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Association of SNP rs5069 in APOA1 with Benign Breast Diseases in a Mexican Population. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13050738. [PMID: 35627123 PMCID: PMC9141650 DOI: 10.3390/genes13050738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BCa) is the most common type of cancer affecting women worldwide. Some histological subtypes of benign breast disease (BBD) are considered risk factors for developing BCa. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genes encoding apolipoproteins A-I (APOA1) and B (APOB) have been associated with BCa in Tunisian, Chinese, and Taiwanese populations. The objective of this pilot study is to evaluate the possible contribution of APOA1 and APOB polymorphisms to BCa and BBD in the Mexican population. We analyzed the association of 4 SNPs in genes encoding apolipoproteins: rs670 and rs5069 in the APOA1 gene, and rs693 and rs1042031 in the APOB gene, by performing PCR-RFLP with DNA extracted from the biopsy tissue of Mexican women with BCa or BBD and whole blood samples obtained from the general population (GP). Our results showed an association between the CT + TT genotypes of the SNP rs5069 and BBD (p = 0.03201). In the A-T haplotype, the frequency of the SNPs rs670 and rs5069 differed significantly between the BBD group and the GP and BCa groups (p = 0.004111; p = 0.01303). In conclusion, the SNP rs5069 is associated with BBD but not with BCa in the Mexican population.
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Zhong Z, Wu H, Wu H, Zhao P. Analysis of apolipoprotein E genetic polymorphism in a large ethnic Hakka population in southern China. Genet Mol Biol 2018; 41:742-749. [PMID: 30508003 PMCID: PMC6415608 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2017-0301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently no data about the genetic variations of APOE in Hakka population in China. The aim of this study was to analyze the allelic and genotypic frequencies of APOE gene polymorphisms in a large ethnic Hakka population in southern China. The APOE genes of 6,907 subjects were genotyped by the gene chip platform. The allele and genotype frequencies were analyzed. Results showed that the ∊3 allele had the greatest frequency (0.804) followed by ∊2 (0.102), and ∊4 (0.094), while genotype ∊3/∊3 accounted for 65.43% followed by ∊2/∊3 (15.85%), ∊3/∊4 (14.13%), ∊2/∊4 (3.01%), ∊4/∊4 (0.84%), and ∊2/∊2 (0.74%) in all subjects. The frequencies of the ∊4 allele in Chinese populations were lower than Mongolian and Javanese, while the frequencies of the ∊2 allele were higher and ∊4 allele lower than Japanese, Koreans, and Iranian compared with the geographically neighboring countries. The frequencies of ∊2 and ∊4 alleles in Hakka population were similar to the Vietnamese, Chinese-Shanghai, Chinese-Kunming Han and Chinese-Northeast, and French. The frequency of ∊2 in Hakka population was higher than Chinese-Dehong Dai and Chinese-Jinangsu Han. The low frequency of the APOE ∊4 allele may suggest a low genetic risk of Hakka population for cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease, and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiong Zhong
- Center for Precision Medicine, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, P.R. China
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, P.R. China
| | - Heming Wu
- Center for Precision Medicine, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, P.R. China
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, P.R. China
| | - Hesen Wu
- Center for Precision Medicine, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, P.R. China
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, P.R. China
| | - Pingsen Zhao
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, P.R. China
- Clinical Core Laboratory, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, P.R. China
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Wang X, Guo H, Li Y, Wang H, He J, Mu L, Hu Y, Ma J, Yan Y, Li S, Ding Y, Zhang M, Niu Q, Liu J, Zhang J, Ma R, Guo S. Interactions among genes involved in reverse cholesterol transport and in the response to environmental factors in dyslipidemia in subjects from the Xinjiang rural area. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196042. [PMID: 29758034 PMCID: PMC5951566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene-gene and gene-environment interactions may be partially responsible for dyslipidemia, but studies investigating interactions in the reverse cholesterol transport system (RCT) are limited. We explored these interactions in a Xinjiang rural population by genotyping five SNPs using SNPShot technique in APOA1, ABCA1, and LCAT, which are involved in the RCT (690 patients, 743 controls). We conducted unconditional logistical regression analysis to evaluate associations and generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction to evaluate interactions. Results revealed significant differences in rs670 and rs2292318 allele frequencies between cases and controls (P<0.025). rs670 G allele carriers were more likely to develop dyslipidemia than A allele carriers (OR = 1.315, OR 95% CI: 1.067–2.620; P = 0.010). rs2292318 T allele carriers were more likely to develop dyslipidemia than A allele carriers (OR = 1.264, OR 95% CI: 1.037–1.541; P = 0.020). Gene-gene interaction model APOA1rs670-ABCA1rs1800976-ABCA1rs4149313-LCATrs1109166 (P = 0.0107) and gene-environment interaction model ABCA1rs1800976-ABCA1rs4149313-LCATrs1109166-obesity-smoking were optimal dyslipidemia predictors (P = 0.0107) and can interact (4). Differences in A-C-A-C-A and G-G-G-T-G haplotype frequencies were observed (P<0.05). Serum lipid profiles could be partly attributed to RCT gene polymorphisms. Thus, dyslipidemia is influenced by APOA1, ABCA1, LCAT, environmental factors, and their interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinping Wang
- Department of Public Health, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Heng Guo
- Department of Public Health, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Public Health, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Haixia Wang
- Department of Public Health, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Jia He
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Lati Mu
- Department of Public Health, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Yunhua Hu
- Department of Public Health, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Jiaolong Ma
- Department of Public Health, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Yizhong Yan
- Department of Public Health, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Shugang Li
- Department of Public Health, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Yusong Ding
- Department of Public Health, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Department of Public Health, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Qiang Niu
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Jiaming Liu
- Department of Public Health, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- Department of Public Health, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Rulin Ma
- Department of Public Health, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
- * E-mail: (RL MA); (SX GUO)
| | - Shuxia Guo
- Department of Public Health, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
- * E-mail: (RL MA); (SX GUO)
