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van der Plas A, Antunes M, Pouly S, de La Bourdonnaye G, Hankins M, Heremans A. Meta-analysis of the effects of smoking and smoking cessation on triglyceride levels. Toxicol Rep 2023; 10:367-375. [PMID: 36926662 PMCID: PMC10011683 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Smoking increases lipid levels, including triglycerides, leading to increased cardiovascular disease risk. We performed a meta-analysis to quantify the effects of smoking and smoking cessation on triglyceride levels. The PubMed and Scopus databases were searched to identify studies reporting either triglyceride levels in smokers and non-smokers or the effects of smoking cessation on triglyceride levels. Fixed- and random-effects models were used to perform the analyses when three or more studies/comparisons were available. We identified 169 and 21 studies evaluating the effects of smoking and smoking cessation, respectively, on triglyceride levels. Triglyceride levels were 0.50 mmol/L (95% confidence interval: 0.49-0.50 mmol/L) higher in smokers than non-smokers, but the effect differed widely across studies. No statistically significant effect was observed on triglyceride levels between baseline and 6 weeks (mean difference [MD] = 0.02 [-0.09, 0.12] mmol/L), 2 months (MD = 0.03 [-0.21, 0.27] mmol/L), 3 months (MD = 0.08 [-0.03, 0.21] mmol/L), or 1 year (MD = 0.04 [-0.06, 0.14] mmol/L) after quitting. However, a slightly significant decrease in triglyceride levels was observed at 1 month after cessation (MD = -0.15 [-0.15, -0.01] mmol/L). The results of this meta-analysis provide a basis for understanding the effects of smoking and smoking cessation on triglyceride levels, which could have important implications for public health.
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Williams PT. Gene-environment interactions due to quantile-specific heritability of triglyceride and VLDL concentrations. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4486. [PMID: 32161301 PMCID: PMC7066156 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60965-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
"Quantile-dependent expressivity" is a dependence of genetic effects on whether the phenotype (e.g., triglycerides) is high or low relative to its distribution in the population. Quantile-specific offspring-parent regression slopes (βOP) were estimated by quantile regression for 6227 offspring-parent pairs. Quantile-specific heritability (h2), estimated by 2βOP/(1 + rspouse), decreased 0.0047 ± 0.0007 (P = 2.9 × 10-14) for each one-percent decrement in fasting triglyceride concentrations, i.e., h2 ± SE were: 0.428 ± 0.059, 0.230 ± 0.030, 0.111 ± 0.015, 0.050 ± 0.016, and 0.033 ± 0.010 at the 90th, 75th, 50th, 25th, and 10th percentiles of the triglyceride distribution, respectively. Consistent with quantile-dependent expressivity, 11 drug studies report smaller genotype differences at lower (post-treatment) than higher (pre-treatment) triglyceride concentrations. This meant genotype-specific triglyceride changes could not move in parallel when triglycerides were decreased pharmacologically, so that subtracting pre-treatment from post-treatment triglyceride levels necessarily created a greater triglyceride decrease for the genotype with a higher pre-treatment value (purported precision-medicine genetic markers). In addition, sixty-five purported gene-environment interactions were found to be potentially attributable to triglyceride's quantile-dependent expressivity, including gene-adiposity (APOA5, APOB, APOE, GCKR, IRS-1, LPL, MTHFR, PCSK9, PNPLA3, PPARγ2), gene-exercise (APOA1, APOA2, LPL), gene-diet (APOA5, APOE, INSIG2, LPL, MYB, NXPH1, PER2, TNFA), gene-alcohol (ALDH2, APOA5, APOC3, CETP, LPL), gene-smoking (APOC3, CYBA, LPL, USF1), gene-pregnancy (LPL), and gene-insulin resistance interactions (APOE, LPL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Williams
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Molecular Biophysics & Integrated Bioimaging Division 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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Liutkeviciene R, Vilkeviciute A, Borisovaite D, Miniauskiene G. Association of exudative age-related macular degeneration with matrix metalloproteinases-2 (-1306 C/T) rs243865 gene polymorphism. Indian J Ophthalmol 2018; 66:551-557. [PMID: 29582818 PMCID: PMC5892060 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_1050_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a disease of the macula that significantly affects eyesight and leads to irreversible central vision loss. Recent studies have demonstrated that angiogenesis is the most important mechanism of AMD development. It is associated with extracellular remodeling involving different proteolytic systems, among them matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which play an essential role in the etiopathogenesis of AMD. The main objective of the present study was to determine the relationship between exudative AMD and MMP-2 (-1306 C/T) rs243865 polymorphism. Methods: The study enrolled 267 patients with exudative AMD and 318 controls. DNA was extracted from peripheral venous blood leukocytes by commercial kits. Genotyping of MMP-2 (-1306 C/T) rs243865 was carried out using real-time polymerase chain reaction method. Results: The analysis of MMP-2 (-1306 C/T) polymorphism did not reveal any differences in the distribution of CC, CT, and TT genotypes between the exudative AMD and control groups: 58.8%, 31.5% and 9.7% vs. 59.75%, 33.96% and 6.29%, respectively, P = 0.287). When the study population was subdivided into age groups, MMP-2 (-1306 C/T) rs243865 CT genotype showed 5.7-fold increased the risk of exudative AMD development compared to CC and TT genotypes together in younger (<65 years) males group (P = 0.05). Conclusion: MMP-2 (-1306 C/T) polymorphism is associated with exudative AMD development in younger males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasa Liutkeviciene
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Medical Academy; Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Medical Academy, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Alvita Vilkeviciute
- Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Medical Academy, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | | | - Goda Miniauskiene
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Medical Academy, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Tao F, Weinstock J, Venners SA, Cheng J, Hsu YH, Zou Y, Pan F, Jiang S, Zha X, Xu X. Associations of the ABCA1 and LPL Gene Polymorphisms With Lipid Levels in a Hyperlipidemic Population. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2017; 24:771-779. [PMID: 28891316 DOI: 10.1177/1076029617725601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a cross-sectional study to investigate the effects of the adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter 1 (ABCA1) I883M and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) HindIII polymorphisms on lipid levels in patients with hyperlipidemia. A total of 533 patients were enrolled. Serum lipid parameters were determined by an automatic biochemistry analyzer. Genotyping of the ABCA1 I883M and LPL HindIII was carried out using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to estimate the associations between serum lipid levels and the genetic polymorphisms. The frequency distribution of the ABCA1 I883M and LPL HindIII polymorphisms did not deviate from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The major finding of our regression analysis showed that neither the ABCA1 I883M nor the LPL HindIII polymorphism was associated with baseline serum lipid levels in the total population. However, among patients with elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels (ALT ≥ 40 U/L), carriers of the M allele of the ABCA1 gene had lower levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and higher levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) after adjusting for age, sex, smoking status, alcohol consumption, education level, occupation, and work intensity ( P < .05 for both). A test on interaction terms between the ABCA1 I833M polymorphism and ALT on HDL-C and LDL-C levels also remained significant ( P = .001 and P = .014, respectively). Our data suggest that there are significant interactive effects between ABCA1 I883M and ALT levels on HDL-C and LDL-C levels. However, the LPL HindIII polymorphism did not influence lipid levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Tao
- 1 School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Justin Weinstock
- 2 Department of Statistics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Scott A Venners
- 3 Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jun Cheng
- 1 School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Yi-Hsiang Hsu
- 4 Institute for Aging Research, HSL and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,5 Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yanfeng Zou
- 6 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Faming Pan
- 6 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shanqun Jiang
- 1 School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China.,7 Institute of Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiangdong Zha
- 1 School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiping Xu
- 8 Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health, Chicago, IL, USA
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5
