, Brown BD, Joyner AL, De Witte LD, Morishita H, Schaefer A, Merad M. CSF-1 controls cerebellar microglia and is required for motor function and social interaction. J Exp Med 2019; 216:2265-2281. [PMID: 31350310 PMCID: PMC6781012 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20182037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the brain resident macrophages, critically shape forebrain neuronal circuits. However, their precise function in the cerebellum is unknown. Here we show that human and mouse cerebellar microglia express a unique molecular program distinct from forebrain microglia. Cerebellar microglial identity was driven by the CSF-1R ligand CSF-1, independently of the alternate CSF-1R ligand, IL-34. Accordingly, CSF-1 depletion from Nestin+ cells led to severe depletion and transcriptional alterations of cerebellar microglia, while microglia in the forebrain remained intact. Strikingly, CSF-1 deficiency and alteration of cerebellar microglia were associated with reduced Purkinje cells, altered neuronal function, and defects in motor learning and social novelty interactions. These findings reveal a novel CSF-1-CSF-1R signaling-mediated mechanism that contributes to motor function and social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Kana
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Fiona A Desland
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Maria Casanova-Acebes
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Pinar Ayata
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Ana Badimon
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Elisa Nabel
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Kazuhiko Yamamuro
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Marjolein Sneeboer
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - I-Li Tan
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Meghan E Flanigan
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Samuel A Rose
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Christie Chang
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Andrew Leader
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Hortense Le Bourhis
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Eric S Sweet
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Navpreet Tung
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Aleksandra Wroblewska
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Yonit Lavin
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Peter See
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore
| | - Alessia Baccarini
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore
| | - Violeta Chitu
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - E Richard Stanley
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Scott J Russo
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Zhenyu Yue
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Brian D Brown
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Alexandra L Joyner
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Lotje D De Witte
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Hirofumi Morishita
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Anne Schaefer
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Miriam Merad
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY .,Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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5
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Gushchina S, Pryce G, Yip PK, Wu D, Pallier P, Giovannoni G, Baker D, Bo X. Increased expression of colony-stimulating factor-1 in mouse spinal cord with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis correlates with microglial activation and neuronal loss. Glia 2018; 66:2108-2125. [PMID: 30144320 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Microglia contribute to pathophysiology at all stages of multiple sclerosis. Colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF1) is crucial for microglial proliferation and activation. In this study we measured the CSF1 levels and studied its cellular expression in the mouse spinal cords with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) to explore the potential contribution of CSF1 in neuronal death. ELISA data showed that CSF1 levels were significantly higher in the spinal cords with acute and chronic EAE than those of normal and adjuvant-injected mice. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that CSF1 was expressed in astrocytes and neurons in normal mouse spinal cord. In acute EAE, CSF1 expression was significantly increased, especially in astrocytes in peripheral white matter and large motoneurons. High density of activated microglia was observed in the gray matter where motoneurons expressed high-level CSF1 in acute EAE. Significant large motoneuron loss was seen in chronic EAE and the remaining motoneurons with high-level CSF1 were enwrapped by microglia. Viral vector mediated over-expression of CSF1 in spinal neurons induced profound proliferation and activation of microglia at the injection site and microglia enwrapped CSF1-transduced neurons and their neurites. Significant loss of large CSF1-transduced neurons was seen at 2 and 3 weeks post-viral injection. Demyelination in the CSF1-transduced areas was also significant. These results implicate that CSF1 upregulation in CNS may play an important role in the proliferation and activation of microglia in EAE, contributing to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Gushchina
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, United Kingdom.,Department of Cytology, Histology and Embryology, Ogarev Mordovia State University, Saransk, Republic of Mordovia, 430005, Russia
| | - Gareth Pryce
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, United Kingdom
| | - Ping K Yip
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, United Kingdom
| | - Dongsheng Wu
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Pallier
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Giovannoni
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, United Kingdom
| | - David Baker
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, United Kingdom