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Rai H, Sinha N, Finn J, Agrawal S, Mastana S. Association of serum lipids and coronary artery disease with polymorphisms in the apolipoprotein AI-CIII-AIV gene cluster. COGENT MEDICINE 2016; 3:1266789. [PMID: 28261635 PMCID: PMC5314817 DOI: 10.1080/2331205x.2016.1266789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic variants are considered as one of the main determinants of the concentration of serum lipids and coronary artery disease (CAD). Polymorphisms in the Apolipoprotein (Apo) AI-CIII-AIV gene cluster has been known to affect the concentrations of various lipid sub-fractions and the risk of CAD. The present study assessed associations between polymorphisms of the Apo AI-CIII-AIV gene cluster, [ApoA-I,-75G > A, (rs1799837); ApoC-III 3238C > G, (SstI), (rs5128) and ApoA-IV, Thr347Ser(347A > T), (rs675)] with serum lipids and their contributions to CAD in North Indian population. We recruited age, sex matched, 200 CAD patients and 200 healthy controls and tested them for fasting levels of serum lipids. We genotyped selected polymorphisms using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. There were no statistically significant association of selected polymorphisms (or their combinations) with CAD even after employing additive, dominant and recessive models. However there was significant association of selected polymorphisms with various lipid traits amongst the control cohort (p < 0.05). Mean levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides were found to be significantly higher among controls carrying at least one mutant allele at ApoA1-75G > A (p = 0.019) and ApoCIII SstI (p < 0.001) polymorphism respectively. Our study observed that the selected polymorphisms in the ApoAI-CIII-AIV gene cluster although significantly affect various lipid traits but this affect does not seem to translate into association with CAD, at least among North Indian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Rai
- Department of Cardiology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences , Lucknow , UP , India
| | - Nakul Sinha
- Department of Cardiology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, UP, India; Department of Cardiology, Sahara India Medical Institute, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - James Finn
- Human Genomics Laboratory, School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University , Loughborough LE11 3TU , UK
| | - Suraksha Agrawal
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences , Lucknow , UP , India
| | - Sarabjit Mastana
- Human Genomics Laboratory, School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University , Loughborough LE11 3TU , UK
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Bairova TA, Kalyuzhnaya OV, Dolgikh VV, Trukhin AA, Pervushina OA, Darenskaya MA, Kolesnikova LI, Kolesnikov SI. Association of Apolipoprotein A1 Gene Polymorphisms with Serum Lipid Spectrum in Adolescents in East Siberia. Bull Exp Biol Med 2015; 160:267-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-015-3146-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Bora K, Pathak MS, Borah P, Hussain MI, Das D. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of APOA1 gene and their relationship with serum apolipoprotein A-I concentrations in the native population of Assam. Meta Gene 2015; 7:20-7. [PMID: 26702398 PMCID: PMC4669535 DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is a growing interest in the role of allelic variants of the APOA1 gene in relation to a number of disorders. We described two common polymorphisms of the APOA1 gene, G-75A and C+83T and investigated their potential influence on the serum apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) levels in the native population of Assam — a region that is ethnically distinct and from where no information is hitherto available. Methods Blood samples were collected from 150 healthy volunteers. Apo A-I levels were estimated by immunoturbidometry. Genotyping was done by a PCR-RFLP method that involved DNA extraction from whole blood, followed by polymerase chain reaction and digestion of the PCR product by MspI restriction enzyme, and analysis of fragment sizes in 12% polyacrylamide gel. Results The GG variant at G-75A locus and CC variant at C+83T locus were the most prevalent. GG/CC was the most common combination. Homozygous TT genotype was not detected in any of the subjects. The rare allele frequencies for the G-75A and C+83T sites were found to be 0.22 and 0.06 respectively, which significantly differed from those reported in some other populations in neighbouring regions. Serum apo A-I concentrations did not vary significantly across the detected genotypes. These findings were consistent in both sexes. Conclusion We described the distribution of the G-75A and C+83T polymorphisms of the APOA1 gene in the population of Assam for the first time. These polymorphisms were not found to directly influence apo A-I concentrations in this population either individually or synergistically. The G-75A and C + 83T polymorphisms of the APOA1 gene are described for the first time in the native population of Assam, north-east India. The minor allelic frequencies of G-75A and C + 83T differ significantly from some populations in the adjoining regions. The G-75A and C + 83T polymorphisms do not influence the serum apolipoprotein A-I levels in the current population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaustubh Bora
- Gauhati Medical College and Hospital, Department of Biochemistry, Guwahati 781032, Assam, India
- Corresponding author. Department of Biochemistry, North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences (NEIGRIHMS), Shillong 793018, Meghalaya, India.Department of BiochemistryNorth Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences (NEIGRIHMS)ShillongMeghalaya793018India
| | - Mauchumi Saikia Pathak
- Gauhati Medical College and Hospital, Department of Biochemistry, Guwahati 781032, Assam, India
| | - Probodh Borah
- State Biotech Hub, College of Veterinary Science, Guwahati 781022, Assam, India
| | - Md. Iftikar Hussain
- State Biotech Hub, College of Veterinary Science, Guwahati 781022, Assam, India
| | - Dulmoni Das
- Army Institute of Nursing, Guwahati 781029, Assam, India
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Al-Bustan SA, Al-Serri AE, Annice BG, Alnaqeeb MA, Ebrahim GA. Re-sequencing of the APOAI promoter region and the genetic association of the -75G > A polymorphism with increased cholesterol and low density lipoprotein levels among a sample of the Kuwaiti population. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2013; 14:90. [PMID: 24028463 PMCID: PMC3847302 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-14-90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Background APOAI, a member of the APOAI/CIII/IV/V gene cluster on chromosome 11q23-24, encodes a major protein component of HDL that has been associated with serum lipid levels. The aim of this study was to determine the genetic association of polymorphisms in the APOAI promoter region with plasma lipid levels in a cohort of healthy Kuwaiti volunteers. Methods A 435 bp region of the APOAI promoter was analyzed by re-sequencing in 549 Kuwaiti samples. DNA was extracted from blood taken from 549 healthy Kuwaiti volunteers who had fasted for the previous 12 h. Univariate and multivariate analysis was used to determine allele association with serum lipid levels. Results The target sequence included a partial segment of the promoter region, 5’UTR and exon 1 located between nucleotides −141 to +294 upstream of the APOAI gene on chromosome 11. No novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were observed. The sequences obtained were deposited with the NCBI GenBank with accession number [GenBank: JX438706]. The allelic frequencies for the three SNPs were as follows: APOAI rs670G = 0.807; rs5069C = 0.964; rs1799837G = 0.997 and found to be in HWE. A significant association (p < 0.05) was observed for the APOAI rs670 polymorphism with increased serum LDL-C. Multivariate analysis showed that APOAI rs670 was an independent predictive factor when controlling for age, sex and BMI for both LDL-C (OR: 1.66, p = 0.014) and TC (OR: 1.77, p = 0.006) levels. Conclusion This study is the first to report sequence analysis of the APOAI promoter in an Arab population. The unexpected positive association found between the APOAI rs670 polymorphism and increased levels of LDL-C and TC may be due to linkage disequilibrium with other polymorphisms in candidate and neighboring genes known to be associated with lipid metabolism and transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne A Al-Bustan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, PO Box 5069, Safat 13060, Kuwait.