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Frånberg M, Strawbridge RJ, Hamsten A, de Faire U, Lagergren J, Sennblad B. Fast and general tests of genetic interaction for genome-wide association studies. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005556. [PMID: 28586362 PMCID: PMC5478145 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A complex disease has, by definition, multiple genetic causes. In theory, these causes could be identified individually, but their identification will likely benefit from informed use of anticipated interactions between causes. In addition, characterizing and understanding interactions must be considered key to revealing the etiology of any complex disease. Large-scale collaborative efforts are now paving the way for comprehensive studies of interaction. As a consequence, there is a need for methods with a computational efficiency sufficient for modern data sets as well as for improvements of statistical accuracy and power. Another issue is that, currently, the relation between different methods for interaction inference is in many cases not transparent, complicating the comparison and interpretation of results between different interaction studies. In this paper we present computationally efficient tests of interaction for the complete family of generalized linear models (GLMs). The tests can be applied for inference of single or multiple interaction parameters, but we show, by simulation, that jointly testing the full set of interaction parameters yields superior power and control of false positive rate. Based on these tests we also describe how to combine results from multiple independent studies of interaction in a meta-analysis. We investigate the impact of several assumptions commonly made when modeling interactions. We also show that, across the important class of models with a full set of interaction parameters, jointly testing the interaction parameters yields identical results. Further, we apply our method to genetic data for cardiovascular disease. This allowed us to identify a putative interaction involved in Lp(a) plasma levels between two ‘tag’ variants in the LPA locus (p = 2.42 ⋅ 10−09) as well as replicate the interaction (p = 6.97 ⋅ 10−07). Finally, our meta-analysis method is used in a small (N = 16,181) study of interactions in myocardial infarction. Interaction between organic molecules forms the basis of all biological systems. The availability of high-throughput genotyping and sequencing platforms enables us to cost-effectively genotype a large number of individuals. For sufficiently large datasets it is possible to reconstruct the genetic dependencies that underlie complex traits and diseases. However, there is a need for efficient statistical methodologies that can tackle the large sample size and computational resources required to study interaction. In this work we provide theory that reduces the required computational resources, and enable multiple research groups to effectively combine their results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Frånberg
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Numerical Analysis and Computer Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Rona J. Strawbridge
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Ulf de Faire
- Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jens Lagergren
- Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
- The School of Computer Science and Communications, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Swedish e-science Research Center (SeRC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bengt Sennblad
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
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The Apolipoprotein A1 polymorphisms were associated with decreased risk for metabolic syndrome in Koreans. Genes Genomics 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-015-0318-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Mo X, Liu X, Wang L, Lu X, Chen S, Li H, Huang J, Chen J, Cao J, Li J, Tang Y, Gu D. Association of lipoprotein lipase polymorphism rs2197089 with serum lipid concentrations and LPL gene expression. J Hum Genet 2013; 58:160-4. [DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2012.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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The polymorphism -1131T>C in apolipoprotein A5 gene is associated with dyslipidemia in Brazilian subjects. Gene 2012; 516:171-5. [PMID: 23266809 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polymorphisms in apolipoprotein A5 gene (APOA5) have been associated with higher triglyceride levels in many populations. The aim of the study was to determine the allelic and genotypic distribution of the APOA5 -1131T>C polymorphism and to identify the association of the genetic variant and the risk for dyslipidemia. METHODS We genotyped 109 dyslipidemic subjects and 107 controls. The total cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL-c were determined enzymatically. Comparison of means among groups was calculated by ANOVA. Significant differences among groups were evaluated by Student-Newman-Keuls test. RESULTS The minor allele C was more frequent in dyslipidemic subjects than controls (p=0.019) and confers an increased individual risk for dyslipidemia (OR=1.726, CI 95%=1.095-2.721). The genotype analysis by gender showed that this allele was more frequent in dyslipidemic males (p=0.037; OR=2.050, CI 95%=1.042-4.023). When participants were analyzed according to genotypes TT and TC/CC, C-carriers presented higher cholesterol and triglycerides levels than TT homozygous (p=0.046 and 0.049, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The allele C confers higher total cholesterol and triglycerides levels in dyslipidemic adults. The APOA5 -1131T>C polymorphism is associated with dyslipidemia in male subjects.
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Pyun JA, Kim S, Park K, Baik I, Cho NH, Koh I, Lee JY, Cho YS, Kim YJ, Go MJ, Shim E, Kwack K, Shin C. Interaction Effects of Lipoprotein Lipase Polymorphisms with Lifestyle on Lipid Levels in a Korean Population: A Cross-sectional Study. Genomics Inform 2012; 10:88-98. [PMID: 23105935 PMCID: PMC3480683 DOI: 10.5808/gi.2012.10.2.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) plays an essential role in the regulation of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) and triglyceride levels, which have been closely associated with cardiovascular diseases. Genetic studies in European have shown that LPL single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are strongly associated with lipid levels. However, studies about the influence of interactions between LPL SNPs and lifestyle factors have not been sufficiently performed. Here, we examine if LPL polymorphisms, as well as their interaction with lifestyle factors, influence lipid concentrations in a Korean population. A two-stage association study was performed using genotype data for SNPs on the LPL gene, including the 3' flanking region from 7,536 (stage 1) and 3,703 (stage 2) individuals. The association study showed that 15 SNPs and 4 haplotypes were strongly associated with HDLC (lowest p = 2.86 × 10-22) and triglyceride levels (lowest p = 3.0 × 10-15). Interactions between LPL polymorphisms and lifestyle factors (lowest p = 9.6 × 10-4) were also observed on lipid concentrations. These findings suggest that there are interaction effects of LPL polymorphisms with lifestyle variables, including energy intake, fat intake, smoking, and alcohol consumption, as well as effects of LPL polymorphisms themselves, on lipid concentrations in a Korean population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-A Pyun
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam 463-836, Korea
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10
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Sediri Y, Kallel A, Feki M, Mourali S, Elasmi M, Abdessalem S, Mechmeche R, Jemaa R, Kaabachi N. Association of a DNA polymorphism of the apolipoprotein AI-CIII-AIV gene cluster with myocardial infarction in a Tunisian population. Eur J Intern Med 2011; 22:407-11. [PMID: 21767760 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoproteins AI-CIII-AIV play important roles in the metabolism of triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. However, whether genetic variations in the ApoAI-CIII-AIV gene cluster are associated with the risk of myocardial infarction (MI) remains uncertain. In the present study, we examined a possible association of the ApoCIII SacI polymorphism in the ApoAI-CIII-AIV gene cluster with lipid parameters and MI in a sample of the Tunisian population. METHODS A total of 326 Tunisian patients with MI and 361 controls were included in the study. Genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction--restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis. RESULTS A significant difference in genotype distribution and allele frequency was observed between patients and controls. At the multivariate analysis after adjustment for traditional vascular risk factors, the ApoCIII SacI polymorphism was significantly associated with MI, according to co-dominant and dominant models (co-dominant model odds ratio [OR]: 1.53, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.0-2.35, p=0.04; dominant model OR: 2.02, 95% CI: 1.11-3.67, p=0.02). The MI patient group showed a significant higher frequency of the S2 allele compared to the controls (10.2% vs. 6.5%; OR: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.10-2.47, p=0.01). There was no statistically significant association between ApoAI-CIII-AIV cluster gene polymorphism and lipid, lipoprotein, and apolipoprotein levels in both MI patients and controls. CONCLUSION In the current study, a significant association between the ApoCIII SacI polymorphism (presence of S2 allele) and MI in the Tunisian population was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousra Sediri
- Research Laboratory LR99ES11, Department of Biochemistry, Hospital la Rabta, Tunis, Tunisia
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11
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Lee JY, Hong HR, Kang HS. Ethnicity differences in plasma apoC-III levels between African American and Caucasian youths. World J Pediatr 2011; 7:136-42. [PMID: 21574030 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-011-0266-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the association between apoC-III and lipoprotein-lipids in African American (AA) and Caucasian (CA) youths. The aim of this study was to investigate if plasma apoC-III level is associated with ethnicity differences in atherogenic lipoprotein-lipids between AA and CA youths. METHODS A total of 202 youths (mean age 16.1±1.3 y, range 13.8-18.9 y) consisting of 122 AA (boys/girls, 52/70) and 80 CA (boys/girls, 40/40) youths were recruited via flyers sent to local high schools. For AA youths, body mass index (BMI) values were 22.5±5.0 kg/m(2) and 25.0±6.8 kg/m(2) for boys and girls, respectively. For CA youths, BMI values were 22.0±4.8 kg/m(2) and 22.1±5.0 kg/m(2) for boys and girls, respectively. Anthropometric variables were measured using standard procedures. Body fat was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Fasting glucose and insulin, lipoprotein-lipids, and apolipoproteins were measured in fasting plasma samples. RESULTS AA youths had significantly lower values in apoC-III (P<0.001), triglyceride (P<0.001), and total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P=0.011) and higher values in HDLC (P=0.004), apoE (P=0.016), insulin (P=0.027), and homoeostasis model of assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (P=0.025) than CA youths. Body composition and insulin resistance parameters were significantly associated with apoC-III levels in CA youths, but not in AA youths. Regression analyses showed that waist circumference and HOMA-IR were significant predictors for apoC-III in CA, not AA, youths. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the current study suggest that ethnicity differences in atherogenic lipids between AA and CA youths may be associated with differences in apoC-III and apoE levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Lee
- Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
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Winkelmann BR, von Holt K, Unverdorben M. Smoking and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: Part IV: Genetic markers associated with smoking. Biomark Med 2010; 4:321-33. [DOI: 10.2217/bmm.10.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Genes influence smoking behavior, affect the metabolism of nicotine and specific chemicals produced during combustion, and enhance (or diminish) pathomechanistic pathways associated with the atherogenic potential of smoking, including oxidative stress, its inflammatory burden or procoagulant potential. Genome-wide association studies have revolutionized the search for new functional genetic markers with ever increasing marker density and the precision in identifying new genetic loci without the need for prior knowledge of functional pathways. Nevertheless, the statistical challenge remains to identify the few true positives, the need for replication of findings and the tedious work of identifying functional genetic variants and their mode of action. Genetic variation within a gene or in areas of the genetic code that control the expression of such a gene is far from being understood. Major advances include the detection of large-scale copy-number variants in the human genome and the demonstration of the decisive role of ‘miRNA’ in controlling gene expression. The role of the genomic methylation pattern in controlling the transcription of the underlying genetic sequence and its role in interacting with environmental influences have yet to be explored in depth. Although candidate genes and their genetic variants have been associated with atherosclerosis and cigarette smoking, a major breakthrough has still to be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard R Winkelmann
- ClinPhenomics GmbH, 67125 Dannstadt, Germany
- Cardiology Group Frankfurt-Sachsenhausen, 60594 Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Martin Unverdorben
- Clinical Research Institute, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Heinz-Meise-Strasse 100, 36199 Rotenburg an der Fulda, Germany
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Sagoo GS, Tatt I, Salanti G, Butterworth AS, Sarwar N, van Maarle M, Jukema JW, Wiman B, Kastelein JJP, Bennet AM, de Faire U, Danesh J, Higgins JPT. Seven lipoprotein lipase gene polymorphisms, lipid fractions, and coronary disease: a HuGE association review and meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol 2008; 168:1233-46. [PMID: 18922999 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwn235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is a key enzyme in lipoprotein metabolism and a major candidate gene for coronary heart disease (CHD). The authors assessed associations between 7 LPL polymorphisms and lipid fractions and CHD risk in population-based cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies published by January 2007. Meta-analyses of 22,734 CHD cases and 50,177 controls in 89 association studies focused on the relations of the T-93G (rs1800590), D9N (rs1801177), G188E, N291S (rs268), PvuII (rs285), HindIII (rs320), and S447X (rs328) polymorphisms to high density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, myocardial infarction, or coronary stenosis. Carriers of 9N or 291S had modestly adverse lipid profiles. Carriers of the less common allele of HindIII or of 447X had modestly advantageous profiles. The combined odds ratio for CHD among carriers was 1.33 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.14, 1.56) for 9N, 1.07 (95% CI: 0.96, 1.20) for 291S, 0.89 (95% CI: 0.81, 0.98) for the less common HindIII allele, and 0.84 (95% CI: 0.75, 0.94) for 447X. For T-93G (odds ratio (OR) = 1.22, 95% CI: 0.98, 1.52) and PvuII (OR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.89, 1.04), there were null associations with lipid levels or CHD risk; information on G188E was limited (OR = 2.80, 95% CI: 0.88, 8.87). The study of LPL genotypes confirms the existence of close interrelations between high density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride pathways. The influence of these genotypes on CHD risk warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurdeep S Sagoo
- United Kingdom HuGENet Coordinating Centre, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Olano-Martin E, Abraham EC, Gill-Garrison R, Valdes AM, Grimaldi K, Tang F, Jackson KG, Williams CM, Minihane AM. Influence of apoA-V gene variants on postprandial triglyceride metabolism: impact of gender. J Lipid Res 2008; 49:945-53. [DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m700112-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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15
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Chan DC, Chen MM, Ooi EMM, Watts GF. An ABC of apolipoprotein C-III: a clinically useful new cardiovascular risk factor? Int J Clin Pract 2008; 62:799-809. [PMID: 18201179 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2007.01678.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertriglyceridaemia, commonly found in subjects with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, is associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Apolipoprotein C-III (apoC-III) plays an important role in regulating the metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) and may provide a new approach to assessing hypertriglyceridaemia. AIMS We review the role of apoC-III in regulating TRL metabolism and address the potential importance of apoC-III in clinical practice. DISCUSSION Hypertriglyceridaemia is chiefly a consequence of alterations in the kinetics of TRLs, including overproduction and delayed clearance of very-low density lipoprotein (VLDL). ApoC-III is an inhibitor of lipoprotein lipase and of TRLs remnant uptake by hepatic lipoprotein receptors. Elevated apoC-III, usually resulting from hepatic overproduction of VLDL apoC-III, may cause accumulation of plasma TRLs leading to hypertriglyceridaemia. The results from recent observational studies demonstrate that apoC-III is a strong predictor of risk for CHD, but this chiefly relates to apoC-III in apoB-containing lipoproteins. Lifestyle and pharmacological intervention can correct hypertriglyceridaemia by a mechanism of action that regulates apoC-III transport. CONCLUSIONS Targeting apoC-III metabolism may therefore be an important, new therapeutic approach to managing dyslipidaemia and CHD risk in obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, further work is required to establish the practical aspects of measuring apoC-III in routine laboratory service and the precise therapeutic targets for serum total apoC-III and/or apoC-III in apoB-containing lipoproteins. While showing much promise as a potentially useful cardiovascular risk factor, apoC-III is not yet ready for prime time use in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Chan
- Metabolic Research Centre, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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16
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Möhrenschlager M, Schäfer T, Huss-Marp J, Eberlein-König B, Weidinger S, Ring J, Behrendt H, Krämer U. The course of eczema in children aged 5-7 years and its relation to atopy: differences between boys and girls. Br J Dermatol 2006; 154:505-13. [PMID: 16445783 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.07042.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of atopy in the pathophysiology of eczema is still under debate. The concept and analyses of the nonatopic and atopic subtypes of eczema have gained increasing interest in recent studies. The course of these subtypes and differences between boys and girls have not been investigated so far. OBJECTIVES To examine the course of nonatopic and atopic eczema in preschool children from Germany with regard to sex. METHODS Repeated cross-sectional studies were performed in 5-7-year-old preschool children from Germany between 1994 and 2000. Individuals with eczema were identified by a dermatological examination. In addition to a questionnaire, skin prick tests and analyses of serum IgE antibodies against seven and five environmental allergens, respectively, were performed. Atopy was defined by sensitization to at least one of five common aeroallergens (birch, grass and mugwort pollen, house dust mites, cat dander). In part of the study population investigations of spare time behaviour and skin function were carried out (including stratum corneum hydration and skin surface pH). RESULTS A total of 2693 girls and 2783 boys underwent a full dermatological examination of the skin and determination of sensitization. Among the girls, 8.7% demonstrated eczema clinically at the day of investigation in contrast to 6.1% of the boys. In girls, early onset eczema (< 2 years of age) was strongly related to atopy at age 5-7 years [odds ratio (OR) 3.7; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.7-5.1], whereas late-onset eczema (> or = 2 years of age) was not (OR 1.0; 95% CI 0.7-1.5). Boys were more often atopic at the age of 5-7 years than girls (28.3% vs. 20.6%), and early and late-onset eczema were related to atopy without such a difference (OR 2.8, 95% CI 2.0-4.0; OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.3-2.8, respectively). The excess of current eczema in 5-7-year-old girls compared with boys was related to the nonatopic type. The higher susceptibility of girls in that age group to develop eczema was reflected by the skin physiological examination: even girls without eczema had significantly higher skin surface pH and lower stratum corneum hydration than boys. Additionally, questionnaire data revealed that girls more often than boys predominantly played indoors, which was associated with more eczema. CONCLUSIONS Atopy and eczema develop differently in boys and girls. Boys are more often atopic, whereas girls suffer significantly more often from eczema without relation to atopy. The nonatopic type of eczema in preschool girls is noticed predominantly after their second birthday. Genetic and lifestyle factors may contribute to this difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Möhrenschlager
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, Technical University of Munich, Germany.