| | - Xuenong Bo
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, United Kingdom
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6
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Xavier AL, Menezes JRL, Goldman SA, Nedergaard M. Fine-tuning the central nervous system: microglial modelling of cells and synapses. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 369:20130593. [PMID: 25225087 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia constitute as much as 10-15% of all cells in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) and are the only glial cells that do not arise from the neuroectoderm. As the principal CNS immune cells, microglial cells represent the first line of defence in response to exogenous threats. Past studies have largely been dedicated to defining the complex immune functions of microglial cells. However, our understanding of the roles of microglia has expanded radically over the past years. It is now clear that microglia are critically involved in shaping neural circuits in both the developing and adult CNS, and in modulating synaptic transmission in the adult brain. Intriguingly, microglial cells appear to use the same sets of tools, including cytokine and chemokine release as well as phagocytosis, whether modulating neural function or mediating the brain's innate immune responses. This review will discuss recent developments that have broadened our views of neuro-glial signalling to include the contribution of microglial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Xavier
- Laboratório de Neuroanatomia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical School, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - João R L Menezes
- Laboratório de Neuroanatomia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Steven A Goldman
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical School, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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7
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Lelli A, Gervais A, Colin C, Chéret C, de Almodovar CR, Carmeliet P, Krause KH, Boillée S, Mallat M. The NADPH oxidase Nox2 regulates VEGFR1/CSF-1R-mediated microglial chemotaxis and promotes early postnatal infiltration of phagocytes in the subventricular zone of the mouse cerebral cortex. Glia 2013; 61:1542-55. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Carmen Ruiz de Almodovar
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and the Neurovascular Link, The Vesalius Research Center; VIB and K.U.Leuven, Campus Gasthuiberg; B3000-Leuven; Belgium
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and the Neurovascular Link, The Vesalius Research Center; VIB and K.U.Leuven, Campus Gasthuiberg; B3000-Leuven; Belgium
| | - Karl-Heinz Krause
- Department of Pathology and Immunology; University of Geneva, Centre Medical Universitaire; CH-1211 Geneva 4; Switzerland
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8
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Liu W, Xu GZ, Jiang CH, Tian J. Macrophage colony-stimulating factor and its receptor signaling augment glycated albumin-induced retinal microglial inflammation in vitro. BMC Cell Biol 2011; 12:5. [PMID: 21266043 PMCID: PMC3038972 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-12-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Microglial activation and the proinflammatory response are controlled by a complex regulatory network. Among the various candidates, macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) is considered an important cytokine. The up-regulation of M-CSF and its receptor CSF-1R has been reported in brain disease, as well as in diabetic complications; however, the mechanism is unclear. An elevated level of glycated albumin (GA) is a characteristic of diabetes; thus, it may be involved in monocyte/macrophage-associated diabetic complications. Results The basal level of expression of M-CSF/CSF-1R was examined in retinal microglial cells in vitro. Immunofluorescence, real-time PCR, immunoprecipitation, and Western blot analyses revealed the up-regulation of CSF-1R in GA-treated microglial cells. We also detected increased expression and release of M-CSF, suggesting that the cytokine is produced by activated microglia via autocrine signaling. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we found that GA affects microglial activation by stimulating the release of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β. Furthermore, the neutralization of M-CSF or CSF-1R with antibodies suppressed the proinflammatory response. Conversely, this proinflammatory response was augmented by the administration of M-CSF. Conclusions We conclude that GA induces microglial activation via the release of proinflammatory cytokines, which may contribute to the inflammatory pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. The increased microglial expression of M-CSF/CSF-1R not only is a response to microglial activation in diabetic retinopathy but also augments the microglial inflammation responsible for the diabetic microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Opthalmology, EENT Hospital, Eye Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China
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9