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Foulkes AS, Matthews GJ, Das U, Ferguson JF, Lin R, Reilly MP. Mixed modeling of meta-analysis P-values (MixMAP) suggests multiple novel gene loci for low density lipoprotein cholesterol. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54812. [PMID: 23405096 PMCID: PMC3566142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Informing missing heritability for complex disease will likely require leveraging information across multiple SNPs within a gene region simultaneously to characterize gene and locus-level contributions to disease phenotypes. To this aim, we introduce a novel strategy, termed Mixed modeling of Meta-Analysis P-values (MixMAP), that draws on a principled statistical modeling framework and the vast array of summary data now available from genetic association studies, to test formally for locus level association. The primary inputs to this approach are: (a) single SNP level p-values for tests of association; and (b) the mapping of SNPs to genomic regions. The output of MixMAP is comprised of locus level estimates and tests of association. In application of MixMAP to summary data from the Global Lipids Gene Consortium, we suggest twelve new loci (PKN, FN1, UGT1A1, PPARG, DMDGH, PPARD, CDK6, VPS13B, GAD2, GAB2, APOH and NPC1) for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), a causal risk factor for cardiovascular disease and we also demonstrate the potential utility of MixMAP in small data settings. Overall, MixMAP offers novel and complementary information as compared to SNP-based analysis approaches and is straightforward to implement with existing open-source statistical software tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea S Foulkes
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Health Sciences at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
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Singh PP, Singh M, Mastana SS. APOE distribution in world populations with new data from India and the UK. Ann Hum Biol 2009; 33:279-308. [PMID: 17092867 DOI: 10.1080/03014460600594513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The APOE gene and its protein product is associated with a number of plasma proteins like very-low density lipoprotein (VLDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL) chylomicrons, chylomicron remnants, and plays a crucial role in lipid metabolism. The APOE gene is polymorphic and common alleles (*E2, *E3 and *E4) have been associated with a number of common and complex diseases in different populations. Due to their crucial role in metabolism and clinical significance, it is imperative that allelic variation in different populations is analysed to evaluate the usage of APOE in an evolutionary and clinical context. AIM We report allelic variation at the APOE locus in three European and four Indian populations and evaluate global patterns of genetic variation at this locus. The large, intricate and unexpected heterogeneity of this locus in its global perspective may have insightful consequences, which we have explored in this paper. SUBJECT AND METHODS Apolipoprotein E genotypes were determined in four population groups (Punjabi Sikhs, Punjabi Hindus, Maria Gonds and Koch, total individuals = 497) of India and three regionally sub-divided British populations (Nottinghamshire, East Midlands and West Midlands, total individuals = 621). The extent and distribution of APOE allele frequencies were compared with 292 populations of the world using a variety of multivariate methods. RESULTS Three alleles, APOE*E2, APOE*E3 and APOE*E4, were observed with contrasting variation, although *E4 was absent in the tribal population of Koch. Higher heterozygosities (>43%) in British populations reflected their greater genetic diversity at this locus. The overall pattern of allelic diversity among these populations is comparable to many European and Indian populations. At a global level, higher frequencies of the *E2 allele were observed in Africa and Oceania (0.099 +/- 0.083 and 0.111 +/- 0.052, respectively). Similarly, *E4 allele averages were higher in Oceania (0.221 +/- 0.149) and Africa (0.209 +/- 0.090), while Indian and Asian populations showed the highest frequencies of *E3 allele. The coefficient of gene differentiation was found to be highest in South America (9.6%), although the highest genetic diversity was observed in Oceania (48.7%) and Africa (46.3%). APOE*E2 revealed a statistically significant decreasing cline towards the north in Asia (r = -0.407, d.f. = 70, p < 0.05), which is not compatible with the coronary heart disease statistics in this continent. APOE*E4 showed a significant increasing cline in North European populations. Spatial autocorrelation analysis shows that the variation at this locus is influenced by 'isolation by distance' with a strong positive correlation for lower distances up to 1313 km. CONCLUSION Overall APOE allelic variation in UK and Indian populations is comparable to previous studies but in tribal populations *E4 allele frequency was very low or absent. At a global level allelic variation shows that geography, isolation by distance, genetic drift and possibly pre-historical selection are responsible for shaping the spectrum of genetic variation at the APOE gene. Overall, APOE is a good anthropogenetic and clinical diagnostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Singh
- Department of Human Biology, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
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Tan JT, Nurbaya S, Gardner D, Ye S, Tai ES, Ng DP. Genetic variation in KCNQ1 associates with fasting glucose and beta-cell function: a study of 3,734 subjects comprising three ethnicities living in Singapore. Diabetes 2009; 58:1445-9. [PMID: 19252135 PMCID: PMC2682664 DOI: 10.2337/db08-1138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The potassium voltage-gated channel, KQT-like subfamily, member 1 (KCNQ1) has been found through a genome-wide association study to be a strong candidate for conferring susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in East Asian and European populations. Our objective was to describe the association between polymorphisms at the KCNQ1 locus with insulin resistance, beta-cell function, and other type 2 diabetes-related traits in a sample of Chinese, Malays, and Asian Indians living in Singapore. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We examined the associations between four previously reported KCNQ1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with type 2 diabetes-related traits in 3,734 participants from the population-based 1998 Singapore National Health Survey cohort (2,520 Chinese, 693 Malay, and 521 Asian Indians). Insulin resistance was calculated from fasting insulin and glucose using the homeostasis model assessment method, whereas pancreatic beta-cell function was assessed using the corrected insulin response at 120 min (CIR(120)). RESULTS SNPs rs2237897, rs2237892, and rs2283228 were significantly associated with type 2 diabetes (odds ratio [OR] 1.48, P = 3 x 10(-4); OR 1.38, P = 0.002; OR 1.31, P = 0.012, respectively). Within the Chinese population, the risk alleles for rs2237897, rs2237892, and rs2283228 were significantly associated with higher fasting glucose levels (P = 0.014, 0.011, and 0.034, respectively) and reduced CIR(120)(P = 0.007, 0.013, and 0.014, respectively). A similar trend was observed among the Malay and Asian Indian minority groups, although this did not reach statistical significance because of limited sample sizes. CONCLUSIONS The increased risk for type 2 diabetes associated with KCNQ1 is likely to be caused by a reduction in insulin secretion. Further studies will be useful to replicate these findings and to fully delineate the role of KCNQ1 and its related pathways in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan T. Tan
- Department of Endocrinology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Siti Nurbaya
- Department of Community, Occupational and Family Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daphne Gardner
- Department of Endocrinology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Sandra Ye
- Department of Community, Occupational and Family Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - E. Shyong Tai
- Department of Endocrinology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Daniel P.K. Ng
- Department of Community, Occupational and Family Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Corresponding author: Daniel P.K. Ng,