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17
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Brown CM, Rea TJ, Hamon SC, Hixson JE, Boerwinkle E, Clark AG, Sing CF. The contribution of individual and pairwise combinations of SNPs in the APOA1 and APOC3 genes to interindividual HDL-C variability. J Mol Med (Berl) 2006; 84:561-72. [PMID: 16705465 PMCID: PMC1698872 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-005-0037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2005] [Accepted: 11/17/2005] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoproteins (apo) A-I and C-III are components of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), a quantitative trait negatively correlated with risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We analyzed the contribution of individual and pairwise combinations of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the APOA1/APOC3 genes to HDL-C variability to evaluate (1) consistency of published single-SNP studies with our single-SNP analyses; (2) consistency of single-SNP and two-SNP phenotype-genotype relationships across race-, gender-, and geographical location-dependent contexts; and (3) the contribution of single SNPs and pairs of SNPs to variability beyond that explained by plasma apo A-I concentration. We analyzed 45 SNPs in 3,831 young African-American (N=1,858) and European-American (N=1,973) females and males ascertained by the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. We found three SNPs that significantly impact HDL-C variability in both the literature and the CARDIA sample. Single-SNP analyses identified only one of five significant HDL-C SNP genotype relationships in the CARDIA study that was consistent across all race-, gender-, and geographical location-dependent contexts. The other four were consistent across geographical locations for a particular race-gender context. The portion of total phenotypic variance explained by single-SNP genotypes and genotypes defined by pairs of SNPs was less than 3%, an amount that is miniscule compared to the contribution explained by variability in plasma apo A-I concentration. Our findings illustrate the impact of context-dependence on SNP selection for prediction of CVD risk factor variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. M. Brown
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - T. J. Rea
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - S. C. Hamon
- Laboratory of Statistical Genetics, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - J. E. Hixson
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - E. Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - A. G. Clark
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - C. F. Sing
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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18
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Rip J, Nierman MC, Ross CJ, Jukema JW, Hayden MR, Kastelein JJP, Stroes ESG, Kuivenhoven JA. Lipoprotein lipase S447X: a naturally occurring gain-of-function mutation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006; 26:1236-45. [PMID: 16574898 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000219283.10832.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) hydrolyzes triglycerides in the circulation and promotes the hepatic uptake of remnant lipoproteins. Since the gene was cloned in 1989, more than 100 LPL gene mutations have been identified, the majority of which cause loss of enzymatic function. In contrast to this, the naturally occurring LPL(S447X) variant is associated with increased lipolytic function and an anti-atherogenic lipid profile and can therefore be regarded as a gain-of-function mutation. This notion combined with the facts that 20% of the general population carries this prematurely truncated LPL and that it may protect against cardiovascular disease has led to extensive clinical and basic research into this frequent LPL mutant. It is only until recently that we begin to understand the molecular mechanisms that underlie the beneficial effects associated with LPL(S447X). This review summarizes the current literature on this interesting LPL variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap Rip
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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19
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Foulkes AS, Wohl DA, Frank I, Puleo E, Restine S, Wolfe ML, Dube MP, Tebas P, Reilly MP. Associations among race/ethnicity, ApoC-III genotypes, and lipids in HIV-1-infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy. PLoS Med 2006; 3:e52. [PMID: 16417409 PMCID: PMC1334223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2005] [Accepted: 11/18/2005] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protease inhibitors (PIs) are associated with hypertriglyceridemia and atherogenic dyslipidemia. Identifying HIV-1-infected individuals who are at increased risk of PI-related dyslipidemia will facilitate therapeutic choices that maintain viral suppression while reducing risk of atherosclerotic diseases. Apolipoprotein C-III (apoC-III) gene variants, which vary by race/ethnicity, have been associated with a lipid profile that resembles PI-induced dyslipidemia. However, the association of race/ethnicity, or candidate gene effects across race/ethnicity, with plasma lipid levels in HIV-1-infected individuals, has not been reported. METHODS AND FINDINGS A cross-sectional analysis of race/ethnicity, apoC-III/apoA-I genotypes, and PI exposure on plasma lipids was performed in AIDS Clinical Trial Group studies (n = 626). Race/ethnicity was a highly significant predictor of plasma lipids in fully adjusted models. Furthermore, in stratified analyses, the effect of PI exposure appeared to differ across race/ethnicity. Black/non-Hispanic, compared with White/non-Hispanics and Hispanics, had lower plasma triglyceride (TG) levels overall, but the greatest increase in TG levels when exposed to PIs. In Hispanics, current PI antiretroviral therapy (ART) exposure was associated with a significantly smaller increase in TGs among patients with variant alleles at apoC-III-482, -455, and Intron 1, or at a composite apoC-III genotype, compared with patients with the wild-type genotypes. CONCLUSIONS In the first pharmacogenetic study of its kind in HIV-1 disease, we found race/ethnic-specific differences in plasma lipid levels on ART, as well as differences in the influence of the apoC-III gene on the development of PI-related hypertriglyceridemia. Given the multi-ethnic distribution of HIV-1 infection, our findings underscore the need for future studies of metabolic and cardiovascular complications of ART that specifically account for racial/ethnic heterogeneity, particularly when assessing candidate gene effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea S Foulkes
- School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America.
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20
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Comings DE, MacMurray JP. Maternal age at the birth of the first child as an epistatic factor in polygenic disorders. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2006; 141B:1-6. [PMID: 16342283 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The identification of the genes for complex, polygenic disorders has proven difficult. This is due to the small effect size of each gene and genetic heterogeneity. An additional important factor could be the presence of unidentified epistatic factors. In the broad definition of epistasis, the effect of one unit is not predicable unless the value of another unit is known and one of the units may not be a gene. We have previously identified maternal age as an epistatic factor for the effect of the LEP gene on the age of onset of menarche. We report here the effect of maternal age and the age of the mother at the birth of her first child (maternal age 1st) as epistatic factors for the interaction of the dopamine D1 gene (DRD1) with obsessive-compulsive behaviors and with stuttering. The epistatic effects of maternal age 1st were stronger than maternal age. This type of epistatic factor may be generalizable to many other gene-trait interactions.