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Liu W, Xu GZ, Jiang CH, Da CD. Expression of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and its receptor in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Curr Eye Res 2009; 34:123-33. [PMID: 19219684 DOI: 10.1080/02713680802650369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To demonstrate the expression and location of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and its receptor (CSF-1R) in the retinas of diabetic rats, as well as in vitreous human proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). METHODS The retinas of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat were studied. Real-time PCR was applied to evaluate M-CSF and its receptor CSF-1R mRNA expression in the retinas. The protein levels of M-CSF and CSF-1R were evaluated by Western blot analysis. Cellular sources of M-CSF and CSF-1R were determined by double-immunofluorescence staining. M-CSF levels in vitreous samples from patients with PDR were measured by ELISA. RESULTS M-CSF and CSF-1R mRNA were upregulated in the retinas as early as two weeks after the onset of diabetes and increased over time. A similar pattern was observed for M-CSF/CSF-1R protein expression levels. Double-immunofluorescence staining revealed that increased M-CSF immunoreactivity occurred mainly in the nerve fiber layer in diabetic retinas, co-localizing with glial fibrillary acidic protein. Increased CSF-1R immunoreactivity was observed in OX-42-labeled microglia and ganglion cells in the ganglion cell layer. The vitreous level of M-CSF was elevated in patients with PDR compared to control subjects. CONCLUSIONS The early upregulation of MCSF/CSF-1R signaling may be an important regulatory pathway among neurons, microglia, and glia in diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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10
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Tambuyzer BR, Ponsaerts P, Nouwen EJ. Microglia: gatekeepers of central nervous system immunology. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 85:352-70. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0608385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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11
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Tassi M, Calvente R, Marín-Teva JL, Cuadros MA, Santos AM, Carrasco MC, Sánchez-López AM, Navascués J. Behavior of in vitro cultured ameboid microglial cells migrating on Müller cell end-feet in the quail embryo retina. Glia 2006; 54:376-93. [PMID: 16886202 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ameboid microglial cells migrate tangentially on the vitreal part of quail embryo retinas by crawling on Müller cell end-feet (MCEF) to which they adhere. These microglial cells can be cultured immediately after dissection of the eye and isolation of sheets containing the inner limiting membrane (ILM) covered by a carpet of MCEF (ILM/MCEF sheets), to which the cells remain adhered. Morphological changes of microglial cells cultured on ILM/MCEF sheets for 4 days were characterized in this study. During the first minutes in vitro, lamellipodia-bearing bipolar microglial cells became rounded in shape. From 1 to 24 h in vitro (hiv), microglial cells swept and phagocytosed the MCEF on which they were initially adhered, becoming directly adhered on the ILM. MCEF sweep was dependent on active cell motility, as shown by inhibition of sweep after cytochalasin D treatment. From 24 hiv on, after MCEF phagocytosis, microglial cells became more flattened, increasing the surface area of their adhesion to substrate, and expressed the beta1 subunit of integrins on their membrane. Morphological evidence suggested that microglial cells migrated for short distances on ILM/MCEF sheets, leaving tracks produced by their strong adhesion to the substrate. The simplicity of the isolation method, the immediate availability of cultured microglial cells, and the presence of multiple functional processes (phagocytosis, migration, upregulation of surface molecules, etc.) make cultures of microglial cells on ILM/MCEF sheets a valuable model system for in vitro experimental investigation of microglial cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Tassi
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
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12
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Shafer LL, McNulty JA, Young MRI. Brain activation of monocyte-lineage cells: involvement of interleukin-6. Neuroimmunomodulation 2005; 10:295-304. [PMID: 12759566 DOI: 10.1159/000069973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2002] [Accepted: 08/30/2002] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune processes such as phagocytosis of debris and antigen presentation can be damaging to the function and survival of brain cells. Understanding what conditions and factors mediate immune processes in the brain is central to ameliorating the pathology associated with brain injury and disease. The elevation of secreted interleukin (IL)-6 is a common feature of brain injury and neurodegenerative pathology. Using organotypic brain slice coculture, the effects of brain-derived soluble factors on immune functions in the BV2 microglial cell line were studied. We have previously shown that brain-derived soluble factors upregulated phagocytic activity and class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC II) expression and altered BV2 morphology in a manner selective for microglia and not peripheral macrophages. The present study used IL-6-neutralizing antibody to show that brain-derived IL-6 was at least partially responsible for the brain coculture-induced upregulation of MHC II expression in the BV2 microglia. Additionally, IL-6 upregulated phagocytic activity and induced morphological changes in the BV2 cells similar to brain coculture. These effects were selective for microglia, as they were not observed in peripheral macrophage cell types. The ability of IL-6-neutralizing antibody to downregulate MHC II expression while maintaining enhanced phagocytic activity could potentially evade an antagonizing immune response associated with brain injury or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa L Shafer
- Department of Cell Biology Neurobiology and Anatomy, Loyola University of Chicago Medical Center, Maywood, Ill., USA
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13