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Chen ES, Mazzotti DR, Furuya TK, Cendoroglo MS, Ramos LR, Araujo LQ, Burbano RR, de Arruda Cardoso Smith M. Apolipoprotein A1 gene polymorphisms as risk factors for hypertension and obesity. Clin Exp Med 2009; 9:319-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s10238-009-0051-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Accepted: 04/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Boes E, Coassin S, Kollerits B, Heid IM, Kronenberg F. Genetic-epidemiological evidence on genes associated with HDL cholesterol levels: a systematic in-depth review. Exp Gerontol 2008; 44:136-60. [PMID: 19041386 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2008.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Revised: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles exhibit multiple antiatherogenic effects. They are key players in the reverse cholesterol transport which shuttles cholesterol from peripheral cells (e.g. macrophages) to the liver or other tissues. This complex process is thought to represent the basis for the antiatherogenic properties of HDL particles. The amount of cholesterol transported in HDL particles is measured as HDL cholesterol (HDLC) and is inversely correlated with the risk for coronary artery disease: an increase of 1mg/dL of HDLC levels is associated with a 2% and 3% decrease of the risk for coronary artery disease in men and women, respectively. Genetically determined conditions with high HDLC levels (e.g. familial hyperalphalipoproteinemia) often coexist with longevity, and higher HDLC levels were found among healthy elderly individuals. HDLC levels are under considerable genetic control with heritability estimates of up to 80%. The identification and characterization of genetic variants associated with HDLC concentrations can provide new insights into the background of longevity. This review provides an extended overview on the current genetic-epidemiological evidence from association studies on genes involved in HDLC metabolism. It provides a path through the jungle of association studies which are sometimes confusing due to the varying and sometimes erroneous names of genetic variants, positions and directions of associations. Furthermore, it reviews the recent findings from genome-wide association studies which have identified new genes influencing HDLC levels. The yet identified genes together explain only a small amount of less than 10% of the HDLC variance, which leaves an enormous room for further yet to be identified genetic variants. This might be accomplished by large population-based genome-wide meta-analyses and by deep-sequencing approaches on the identified genes. The resulting findings will probably result in a re-drawing and extension of the involved metabolic pathways of HDLC metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Boes
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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Klos K, Shimmin L, Ballantyne C, Boerwinkle E, Clark A, Coresh J, Hanis C, Liu K, Sayre S, Hixson J. APOE/C1/C4/C2 hepatic control region polymorphism influences plasma apoE and LDL cholesterol levels. Hum Mol Genet 2008; 17:2039-46. [PMID: 18378515 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddn101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We characterized 102 kb of chromosome 19 containing the apolipoprotein (APO) E/C1/C4/C2 cluster and two flanking genes for common DNA variants associated with plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level. DNA variants were identified by comparing sequences of 48 haploid hybrid cell lines. We genotyped participants (1943 Whites and 2046 African-Americans) of the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study for 115 variants. After controlling for the effects of the APOE epsilon2/3/4 polymorphism, a single nucleotide polymorphism, rs35136575, in the downstream hepatic control region 2 (HCR-2) was associated with LDL-C in Caucasians (P = 0.0004), accounting for 1% of variation. We genotyped rs35136575 in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) cohort (3679 African-Americans and 10 427 Whites) and in the Genetic Epidemiology Network of Arteriopathy (GENOA) sibships (1381 African-Americans in 592 sibships, 1116 Caucasians in 503 sibships and 1378 Mexican-Americans in 416 sibships), finding association with LDL-C level in ARIC Caucasians (P = 0.0064). Lower plasma LDL-C was observed with the rare allele. Plasma apoE level was strongly associated with HCR-2 variant genotype in all three GENOA samples (P </= 0.002), indicating an effect on apoE concentration. Patterns of association for plasma apo A-I, apoB, LDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels with rs35136575 in the population-based samples evaluated in this study suggest a pleiotropic effect that may be context-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Klos
- Human Genetic Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77225, USA.
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Mirmiran P, Mirbolooki M, Heydarian P, Salehi P, Azizi F. Intrafamilial associations of lipid profiles and the role of nutrition: the Tehran lipid and glucose study. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2008; 52:68-73. [PMID: 18309236 DOI: 10.1159/000118873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2006] [Accepted: 10/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of gene and environment in the genesis of abnormal lipid profile is still a controversial issue. OBJECTIVE To clarify the importance of certain parental risk factors associated with lipid profiles of children and adolescents. METHODS We conducted this cross-sectional population-based study in district 13 in the east of metropolitan Tehran. One hundred and thirteen eligible families comprising 455 subjects (including 229 offspring, aged 5-25 years) were enrolled into the study. Anthropometric data were measured using a standard protocol. To measure lipid profiles, venous blood was obtained in the morning after the subjects had fasted for 12-14 h overnight. Dietary intakes were assessed by means of a 2-day dietary recall questionnaire. RESULTS The chances of having elevated serum total cholesterol were higher in sons of fathers with high cholesterol intake (OR = 3.1; CI = 1.1-9.2) and mothers with high saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake (3.4; 1.1-10.8). Positive correlations were seen between the energy intake of fathers and serum total cholesterol of their daughters (r = 0.34, p < 0.01); between the SFA intake of fathers and serum triglycerides (TGs) of their sons (0.29, p < 0.01) and between mothers' body mass index and daughters' serum TGs (0.23, p < 0.03). The chances of having low serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were lower in sons of mothers with high carbohydrate intake (11.0; 2.8-42.8) and mothers with high serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (6.8; 1.7-27.0). There were higher chances of having elevated serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in sons with fathers having high SFA intake (4.5; 1.4-14.3), with mothers having high serum TGs (6.1; 1.3-29.0) and with mothers having high cholesterol intake (4.3; 1.2-15.2). CONCLUSION The results indicate independent associations between diet contents and the lipid profiles of parents and their offspring as well as between lipid profiles and diet contents among spouses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Mirmiran
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review focuses on recent progress towards the characterization of genetic variations that contribute to interindividual variation in plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the general population. RECENT FINDINGS Many of the genes that harbor rare mutations leading to extreme high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels contain common variation that influences plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in several study populations. Candidate gene association studies provide evidence that some of these variations have an effect on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, dependent on epistatic interactions or environmental context. Both rare and common variations contribute to interindividual high-density lipoprotein cholesterol variation. Recent comparisons of candidate gene sequences between individuals in the tails of the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol distributions (the upper or lower 1-5%) of several study populations indicate that as many as 20% of individuals with low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol harbor a rare mutation in an investigated gene. For example, the ABCA1 gene region harbors rare mutations and common variants that contribute to interindividual high-density lipoprotein cholesterol variation in the general population. SUMMARY The genetic control of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level is complex. Maximizing the utility of genetic knowledge for predicting an individual's high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level or response to intervention will require a better understanding of the action of combinations of genetic variants and environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy L E Klos
- aHuman Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77225, USA.