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Reilly MP, Foulkes AS, Wolfe ML, Rader DJ. Higher order lipase gene association with plasma triglycerides. J Lipid Res 2005; 46:1914-22. [PMID: 15961789 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m500042-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase, HL, and endothelial lipase (EL) are proteoglycan-bound enzymes that regulate plasma lipoprotein levels through coordinated triglyceride (TG) lipase and phospholipase activity. We hypothesized that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in lipase genes would have higher order impact on plasma lipoproteins beyond the influence of individual SNPs. In a sample of asymptomatic Caucasian subjects (n = 738), we used a two-stage approach, first identifying groups of subjects with similar multilocus lipase genotypes and then characterizing the relationships between genotype groups and plasma lipids. Using complementary methods, including a permutation test procedure and a mixed-effects modeling approach, we found a higher order interaction between four SNPs in three lipase genes (EL 2,237 3' untranslated region, EL Thr111Ile, HL -514C/T, and LPL HindIII) and plasma TG levels. Subjects who were heterozygous for all four lipase SNPs had significantly higher plasma TG levels beyond the effect of individual lipase SNPs and environmental factors, even after correcting for multiple comparisons. In conclusion, lipase genes had synergistic association with plasma TG beyond individual gene effects. Higher order multilocus genotype contributions to dyslipidemia and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease need to be considered a priori because they may have an important effect even in the absence of significant main effects of the individual genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muredach P Reilly
- Cardiovascular Division and Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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22
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW APOA1/C3/A4/A5 are key components modulating lipoprotein metabolism and cardiovascular disease risk. This review examines the evidence regarding linkage disequilibrium and haplotype structure within the A1/C3/A4/A5 cluster, and assesses its association with plasma lipids and cardiovascular disease risk. In addition, we use genomic information from several species to draw inferences about the location of functional variants within this cluster. RECENT FINDINGS The close physical distance of these genes and the interrelated functions of these apolipoproteins have encumbered attempts to determine the role of individual variants on lipid metabolism. Therefore, current research aims to define linkage disequilibrium and haplotype structure within this cluster. Functional variants in regulatory regions are most interesting as they are potentially amenable to therapy. Comparative genomics can contribute to the identification of such functional variants. SUMMARY Genetic variability at the APOA1/C3/A4/A5 cluster has been examined in relation to lipid metabolism and cardiovascular disease risk. However, the findings are inconsistent. This is partly due to the classic approach of studying single and mostly nonfunctional polymorphisms. Moreover, allelic expression may depend on the concurrent presence of environmental factors. Association studies using haplotypes should increase the power to detect true associations and interactions. We hypothesize that phenotypes observed in association with transcriptional regulatory variants can be readily modified by environmental factors. Therefore, studies focusing on regulatory variants may be more fruitful to locate/define future therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Qiang Lai
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer--US Department of Agriculture, Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA.
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23
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Klein RL, McHenry MB, Lok KH, Hunter SJ, Le NA, Jenkins AJ, Zheng D, Semler A, Page G, Brown WV, Lyons TJ, Garvey WT. Apolipoprotein C-III protein concentrations and gene polymorphisms in Type 1 diabetes: associations with microvascular disease complications in the DCCT/EDIC cohort. J Diabetes Complications 2005; 19:18-25. [PMID: 15642486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2004.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2003] [Revised: 04/21/2004] [Accepted: 04/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM We investigated the associations of apolipoprotein C-III (apoCIII) protein and apoCIII gene variation with microvascular disease complications in Type 1 diabetes. METHODS The serum apoCIII concentration, and both a T(-455)-->C and a SacI gene polymorphisms were determined in 409 patients in the DCCT/EDIC cohort of patients with Type 1 diabetes. Correlations with albumin excretion rate (AER) and the severity of retinopathy were investigated. RESULTS Higher apoCIII concentrations were associated (P<.0001) with increased triglycerides (r=.78), total (r=.61) and LDL (r=.40) cholesterol, apoAI (r=.26), and apoB (r=.50), AER (r=.08), and the severity of retinopathy (ETDRS score, r=.11), and these relationships persisted after controlling for age, gender, body mass index (BMI), and HbA1c level. The apoCIII concentration was significantly higher in the group of patients with macroalbuminuria (AERs 300 mg/24 h) compared to the groups with microalbuminuria (AER 40-299 mg/24 h; P<.0001) or normoalbuminuria (AER <40 mg/24 h) (P<.0001). The apoCIII concentration also was significantly higher in the group of patients with severe retinopathy (ETDRS 10-23) compared to those with moderate (ETDRS 4-9; P<.02) or mild retinopathy (ETDRS 1-3; P<.0001). Neither the T(-455)-->C polymorphism nor a SacI polymorphism in the 3' UTR were associated with circulating apoCIII concentrations, nor the severity of nephropathy or retinopathy. CONCLUSIONS Elevated apoCIII levels have been associated with increased macrovascular disease risk. In the DCCT/EDIC cohort of patients, there was an independent positive association of apoCIII level with microvascular complications of Type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Klein
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Medical Genetics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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24
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Klein RL, McHenry MB, Lok KH, Hunter SJ, Le NA, Jenkins AJ, Zheng D, Semler AJ, Brown WV, Lyons TJ, Garvey WT. Apolipoprotein C-III protein concentrations and gene polymorphisms in type 1 diabetes: associations with lipoprotein subclasses. Metabolism 2004; 53:1296-304. [PMID: 15375785 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2004.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Serum apolipoprotein C-III (apoCIII) concentration and apoCIII gene polymorphisms have been shown to be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In addition, no studies have been performed that address these issues in type 1 diabetes. The current study investigated apoCIII protein and apoCIII gene variation in a normotriglyceridemic (82 +/- 57 mg/dL) population of patients with type 1 diabetes, the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Intervention and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) cohort. Blood samples were obtained in 409 patients after an overnight fast. Serum apoCIII concentration was highly correlated with multiple changes in lipids and lipoproteins that resulted in an adverse cardiovascular disease risk profile. Higher apoCIII concentrations were associated (P < .0001) with increased triglycerides (r = 0.78), total (r = 0.61) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (r = 0.40) cholesterol, apoA-I (r = 0.26), and apoB (r = 0.50), and these relationships persisted after controlling for age, gender, body mass index (BMI), and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) lipoprotein subclass analyses demonstrated that apoCIII was correlated with an increase in very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) subclasses (P = .0001). There also was a highly significant positive relationship between serum apoCIII concentration and the LDL particle concentration in both men (r = 0.49, P = .001) and women (r = 0.40, P = .001), and a highly significant negative relationship between serum apoCIII levels and average LDL particle size in both men (r = -0.37, P = .001) and women (r = -0.22, P = .001) due primarily to an augmentation in the small L1 subclass (r = 0.42, P = .0001). Neither the T(-455) --> C polymorphism affecting an insulin response element in the apoCIII gene promoter nor a SacI polymorphism in the 3'UTR were associated with any alterations in circulating apoCIII concentrations, serum lipids, apolipoprotein concentrations, lipoprotein composition, or parameters measured by NMR lipoprotein subclass analyses. In summary, elevated apoCIII concentration was associated with risk factors for cardiovascular disease in normolipidemic type 1 diabetic patients through associated changes in lipoprotein subfraction distributions, which were independent of apoCIII genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Klein
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, USA
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25