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Werner K, Bitsch A, Bunkowski S, Hemmerlein B, Brück W. The relative number of macrophages/microglia expressing macrophage colony-stimulating factor and its receptor decreases in multiple sclerosis lesions. Glia 2002; 40:121-9. [PMID: 12237849 DOI: 10.1002/glia.10120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The activation of macrophages/microglia in multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions plays a central role in the effector phase of myelin breakdown. The precise patterns of macrophage/microglia activation during demyelination have not yet been defined. The growth and activating factor macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and its specific receptor (M-CSFR) may be involved in this process. The present study investigated the expression of M-CSF and M-CSFR mRNA by in situ hybridization in 60 lesions from 32 MS patients. In the control and periplaque white matter, microglia was almost completely M-CSFR positive. Irrespective of the demyelinating activity, an increased number of cells expressed M-CSF or M-CSFR mRNA within the lesions. However, despite the tremendous increase in macrophages/microglia within the lesions, the relative number of these cells expressing M-CSF or M-CSFR decreased. There was no correlation of M-CSF or M-CSFR expression with active myelin breakdown. The correlation between the clinical course and the expression of M-CSF or M-CSFR mRNA revealed significant differences with the lowest expression in primary progressive MS. These results suggest a downregulation of M-CSF and M-CSFR inside the MS plaque probably due to the high amount of macrophage-derived cytokines or mediators. Nevertheless, the differences in the relative number of cells expressing the M-CSF/M-CSFR pathway implicate that this pathway may be an important contributory factor in different forms of MS pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Werner
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité, Humboldt-Universität, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
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14
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Hao AJ, Dheen ST, Ling EA. Expression of macrophage colony-stimulating factor and its receptor in microglia activation is linked to teratogen-induced neuronal damage. Neuroscience 2002; 112:889-900. [PMID: 12088748 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00144-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to teratogen agents is linked to the pathogenesis of neurodevelopment disorders, but the mechanisms leading to the neurodevelopmental disturbance are poorly understood. To elucidate this, an in vitro model of microglial activation induced by neuronal injury has been characterized. In this connection, exposure of primary microglial cells to the conditioned medium from the neuronal damage induced by teratogen, cyclophosphamide, is accompanied by a reactive microgliosis as assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, lectin histochemistry, double labeling immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Our results showed that reactive microglia were capable of releasing various cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1, interleukin-6, transforming growth factor-beta and nitric oxide. Also, we have shown that macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) was in fact produced by the reactive microglia. Concomitant to this was the increased expression of M-CSF receptor in these cells following the teratogen-induced neuronal injury. The up-regulation of M-CSF receptor suggests that the cells are capable of responding to self-derived M-CSF in an autocrine fashion. Results with antibody neutralization further suggest that microglial proinflammatory response, as manifested by cytokine expression in culture, is mediated by M-CSF, which acts as a molecular signal that initiates a microglial reaction. We therefore suggest that microglial activation following cyclophosphamide treatment is not only a response to the neuronal damage, but is also a cause of the damage during pathogenesis of neurodevelopment disorders. To this end, the increased expression of M-CSF and its receptor on microglia would be directly linked to the active cell proliferation and proinflammatory response in the teratogen-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-J Hao
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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15
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Fayein NA, Stankoff B, Auffray C, Devignes MD. Characterization of tissue expression and full-length coding sequence of a novel human gene mapping at 3q12.1 and transcribed in oligodendrocytes. Gene 2002; 289:119-29. [PMID: 12036590 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(02)00507-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Macro-array differential hybridization of a collection of 5058 human gene transcripts represented in an IMAGE infant brain cDNA library has led to the identification of transcripts displaying preferential or specific expression in brain (Genome Res. 9 (1999) 195; http://idefix.upr420.vjf.cnrs.fr/IMAGE). Most of these genes correspond to as yet undescribed functions. Detailed characterization of the expression, sequence, and genome assignment of one of these genes named C3orf4, is reported here. The full-length sequence of the transcript was obtained by 5' extension RT-PCR. The gene transcript (2.8 kb) encodes a 253 amino acid long protein, with four transmembrane domains. The position of the C3orf4 gene was determined at 3q12.1 thanks to the draft sequence of the human genome. It is composed of five exons spanning more than 7 kb. No TATAA box but a CpG island was found upstream of the beginning of the gene. Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization revealed a predominant expression in myelinated structures such as corpus callosum and spinal cord. RT-PCR showed expression of the C3orf4 gene in rat optic nerve and cultured oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cells of the central nervous system, but not in astrocytes. This work supports further investigations aimed at determining the role of the C3orf4 gene in myelinating cells.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- Brain/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Central Nervous System/metabolism
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3/genetics
- Claudins
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Gene Expression
- Genome, Human
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Oligodendroglia/cytology
- Oligodendroglia/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole-Adeline Fayein
- Genexpress, CNRS, FRE 2376, 19 rue Guy Môquet, BP8, F-94801 Villejuif Cedex, France.