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Klos KLE, Sing CF, Boerwinkle E, Hamon SC, Rea TJ, Clark A, Fornage M, Hixson JE. Consistent Effects of Genes Involved in Reverse Cholesterol Transport on Plasma Lipid and Apolipoprotein Levels in CARDIA Participants. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006; 26:1828-36. [PMID: 16763159 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000231523.19199.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify common variations in genes in the reverse cholesterol transport pathway with nongender-specific influence on plasma lipid and apolipoprotein levels. METHODS AND RESULTS An average of 5 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped within each of 45 genomic regions (54 genes) in blacks (1131 females and 812 males) and whites (1102 females and 954 males) from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. SNPs and gene-based 3-SNP haplotypes were evaluated for their ability to predict variation in plasma apolipoproteins (apo) A-I and apoB, total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides (TG). We identified 14 SNPs in 6 candidate gene regions that explained statistically significant variation in the same trait in both genders of at least one race and with evidence of consistent genotype mean trend across gender within race. Haplotype analyses identified 9 candidate gene regions that explained statistically significant variation in one or both races. CONCLUSIONS Four gene regions, ABCA1, APOA1/C3/A4/A5, APOE/C1/C4/C2, and CETP, explained plasma lipoprotein variation most consistently across strata. Other gene regions that influence plasma lipid and apolipoprotein levels within race include CYP7A1, LPL, PPARA, SOAT1, and SREBF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy L E Klos
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, Human Genetics Center, P.O. Box 20186, Houston, Texas 77225, USA.
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17
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Brown CM, Rea TJ, Hamon SC, Hixson JE, Boerwinkle E, Clark AG, Sing CF. The contribution of individual and pairwise combinations of SNPs in the APOA1 and APOC3 genes to interindividual HDL-C variability. J Mol Med (Berl) 2006; 84:561-72. [PMID: 16705465 PMCID: PMC1698872 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-005-0037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2005] [Accepted: 11/17/2005] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoproteins (apo) A-I and C-III are components of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), a quantitative trait negatively correlated with risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We analyzed the contribution of individual and pairwise combinations of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the APOA1/APOC3 genes to HDL-C variability to evaluate (1) consistency of published single-SNP studies with our single-SNP analyses; (2) consistency of single-SNP and two-SNP phenotype-genotype relationships across race-, gender-, and geographical location-dependent contexts; and (3) the contribution of single SNPs and pairs of SNPs to variability beyond that explained by plasma apo A-I concentration. We analyzed 45 SNPs in 3,831 young African-American (N=1,858) and European-American (N=1,973) females and males ascertained by the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. We found three SNPs that significantly impact HDL-C variability in both the literature and the CARDIA sample. Single-SNP analyses identified only one of five significant HDL-C SNP genotype relationships in the CARDIA study that was consistent across all race-, gender-, and geographical location-dependent contexts. The other four were consistent across geographical locations for a particular race-gender context. The portion of total phenotypic variance explained by single-SNP genotypes and genotypes defined by pairs of SNPs was less than 3%, an amount that is miniscule compared to the contribution explained by variability in plasma apo A-I concentration. Our findings illustrate the impact of context-dependence on SNP selection for prediction of CVD risk factor variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. M. Brown
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - T. J. Rea
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - S. C. Hamon
- Laboratory of Statistical Genetics, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - J. E. Hixson
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - E. Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - A. G. Clark
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - C. F. Sing
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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18
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Demarchi DA, Mosher MJ, Crawford MH. Apolipoproteins (apoproteins) and LPL variation in Mennonite populations of Kansas and Nebraska. Am J Hum Biol 2005; 17:593-600. [PMID: 16136540 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.20425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoproteins (also known as apolipoproteins) have been studied extensively because of their role in lipid transport, association between specific genotypes and elevated serum lipid levels, and increased risk of heart disease. There is considerable genetic variation in the geographic distributions of these markers, with a north-south cline of the APOE*4 allele observed in Europe by Lucotte et al. ([1997] Hum Biol 69:253-262). This study compares the frequencies of seven APO (APOA1 -75 bp, APOA1 +83 bp, APOB Ins/Del, APOB XbaI, APOC3 SstI, and APOE) and LPL loci in Mennonite populations from Kansas and Nebraska. In total, 277 individuals were sampled from Goessel, Meridian, Garden View, and Lone Tree in 2002-2004. In addition, DNA samples that were collected in 1981 from Henderson, Nebraska, were genotyped for the seven APO and LPL loci. Of the seven APO and LPL loci tested, only one locus, APOB XbaI, departed significantly from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, with an unexpected excess of observed heterozygotes. The frequencies of the several APO loci are unique among the Mennonites, separating them from other European populations. A bidimensional scaling representation of Reynold's co-ancestry distances based on allelic frequencies of the seven APO and LPL markers in five Mennonite congregations fails to represent schematically the known patterns of fission. It is unclear whether the observed patterns are due to selection operating on these loci or whether genetic drift, small populations sizes, or a lack of statistical power of these biallelic loci distort the observed genetic relationship among congregations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darío A Demarchi
- Museo de Antropología, Facultad de Filosofia y Humanidades, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina.