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Lee J, Tan CS, Chia KS, Tan CE, Chew SK, Ordovas JM, Tai ES. The lipoprotein lipase S447X polymorphism and plasma lipids. J Lipid Res 2004; 45:1132-9. [PMID: 15060087 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m400016-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied 4,058 subjects from a representative sample of the Singapore population 1) to determine the association between the S447X polymorphism at the LPL locus and serum lipid concentration in Chinese, Malays, and Asian Indians living in Singapore and 2) to explore any interactions with apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype, exercise, obesity, cigarette smoking, and alcohol intake. Information on obesity, lifestyle factors (including smoking, alcohol consumption, and exercise frequency), glucose tolerance, and fasting lipids was obtained. Male and female carriers of the X447 allele had lower serum triglyceride concentrations and higher HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations. The association between the X447 allele and serum HDL-C concentration was modulated by APOE genotype in males and cigarette smoking and alcohol intake in females. The effect of the X447 allele was greatest in men who carried the E4 allele and women who smoked or consumed alcohol. The X447 allele at the LPL locus is common and associated with a less atherogenic lipid profile in Asian populations. Interactions with APOE genotype, cigarette smoking, and alcohol intake reinforce the importance of examining genetic associations, such as this one, in the context of the population of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lee
- National University of Singapore-Genome Institute of Singapore Center for Molecular Epidemiology, Community, Occupational and Family Medicine, Singapore
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26
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Russo GT, Friso S, Jacques PF, Rogers G, Cucinotta D, Wilson PWF, Ordovas JM, Rosenberg IH, Selhub J. Age and Gender Affect the Relation between Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase C677T Genotype and Fasting Plasma Homocysteine Concentrations in the Framingham Offspring Study Cohort. J Nutr 2003; 133:3416-21. [PMID: 14608052 DOI: 10.1093/jn/133.11.3416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The C677T variant of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), a key enzyme in the remethylation of homocysteine to methionine, is a frequent genetic cause of mild hyperhomocysteinemia among individuals with low folate status. However, little is known about the influence of subject characteristics, such as age and sex, on the relation between the C677T MTHFR polymorphism and fasting plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations. The aim of the present study was to explore the influence of age and gender, together with folate status, on the association between the C677T polymorphism and tHcy concentrations. The C677T genotype was determined for 1820 participants from the fifth examination of the Framingham Offspring Study. Mean age of the participants was 56 y (range 28-82 y). The allelic distribution was not different from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, with a TT frequency comparable in men and women (14%). Geometric mean tHcy was 15% higher in men than in women (P < 0.001), and women had significantly higher plasma folate levels (P < 0.001). Geometric mean tHcy was significantly higher in TT participants (P = 0.001) than in participants with the CC and CT genotypes among those with plasma folate <12.5 nmol/L, but not among those with higher folate status. Because of a significant age and sex interaction (P = 0.02), we further stratified the low folate group by age and sex, and observed that the association between genotype and tHcy was confined to men <55 y old (P < 0.001). Our results suggest that age and sex modify the contribution of the MTHFR C677T mutation to fasting tHcy concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina T Russo
- Jean Mayer-U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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27
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Xin X, Srinivasan SR, Chen W, Boerwinkle E, Berenson GS. Interaction effect of Serine447Stop variant of the lipoprotein lipase gene and C-514T variant of the hepatic lipase gene on serum triglyceride levels in young adults: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Metabolism 2003; 52:1337-42. [PMID: 14564687 DOI: 10.1016/s0026-0495(03)00280-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The opposing effects of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) Serin447Stop (S447X) polymorphism and hepatic lipase (HL) C-514T polymorphism on serum triglyceride (TG) levels have been known. However, little is known about the interaction effect of these 2 functional gene variants on serum triglyceride levels. This aspect was examined in a community-based sample of 902 whites and 389 blacks aged 18 to 41 years, using a repeated measures analysis in a mixed model. The frequency of the LPL X447 allele was higher in whites than blacks (16% v 11%, P <.05); whereas the frequency of HL T-514 allele was higher in blacks than whites (77% v 40%, P <.001). The combined genotype distribution was also different between whites and blacks (P <.001). Although the frequency of carriers of both variants was similar in whites and blacks (7% v 8%), more whites carried the LPL X447 allele only (9% v 3%), and more blacks carried the HL T-514 allele only (70% v 33%). Mean levels of TG adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) in carriers versus noncarriers of the LPL X447 allele were lower by 13.5% (P <.0001) in whites, 15.8% (P <.01) in blacks and 16.0% (P <.0001) in the total sample. No such phenotypic effect was noted with respect to HL T-514 allele either in blacks or whites, although the mean level in carriers was marginally (P =.08) higher in the total sample. The interaction effect of LPL and HL variants on TG levels was significant in the total sample (P =.016) and marginal in whites (P =.079). In the total sample, the decrease of TG in carriers versus noncarriers of the LPL X447 was 1.8-fold greater in carriers versus noncarriers of the HL T-514 allele (13.6 mg/dL v 7.4 mg/dL, P =.016). Whites tended to show a similar trend (16.8 mg/dL v 6.1 mg/dL, P =.079). Blacks also showed a similar, but nonsignificant, trend (10.4 mg/dL v 8.6 mg/dL, P =.45). These results by showing modulation of association between S447X variant of the LPL gene and serum TG by C-514T variant of the HL gene underscore the importance of gene-gene interactions in the assessment of genetic effects on complex traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Xin
- Tulane Center for Cardiovascular Health, and Department of Epidemiology, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Tilly P, Sass C, Vincent-Viry M, Aguillon D, Siest G, Visvikis S. Biological and genetic determinants of serum apoC-III concentration: reference limits from the Stanislas Cohort. J Lipid Res 2003; 44:430-6. [PMID: 12576526 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m200006-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein C-III (apoC-III) is involved in triglycerides metabolism, and is therefore important for the pathogenesis of coronary heart diseases. However, to our knowledge serum apoC-III variation factors and reference limits have never been determined, so the aim of this study was to establish them and facilitate clinical usefulness. We measured serum apoC-III concentration of apparently healthy subjects of the Stanislas Cohort by an immunoturbidimetric method. Genetic polymorphisms within the APOC3, APOE, APOAIV, and LPL genes were determined by a multiplex PCR. Serum apoC-III concentration varied from 28.2 mg/l to 225.8 mg/l in the overall sample and between subjects variability was about 30%. Factors influencing apoC-III concentration were age, BMI in adult men, alcohol consumption in adults, oral contraceptive intake in women, the post-pubescent status in boys. The APOC3 1100T allele in adult men and the APOC3 -455C allele in boys were associated with increased apoC-III concentration. The APOA4 360His allele was associated with decreased apoC-III concentration in women. We also established reference limits of serum apoC-III concentration according to age and gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy Tilly
- Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale U525, Centre de Médecine Préventive, 2 Avenue du Doyen J. Parisot, F54500 Vandoeuvre-Lès-Nancy, France
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Corella D, Guillén M, Sáiz C, Portolés O, Sabater A, Folch J, Ordovas JM. Associations of LPL and APOC3 gene polymorphisms on plasma lipids in a Mediterranean population: interaction with tobacco smoking and the APOE locus. J Lipid Res 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)30148-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Fauvel J, Bonnet E, Ruidavets JB, Ferrières J, Toffoletti A, Massip P, Chap H, Perret B. An interaction between apo C-III variants and protease inhibitors contributes to high triglyceride/low HDL levels in treated HIV patients. AIDS 2001; 15:2397-406. [PMID: 11740190 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200112070-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term therapy with protease inhibitors (PI) is associated with hypertriglyceridaemia, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels and accumulation of apolipoprotein (apo) E- and apo C-III-containing lipoproteins. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the impact, on this dyslipaemic phenotype, of three polymorphisms of the apo C-III gene: two on an insulin response element and one in the 3'-region. Apo E genotypes were evaluated also. DESIGN Sixty consecutive male patients attending the HIV follow-up consultation were included during a 3-month period. All patients received at least one PI. Apo C-III and apo E genotypes were determined. Besides routine bio-clinical examination, a detailed exploration of lipoproteins and of insulin secretion markers was carried out. METHODS Plasma lipoparticles, insulin, proinsulin and C-peptide were measured by specific immuno-assays. Determination of apo C-III genotypes (-455C/T, -482C/T and SstI) and of apo E alleles (epsilon2, epsilon3 and epsilon4) were performed by amplification and endonuclease digestion and were confirmed by allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridization. RESULTS Distribution of apo C-III alleles defined four major haplotypes. Carriers of the -455C variant had 30% lower levels of HDL-cholesterol than non-carriers. Plasma triglycerides increased according to the number of variant alleles. In multivariate analysis, a model including age, body mass index, clinical stage and treatment length, plasma insulin and apo C-III haplotypes explained around 43% of the HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides variability. Measurements of lipids before and after the use of PI demonstrated synergistic effects of the treatment and apo C-III variants on triglyceride levels. CONCLUSIONS Apo C-III polymorphisms might identify a genetic predisposition to develop dyslipidaemia under PI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fauvel