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16
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Cuadros MA, Navascués J. Early origin and colonization of the developing central nervous system by microglial precursors. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2001; 132:51-9. [PMID: 11545016 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(01)32065-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M A Cuadros
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain.
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17
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Takeuchi A, Miyaishi O, Kiuchi K, Isobe K. Macrophage colony-stimulating factor is expressed in neuron and microglia after focal brain injury. J Neurosci Res 2001; 65:38-44. [PMID: 11433427 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.1125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study, we have demonstrated that damaged neurons within a boundary area around necrosis fall into delayed neuronal death owing to the cytotoxic effect of microglial nitric oxide (NO), and these neurons are finally eliminated by activated microglia. In this process, microglia are activated to release NO, increase in number, and accumulate toward the damaged area. In this study, we investigated the expression of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF, also called colony stimulating factor-1; CSF-1) and other cytokines, which are reported to relate to activation, proliferation, or migration of microglia. The mRNA of M-CSF arose biphasically from 30 min to 1 hr and from 6 to 72 hr after the injury, as demonstrated by semiquantitative RT-PCR. However, another cytokine of granulocyte-macrophage CSF (GM-CSF) or interleukin-3 (IL-3), which causes proliferation of microglia in vitro, was not detected. From immunohistochemical studies, positive staining of M-CSF was observed mainly in neuron-specific enolase (NSE)-positive cells from 1 to 12 hr after the injury, and after that M-CSF became positive in Griffonia simplicifolia isolectin-B4 (GSA-I-B4)-positive cells from 24 to 72 hr in the boundary area around necrosis. These results suggest that neurons around the damaged area express M-CSF in the early phase after injury, which may initially activate microglia, and these activated microglia also express M-CSF later, causing further proliferation or migration of microglia themselves to eliminate damaged neurons or necrotic brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Takeuchi
- Department of Basic Gerontology, National Institute for Longevity Sciences, Oobu-city, Aichi, Japan
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18
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Kalla R, Liu Z, Xu S, Koppius A, Imai Y, Kloss CU, Kohsaka S, Gschwendtner A, Möller JC, Werner A, Raivich G. Microglia and the early phase of immune surveillance in the axotomized facial motor nucleus: Impaired microglial activation and lymphocyte recruitment but no effect on neuronal survival or axonal regeneration in macrophage-colony stimulating factor-defici. J Comp Neurol 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.1060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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19
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Abstract
The postnatal development of rat microglia is marked by an important increase in the number of microglial cells and the growth of their ramified processes. We studied the role of thyroid hormone in microglial development. The distribution and morphology of microglial cells stained with isolectin B4 or monoclonal antibody ED1 were analyzed in cortical and subcortical forebrain regions of developing rats rendered hypothyroid by prenatal and postnatal treatment with methyl-thiouracil. Microglial processes were markedly less abundant in hypothyroid pups than in age-matched normal animals, from postnatal day 4 up to the end of the third postnatal week of life. A delay in process extension and a decrease in the density of microglial cell bodies, as shown by cell counts in the developing cingulate cortex of normal and hypothyroid animals, were responsible for these differences. Conversely, neonatal rat hyperthyroidism, induced by daily injections of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3), accelerated the extension of microglial processes and increased the density of cortical microglial cell bodies above physiological levels during the first postnatal week of life. Reverse transcription-PCR and immunological analyses indicated that cultured cortical ameboid microglial cells expressed the alpha1 and beta1 isoforms of nuclear thyroid hormone receptors. Consistent with the trophic and morphogenetic effects of thyroid hormone observed in situ, T3 favored the survival of cultured purified microglial cells and the growth of their processes. These results demonstrate that thyroid hormone promotes the growth and morphological differentiation of microglia during development.