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Klos KLE, Kardia SLR, Hixson JE, Turner ST, Hanis C, Boerwinkle E, Sing CF. Linkage Analysis of Plasma ApoE in Three Ethnic Groups: Multiple Genes with Context-Dependent Effects. Ann Hum Genet 2005. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-1809.2004.00148.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Souverein OW, Jukema JW, Boekholdt SM, Zwinderman AH, Tanck MWT. Polymorphisms in APOA1 and LPL genes are statistically independently associated with fasting TG in men with CAD. Eur J Hum Genet 2005; 13:445-51. [PMID: 15657615 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this paper was to identify the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that show unshared effects on plasma triglyceride (TG) levels and to investigate whether these SNPs show statistically independent effects on plasma TG levels. In total, 59 polymorphisms in 20 genes involved in lipid metabolism were investigated. Polymorphisms were selected for a multivariate ANOVA model if they showed an univariate association with TG (after adjustment for HDL-C and LDL-C) in more than 50% of bootstrap samples that were made from the original data. The multivariate model included 512 men with coronary artery disease from the REGRESS study who were completely genotyped for eight polymorphisms selected in the univariate procedure (ie, APOA1 G(-75)A, ABCA1 C(-477)T, ABCA1 G1051A, APOC3 T3206G, APOE Arg158Cys, LIPC C(-514)T, LPL Asn291Ser and LPL Ser447Stop). The gene variants APOA1 G(-75)A (P=0.04) and LPL Asn291Ser (P=0.03) were significantly associated with plasma TG levels in this multivariate analysis. The eight polymorphisms explained 8.9% of the variation in plasma TG levels. In conclusion, this study showed statistically independent effects of gene variants in the APOA1 and LPL genes on fasting plasma levels of TG. Nevertheless, only a small part of variation in TG levels could be explained by the polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga W Souverein
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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21
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Sakuma T, Hirata RD, Hirata MH. Five polymorphisms in gene candidates for cardiovascular disease in Afro-Brazilian individuals. J Clin Lab Anal 2005; 18:309-16. [PMID: 15543563 PMCID: PMC6807947 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.20044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Associations of polymorphisms in the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE), apolipoprotein B (APOB) and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genes with hypertension and variations in lipid serum levels were evaluated in 184 Afro-Brazilians with a familial history of coronary artery disease (CAD). ACE (Ins/Del) and APOB (Ins/Del, XbaI, and EcoRI) and APOE (HhaI) polymorphisms were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses on agarose, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Serum lipids were measured by means of routine enzymatic assays. The results showed a high frequency of hypertension (44%) in Afro-Brazilians that was increased in subjects >40 years old and those with a blood mass index (BMI) higher than 25 kg/m(2) (P<0.001). The ACE Del allele was associated with hypertension in men >40 years old (P<0.05). APOE (HhaI) and APOB (XbaI and Ins/Del) polymorphisms were not associated with hypertension or variations in serum concentrations of lipids, while subjects with the APOB E- allele had higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels than E+ carriers (P<0.05). These results suggest that ACE Ins/Del polymorphism is associated with hypertension, and APOB EcoRI polymorphism is associated with LDL-C variation in Afro-Brazilians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Sakuma
- Universidade do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brasil
| | - Rosario D.C. Hirata
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Mario H. Hirata
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
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Frikke-Schmidt R, Sing CF, Nordestgaard BG, Tybjaerg-Hansen A. Gender- and age-specific contributions of additional DNA sequence variation in the 5' regulatory region of the APOE gene to prediction of measures of lipid metabolism. Hum Genet 2005; 115:331-45. [PMID: 15300423 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-004-1165-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present study of 9,000 individuals representative of the general population, we have considered whether the addition of common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the promoter region of Apolipoprotein E (APOE) improve the statistical explanation of variation in lipid traits and test the hypothesis that the estimated genotype effects are independent of factors indexed by gender and age. To address these questions, we have asked, for each gender and for each 20-year age strata (young: 20-39 years; middle-aged: 40-59 years; old: 60-79 years; very old: 80-100 years), how much trait variation is associated with the traditional epsilon2, epsilon3, and epsilon4 allelic variations defined by the g.2059T --> C and g.2197C --> T SNPs in the fourth exon of the APOE gene, and how much additional trait variation is associated with genotypes defined by combining the g.2059T --> C and g.2197C --> T SNPs with one, two, or three promoter SNPs. Our study demonstrates that the pleiotropic effects of genotype variation defined by the traditional epsilon2, epsilon3, and epsilon4 alleles on five plasma measures of lipid metabolism manifest differently in women and men and change significantly during the life cycle for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in women. Multi-site genotypes defined by adding SNPs located in the 5' promoter region to the traditional g.2059T --> C and g.2197C --> T SNPs doubled the estimate of genetic variance of high-density lipoprotein and apolipoprotein Al in middle-aged females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Frikke-Schmidt
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry KB3011, Section for Molecular Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Sorkin SC, Forestiero FJ, Hirata MH, Guzmán ECR, Cavalli SA, Bertolami MC, Salazar LA, Hirata RDC. APOA1 polymorphisms are associated with variations in serum triglyceride concentrations in hypercholesterolemic individuals. Clin Chem Lab Med 2005; 43:1339-45. [PMID: 16309370 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2005.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBackground: Apolipoprotein A-I gene (Methods:Results: G–75A polymorphism was associated with differences in serum concentrations of triglyceride and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-cholesterol (p=0.026) in HC men. After atorvastatin treatment, women carrying theConclusion: Our data suggest that
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone C Sorkin
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Al-Shammari S, Fatania H, Al-Radwan R, Akanji AO. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and lipoprotein levels in a Gulf Arab population in Kuwait: a pilot study. Ann Saudi Med 2004; 24:361-4. [PMID: 15573849 PMCID: PMC6148135 DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.2004.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND APOE polymorphism is believed to confer susceptibility to coronary heart disease (CHD) and Alzheimer's disease. It is well known that patterns of APOE polymorphisms differ between populations and ethnic groups, although most of the data available so far have been in whites. SUBJECT AND METHODS We evaluated the frequencies of APOE genotypes and their relationships with serum levels of lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in two groups of Gulf Arab citizens: a control population of healthy voluntary blood donors (n=106), and a group of patients presenting to the lipid clinic for the first time with combined hyperlipidaemia (CH) (n=41). In both groups, fasting serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), HDL, LDL and apolipoprotein A1 and B levels were measured by routine autoanalyzer methods, and APOE genotyping was performed by validated PCR methods. The lipid and lipoprotein levels were related to the specific APOE allele frequencies. RESULTS Allele frequencies were 5.7% for *E2, 85.4% for *E3, and 9.0% for *E4 in the healthy blood donor group. An essentially similar pattern was seen in the patients with CH. This APOE allelic distribution conforms to patterns described in Chinese, whites and South Asians. In both the blood donor and CH groups there were no consistent links between specific APOE pattern and serum lipoproteins, as would have been predicted from APO *E2 and APO *E4 frequencies. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that APOE allelic patterns in healthy Kuwaiti blood donors and a smaller group of patients with CH do not satisfactorily predict circulating blood levels of lipids and lipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Al-Shammari
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait.