- Laboratoire de Biochimie III and INSERM U 326-IFR 30-Institut Claude de Préval, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse-Cédex, France
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Pallaud C, Gueguen R, Sass C, Grow M, Cheng S, Siest G, Visvikis S. Genetic influences on lipid metabolism trait variability within the Stanislas Cohort. J Lipid Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)31514-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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32
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Russo GT, Meigs JB, Cupples LA, Demissie S, Otvos JD, Wilson PW, Lahoz C, Cucinotta D, Couture P, Mallory T, Schaefer EJ, Ordovas JM. Association of the Sst-I polymorphism at the APOC3 gene locus with variations in lipid levels, lipoprotein subclass profiles and coronary heart disease risk: the Framingham offspring study. Atherosclerosis 2001; 158:173-81. [PMID: 11500189 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(01)00409-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein (apo) CIII participates in the regulation of the metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and it is a major component of chylomicrons and VLDL. The APOC3 gene is on chromosome 11q23 and is highly polymorphic. The less common allele (S2) of the SstI polymorphism on the 3' untranslated region of the APOC3 gene has been previously associated with increased triglycerides, total cholesterol (TC), and apoCIII levels and cardiovascular risk on several, but not all, studies. The aim of this study was to examine the association of this polymorphism with plasma lipid levels, lipoprotein subfractions and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk in a population-based study: The Framingham Offspring Study. The frequency of the S2 allele was 0.086, consistent with previous reports in Caucasian populations. In men, the S2 allele was associated with lower concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C; P<0.04) and HDL2-C (P<0.02) and a significant increase in apoCIII non-HDL (P<0.05). TG levels were higher in men carriers of the S2 allele, but this association did not reach statistical significance (P=0.30). Conversely, in women, the S2 allele was associated with increased TC (P<0.03), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C; P<0.03), and ApoB levels (P<0.04). Lipoproteins subfractions were also examined using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. S2 male carriers had significantly lower concentrations of large LDL and a significant reduction in LDL particle size (P<0.04). In women, there was a significant increase in intermediate LDL particles (P<0.05) with no significant effect on lipoprotein diameters. We also examined the associations between the S2 allele and biochemical markers of glucose metabolism. In men, the S2 allele was associated with elevated fasting insulin concentrations (P<0.04), whereas no significant associations were observed in women. Despite the described associations with lipid and glucose metabolism related risk factors, we did not find any significant increase in CHD risk associated with the S2 allele in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Russo
- Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, Jean Mayer-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Dallongeville J, Meirhaeghe A, Cottel D, Fruchart JC, Amouyel P, Helbecque N. Polymorphisms in the insulin response element of APOC-III gene promoter influence the correlation between insulin and triglycerides or triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in humans. Int J Obes (Lond) 2001; 25:1012-7. [PMID: 11443500 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2000] [Revised: 08/22/2000] [Accepted: 09/19/2000] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether the -455 and -482 mutations in APOC-III gene insulin response element affect the relationships between plasma insulin and triglyceride-rich lipoprotein levels. DESIGN Population-based studies. SUBJECTS The population sample was composed of 983 subjects (485 men and 498 women), aged between 35 and 65 y, randomly sampled from the electoral rolls in Northern France and stratified on gender and 10 y age groups. MEASUREMENTS Plasma triglyceride, apolipoprotein C-III, apoB, LpC-III:B and LpE:B lipoprotein particles and insulin levels were measured. Two polymorphisms in APOC-III gene insulin response element (T-->C at -455 and/or C-->T at -482) were determined. RESULTS Plasma insulin was positively correlated to triglyceride levels (P<0.0001), apo C-III (P<0.003), LpC-III:B (P<0.0001), apoB (P<0.0001) and LpE:B (P<0.0001). This association differed significantly according to APOC-III insulin response element polymorphisms. The relationship between insulin and LpC-III:B (P<0.02) or apoB (P<0.02) was greater in women bearing the C allele of -455 than the T allele. Similarly, the relationship between insulin and LpC-III:B (P<0.02) or LpE:B (P<0.05) was greater in women bearing the T allele of -482 than the C allele. There was no evidence for any effect in men. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the relationship between plasma insulin and triglyceride-rich lipoprotein levels is partly influenced by polymorphisms in APOC-III insulin response element.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dallongeville
- Service d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique et INSERM U-508, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France.
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Pallaud C, Stranieri C, Sass C, Siest G, Pignatti F, Visvikis S. Candidate gene polymorphisms in cardiovascular disease: a comparative study of frequencies between a French and an Italian population. Clin Chem Lab Med 2001; 39:146-54. [PMID: 11341749 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2001.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A multilocus assay was used to genotype up to 27 variable sites in 15 genes in French and Italian, presumed to be healthy populations (n=1480, n=162, respectively). These genes are involved in lipid metabolism (APOE, APOB, APOC3, CETP, LPL, PON), homocysteine metabolism (CBS, MTHFR), blood viscosity (Fibrinogen, FV), platelet aggregation (GpIIIa), leukocyte adhesion (SELE), and renin-angiotensin system (AT1R, ACE, AGT). Allele frequencies for all the markers were compared between the two populations. Five allele frequencies differed between the two European countries: APOB 71Ile (p < 0.001), SELE 98T (p < 0.001), SELE 128Arg (p < or = 0.01), APOE E4 (p < or = 0.01) and MTHFR 677T (p < or = 0.01), suggesting the existence of a north-south gradient in European allele frequencies. The other allele frequencies : APOC3 -482T, -455C, 1100T, 3175G, 3206G; LPL -93G, 9Asn, 291Ser; CETP 405Val; PON 192Arg; ACE Del; AGT 235Thr; AT1R 1166C; CBS 278Thr, GpIIIa P1A2; Fibrinogen -455A, FV 506Gln and SELE 554Phe, were similar between the two populations. They were also similar to those observed in other European countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pallaud
- INSERM U525, Centre de Médecine Préventive, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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35
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Waterworth DM, Talmud PJ, Bujac SR, Fisher RM, Miller GJ, Humphries SE. Contribution of apolipoprotein C-III gene variants to determination of triglyceride levels and interaction with smoking in middle-aged men. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000; 20:2663-9. [PMID: 11116069 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.20.12.2663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Variation within and around the apolipoprotein C-III (APOC3) gene has been associated with elevated triglyceride (Tg) levels and cardiovascular disease. The associations of 4 polymorphic variants in the APOC3 gene (3238C>G in the 3' untranslated region [SST:I], 1100C>T in exon 3, -482C>T in the insulin-responsive element, and -2854T>G in the APOC3-A4 intergenic region) with plasma Tg and cholesterol levels and their interaction with smoking have been investigated in the Second Northwick Park Heart Study (NPHSII), a large cohort of healthy men (n=2745). Analyzing the variants separately showed that 3238G, 1100T, and -482T alleles were all associated with raised Tg levels. For the 3238C>G and -482C>T sites, the Tg-raising effect appeared to depend on smoking status (test for interaction, P:=0.042 and P:=0.009, respectively), but for the 1100C>T site, the effect was constant irrespective of smoking status (test for interaction, P:=0.27). The -2854T>G site was not associated with effects on Tg levels in this sample. Because all of the variants showed significant allelic association, regression modeling was used to quantify the relative size of each effect and to assess whether the effects of the separate variants were independent. The 1100C>T variant had an independent effect on Tg levels that was not influenced by smoking status (increase of 8.2% in Tg with each T1100 allele), whereas the -482C>T variant had a separate effect that was dependent on smoking (increase of 13.7% in Tg for each -482T allele in current smokers, 8.6% in exsmokers, and -7.4% in those who never smoked). The 3238C>G variant did not show a separate independent effect on Tg concentration. Thus, by use of the regression model, it was possible to estimate how mean Tg levels would vary in groups of individuals with respect to APOC3 genotype and smoking information. Analysis in this large group of healthy men has allowed the identification of a statistically robust APOC3 genotype-smoking interaction, which now warrants further molecular study.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Waterworth
- Division of Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Medicine, The Rayne Institute, University College London, UK.