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20
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Lurie DI, Durham D. Neuronal death, not axonal degeneration, results in significant gliosis within the cochlear nucleus of adult chickens. Hear Res 2000; 149:178-88. [PMID: 11033257 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5955(00)00181-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Injury to the central nervous system initiates a series of events that leads to neuronal cell death and glial activation. Astrocytes respond to damage and disease by becoming hyperplastic and hypertrophied. This 'reactive gliosis' is also accompanied by the upregulation of the intermediate filament protein glial fibrillary acidic protein, the release of growth factors and the formation of the glial scar. However, the signaling cascades which regulate these events, and the molecular mechanisms that give rise to this diverse response, have not been fully elucidated. For example, the role played by degenerating neurons vs. degenerating axons in the activation of astrocytes remains to be determined. To investigate the influence of neuronal cell death vs. axonal degeneration on gliosis, the current study examines the astrocyte response to cochlea removal in two different breeds of adult chickens, one of which exhibits neuronal cell death within the brainstem nucleus magnocellularis (NM) following the lesion and one which does not. Our results indicate that degeneration of NM neurons leads to large increases in both glial proliferation and hypertrophy, while eighth nerve degeneration without NM cell death results in very small increases in glial proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D I Lurie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 58912, USA.
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21
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Murphy GM, Zhao F, Yang L, Cordell B. Expression of macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor is increased in the AbetaPP(V717F) transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2000; 157:895-904. [PMID: 10980129 PMCID: PMC1885684 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64603-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is an important neuropathological change in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the pathophysiological factors that initiate and maintain the inflammatory response in AD are unknown. We examined AbetaPP(V717F) transgenic mice, which show numerous brain amyloid-beta (Abeta) deposits, for expression of the macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and its receptor (M-CSFR). M-CSF is increased in the brain in AD and dramatically augments the effects of Abeta on cultured microglia. AbetaPP(V717F) animals 12 months of age showed large numbers of microglia strongly labeled with an M-CSFR antibody near Abeta deposits. M-CSFR mRNA and protein levels were also increased in brain homogenates from AbetaPP(V717F) animals. Dystrophic neurites and astroglia showed no M-CSFR labeling in the transgenic animals. A M-CSF antibody decorated neuritic structures near hippocampal Abeta deposits in transgenic animals. M-CSF mRNA was also increased in AbetaPP(V717F) animals in comparison with wild-type controls. Simultaneous overexpression of M-CSFR and its ligand in AbetaPP(V717F) animals could result in augmentation of Abeta-induced activation of microglia. Because chronic activation of microglia is thought to result in neuronal injury, the M-CSF system may be a potential target for therapeutic intervention in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Murphy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5485, USA.
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22
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Calvo CF, Cesselin F, Gelman M, Glowinski J. Identification of an opioid peptide secreted by rat embryonic mixed brain cells as a promoter of macrophage migration. Eur J Neurosci 2000; 12:2676-84. [PMID: 10971611 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00145.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Conditioned media from embryonic mixed cells from the rat brain were used in a chemotaxis assay to look for potential chemotactic activity which could account for the infiltration of the developing central nervous system (CNS) by macrophage precursors. The most potent chemotactic activity was found in the conditioned medium from E17 mixed brain cells (E17-CM). Based upon checkerboard analysis, this activity was shown to be chemotactic rather than chemokinetic. This chemoattraction was not restricted to brain macrophages (BM) because it was as pronounced on bone marrow-derived macrophages. The implication of a peptide compound in this activity was suggested by its resistance to heat as well as acid treatments, and by its sensitivity to aminopeptidase M digestion. In agreement with the opioid nature of the peptide, not only naloxone, but also the delta opioid receptor antagonist ICI-174 reduced the migration of BM in response to E17-CM by 60%. This migratory activity was no longer effective when pertussis toxin-treated BM were used. When the chemotactic effects of selective opioid agonists were compared to that of E17-CM, DPDPE, the delta agonist, was the most efficient in attracting BM. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis indicated that delta as well as other known opioid receptors were expressed in both BM and E17 mixed brain cells. Finally, a Met-enkephalin-like reactivity was found by RIA in the E17-CM. Altogether, these observations suggest that a delta-like opioid peptide released from embryonic mixed brain cells could be responsible for the infiltration of the developing CNS by macrophages precursors.
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MESH Headings
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology
- Animals
- Brain/cytology
- Brain/embryology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/drug effects
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/physiology
- Culture Media, Conditioned/pharmacology
- Enkephalin, D-Penicillamine (2,5)-/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Macrophages/cytology
- Microglia/cytology
- Naloxone/pharmacology
- Narcotic Antagonists/pharmacology
- Oligonucleotide Probes
- Oligopeptides/pharmacology
- Opioid Peptides/analysis
- Opioid Peptides/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Rats
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/genetics
- Stem Cells/cytology
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Calvo
- Chaire de Neuropharmacologie, INSERM U114, Collège de France, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75231 Paris CEDEX 05, France.
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