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Fullerton SM, Buchanan AV, Sonpar VA, Taylor SL, Smith JD, Carlson CS, Salomaa V, Stengård JH, Boerwinkle E, Clark AG, Nickerson DA, Weiss KM. The effects of scale: variation in the APOA1/C3/A4/A5 gene cluster. Hum Genet 2004; 115:36-56. [PMID: 15108119 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-004-1106-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2003] [Accepted: 02/16/2004] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
While there is considerable appeal to the idea of selecting a few SNPs to represent all, or much, of the DNA sequence variability in a local chromosomal region, it is also important to quantify what detail is lost in adopting such an approach. To address this issue, we compared high- and low-resolution depictions of sequence diversity for the same genomic region, the APOA1/C3/A4/A5 gene cluster on chromosome 11. First, extensive re-sequencing identified all nucleotide and sequence haplotype variation of the linked apolipoprotein genes in 72 individuals from three populations: African-Americans from Jackson, Miss., Europeans from North Karelia, Finland, and European-Americans from Rochester, Minn. We identified 124 SNPs in 17.7 kb and significant differences in variation among genes. APOC3 gene diversity was particularly distinctive at high resolution, showing large allele frequency differences ( F(ST) values >0.250) between Jackson and the other two samples, and divergent population-specific haplotype lineages. Next, we selected haplotype-tagging SNPs (htSNPs) for each gene, at a density of approximately one SNP per kb, using an algorithm suggested by Stram et al. (2003). The 17 htSNPs identified were then used to reconstruct low-resolution haplotypes, from which inferences about the structure of variation were also drawn. This comparison showed that while the htSNPs successfully tagged common haplotype variation, they also left much underlying sequence diversity undetected and failed, in some cases, to co-classify groups of closely related haplotypes. The implications of these findings for other haplotype-based descriptions of human variation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Fullerton
- Department of Anthropology, Penn State University, 409 Carpenter Bldg., University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Welch CL, Bretschger S, Wen PZ, Mehrabian M, Latib N, Fruchart-Najib J, Fruchart JC, Myrick C, Lusis AJ. Novel QTLs for HDL levels identified in mice by controlling for Apoa2 allelic effects: confirmation of a chromosome 6 locus in a congenic strain. Physiol Genomics 2004; 17:48-59. [PMID: 14722362 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00124.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a complex disease resulting from the interaction of multiple genes, including those causing dyslipidemia. Relatively few of the causative genes have been identified. Previously, we identified Apoa2 as a major determinant of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels in the mouse model. To identify additional HDL-C level quantitative trait loci (QTLs), while controlling for the effect of the Apoa2 locus, we performed linkage analysis in 179 standard diet-fed F(2) mice derived from strains BALB/cJ and B6.C-H25(c) (a congenic strain carrying the BALB/c Apoa2 allele). Three significant QTLs and one suggestive locus were identified. A female-specific locus mapping to chromosome 6 (Chr 6) also exhibited effects on plasma non-HDL-C, apolipoprotein AII (apoAII), apoB, and apoE levels. A Chr 6 QTL was independently isolated in a related congenic strain (C57BL/6J vs. B6.NODc6: P = 0.003 and P = 0.0001 for HDL-C and non-HDL-C levels, respectively). These data are consistent with polygenic inheritance of HDL-C levels in the mouse model and provide candidate loci for HDL-C and non-HDL-C level determination in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie L Welch
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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27
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Loktionov A. Common gene polymorphisms and nutrition: emerging links with pathogenesis of multifactorial chronic diseases (review). J Nutr Biochem 2003; 14:426-51. [PMID: 12948874 DOI: 10.1016/s0955-2863(03)00032-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Rapid progress in human genome decoding has accelerated search for the role of gene polymorphisms in the pathogenesis of complex multifactorial diseases. This review summarizes the results of recent studies on the associations of common gene variants with multifactorial chronic conditions strongly affected by nutritional factors. Three main individual sections discuss genes related to energy homeostasis regulation and obesity, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer. It is evident that several major chronic diseases are closely related (often through obesity) to deregulation of energy homeostasis. Multiple polymorphic genes encoding central and peripheral determinants of energy intake and expenditure have been revealed over the past decade. Food intake control may be affected by polymorphisms in the genes encoding taste receptors and a number of peripheral signaling peptides such as insulin, leptin, ghrelin, cholecystokinin, and corresponding receptors. Polymorphic central regulators of energy intake include hypothalamic neuropeptide Y, agouti-related protein, melanocortin pathway factors, CART (cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript), some other neuropeptides, and receptors for these molecules. Potentially important polymorphisms in the genes encoding energy expenditure modulators (alpha- and beta- adrenoceptors, uncoupling proteins, and regulators of adipocyte growth and differentiation) are also discussed. CVD-related gene polymorphisms comprising those involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, blood pressure regulation, hemostasis control, and homocysteine metabolism are considered in a separate section with emphasis on multiple polymorphisms affecting lipid transport and metabolism and their interactions with diet. Cancer-associated polymorphisms are discussed for groups of genes encoding enzymes of xenobiotic metabolism, DNA repair enzymes, factors involved in the cell cycle control, hormonal regulation-associated proteins, enzymes related to DNA methylation through folate metabolism, and angiogenesis-related factors. There is an apparent progress in the field with hundreds of new gene polymorphisms discovered and characterized, however firm evidence consistently linking them with pathogenesis of complex chronic diseases is still limited. Ways of improving the efficiency of candidate gene approach-based studies are discussed in a short separate section. Successful unraveling of interaction between dietary factors, polymorphisms, and pathogenesis of several multifactorial diseases is exemplified by studies of folate metabolism in relation to CVD and cancer. It appears that several new directions emerge as targets of research on the role of genetic variation in relation to diet and complex chronic diseases. Regulation of energy homeostasis is a fundamental problem insufficiently investigated in this context so far. Impacts of genetic variation on systems controlling angiogenesis, inflammatory reactions, and cell growth and differentiation (comprising regulation of the cell cycle, DNA repair, and DNA methylation) are also largely unknown and need thorough analysis. These goals can be achieved by complex simultaneous analysis of multiple polymorphic genes controlling carefully defined and selected elements of relevant metabolic and regulatory pathways in meticulously designed large-scale studies.