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36
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Dallongeville J, Meirhaeghe A, Cottel D, Fruchart JC, Amouyel P, Helbecque N. Gender related association between genetic variations of APOC-III gene and lipid and lipoprotein variables in northern France. Atherosclerosis 2000; 150:149-57. [PMID: 10781646 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(99)00362-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to assess the impact of variability at the APOC-III insulin response element (APOC-III IRE) genetic locus on lipid, lipoprotein and complex lipoprotein particle levels as well as on the risk of dyslipidemia, in the population of northern France. To this end, 590 men and 579 women were randomly selected in the urban community of Lille in the framework of the MONICA project. Three polymorphisms, -482, -455 in the APOC-III insulin response element (IRE) and SstI in the 3'-noncoding region of the APOC-III gene locus were assessed. Compared to the most common alleles, the rare alleles of -482 and -455 were associated with increased levels of apoB-containing particles (LDL-cholesterol, apoB) and of triglyceride-related markers (apoC-III and LpC-III:B) in women, but not in men, suggesting a gender-related impact of APOC-III polymorphisms on these variables. Similarly, triglycerides, LpC-III:B and apoB were higher in women bearing the rare allele of SstI than in those with the most common allele. There was no evidence for any significant association between any of the -482, -455, and SstI alleles and lipid disorders (mixed hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia) in this sample of randomly selected men and women from northern France. In contrast, the prevalence of the haplotype that combined the rare alleles of the -482 and -455 sites was increased only in women with hypertriglyceridemia. Therefore, although the individual risk of hypertriglyceridemia is increased in women with the haplotype T, C at -482, -455, it appears that the -482, -455 and SstI APOC-III gene polymorphisms are not major contributors to the risk of dyslipidemia in the population of northern France.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dallongeville
- Service d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique-INSERM U-508, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, 59019, Lille, France
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37
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Duggirala R, Almasy L, Blangero J. Smoking behavior is under the influence of a major quantitative trait locus on human chromosome 5q. Genet Epidemiol 1999; 17 Suppl 1:S139-44. [PMID: 10597426 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.1370170724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Despite some evidence that smoking behavior is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors, efforts at identifying specific genes that influence smoking are extremely limited. Using information on smoking behavior history for 973 individuals distributed across 105 COGA families and a multipoint variance components method, we tested for linkage between smoking behavior (as defined by number of cigarette packs per day for 1 year) and chromosomal locations across the genome using information from 296 markers. We found strong evidence (lod = 3.2) for linkage of smoking behavior to a genetic location on chromosome 5q (D5S1354). Weaker evidence was found for linkage of smoking behavior to genetic locations on chromosomes 4 (between markers D4S244 and D4S2393), 15 (D15S642), and 17 (GATA193). Oligogenic linkage analyses suggest the putative locus on chromosome 5q is the primary determinant of genetic variation in smoking. Although the magnitude of the lod score is compelling, the large gap between the markers D5S1456 and D5S1354 (which is also at the end of chromosome 5q) in the COGA data set reduces the enthusiasm for this putative quantitative trait locus. However, typing of additional markers in this region may provide greater support for the localization of a susceptibility locus at this chromosomal location, which is not far from the DRD1 (D1 dopamine receptor gene) locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Duggirala
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio 78284-7873, USA
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Abstract
▪ Abstract The Human Genome Project (HGP) originally sought to sequence the human genome but excluded studies on genetic diversity. Now genetic diversity is a major focus, and evolutionary theory provides needed analytical tools. One type of diversity research focuses on complex traits. This is often done by screening genetic variation at candidate loci functionally related to a trait followed by gene/phenotype association tests. Linkage disequilibrium creates difficulties for association tests, but evolutionary analyses using haplotype trees can circumvent these problems and result in greater statistical power, better disease risk prediction, the elimination of some polymorphisms as causative, and physical localization of causative variation when combined with an analysis of recombination. The HGP also now proposes to map over 100,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms to test for gene/phenotype associations through linkage disequilibrium in isolated human populations affected by past founder or bottleneck events. This strategy requires prior knowledge of recent human evolutionary history and current population structure, but other evolutionary considerations dealing with disequilibrium and nonrandom mutation pose difficulties for this approach. Studies on population structure also focus upon traits of medical relevance, and an understanding of the evolutionary ultimate cause for the predisposition of some populations to certain diseases is a useful predictor for shaping public health policies. Studies on the genetic architecture of common traits reveal much epistasis and variation in norms of reaction, including drug response. Because of these interactions, context dependency and sampling bias exist in disease association studies that require population information for effective use. Overall, the population thinking of evolutionary biology is an important counterweight to naive genetic determinism in applying the results of the HGP to issues of human health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R. Templeton
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4899; e-mail: temple_
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Larson I, Hoffmann MM, Ordovas JM, Schaefer EJ, März W, Kreuzer J. The Lipoprotein Lipase HindIII Polymorphism: Association with Total Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol, but not with HDL and Triglycerides in 342 Females. Clin Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/45.7.963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBackground: Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the hydrolysis of core triglycerides in chylomicrons and VLDL.Methods: We investigated the association between the HindIII polymorphism of the LPL gene and fasting glucose, lipid, and lipoprotein concentrations in 683 Caucasians. We first stabilized the study subjects, using an 8-day diet and exercise intervention program before obtaining blood samples. The use of this standardization period reduced the variance of all glucose and lipid concentrations.Results: In our study, the HindIII allele frequencies for females and males were 0.29 and 0.34 for H− and 0.71 and 0.66 for H+, respectively. We found in females, but not in males, a significant association between the HindIII genotype and total cholesterol (P = 0.007) and LDL-cholesterol (P = 0.018), with females homozygous for the rare H− allele having the lowest, heterozygotes (H−/+) having intermediate, and women homozygous for the common H+ allele having the highest of each of these lipid traits. With regard to triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, and glucose, no significant effect of the HindIII genotype was noted in either gender.Conclusions: These results suggest that in a gender-specific manner, the rare LPLHindIII H− allele has a cholesterol-lowering and, therefore, potentially cardioprotective effect compared with the common H+ allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Larson
- Medizinische Klinik III, Universität Heidelberg, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael M Hoffmann
- Abteilung Klinische Chemie, Universität Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jose M Ordovas
- US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111
| | - Ernst J Schaefer
- US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111
| | - Winfried März
- Abteilung Klinische Chemie, Universität Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Kreuzer
- Medizinische Klinik III, Universität Heidelberg, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
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Kee F, Amouyel P, Fumeron F, Arveiler D, Cambou JP, Evans A, Cambien F, Fruchart JC, Ducimetière P, Dallongeville J. Lack of association between genetic variations of apo A-I-C-III-A-IV gene cluster and myocardial infarction in a sample of European male: ECTIM study. Atherosclerosis 1999; 145:187-95. [PMID: 10428310 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(99)00066-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to compare the allele frequency of four polymorphisms at the apo A-I C-III A-IV cluster gene locus-ApoA-I: XmnI and PstI; ApoC-III: SstI; ApoA-IV: XbaI-between male patients who had had a myocardial infarction (n= 614) and matched controls (n = 764). The association with a number of lipid lipoprotein, apolipoprotein and lipoprotein particle variables was also assessed. Patients and subjects were recruited in Belfast, Lille, Strasbourg and Toulouse in the framework of the ECTIM study. In the control group, the frequencies of the different polymorphic alleles were homogeneous among recruitment centres suggesting the absence of any European North to South gradient for these cluster polymorphisms. There was no evidence for a significant difference in allelic distribution between cases and controls suggesting that apo A-I, C-III, A-IV gene cluster polymorphisms do not explain MI survival in this sample of European men. There was no statistically significant association between apo A-I C-III A-IV cluster gene polymorphisms and lipid, lipoprotein, apolipoprotein, and lipoprotein particle levels. In conclusion, in the ECTIM study, the apo A-I, C-III, A-IV gene cluster polymorphism is associated with neither circulating plasma variables nor MI survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kee
- Division of Epidemiology, Queen's University of Belfast, UK
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41
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Henderson HE, Kastelein JJ, Zwinderman AH, Gagné E, Jukema JW, Reymer PW, Groenemeyer BE, Lie KI, Bruschke AV, Hayden MR, Jansen H. Lipoprotein lipase activity is decreased in a large cohort of patients with coronary artery disease and is associated with changes in lipids and lipoproteins. J Lipid Res 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)32153-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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