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Nathoo N, Chetty R, van Dellen JR, Barnett GH. Genetic vulnerability following traumatic brain injury: the role of apolipoprotein E. Mol Pathol 2003; 56:132-6. [PMID: 12782758 PMCID: PMC1187307 DOI: 10.1136/mp.56.3.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is thought to be responsible for the transportation of lipids within the brain, maintaining structural integrity of the microtubule within the neurone, and assisting with neural transmission. Possession of the APOE epsilon4 allele has also been shown to influence neuropathological findings in patients who die from traumatic brain injury, including the accumulation of amyloid beta protein. Previous clinical studies reporting varying outcome severities of traumatic brain injury, including cognitive and functional recovery, all support the notion that APOE epsilon4 allele possession is associated with an unfavourable outcome. Evidence from experimental and clinical brain injury studies confirms that APOE plays an important role in the response of the brain to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Nathoo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, 44195 Ohio, USA.
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De Andrade FM, Ewald GM, Salzano FM, Hutz MH. Lipoprotein lipase and APOE/APOC-I/APOC-II gene cluster diversity in native Brazilian populations. Am J Hum Biol 2002; 14:511-8. [PMID: 12112572 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.10064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Allele and haplotype frequencies for the T-93G, Hind III, and Pvu II variants of the lipoprotein lipase gene (LPL), and Hpa I and Ava II restriction site polymorphisms (RSP) of the APOE/C-I/C-II gene cluster were determined in 143 individuals from five Brazilian Indian tribes. These results were integrated with those previously reported for APOE. Marked interethnic variability occurs in these sites. A strong linkage disequilibrium was observed between the APOE and APOC-I loci (D' = 0.81; P < 0.00001). Linkage disequilibrium between the Hind III and Pvu II RSPs of the LPL gene was also observed (D' = 1; P < 0.001), but none of these RSPs were in linkage disequilibrium with the T-93G mutation. Considering both loci, heterozygosity was estimated as 0.45, but it was lower in the Xavante and Surui populations, in accordance with the historical and biodemographical data of these Amerindians. The results reported here may have implications for understanding interpopulation differences in lipid levels and coronary heart disease prevalences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Michelsen De Andrade
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Pallaud C, Gueguen R, Sass C, Grow M, Cheng S, Siest G, Visvikis S. Genetic influences on lipid metabolism trait variability within the Stanislas Cohort. J Lipid Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)31514-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Heng CK, Low PS, Saha N. Variations in the promoter region of the apolipoprotein A-1 gene influence plasma lipoprotein(a) levels in Asian Indian neonates from Singapore. Pediatr Res 2001; 49:514-8. [PMID: 11264435 DOI: 10.1203/00006450-200104000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We studied the influence of two DNA polymorphisms (-75 bp G/A and +83 bp C/T) in the promoter region of the apolipoprotein A-1 (apoA1) gene on cord plasma level of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] in 1076 newborns of both genders from the three major ethnic groups in Singapore-Chinese, Malays, and Asian Indians. The frequency of the A: allele at -75 bp in the Indians was significantly lower than the Chinese and Malays. There was no linkage disequilibrium between the two sites studied. Both polymorphic sites were not significantly associated with any lipid factors except for Lp(a) levels in the Asian Indians. The AA and CC homozygotes were significantly associated with lower Lp(a) levels. These associations were specific only to the male Indian neonates. The genetic variations at the -75 and +83 bp explained 6.9% and 7.2%, respectively, of the total variability of plasma Lp(a) levels at birth in the Asian Indians. The Lp(a) levels were also significantly different between composite genotypes in the order GG/TT > GA/CT > GG/CT > GA/CC > GG/CC > AA/CC. The effects of the two polymorphisms seem to be additive as the composite genotypes were able to explain 14% of the Lp(a) variance, equivalent to the sum of the two constituent sites. Our results showed that there is significant ethnic- and gender-specific influence of the apoA1 gene on plasma Lp(a) levels at birth that is inherent and independent of known gene-environment interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Heng
- Department of Paediatrics, National University of Singapore, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074
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Kort EN, Ballinger DG, Ding W, Hunt SC, Bowen BR, Abkevich V, Bulka K, Campbell B, Capener C, Gutin A, Harshman K, McDermott M, Thorne T, Wang H, Wardell B, Wong J, Hopkins PN, Skolnick M, Samuels M. Evidence of linkage of familial hypoalphalipoproteinemia to a novel locus on chromosome 11q23. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 66:1845-56. [PMID: 10775531 PMCID: PMC1378041 DOI: 10.1086/302945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/1999] [Accepted: 03/14/2000] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary heart disease (CHD) accounts for half of the 1 million deaths annually ascribed to cardiovascular disease and for almost all of the 1.5 million acute myocardial infarctions. Within families affected by early and apparently heritable CHD, dyslipidemias have a much higher prevalence than in the general population; 20%-30% of early familial CHD has been ascribed to primary hypoalphalipoproteinemia (low HDL-C). This study assesses the evidence for linkage of low HDL-C to chromosomal region 11q23 in 105 large Utah pedigrees ascertained with closely related clusters of early CHD and expanded on the basis of dyslipidemia. Linkage analysis was performed by use of 22 STRP markers in a 55-cM region of chromosome 11. Two-point analysis based on a general, dominant-phenotype model yielded LODs of 2.9 for full pedigrees and 3.5 for 167 four-generation split pedigrees. To define a localization region, model optimization was performed using the heterogeneity, multipoint LOD score (mpHLOD). This linkage defines a region on 11q23.3 that is approximately 10 cM distal to-and apparently distinct from-the ApoAI/CIII/AIV gene cluster and thus represents a putative novel localization for the low HDL-C phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N Kort
- Genetic Research, Intermountain Health Care, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Stanković S, Glisic S, Alavanatić D. The effect of a gender difference in the apolipoprotein E gene DNA polymorphism on serum lipid levels in a Serbian healthy population. Clin Chem Lab Med 2000; 38:539-44. [PMID: 10987203 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2000.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To date, no data have been available on relationship between apolipoprotein E polymorphism and lipid levels in Serbian populations. Blood samples were obtained from 591 healthy normal individuals (193 women and 398 men). A 244 bp sequence of the apolipoprotein E gene including the two polymorphic sites was amplified by polymerase chain reaction. After digestion with Hhal, DNA fragments were visualized by microplate array diagonal gel electrophoresis. In men, levels of both total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol among the three apolipoprotein E genotype groups differed significantly (p <0.05). The epsilon2 allele was associated with lower concentrations of both total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, where the epsilon4 allele had the opposite effects. No significant effects of apolipoprotein E polymorphism on serum lipid levels were observed in women. The presented data could be taken into consideration in any future disease risk evaluation in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stanković
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University School of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Yugoslavia
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